8. Displays

산업경영공학과

IMEN 315 인간공학

8. Displays

THIRTEEN PRINCIPLES OF DISPLAY DESIGNPerceptual Principles1. Make displays legible (or audible).2. Avoid absolute judgment limits.3. Top-down processing.4. Redundancy gain.5. Discriminability. Similarity causes

confusion: Use discriminableelements.

Mental Model Principles6. Principle of pictorial realism.7. Principle of the moving part.



Principles Based on Attention8. Minimizing information access cost.9. Proximity compatibility principle.

10. Principle of multiple resources.



Memory Principles11. Replace memory with visual

information: knowledge in the world.12. Principle of predictive aiding.13. Principle of consistency

ALERTING DISPLAYS omnidirectional auditory is best three levels of alerts1. warnings – the most critical category,

signaled by salient auditory alerts2. cautions – less salient3. advisories – not auditory at all color coding – red, yellow or amber,

other colors (e.g., white)



LABELS knowledge in the world text or icons 4 key design criteria1. Visibility/legibility.2. Discriminability3. Meaningfulness – redundancy gain4. Location – proximity compatibility principle

MONITORING set, watched, or tracked1. Legibility. (P1)2. Analog versus digital. –

principle of pictorial realism (P6)



3. Analog form and direction. – principle of pictorial realism (P6) moving pointer display and moving scale display linear moving pointer with a wide range of scale value problem1. revert to the moving scale display2. use circular moving pointer display3. employ a frequency-separated concept



4. Prediction and sluggishness.

MULTIPLE DISPLAYSDisplay Layout primary visual area (PVA) frequency of use importance of use display relatedness or

sequence of use – proximity-compatibility principle (P9)

consistency phase-dependent layout



organizational grouping – P8 or P9

stimulus-response compatibility, clutter avoidance



Head-Up Displays and Display Overlay HUD – superimpose the displayed info on top of the PVA1. parallel monitoring with little info access cost (P8)2. conformal display – divided attention supported (P9)3. collimated imagery4. creation of excessive clutter (P9)

Head-Mounted Displays a display is rigidly mounted to the head so that it can be viewed view superimposed imagery wider than HUD monocular (presented to a single eye), biocular (presented as a single

image to both eyes), or binocular (presented as a separate image to each eye)

monocular HMD either opaque or transparent, binocular rivalry or binocu-lar suppression

conformal display, augmented reality





Configural Displays emergent feature



Putting It All Together: Supervisory Displays common baseline to make their access easy (P8), emergent feature (P9),

redundancy (P4), the predictor, white triangle (P12), the fixed-scale pointer display (P6, P7), display under relevant parameter (P9)

ecological interfaces

NAVIGATION DISPLAY AND MAPSRoute List and Command Displays not effective depicting where one is, not useful for planning and maintain-

ing situation awareness

MapsLegibilityClutter and Overlay color coding, highlighting the needed info, decluttering



Position RepresentationMap Orientation up on the map is in the direction of travelScale user-adjustable if possible dual map

(ego-referenced and world-referenced)Three-Dimensional Maps advantages of vertical depictionPlanning Maps and Data Visualization user-controlled orientation desirable 3D (perspective) map1. depth cues for three dimensionality2. 2D viewpoint available as a default option



QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION DISPLAYS: TABLES AND GRAPHS

table – high precision, not a very good perception of change over space, less supportive of perception of the rate of trend change

Legibility (P1) discriminability (P5) – color coding



Clutter data-ink ratio should be maximized

Proximity proximity compatibility principle

Format data visualization

Documents

8. Displays