8.1 --

8.2

4

XI, X = 01234

0 1 1

f(1) = 4/15, f(2) = 5/15, f(3) = 6/15,11

8.3 n 1. 2. 3.

n4p0.5 x 01234

x 2n5p0.70

n6p0.30

n10p0.60 V x0123 0.0000.0020.0110.042 0.0000.0020.0110.0420.055 (2) n10p0.60V x78910 0.2150.1210.0400.006 0.2150.1210.0400.0060.382

0.00000.00080.00630.0285 0.0356 0.23940.15290.05780.0098 0.4599 , .

8.4 n x

a6b9 x3 33 9

0.3590.1280.0130.500

n8 ab300b 0.05 (300)15V n8p0.04 x3120/300=0.04 = 0.279

8.5 n p n100 np10

n= 400>100 np8 < 100.02*400=8 np8 e-8 0.00033546 x5

n10,000 > 100 np0.6 < 10 np 0.6e -0.6 0.5488 x0x1 = 1 (0.54880.3293)0.1219 1

x2a28b3,972 n1501500.05(4,000)200n150p0.00728/4000=0.007 n 100 np1.05 < 10 x2np1.05

x46

x35.6

*8.6 k p1p2 pkx1x2 k xk

n7x13x21x32x41p10.30p20.20p30.40 p40.10

8.7

8.8

27.53 (3.2)17.93 37.11 1/ 32 0.890.8917.937.118370.89

n400p0.50 200 1051505 2501 1/ 52 0.96 0.96150250 0.375 0.625 150/400=0.375250/400=0.625