aoIm§H$aU

(ii)

n[aM¶

{‘ëbV µ’$mC§S>oeZ ’$m°a EOyHo$eZ [agM© E§S> S>odbn‘|Q> EH$ g§JR>Z h¡ Omo àgma, g‘Ýd¶, gh¶moJ, ghH$m[aVm

Ed§ ‘wpñb‘ e¡{jH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo EH$ gmd©O{ZH$ ‘§M àXmZ H$aZo hoVw ñWm{nV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg àH$ma Bñbm‘r

g§{dYmZ H$s gr‘mAm| ‘| ahVo hþE e¡{jH$ ‘¡XmZ ‘| ì¶{º$JV Ed§ g§ñWmAm| Ûmam CËH¥$ï>Vm àmá H$aZm h¡&

E‘.E’$.B©©.Ama.S>r H$m CÔoí¶ emoY Ed§ {dH$mg Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go {^Þ àH$ma H$s Eogr MwZm¡{V¶m| H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aZm

Ed§ CZH$m g‘mYmZ ImoOZm h¡ {OZH$m e¡{jH$ g§JR>Z gm‘Zm H$a aho h¢& Bg H$m EH$ à‘wI H$m¶©H«$‘ nmR>embm VWm

{dÚmb¶ Ho$ {bE ‘yë¶ na AmYm[aV nmR²>¶H«$‘ VËna H$aZm h¡ Omo ^{dî¶ H$s nr‹T>r H$mo {d{eï>Vm Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma H$a

gHo$&

nmR²>¶H«$‘ grIZo Ed§ AZw^d H$aZo hoVw {Og Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go N>mÌ {ejm{dXm|, J{V{d{Y¶m|, grIZo Ho$ dmVmdaU,

‘yë¶m§H$Z, nmañn[aH$ dmVm©bmn O¡go g‘yh H$m¶© N>mÌ AܶmnH$m| Ho$ gmW nmR>embm ‘| àdoe Ho$ níMmV go ~mha AmZo VH$ H$aVm

h¡& H$B© df© ~ƒo Ho$ ‘Zmo{dkmZ, {ejm ‘| Bñbm‘r n[aàoú¶ Ed§ {^Þ nmR²>¶H«$‘m| H$s g‘rjm Ho$ níMmV² E‘.Eg [agM© µ’$mC§S>oeZ

Zo ‘yë¶ na AmYm[aV nmR²>¶H«$‘ ~Zm¶m h¡ Omo amï´>r¶ nmR²>¶H«$‘ T>m§Mo Ed§ A§Vam©ï´>r¶ ñVa Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡& ¶h ~ƒm| Ho$ g§nyU©

{dH$mg, ñd¶§ H$s nhMmZ, g‘¶ H$s Amdí¶H$Vm VWm Cg H$mo ̂ {dî¶ H$m ‘mJ©-Xe©H$ ~ZmZo ‘| gh¶moJ XoJm&

{ZåZ{b{IV na AmYm[aV

Ø CÔoí¶ Bñbm‘, ‘Zmo{dkmZ, {ejm VWm {hV¡{e¶m| Ho$ AZwgma&

Ø nmR²>¶-{ddaU Am¶w VWm gaH$mar ñVa Ho$ AZwHy$b&

Ø H$m¶©àUmbr Omo N>mÌ H|${ÐV VWm {df¶ Ho$ Cn¶wº$ gmYZ ‘| AܶmnH$m| H$m à{ejU, {ejU ‘| gh¶moJr

gm‘J«r Ed§ {ejH$ H$m ‘mJ©-Xe©Z em{‘b h¡&

Ÿ ‘yë¶m§H$Z - aMZmË‘H$, ¶moJmË‘H$, ñd¶§, gh-e¡{jH$, ì¶dhmadmXr Ed§ XrK©H$m{bH$&

Ÿ J{V{d{Y¶m± - nmR² >¶H«${‘H$, gh-nmR² >¶H«${‘H$ VWm A{V[aº$ nmR² >¶H«${‘H$, Am¶moOZ Ho$ {bE

{Xem {ZX}eZ Ho$ gmW&

Ÿ g‘¶ ~ÕVm - {V{WnÌ, {XZ-df© H$s ¶moOZm, H$m‘ H$m ~moP, Ad{Y {d^mOZ VWm à{V¶mo{JVmE±&

Ÿ AdbmoH$Z - à{V{H«$¶m Ed§ AZwg§YmZ&

goÝQ´>b AHo$S>‘r µ’$m°a [agM© E§S> S>odbn‘|Q> (CARD)

(Ho$pÝÐV à{ejU embm {dH$mg Ed§ emoY I§S>) H$s ñWmnZm n[a¶moOZm ~ZmZo, à{ejU XoZo VWm {d{^Þ nmR>embmAm|

Ho$ g^r ñVam| na nmR²>¶H«$‘ Ho$ H$m¶m©Ýd¶Z Ho$ {ZarjU hoVw H$s JB© h¡&

{df¶ gyMr

H«$‘ nmR> H$m Zm‘ n¥ð> g§»¶

1. ^mfm H$m kmZ 1 - 5

2. AmkmH$mar ‘wµJm© (H${dVm) 6 - 10

3. ‘hmZ d¡km{ZH$-1 (àoaH$ H$Wm) 11 - 16

4. H«$moY H$m n[aUm‘ (Eo[Vhm{gH$ H$Wm) 17 - 23

5. ~mK Am¶m Cg amV (H$mën{ZH$ H${dVm) 24 - 28

6. g§Xoh ({ejm àX H$Wm) 29 - 34

7. AmpË‘H$ ~b (dmñV{dH$ H$Wm) 35 - 41

(H${dVm) 42 - 468. ^y{‘ AmH$f©U

9. l‘ H$m ’$b (l‘ H$m ‘hËd) 47 - 53

^mfm H$s ¶mo½¶Vm Am¡a H$m¡ebnmR> H$m Zm‘ {dYm gwZZm ~mobZm, g‘PZm Am¡a n‹T>Zm {bIZm eãX H$moe/ì¶mH$aU Ñí¶ lì¶ H$m¡ebm| H$m

{dH$mg

1) ^mfm H$m kmZ kmZdY©H$ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n Am¡a CZH$m n[adV©Z ewÕ boIZ na ~b XoZm, n[a¶moOZm H$m¶©&

ì¶mH$aU H$s$ g‘ñV OmZH$mar n‹T>Zo Am¡a {bIZo H$s j‘Vm ì¶mH$aU Ho$ Ûmam ^mfm ‘| Xj hmoZm&

2) AmkmH$mar ‘wµJm© H${dVm H${dVm H$mo N>mÌm| Ûmam ñnï> Am¡a ewÕ Üd[Z Amamoh-Adamoh Ho$ gmW n‹T>Zm&

àíZmoÎma, n§{º$¶m| H$m ^mdmW© {bIZm&

eãX-~b, dm³¶ à¶moJ Am¡a qbJ& Aëbmh Ho$ AmXoe H$m nmbZ ‘wµJ] Ûmam Aëbmh Ho$ AmXoe H$m

nmbZ, àmV:H$mb g~ H$mo

OJmZm&

3) ‘hmZ d¡km{ZH$-1 àoaH$ H$Wm nmR> H$mo N>mÌm| Ûmam ewÕ CÀMmaU ‘| n‹T>dmZm

Ed§ H${R>Z eãXm| Ho$ AW© H$mo {‘Ìm| Ûmam MMm©

H$admZm&

àíZmoÎma, n[a¶moOZm H$m¶©& eãX~b, n¶m©¶dmMr, {dbmo‘,

à˶¶

{dkmZ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| OmZH$mar XoZm& bJZ gµ’$bVm H$s Hw$§Or h¡&

4) H«$moY H$m

n[aUm‘

Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm {dam‘ {MÝhm| H$m à¶moJ H$aVo hþE n‹T>Zm Ed§

nmR> H$mo g‘PZm&

àíZmoÎma, n[a¶moOZm H$m¶©& eãX~b, n¶m©¶dmMr eãX, dMZ,

eãX g‘yh&

H«$moY Ho$ n[aUm‘ na àH$me S>mbZm& H«$moY ghZ H$aZm hr g‘PXmar

h¡&

5) ~mK Am¶m Cg

amV

H$mën{ZH$

H${dVm

H${dVm H$mo N>mÌm| Ûmam CÀM ñda ‘| hmd-

^md Ed§ b¶ Ho$ gmW n‹T>Zo H$m AmXoe X|o&

Ìw{Q>¶m| H$m gwYma&

àíZmoÎma, n§{º$¶m| H$m ^md ñnï>

H$aZm&

eãX ~b, qbJ, {dbmo‘, ‘whmdao ~mbH$ H$s H$ënZm H$mo ܶmZnyd©H$ {dMma

H$aZm&

H$ënmZm Am¡a ^¶ go ~mha

{ZH$mbZm&

6) g§Xoh {ejm àX H$Wm nmR> H$m AmXe© dmMZ H$a Hw$N> N>mÌm| Ho$ nmR>

H$m AZwH$aU dmMZ H$aZm Ed§ Ìw{Q>¶m± H$mo

gwYmaZm&

àíZmoÎma, n[a¶moOZm H$m¶© H$maH$, nÌ boIZ g§Xoh Ho$ Hw$n[aUm‘ Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~VmZm& g§Xoh go ~MZo Ho$ Cnm¶&

7) AmpË‘H$ ~b dmñV{dH$ H$Wm nmR> H$mo N>mÌm| Ûmam ewÕ CÀMmaU ‘| n‹T>dmZm Ed§ H${R>Z eãXm| Ho$ AW© H$mo {‘Ìm| Ûmam MMm© H$admZm&

n[a¶moOZm H$m¶©, dJ© nhobr {dbmo‘ eãX, n¶m©¶dmMr eãX, eãX g‘yh Am¡a ~hþ d¡H$[ënH$ àíZ

Zr¶V Am¡a Am[Ë‘H$ ~b H$m ‘hËd ~VmZm

Am‘mb H$m Xmamo‘Xma Zr¶Vm| na h¡& ‘Zwî¶ H$mo dhr {‘boJm {Og H$m CgZo g§H$ën {H$¶m h¡&

8) ^y{‘ AmH$f©U H${dVm H${dVm H$mo ewÕ eãXmoÀMmaU ‘| b¶ Ho$ gmW

n‹T>Zm&

^mdmW©, àíZmoÎma, {Z~§Y [aº$ ñWmZ, dMZ, n¶m©¶dmMr eãX,

H$mb

{dkmZ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| ݶyQ>Z H$s A{YH$

OmZH$mar

n¥Ïdr ‘| AmH$f©U e[º Aëbmh

H$s XoZ h¡&

9) l‘ H$m ’$b amoMH$ H$Wm nmR> H$mo n‹T>Zm Ed§ g‘PZm nyN>o JE àíZm| Ho$

CÎma XoZm&

àíZmoÎma, {Z~§Y [aº$ ñWmZ, {dbmo‘ Am¡a H$mb l‘ H$m ‘hËd Ed§ n{aUm‘ ~VmZm& XoZo dmbm hmW boZo dmbo hmW go

~ohVa h¡&

‘yë¶H«$.g.

N>mÌm| H$mo ^mdwH$ ê$n go CZHo$ {H$gr AZw^d go Omo‹S>Zm Omo nmR> Ho$ Ho$pÝÐV {dMmam| go g§~§pYV hmo&

nmR> Ho$ MbVo N>mÌm| H$m ܶmZ ~ZmE aIZo Ed§ do ñd¶§ H$mo Cgr [ñW[V ‘| aIH$a {dMma H$aZo hoVw àíZ H$aZm&

Aܶ¶Z ‘| JÚ Ed§ nÚ Ho$ nmR> gpå‘{bV {H$E$ JE h¢?

dmVm©bmn Ûmam N>mÌm| ‘o gwZZo Am¡a ~mobZo H$s j‘Vm VWm {dMma àH$Q> H$aZo H$s ê${M CËnÝZ H$aZm h¡&

{díbofU Ûmam N>mÌm| ‘|o nmR> Ho$ erf©H$ H$s g‘P VWm CgHo$ CÔoí¶ H$m kmZ ¶w{º$nyU© ê$n go H$amZm h¡&

AmË‘ {dídmg Ho$ gmW OrdZ H$s H${R>ZmB¶m§o H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo H$s ¶mo½¶Vm CËnÝZ H$aZm h¡&

{M§VZ - ‘ZZ Ûmam N>mÌm| ‘o§ g‘PZo H$s ¶mo½¶Vm, dmñV{dH$Vm H$s nhMmZ, CZgo n[aUm‘ {ZH$mbZm VWm àíZ Ho$ CÎma XoZm h¡?

^mfm H$m kmZ1

‘m¡{IH$ ê$n : O~ h‘ ‘wI go ~mobH$a AnZo {dMma Xÿgam| VH$ nhþ±MmVo h¢, Vmo dh ^mfm H$m ‘m¡{IH$ ê$n H$hbmVm h¡ & O¡go: Amng ‘| ~mVo§ H$aZm&{b{IV ê$n : O~ h‘ AnZo {dMma {bIH$a Xÿgam| VH$ nhþ±MmVo h¢, dh ^mfm H$m {b{IV ê$n H$hbmVm h¡& O¡go : nÌ {bIZm>&{b{n : ha ^mfm Ho$ {bIZo H$m T>§J AbJ h¡& {bIZo Ho$ {bE à˶oH$ ^mfm ‘| Hw$N> {Mh²Zm| H$mo {ZpíMV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ¶h {Mh²Z hr {b{n H$hbmVo h¢& qhXr H$s {b{n XodZmJar h¡&

‘Z Ho$ ^mdm| VWm {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aZm hr ^mfm h¡& ^mfm Ho$ Xmo

ê$n hmoVo h¢&

Writing

Speaking

^mfm Ho$ ê$n

‘m¡{IH$ ^mfm {b{IV ^mfm

Script

1

^mfm {H$go H$hVo h¢?

^maV$ Ho$ AZoH$ amÁ¶m| ‘| qhXr ~mobr OmVr h¡& ha gmb 14 {gV§~a H$mo qhXr {Xdg ‘Zm¶m OmVm h¡& )

ì¶mH$aU (Grammar) n[a^mfm - ^mfm H$m ewÕ ¶m AewÕ hmoZm {Og go OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡

Cgo ì¶mH$aU H$hVo h¢&

dV©ZrnpËZ - AewÕ nËZr - ewÕ {~‘ma - AewÕ ~r‘ma - ewÕ

g§km (Noun) {H$gr àmUr, dñVw, ñWmZ ¶m ì¶[º$, ^md Ho$ Zm‘ H$mo g§km H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : Ah‘X, h¡Xam~mX, nwñVH$

gd©Zm‘ (Pronoun)Omo eãX g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na à¶moJ {H$E OmVo h¢ CÝh| gd©Zm‘ H$hVo h¢&

O¡go : Am{X&‘¢, Vw‘, Amn, do, dh, ¶hCXmhaU : XoImo AmE h¢?dh

{deofU (Adjective)g§km VWm gd©Zm‘ H$r {deofVm ~VmZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo {deofU H$hVo h¢& {H$gr ì¶{º$ ¶m dñVw H$s g§»¶m, JwU, Xmof, a§J-ê$n, AmH$ma Ed§ Zmn-Vm¡b Am{X {deofVmE± ~VmZo dmbo eãX "{deofU' H$hbmVo h¢& {OgH$s {deofVm ~VmB© OmE do "{deoî¶' H$hbmVo h¢&

CXmhaU : VmO‘hb B‘maV h¡& gwÝXa

{H«$¶m (Verb)Omo eãX {H$gr H$m‘ Ho$ H$aZo ¶m hmoZo Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~VmE±, CÝho§ {H««$¶m H$hVo h¢¡&

CXmhaU : ‘m>>± ^moOZ h¡& ~ZmVr

{H«$¶m {deofU (Adverb)Omo eãX {H«$¶m H$s {deofVm ~VmVo h¢& CÝh| {H«$¶m {deofU H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : Kmo‹S>m h¡& VoO Xm¡‹S>Vm

H$mb (Time) H$mb g‘¶ H$mo H$hVo h¢& {H«$¶m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m¶© hmoZo Ho$ g‘¶ H$m nVm Mbo Cgo

H$mb H$hVo h¢& H$mb Ho$ VrZ ^oX h¢&~ÀMo Iob aho & h¢ (dV©‘mZ H$mb)

‘wÝZm H$b nmR>embm & OmEJm (^[dî¶ H$mb)‘m‘m Or H$b ‘oao Ka AmE & Wo (^yVH$mb)

qbJ (Gender)ñÌr Om{V ¶m nwéf Om{V H$s nhMmZ H$amZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo qbJ H$hVo h¢&

Am¡aV ñÌr qbJ AmX‘r nw{ëb§J

{dbmo‘ (Opposite){H$gr eãX H$m CbQ>m AW© ~VmZo dmbo eãX H$mo {dbmo‘ eãX H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : àH$me x A§YH$ma

AZoH$mW©H$ ¶m {^ÞmW© (Homonyms) {OZ eãXm| Ho$ AZoH$ AW© hmoVo h¢, CÝh| AZoH$mW©H$ ¶m {^ÞmW© eãX H$hVo h¢&

njCXmhaU : Xb

g‘yh

2 3

^maV$ Ho$ AZoH$ amÁ¶m| ‘| qhXr ~mobr OmVr h¡& ha gmb 14 {gV§~a H$mo qhXr {Xdg ‘Zm¶m OmVm h¡& )

ì¶mH$aU (Grammar) n[a^mfm - ^mfm H$m ewÕ ¶m AewÕ hmoZm {Og go OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡

Cgo ì¶mH$aU H$hVo h¢&

dV©ZrnpËZ - AewÕ nËZr - ewÕ {~‘ma - AewÕ ~r‘ma - ewÕ

g§km (Noun) {H$gr àmUr, dñVw, ñWmZ ¶m ì¶[º$, ^md Ho$ Zm‘ H$mo g§km H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : Ah‘X, h¡Xam~mX, nwñVH$

gd©Zm‘ (Pronoun)Omo eãX g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na à¶moJ {H$E OmVo h¢ CÝh| gd©Zm‘ H$hVo h¢&

O¡go : Am{X&‘¢, Vw‘, Amn, do, dh, ¶hCXmhaU : XoImo AmE h¢?dh

{deofU (Adjective)g§km VWm gd©Zm‘ H$r {deofVm ~VmZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo {deofU H$hVo h¢& {H$gr ì¶{º$ ¶m dñVw H$s g§»¶m, JwU, Xmof, a§J-ê$n, AmH$ma Ed§ Zmn-Vm¡b Am{X {deofVmE± ~VmZo dmbo eãX "{deofU' H$hbmVo h¢& {OgH$s {deofVm ~VmB© OmE do "{deoî¶' H$hbmVo h¢&

CXmhaU : VmO‘hb B‘maV h¡& gwÝXa

{H«$¶m (Verb)Omo eãX {H$gr H$m‘ Ho$ H$aZo ¶m hmoZo Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~VmE±, CÝho§ {H««$¶m H$hVo h¢¡&

CXmhaU : ‘m>>± ^moOZ h¡& ~ZmVr

{H«$¶m {deofU (Adverb)Omo eãX {H«$¶m H$s {deofVm ~VmVo h¢& CÝh| {H«$¶m {deofU H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : Kmo‹S>m h¡& VoO Xm¡‹S>Vm

H$mb (Time) H$mb g‘¶ H$mo H$hVo h¢& {H«$¶m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m¶© hmoZo Ho$ g‘¶ H$m nVm Mbo Cgo

H$mb H$hVo h¢& H$mb Ho$ VrZ ^oX h¢&~ÀMo Iob aho & h¢ (dV©‘mZ H$mb)

‘wÝZm H$b nmR>embm & OmEJm (^[dî¶ H$mb)‘m‘m Or H$b ‘oao Ka AmE & Wo (^yVH$mb)

qbJ (Gender)ñÌr Om{V ¶m nwéf Om{V H$s nhMmZ H$amZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo qbJ H$hVo h¢&

Am¡aV ñÌr qbJ AmX‘r nw{ëb§J

{dbmo‘ (Opposite){H$gr eãX H$m CbQ>m AW© ~VmZo dmbo eãX H$mo {dbmo‘ eãX H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : àH$me x A§YH$ma

AZoH$mW©H$ ¶m {^ÞmW© (Homonyms) {OZ eãXm| Ho$ AZoH$ AW© hmoVo h¢, CÝh| AZoH$mW©H$ ¶m {^ÞmW© eãX H$hVo h¢&

njCXmhaU : Xb

g‘yh

2 3

n¶m©¶dmMr eãX (Synonym)g‘mZ AW© aIZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo n¶m©¶dmMr ¶m g‘mZmWu H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : Mm±X, M§Ð‘m, e{e

eãX g‘yh Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX (One word substitution)Omo eãX AZoH$ eãXm| H$s OJh na à¶moJ {H$E OmVo h¢, CÝh| AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$

eãX ¶m eãX g‘yh Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX ^r H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : Omo {MÌ ~ZmVm h¡ - {MÌH$ma

Omo {ejm XoVm h¡ - {ejH$

dMZ (Number)eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go ¶h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ dh EH$ ¶m EH$ go A{YH$ h¡,

Cgo dMZ H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : H$hmZr - EH$dMZ H$hm[Z¶m± - ~hþdMZ

‘whmdao (Proverb){H$gr ^r ~mV H$mo Wmo‹S>m {deof àH$ma go H$hZo Ho$ T>§J H$mo ‘whmdam H$hVo h¢& BZ ‘whmdam|

H$m {deof AW© hmoVm h¡ {Oggo ^mfm ‘| gw§XaVm AmVr h¡& CXmhaU : ZmH$ ‘| X‘ H$aZm - AW© - ~hþV naoemZ H$aZm/V§J H$aZm

aMZmH«$‘ (Syntax)Myhm| Zo Vmo h‘mar ZmH$ ‘| X‘ H$a aIm h¡&

{Z~§Y (Essay){Z~§Y H$m AW© h¡, ì¶dpñWV ê$n ‘| ~±Ym hþAm& {Z~§Y A§J«oµOr Ho$ Eñgo (Essay) eãX H$m

nÌm| Ho$ àH$ma

n¶m©¶dmMr h¡& {Z~§Y ‘| gmar ~mVm| H$mo H«$‘ go {bIZm Mm{hE& {Z~§Y H$‘ eãXm| ‘| A{YH$-go-A{YH$ {bIZm Mm{hE&

{Z~§Y Ho$ ^oX : 1) dU©ZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y 2) {ddaUmË‘H$ {Z~§Y 3) {dMmamË‘H$ {Z~§Y 4) ^mdmË‘H$ [Z~§Y {Z~§Y Ho$ A§J : 1) ^y{‘H$m 2) {df¶ - {dñVma 3) Cng§hma

nÌ (Letter)A~ H§$߶yQ>a, B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a ‘mo~mBb H$m g‘¶ h¡, Bg {bE nÌ H$m à¶moJ H$‘ hmo J¶m h¡, bo{H$Z AmO ^r nÌ H$m AnZm ‘hËd h¡& AnZr ~mV Xÿgam| VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m g~go AÀN>m

‘mܶ‘ nÌ hr h¡&

H$hmZr (Story) JX²¶ gm{h˶ H$s g~go à‘wI {dYm H$hmZr-boIZ, gm{h˶ H$m g~go àmMrZ ê$n h¡& {H$gr KQ>Zm H$m ‘Zmoa§OZ go ^anya {MÌU H$aZm hr H$hmZr-boIZ H$hbmVm h¡& H$hmZr Z Ho$db ‘Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ h¡, ~pëH$ {ejmàX ^r hmoVr h¡& bo{H$Z loð> H$hmZr dhr hmoVr h¡, Omo nmR>H$m| Ho$ ‘Z H$mo Ny> bo§& amoMH$ Am¡a ‘‘©ñneu-^mdZm go ^ar H$hmZr hr AÀN>r H$hmZr ‘mZr OmVr h¡& H$hmZr {bIVo g‘¶ {ZåZ{b{IV ~mVm| na {deof ܶmZ {X¶m OmZm Mm{hE-

Ÿ H$hmZr N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dm³¶m| ‘| {bIr OmZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr H$m EH$ CÔoí¶ hmoZm Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr {ejmàX hmoZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr gX¡d ^yVH$mb ‘| {bIr OmZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr ‘Zmoa§OH$ hmoZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr H$s ^mfm gab Am¡a AmH$f©H$ hmoZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ N>moQ>m bo{H$Z à^mdembr hmoZm Mm{hE&

4 5

Am¡nMm[aH$ nÌ AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÌ

n¶m©¶dmMr eãX (Synonym)g‘mZ AW© aIZo dmbo eãXm| H$mo n¶m©¶dmMr ¶m g‘mZmWu H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : Mm±X, M§Ð‘m, e{e

eãX g‘yh Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX (One word substitution)Omo eãX AZoH$ eãXm| H$s OJh na à¶moJ {H$E OmVo h¢, CÝh| AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$

eãX ¶m eãX g‘yh Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX ^r H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : Omo {MÌ ~ZmVm h¡ - {MÌH$ma

Omo {ejm XoVm h¡ - {ejH$

dMZ (Number)eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go ¶h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ dh EH$ ¶m EH$ go A{YH$ h¡,

Cgo dMZ H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : H$hmZr - EH$dMZ H$hm[Z¶m± - ~hþdMZ

‘whmdao (Proverb){H$gr ^r ~mV H$mo Wmo‹S>m {deof àH$ma go H$hZo Ho$ T>§J H$mo ‘whmdam H$hVo h¢& BZ ‘whmdam|

H$m {deof AW© hmoVm h¡ {Oggo ^mfm ‘| gw§XaVm AmVr h¡& CXmhaU : ZmH$ ‘| X‘ H$aZm - AW© - ~hþV naoemZ H$aZm/V§J H$aZm

aMZmH«$‘ (Syntax)Myhm| Zo Vmo h‘mar ZmH$ ‘| X‘ H$a aIm h¡&

{Z~§Y (Essay){Z~§Y H$m AW© h¡, ì¶dpñWV ê$n ‘| ~±Ym hþAm& {Z~§Y A§J«oµOr Ho$ Eñgo (Essay) eãX H$m

nÌm| Ho$ àH$ma

n¶m©¶dmMr h¡& {Z~§Y ‘| gmar ~mVm| H$mo H«$‘ go {bIZm Mm{hE& {Z~§Y H$‘ eãXm| ‘| A{YH$-go-A{YH$ {bIZm Mm{hE&

{Z~§Y Ho$ ^oX : 1) dU©ZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y 2) {ddaUmË‘H$ {Z~§Y 3) {dMmamË‘H$ {Z~§Y 4) ^mdmË‘H$ [Z~§Y {Z~§Y Ho$ A§J : 1) ^y{‘H$m 2) {df¶ - {dñVma 3) Cng§hma

nÌ (Letter)A~ H§$߶yQ>a, B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a ‘mo~mBb H$m g‘¶ h¡, Bg {bE nÌ H$m à¶moJ H$‘ hmo J¶m h¡, bo{H$Z AmO ^r nÌ H$m AnZm ‘hËd h¡& AnZr ~mV Xÿgam| VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m g~go AÀN>m

‘mܶ‘ nÌ hr h¡&

H$hmZr (Story) JX²¶ gm{h˶ H$s g~go à‘wI {dYm H$hmZr-boIZ, gm{h˶ H$m g~go àmMrZ ê$n h¡& {H$gr KQ>Zm H$m ‘Zmoa§OZ go ^anya {MÌU H$aZm hr H$hmZr-boIZ H$hbmVm h¡& H$hmZr Z Ho$db ‘Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ h¡, ~pëH$ {ejmàX ^r hmoVr h¡& bo{H$Z loð> H$hmZr dhr hmoVr h¡, Omo nmR>H$m| Ho$ ‘Z H$mo Ny> bo§& amoMH$ Am¡a ‘‘©ñneu-^mdZm go ^ar H$hmZr hr AÀN>r H$hmZr ‘mZr OmVr h¡& H$hmZr {bIVo g‘¶ {ZåZ{b{IV ~mVm| na {deof ܶmZ {X¶m OmZm Mm{hE-

Ÿ H$hmZr N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dm³¶m| ‘| {bIr OmZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr H$m EH$ CÔoí¶ hmoZm Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr {ejmàX hmoZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr gX¡d ^yVH$mb ‘| {bIr OmZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr ‘Zmoa§OH$ hmoZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr H$s ^mfm gab Am¡a AmH$f©H$ hmoZr Mm{hE&Ÿ H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ N>moQ>m bo{H$Z à^mdembr hmoZm Mm{hE&

4 5

Am¡nMm[aH$ nÌ AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÌ