- 94 -CMBUkTI 4 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬1¦ CMBUkTI 4 c,ab ...masaoikeda.com/main/downloads_files/11Chapter4.pdf · - 97 -CMBUkTI 4 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬1¦ - 97 - RKb;RKg

- 94 -CMBUkTI 4 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬1¦

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CMBUkTI 4 c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬1¦

-GMBIkic©snüa- I. TRmg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬katBVkic©¦ 1> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCasiTi§eTAelIbuKÁl 2> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCaRTBüFn

3> rcnasm½<n§énc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul niglMdab;sikSa II> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBTUeTAénkic©snüa 1> karbegáItkic©snüa

2> RbePTénkic©snüa 3> suBlPaBénkic©snüa

4> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüa III> karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBlMGiténkic©snüa 1> kic©snüalk;

2> kic©snüaRbTankmμ ¬kic©snüaeFVIGMeNay¦ 3> kic©snüaCYl ¬Ptisnüa¦ 4> kic©snüax©IeRbI 5> kic©snüax©IbriePaK 6> kic©snüaemA:kar 7> kic©snüaGaNtiþ 8> kic©snüabeBaØI 9> kic©snüabegáItRkumhu‘n 10> kic©snüaFmμtadéTeTot 11> karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; nigry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an


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I. TRmg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul ¬katBVkic©¦ 1> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCasiiTi§elIbuKÁl Rkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;nUvsiTi§rbs;eyIgmñak;²edayEbgEckCa siTi§eTAelIvtßú nigsiTi§

eTAelIbuKÁl . siT§ieTAelIbuKÁlmanEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIRtg;KnßITI 3 GMBIsiTi§elI bMNul EdlehAfac,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul .

siTi§elIbMNulenH CadMbUg)annaMcUlmkkñúgRbeTsCb:unnaCMnan;mIuCI tamry³Rkm rdæb,evNITMenIbenAGWr:ub ¬dMbUgbg¥s;KWRbeTs)araMg¦ EdlkalenaHeK)anbkERbfa Ca :siTi§elIbuKÁl} . Ep¥kelIkarbkERbenHeyIgGacyl;)anfaenHKWCasiTi§rbs;buKÁlmñak; eTAelIbuKÁlmñak;eTot edayTamTar[GnuvtþnUvskmμPaBGVImYyCaedIm . kareRbIBaküfa {skmμPaBGVImYyCaedIm}enH KWmkBItamFmμtaskmμPaBsMedAelIskmμPaBEdlRtÚveFVI dUcCakarbg;R)ak;kas b¤karRbKl;vtßúCaedIm b:uEnþkñúgkrNIxøHBaküenHk¾sMedAelIskmμPaB EdlminRtÚveFVIpgEdr dUcCa{karminebIkhagrksIudUcKña} b¤{karminbeBa©jsUrs½BÞføg; LÚLaenAeBlyb;}CaedIm . ehIyCYnkaleKehAsrubskm μPaBEdlRtÚveFVI nigskmμPaB EdlminRtÚveFVI edaybBa©ÚlKñafaCa{¬kyufu¦ tavkalik b¤kmμvitßúénkic©snüa} . tavkalik EdlCakmμvtßúrbs;siTi§elIbMNul sMedACaTUeTAelIGVIEdlmantémøCaesdækic©k¾BitEmn ehIy k¾b:uEnþRkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgfa eTaHbICaskm μPaBenaHBuMGacTUTat;CaR)ak;kas ekItk¾eday k¾Gaccat;Tukfa Cakmμvtßúrbs;siTi§elIbMNul)anEdr ¬maRta 399¦ . b:uEnþ ebIskmμPaBenaHmanlkçN³CakarRbtibtþixagcitþsaRsþ b¤sIlFm’suT§saFvij eKBi)ak nwgehAfaCasiTi§elIbMNulNas; . ]TahrN_dUcCakarTamTarfa {RtUveFVIbuNüerogral; qñaM[GñkEdlsøab;)at;eTA} enHGackøayCakatBVkic©)an b:uEnþcMeBaHkartRmUv[GñkNamñak; {RtUvbYgsYgfVaybgÁMRBHral;RBwk}enaH eyIgyl;faminGacmantémøCa katBVkic©)aneLIy¦. karsikSac,ab;sþIGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul KWCakarsikSaEsVgyl;GMBIlkçN³nigRbPBénkar begáItsiTi§elIbMNulTaMgLayenHÉg .


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2> siTi§elIbMNulkñúgn½yCaRTBüFn GñkEdlFøab;)ansikSaesdækic©viTüa b¤KNenyüviTüaRbEhlCayl;ehIyfa enAkñúg

cMeNamRTBüFnEdlbuKÁlNamñak; b¤Rkumh‘unNamYymanenaH eRkABIrbs;dUcCa GclRTBünigclnRTBüecj enAmansiTi§elIbMNulkñúgrUbPaBCasiTi§eTAelIR)ak;[x©I nig R)ak;dak;FanaKarCaedImpgEdr . ]TahrN_dUcCaRkumh‘unCYlvtßú b¤Rkumh‘un\Ntan CaedImEdlmanRbvtþienAekμgx©IenAeLIy BitEmnEtRkumh‘unTaMgenaHmanRTFüFnCa GclnRTBütictYcenAkñúgédk¾eday eTAtammuxGaCIvkmμrbs;xøÜnRkumh‘unTaMgenHeRcInEt rkSanUvRTFüFnrbs;xøÜn kñúgrUbPaBCasiTi§elIbMNulelIR)ak;QñÜl b¤tamry³kar[x©IR)ak; \NTanCaedIm EdlmanbrimaNd¾eRcInelIslb;.

enAkñúgBiPBénRkmrdæb,evNIenH kalBIedImeKeRcInEtvaytémøedayepþateTAelIkar manvtßúCakmμsiTi§EdlCasiTi§Rbtü½kS k¾b:uEnþenAeBleRkay²mkrhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH siTi§elIbMNul)ankøayeTACasiTi§EdlmancMNat;fñak;sMxan;CaTIbMput. enHCadMeNIrvivtþn_ mYy RsbKñanwgRbvtþiénkarTTYlsÁal;fa siTiæelIbMNulk¾manlkçN³CaRTBüFnd¾sMxan;Edr. c,ab;GaNacRkr:UmnakaldMbUg)anEcgfasiTi§elIbMNulCa :Rcvak;c,ab; : EdlcgP¢ab;buKÁl mñak;CamYybuKÁlmñak;eTot dUecñHeKminGacepÞrsiTi§enHeTAttiyCn)antamcitþeLIy. b:uEnþ eRkaymkc,ab;GaNacRkr:Um )anTTYlsÁal;karepÞrsiTi§elIbMNulenHbnþicmþg²vij ehIyc,ab;rdæb,evNITMenIbsBVéf¶énbNþaRbeTsnana k¾TTYlsÁal;nUvkarepÞrsiTiÞelI bMNulenH)anedayesrIEdr . CalT§pl témøCaRTBüFnénsiTi§elIbMNul)anekItman eLIg. sBVéf¶enH edayehtufasiTi§elIbMNulRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRTBüFnEdlGac)a:n; témø)an ehIyGacTUTat;)anRsYlCagGclnRTBüpgenaH sar³sMxan;rbs;vakan;Et ekItmaneLIgCalMdab; enAkñúgsgÁmeFVIGaCIvkmμTijdUrsBVéf¶. müa:geTot ebIeyIgRkeLk emIltamTidæPaBmYyRCugepSgvij eyIgnwgeXIjfakalBICMnan;skþiPUmi TMnak;Tmngrvag GñkRKb;RKg nigGñkEdlRtUveKRKb;RKg )anekItmaneLIgtamry³GñkmannigGñkK μandIFøI EtsBVéf¶enHeyIgGacniyay)anfa TMnak;TMngenH)anERbrUbPaBeTACacMNgrvagGñk


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RKb;RKg nigGñkRtUveKRKb;RKg enAkñúgvis½yesdækic© tamry³TMnak;TMngenAkñúg siTi§elIbMNulvij ¬EtenHk¾minGaccat;faCa)atuPUtERbRbYlRbesIr)aneT¦. eTaHCaya:g NakþI eyIgetagcgcaMfa c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNulKWCaEpñkmYymansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgkarsikSaGMBIRkmrdæb,evNI .

3> rcnasm½<n§énc,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNul niglMdab;sikSa dUc)aneFVIkarGtßaFib,ayenACMBUkTI 1 ¬lMnaMsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNI¦ rYcehIyfa Rkm

rdæb,evNI)anbB©ÚalEpñksiTi§elIbMNulenAkñúgKnßITI 3 ehIy)ankMNt;nUvlkçN³énsiTi§ elIbMNul RbmCamYynwgdMeNIrkarekItmannigrlt;eTAvij nUvsiTi§elIbMNulenH enAkñúgCMBUkTI 1 . enAkñúgkarsikSa eKehAEpñkenHfa :TidæPaBTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul} . rYcehIycab;BICMBUkTI 2 eTACMBUkTI 5 c,ab;)ankMNt;nUvRbPBénkarkekItsiTi§elIbMNul edayEckecjCa 4 EpñkKW³ kic©snüa karRKb;RKgedayQWq¥al esckþIcMerIneday\tehtu nigGMeBIGnItüanukUl . enAkñúgkarsikSa eKehAEpñkTaMg 4 enHfaCa {TidæPaBlMGit énsiTi§elIbMNul} . ebIeyIgeRbobeFobTidæPaBTUeTACamYynwgTidæPaBlMGit eyIgnwg eXIjfa karerobrab;enAkñúgTidæPaBlMGitmanlkçN³Cak;EsþgCag ehIyRsYlyl;Cag . GaRs½yehtuenH CaeKalkarN_ eyIgnwgelIkykTidæPaBlMGiténEpñknImYy² énsiTi§ elIbMNulmkeFVIkarGtßaFib,ayCamun rYcehIyeTIbcUleTATidæPaBTUeTAénsiT§ielIbMNul tameRkay . Rtg;enH vamanPaBpÞúyKñanwglMdab;éncMNat;fñak;enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI. Cabzm eyIgcab;epþImBIc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüa k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHEpñkxøHdUcCasMNgénkarxUcxat CaedIm eyIgnwgbB©ÚaleTAkñúgEpñkc,ab;sþIBIkic©snüaEdlmankarbkRsayCalMGit enAkñúg visalPaBénkarsikSaGMBITidæPaBTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul .


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II. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBTUeTAénkic©snüa 1> karbegáItkic©snüa

1>1> niymn½yénkic©snüa dUc)aneFVIkarGtßaFib,ayrYcmkehIyfa Rkmrdæb,evNIsm½yTMenIb)anTTYlsÁal;

nUv{eKalkarN_esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIkic©snüa} dUecñHtamry³kareFVIkic©snüa evorElgEtman karb:HBal;dl;sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nigTMenomTMlab;l¥enAkñúgsgÁmecj eyIgmñak;²Gac begáItsiTi§elIbMNul nigkatBVkic©)anCaeRcInEbbeRcInya:g. rYcehIyeyIgk¾)andwgEdrfa edayehtufa siTi§elIbMNulmanGanuPaBcgP¢ab;cMeBaHEtPaKIBak;B½n§b:ueNÑaH dUecñHeKGac begáItvaeLIgedayesrI .

\LÚveyIgsikSalMGitbEnßmeTotGMBIkarbegáItkic©snüa. eK[niymn½ykic©snüafa Ca {skmμPaBKtiyutþEdlbegáItnUvTMnak;TmngCa siTi§nigkrNIkic©kñúgc,ab; EdlbuKÁl 2 rUb b¤eRcInrUb CaKUPaKI)anRsuHRsYlKñμaCaÉkc½änÞ kñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³sMubegáItkic©snüa nigkarbgðajqnÞ³xagsVIkarCamYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk} . ]TahrN_dUcCa kic©snüalk; kñúgkrNIEdleQμaH A niyayeTAkan;eQ μaH B faTMnijenHlk;éfø 5 mWuney:n ehIyebI eQ μaH B tbeTAeQ μaH A vijfasuxcitþTijTMnijenaHkñúgtémø 5 mWuney:n eBlenaHkic©snüaRtUv)anbegIát . tamFmμtaPaKIénkic©snüaPaKeRcInmanKña 2 nak; k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkic©snüaEtmYyk¾GacmankarcUlrYmeRcInKña edaymanm©as;bMNuleRcInnak; nigkUnbMNuleRcInnak;pgEdr. 1>2> kic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul

CaTUeTA kalNaeyIgniyayGMBIkic©snüa eyIgrEmgsMedAelIkic©snüaEdlBak;B½n§ eTAnwgsiTi§elIbMNul nigkatBVkic© eBalKWkic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul . ehIykic©snüalk; EdleyIgFøab;B¤Føab;dwgeRcInCageKenaH Ca]TahrN_cMbgmYytMNag[kic©snüaEbbenH


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Etmþg . enAkñúgkarTijlk;enH mankarkekIteLIgnUvsiTi§elIbMNulkñúgkarTamTarkar bg;R)ak; nigsiTi§elIbMNulkñúgkarTamTar[RbKl;TMnij ¬CakarR)akdNas;Edlfatam ry³karTijlk;enH km μsiTi§eTAelItavkalik ¬kmμvtßúénkic©snüa¦ k¾RtUvepÞreTACamYypg Edr . kñúgn½yenHeyIgeXIjfamanktáaepÞrsiT§iRbtü½kSenAkñúgenaH . k¾b:uEnþeyIgRtUv yl;fakic©snüaEdlbegáItsiTi§elIbMNulnigkatBVkic© etagmanedayTaMgktþaénkarepÞr siTi§Rbtü½kS ehIykic©snüaEbbenHk¾RtÚvcat;TukfaCakic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNulEdr¦ . ebIdUecñHetIK μankic©snüaGMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kSeTb¤? cMeBaHsMNYrenH eyIgeXIjfa kic©snüa EdlbegáItsiTi§elIépÞdICaedIm KWCakic©snüaEdlmanxøwmsarEcgEtGMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kSmYy muxb:ueNÑaH eKehAfaCakic©snüaGMBIsiTi§Rbtü½kS . müa:geTot cMeBaHkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ EdlCakarÉkPaBKñabegáItTMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab; edayEp¥kelIc,ab;sþIBIRKYsarenaH eKehAfa Cakic©snüaGMBIzan³ . ¬teTAenH Baküfa {kic©snüa} enAkñúgesovePAenH KWsMedAeTAelI {kic©snüaGMBIsiTi§elIbMNul}¦ . 1>3>Gtßn½yénbTbBaØtþisþIBIkic©snüa

Ep¥kelIeKalkarN_esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIkic©snüa esckþIenAkñúgkic©snüaGacman eRcInEbbeRcInya:g)aneTAtamenaHEdr . enAkñúgcMeNamesckþITaMgenaH Rkmrdæb,evNI kMNt;bTbBaØatþisMrab;kic©snüacMnYn 13 RbePT . k¾b:uEnþsUmbBa¢ak;CafμImþg eTotfa enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI CaBiessRtg;c,ab;sþIBIsiTi§elIbMNulenH PaKITaMgGs;begáItviFan edayesrIeTAtamqnÞ³rbs;erog²xøÜn nigeTAtamkarRBmeRBogedayesrIrvagKñanwgKña edayQrelI {eKalkarN_sV½yPaBxagqnÞ³} nig{eKalkarN_sV½yPaBénbuKÁlÉkCn} . dUecñHbTbBaØatþiTaMgb:un μan Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIenaH KWRKan;Etman lkçN³CYybMeBjPaBxVHcenøaH enAeBlEdlKUPaKIBMu)anbegáItviFanrbs;xøÜn edaykMNt; bBa¢ak;[)anl¥itl¥n;Etb:ueNÑaH . bTbBaØatþiTaMgenH CabTbBaØatþitamkars½μRKcitþ .


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2> RbePTénkic©snüa 2>1>kic©snüatamEbbEpn nigkic©snüaeRkAEbbEpn

Rkmrdæb,evNI )aneRCIserIs nigkMNt;nUvkic©snüa 13 RbePT edayyl;faCakic© snüaEdlGñkpgTaMgBYgniymeRbIR)as;CahUrEhrmk ehIy[eQμaHfaCa kic©snüatam EbbEpn . rIÉkic©snüaepSgBIenHRtUv)an[eQ μaHfaCa kic©snüaeRkAEbbEpn . edayehtufa kic©snüaTaMg 13 RbePTenH suT§EtmaneQ μaHEdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayRkm eKniymehAfaCa kic©snüamaneQ μaH . cMENkÉkic©snüaeRkAEbbEpnvij RtUv)anGñkxøH ehAfaCa kic©snüaKμaneQμaH . EdlehAfaKμaneQμaHenHminEmnmann½yfaK μan sar³sMxan;enaHeT eRBaHfakic©snüaCYl ¬lease contract¦kþI kic©snüa[x©IR)ak;tam \Ntan(credit contract)kþI BitEmnEtKμaneQ μaHenAkñúgRbePTTaMgenHeTk¾eday k¾Etg mansar³sMxan;Nas;naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. pÞúyeTAvij enAkñúgkic©snüatamEbbEpnTaMg 13 RbePTeTotesat mankic©snüaxøHswgEtElgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eTAehIy .

mYyvijeTot enAkñúgkrNIEdlqnÞ³énPaKIeFVIkic©snüaenaHminc,as;las; eKmindwg faRtUvcat;Tukkic©snüaenaHCaRbePTénkic©snüaNamYyeT ¬karbkRsaykic©snüa¦ . enA ÉmhaviTüal½y nisSitEdlsikSac,ab;rdæb,evNIEtg)anTTYlemeronfa enHCakic©snüalk; b¤k¾faenaHCaPtisnüa . l . k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgsgÁmCak;Esþgvij karbkRsaypÞal;nUvkic©snüa b¤karbkRsaynUvqnÞ³rbs;PaKIeFVIkic©snüa EtgCYbnwgbBaðasμúKsμajCaerOy² . edIm,Iyl; dwgkñúgerOgenH eyIgnwgsikSaedayEbgEckRbePTkic©snüaeTAtamlkçN³Biessrbs;va edayepáatkarykcitáTukdak;elIkic©snüatamEbbEpn .

2>2> kic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg nigkic©snüaGaRs ½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú CadMbUg KWkarEbgEckkic©snüaCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg nigkic©snüaGaRs½y

elIkarRbKl;vtßú . sBVéf¶enH PaKeRcInénkic©snüaCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg . Edl ehAfa RtwmkarRBmeRBógenH KWmann½yfakic©snüanwgmansuBlPaBeBjeljtamry³


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karbgðajqnÞ³RBmeRBógKñaEtb:ueNaÑH . ]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüalk;CaedIm KWCakic©snüa RtwmkarRBmeRBogKña ¬enARbeTsxøHcMeBaHkarlk;EdlRbkbedaytémøx<s; eKtRmUv[eFVI kic©snüaCa layl½kSGkSr . b:uEnþenARbeTsCb:unRkmrdæb,evNIminTamTar[eFVIkic© snüaCalayl½kSGkSreT . fVIt,itEtya:gdUecñHk¾eday tamFmμtaPaKITaMgsgxagEtg eFVIkic©snüaenHCalayl½kSGkSr TukCaPsþútageTAéf¶eRkay . pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkarlk; b¤CYldIFøIEdlmanPñak;garkNþal ¬KYkeC¦ CaGñkrt;karCaedIm KUPaKIRtÚvTTYlkatBVkic© Gnuvtþtamc,ab;BiessepSg² dUcCac,ab;sþIBIkareFVIGaCIvkmμelIdIsMNg;nigGaKar ehIyRtUv erobcMnigRbKl;kic©snüaEdl)aneFVIeLIgCalayl½kSGkSr¦ .

ehIymankic©snüamYyPaKtUceRkABIenH EdleKehAfakic©snüaGaRs½yelIkar RbKl;vtßú . mann½yfa RKan;EtmankarbgðajqnÞHRBmeRBógKñab:ueNaÑH KWenAminTan; RKb;RKan;eT luHRtaEt)anRbKl;tavkalikehIy eTIbmankarekIteLIgénkic©snüaEdl nwgcab;manGanuPaB . ]TahrN_dUcCa karx©IeRbIEdlCakic©snüa[x©IedIm,IeRbIR)as; edayBuMykéfø ¬maRta 593¦ CaedIm . kñúgkrNIenH Gñk[x©ICaGñkrgkarxatbg;Etmñak;Ég dUecñHebIRKan;EtbgðajqnÞ³faRBm[x©InigRBmx©Ib:ueNÑaH KwminTan;mankic©snüaenAeLIyeT luHRtaEt)anRbKl;vtßúEdl[x©IenaHsin eTIbcat;Tukfamankic©snüa .

2>3> kic©snüaGBaØmBaØ nigkic©snüaÉketaPaKI

bnÞab;teTAenH KWkarEbgEckkic©snüaCa kic©snüaGBaØmBaØ nigkic©snüaÉketaPaKI . dUcmankñúgkarTijlk;CaedIm kic©snüaNaEdlbegáItCakatBVkic©cMeBaHPaKITaMgsgxag ¬eBalKWGñklk;mankatBVkic©RbKl;TMnij ehIyGñkTijmankatBVkic©bg;éføTMnij¦enaH eK [eQμaHfaCakic©snüaGBaØmBaØ . cMeBaHPtisnüa ¬nwgGFib,ayenAxageRkay¦ EdlekItman eLIgenAeBlCYlpÞHk¾dUecñaHEdr eBalKWPtik³ mankatBVkic©bg;éføQñÜlpÞH nigmankatBVkic© RbKl;pÞH[vijenAeBlEdlkarCYl)ancb;rYcral;ehIy rIÉPtibtIvij RtÚvmankatBVkic© erobcMpÞHCYlenaH [sßitkñúglkçN³mYyGac[eRbIkar)an . enHKWCakic©snüaGBaØmBaØ .


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pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkic©snüaRbTankmμ ¬nwgmanGFib,ayenAxageRkay¦vij KUPaKI RKan;EtniyayRtUvr:UvKñafa {xJúMRbKl;vtßú[-xJúMRBmTTYl} Etb:ueNÑaH KWmanlkçN³RKb;RKan; sMrab;[kic©snüaenHekIteLIg)an. b:uEnácMeBaHGñkTTYlGMeNay ¬bdiKahk¦ BuMekIt mankatBVkic©GVIeT . KWmanEtGñkeFVIGMeNay ¬Tayk¦ eT EdlmankatBVkic©RbKl;vtßúenaH . cMeBaHkic©snüax©IeRbI ¬Edl)anBiBN_naxagelIRsab;¦ k¾dUcKñaEdr . kic©snüaenHcab; ekIteT,IgenAeBlEdl)anRbKl;vtßú[x©IeRbI bnÞab;mkKWekItmankatBVkic©eTAelIGñkx©IeRbI edaytRmUv[sgvtßúenaHeTAm©as;edImvijEtb:ueNÑaH . dUcenH kñúgn½yfaekItmankatBVkic© eTAelIEtPaKImaçgenaHeKehAkic©snüaenHfa kic©snüaÉketaPaKI begáItkatBVkic©eTAelI PaKIEtmçag. rebobEbgEckEbbenHmansar³sMxan;Nas; eRBaHfamanbTbBaØtiþxøH kMNt;GMBIGanuPaBénkic©snüa nigkarrMlaykic©snüa EdlGnuvtácMeBaHEtkic©snüaGbaØmBaØ b:ueNÑaH.

2>4> kic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr nigkic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr mankarEbgEckkic©snüamüa:geTot KWkarEbgEckCakic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr nig

kic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr . karEbgEckenHGaRs½yeTAelIbBðaafa etICakic©snüa EdlPaKITaMgsgxagTUTat;eTAtamkarpþl;tavkalikeTAvijeTAmk dUcCakarbg;R)ak;edIm,I ykTMnijenAeBlTijlk;CaedIm ¬tavkalikEdlpþl;KñaeTAvijeTAmkenHmincaM)ac;RtUvman témøCak;EsþgesμIKñatamrUbmnþesdækic©eT,Iy . ebIPaKITaMgsgxagyl;fasmRsbeTAvij eTAmkehIy KWCakarRKb;RKan;¦ b¤mYyk¾Cakic©snüaEdlPaKImaçgminTTYlykkarTUTat;BI PaKImaçgeToteT dUckñúgkrNIénRbTankmμEdlmanEtPaKImÐageTCaGñkRbKl;RTBüsm,tái enaH b¤ya:gNa?

karEbgEckEbbenHk¾mansar³sMxan;Nas;Edr eRBaHfakaryktémøfñÚr b¤karmin yktémøfñÚrenH nwgjaúMg[kMriténkarFana ¬nwgmanGFib,ayenAxageRkam¦ ErbRbYleTAtam enaHEdr ¬kic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚrdUcCakñúgkarTijlk;CaedIm nwgnaMmknUvkarTTYlxusRtÚv FanakñúgkMritmYyF¶n;F¶r . ebITMnijEdllk;enaHmantémøBuMsmRsbnwgtémøR)ak;Edl)an


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bg;enaH Gñklk;nwgRtÚvTTYlxusRtUv . pÞúyeTAvij kic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr dUcCakñúgkareFVIRbTankmμCaedIm eTaHbICavtßúEdlCaGMeNayenaHmansñamqáÚtya:gNa k¾eday edayehtufaCavtßúTTYl)anedayTeTenaH CaeKalkarN_KWtRmUv[GñkTTYlRtUv Gt;Fμt; . dUecñHbTbBØatiþsþIBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanak¾manlkçN³FUrRsalEdr .

3> GanuPaBénkic©snüa 3>1>suBlPaBénkic©snüa tamkarBit kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIrbs;RbeTsCb:un minmanEcgbTbBaØtáiCamUldæan

sáIBIGanuPaBénkic©snüaeT . edIm,I[kic©snüaGacmanGanuPaB)an caM)ac;RtÚvmanGtßn½y Rsbc,ab; ¬PaBRsbc,ab;¦ manlT§PaBGnuvtá)an ¬lT§PaB¦ nigmankarkMNt;c,as;las; ¬PaBc,as;las;¦ . ]TahN_ karcuHkic©snüalk;GaKarmYyxñg EdlRtÚvePøIgeqH)at; taMgBImuneBlcuHkic©snüaenaH KWCakrNImYyEdlminmantavkalik minGacGnuvtákatBVkic© eTA)aneTBIdMbUgTI . kic©snüaenHRtÚvkøayCaemaX³edaysarGlT§PaB . siTi§elIbMNul nigkatBVkic© minGacekItman)aneT . b:uEná]TahN_fa RbsinCaGñkTij)anTTYl karxUcxat edaysar)aneCOfaGacTijpÞHenH)anEmn ehIy)anTijeRKOgsgðarwmmk sMrab;cUleTAenA . enHtRmÚv[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsMNgxUcxatelIplRbeyaCn_ énkareCOTukcitá bgáeLIgmkBI :kMhuskñúgkarbegáItkic©snüa} . pÞúyeTAvij cMeBaH kic©snüaepÞrsiTi§elIbMNul Tak;Tgdl;R)ak;cMeNj EdlGacnwgTTYl)anedaysar karlk;TMnijenaHminEmnCaGlT§PaBeT . [Et)ankMNt;c,as;las;GMBIry³eBlcab;epáIm nigry³eBlRtÚvbBa©b; KWeKGacTTYlsÁal;)annUvPaBc,as;las;énkic©snüa . enHCakic© snüamanGanuPaB .


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3>2> GanuPaBCacMNg nigGanuPaBedayeFob Cabzm edayEp¥kelImUldæanénkarRBmeRBógKñarvagPaKITaMgsgxag GanuPaBén

kic©snüabegIát[mancMNgkatBVkic©rvagPaKI ¬RtUvEtGanuvt<tamkic©snüa¦. dUecñHenAeBl EdlPaKImaçgminGanuvt<tamkic©snüaPaKImaçgeTotGacbþwgeTAtulakarbgçM[Gnuvtþtamb¤mYy k¾tRmUv[bg;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat CMnYs[kareFVIskmμPaBEdl)ansnüaBIdMbUgTI ¬elIk ElgEtenAkñúgkic©snüaenaH PaKITaMgsgxag)anRBmeRBógKñaCaBiessfaK μankar bgçit bgçM[GnuvtþtameTenaH¦. m:üageTot CaeKalkarN_GanuPaBénkic©snüaKWCaGanuPaBeday eFobEdlcgEtPaKIkñúgkic©snüaEtb:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_dUcCaeKGaceFVIkic©snüaedaypþl; plRbeyaCn_eTACnTI 3 )an enAkñúgkarlk;TijrvageQ μaH A nig eQ μaH B CaedIm eday manbEnßmkarRBmeRBógKñafa R)ak;éføTMnijenaHRtUvbg;pÞal;eTACnTI3 eQ μaH C ¬kic©snüa EdleFVIIeLIgsMrab;ttiyCn nwgmanGFib,ayenAxageRkay . cab;BImaRta 537 teTA¦ k¾b:uEnþenHminEmnmann½yfa CakarRBmeRBógKñadak;krNIykic©elICnTI3 enaHeT,Iy .

3>3> siTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<RBmK ña CagenHeTAeTot cMeBaHkic©snüa]betaPaKI c,ab;)ankMNt;[mansiTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<

RBKña edayEp¥kelIGanuPaBénvtþmanrbs;kic©snüa . ]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkarTijlk;CaedIm GñkTijGactva: ¬eFVIkarGHGagtTl;nwgkarTamTarrbs;PaKImçageTot¦ faluHNaEtGñklk; RbKl;TMnij[xøÜn eTIbxøÜnRBmbg;éf¶[ . ehIypÞúyeTAvij Gñklk;Gactva:)anfa luHNaEt GñkTijbg;éfø[xøÜn eTIbxøÜnRbKl;TMnij[ ¬maRta 533 . kartv:aenHGacGnuvt<)anrhUt dl;eBlEdlPaKImçageTot)anp<l;karGnuvt<katBVkic©rbs;eK eBalKWCakarbg;éføCaedIm¦ . dUecñHsiTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<RBKñaénPaKITaMgsgxagenH CakarCMruj[mankarGnuvtþkatBVkic© rbs;KñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyCalT§plcugeRkayeFVI[mankarp<l;tavkalikeTAvijeTA mk)an . CaFmμtaeT RbsinebIPaKITaMgsgxag)ankMNt;CamYyKñaedaymUlehtuNamYy enaHfanwgbg;R)ak;Camun enHRtUvkøayeTACaviFanEdlPaKITaMgsgxag)anRBmeRBogKña ehIyeKminGaceRbIsiTi§tv:a[Gnuvt<RBKña)aneT . müa:geTot eTaHbICaPaKIEdl)aneRbIsiTi§


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tv:aehIy b:uEnþeRkaymkRtÚvGak;xaneTAvij k¾minRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarminGnuvtþ katBVkic©enHEdr ¬GMBIkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüaecalb¤karbg;sMNg énkarxUcxat ekItmkBIkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©enH nwgmanGFib,ayenA 4 xageRkay¦ .

3>4> karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y

cMeBaHkic©snüa]betaPaKIEdlTak;TgnwgkatBVkic©énPaKITaMgsgxag enAmanrbb mYyeTotEdleKehAfa karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y . ]TahrN_dUcCacMeBaHkic©snüalk; PUmiRKwH EdlenAcenøaHeRkayeBleFVIkic©snüanwgmuneBlRbKl;PUmiRKwHenaH Rsab;Et RtUvePøIgeqHéRB ratt,atdutbMpaøjJPUmiRKwHxUcexÞcx©IGs;eTA . kñúgkrNIdUcenH kar)at; bg;tavkalik ¬PUmiRKwH¦ enAeRkayeBlcuHkic©snüanigmuneBlRbKl;vtßúenH BuMEmn sßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kUnbMNul ¬Gñklk;PUmwRKiH¦ enaHeT,Iuy . b:uEnþRtUv ecaTCabBaðafa etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlbnÞuúkelIkarxUcxatenH Gñklk;EdlCakUnbMNul b¤GñkTijEdlCam©as;bMNul? cMeBaHkUnbMNulEdlCaGñklk;enaH RbsinebItavkalikenH minGacrkvtßúepSgmkCMnYsekIteT KWkatBVkic©rRbKl;PUmwRKwHminGacGnuvt<)aneT ehIyRtÚv rlt; . edayehtufa karxUcxatenHminEmnCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;kUnbMNuleT dUecñH minbg;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxatk¾minGIEdr . ¬pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkrNIEdlkarxUcxatekIteLIg edaysarmUlehtuCabnÞúkrbs;kUnbMNulenaH katBVkic©EdlkUnbMNulmin)anGnuvt<nwg min)at;eTANaeT KWenArhUtedayERbkøayeTACakatBVkic©cMeBaHsMNgénkarxUcxat . sUmGanvKÁTI 4>1> nig4>2¦ . bBaðaenARtg;fa etIPaKIGñkTijEdl)aneFVIkic©snüarYceTA ehIyenaH RtUvbg;éføb¤k¾minRtUvbg;? tamBiteTA RtUvPaKITaMgBIrsMercTukCamunTaMgGs;Kña k¾b:uEnþebImin)ansMercTukCamuneT Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;ya:gTUlMTUlayfa enAkñúg krNITijlk;CaedIm ¬krNIénkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ EdlmaneKalbMNgkMNt; b¤epÞrkmμsiTi§ elIvtßúGVImYy¦ ma©s;bMNulCaGñkTTYlbnÞúk ¬maRta 534¦ ehIyenAkñúgkrNIepSgdUcCakar CYlCaedIm ¬krNIkic©snüaGBaØmBaØEdlKμanP¢ab;nUvkarkMNt; b¤karepÞrkmμsiTi§eTenaH¦


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kUnbMNulCaGñkTTYlbnÞúkvij ¬maRta 536¦ . k¾b:uEnþ mankarTietonya:gxøaMgecj BIRTIsþIsikSa edayyl;faeKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIma©s;bMNulenH minsmRsbnwgsgÁm sBVéf¶enHeT ¬tamFmμtaeKrEmgeFVIkic©snüaBiessedaymankMNt;CaTUeTAfa kUnbMNul CaGñkTTYlbnÞúkcMeBaHeRKaHfñak;naM[mankar)at;bg; eBalKWfaTnÞwmnwgkar)at;bg;katBVkic© RbKl;tavkalikenaH siTi§elIbMNulTamTar[eKbg;éføk¾RtUvGs;Edr .

karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y eKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIkUnbMNul nigeKalkarN_

dak;bnÞúkelIm©as;bMNul karTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y KWCabBaðaEdlmancMeBaHkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ. kñúgkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ siTi§elIbMNulnigkatBVkic©ekItmaneTAelIPaKITaMgsgxag. dUecñHenAeBlniyayfa karTTYlbnÞúk haniP½ytameKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIm©as;bMNul b¤tameKalkarN_dak;bnÞúk elIkUnbMNulenaH sUmRby½tñkuMRcLMm©as;bMNuleTAnwgkUnbMNul[esaH. karkMNt;fa GñkNaCakUnbMNul ehIy GñkNaCam©as;bMNulenaH KWGaRs½yeTAelIRTBüFnEdl)anvinas)at;bg;. mann½yfa ebI elIk]TahrN_énPUmiRKwHEdlRtUvePøIgeqHmkniyay PaKIGñkTijEdlmansiT§iTamTarkarRbKl; PumiRKwHdl;xøÜnenaHKWCam©as;bMNul ehIyPaKIGñklk;EdlmankatBVkic©RtUvRbKl;PUmiRKwH[eKenaH KWCakUnbMNul. GaRs½yehtuenH eKalkarN_dak;bnÞúkelIm©as;bMNul KWCakarkMNt;[m©as; bMNulTTYlbnÞúkhaniP½y . GñkTijEdlCa m©as;bMNulmansiTi§TamTar[eKRbKl;PumiRKwH mkxøÜnenaH minGacTTYl)annUvtavkalikeT ¬katBVkic©EdlRtÚvGnuvt<edayGñklk;CakUnbMNulenaH RtÚvrlt;)at;¦ b:uEn<katBVkic©bg;R)ak;rbs;GñkTijRtÚvbn<eTAeTotmin)anrlt;eT . 3>5> kic©snüaEdleFVIeLIgsMrab;ttiyCn

]TahrN_dUcCakarsnüabEnßmenAkñúgkarTijlk;rvageQ μaH A nigeQ μaH B Edl kMNt;fanwgbg;R)ak;éføTMnij[eTAeQμaH C pÞal;CaedIm . kic©snüaEdlpþl;plRbeyaCn_ eTAttiyCneRkABIPaKIénkic©snüaenH eKehAfa kic©snüaEdleFVIeLIgsMrab;ttiyCn


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¬cab;BImaRta 537 teTA¦. enHCakic©snüamYy k¾b:uEnþkic©snüaenHminGacekItmaneT,Ig edayÉkÉgeT etagP¢ab;eTAnwgkic©snüaNamYyeTot ehIymaneQ μaHCakic©snüaBiess b¤k¾Cakfalkçn<k³bnÞab;bnSM. edayehtufa vajauMg[kic©snüamanGanuPaBcgcMeBaHCn epSgeRkABIPaKIénkic©snüaenaH eKcat;TukenHfaCakrNIelIkElgEdlxusBIkaryl;dwg CaTUeTAcMeBaHGanuPaBénkic©snüa ¬minCH\Ti§BleTAelICnNaeRkABIKUPaKIeT¦ . b:uEn<kñúg krNIenH k¾mankarkMNt;RBMEdndUcteTA³

k> GaceFVIkic©snüa)aneday[plRbeyaCn_dl;ttiyCn C EtminGaceFVIkarRBm eRBógKñabgá[ttiyCn C TTYlrgnUvplvi)akedayRtUvbMeBjkatBVkic©CaGviC¢man NamYyeT,Iy .

x> ttiyCn C EdlCaGñkTTYlplenaHminGacnwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_EdlekIt eT,Igtamry³karRBmeRBógKñarvageQμaH A nig eQ μaH B edays½VyRbvtiþ)aneT eBalKWcaM)ac;RtUvEtttiyCn C bgðajqnÞ³RBmTTYlplpgEdr ¬karbgðajqnÞ³ kñúgkarTTYlplRbeyaCn_¦ .

K> ebIttiyCn C bgðajqnÞ³kñúgkarTTYlplRbeyaCn_ehIy PaKI A nig B

minGacdkkarRBmeRBógenHecj)aneT EtebIminTan;mankarbgðajqnÞ³TTYlpl BIttiyCn C enAeT,IyeT karRBmeRBógGacdkecjvij)an.

müa:geTot bnÞab;BI)anbgðajqnÞ³TTYlplehIy ttiyCnEdlCaGñkTTYlplGac

TamTar[kUnbMNulp<l;tavkalikmkxøÜnedaycMeBaH)an . enAkñúgkrNIenH kUnbMNul GacGHGagnUvRKb;siTi§TaMgGs; dUcEdlxøÜnmaneTAelIm©as;bMNulenaH)anEdr ¬mann½y fa]TahrN_dUcCakñúgkrNIGñklk; A nigGñkTij B )aneFVIkic©snüalk;CamYyKña ehIy)aneFVIkic©snüasMrab;ttiyCnedaykMNt;fa RtUvRbKl;R)ak;éføTMnijeTA[eQμaH C pÞal;EfmeTotpg . eRkayBIeQ μaH C )anbgðajqnÞ³fasuxcitþTTYlplRbeyaCn_ehIy eQ μaH C eTATarR)ak;éføTMnijBI B . ebIsinCa B enAminTan;)anTTYlTMnijBI A enAeT,IyeT


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ehIymansiTi§tv:aCamYy A TamTar[Gnuvt<RBmKñaenaH B k¾GaceRbIsiTi§tv:aenHcMeBaH C )andUcKñapgEdr¦ . 4> karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© nigkarrMlaykic©snüa

etIeyIgRtUveFVIdUcemþcRbsinebIPaKImaçgeTotmineKarB ehIyminGnuvtþtamkic©snüa eTenaH? CakarBitNas; eyIgGaceTABwgBak;tulakarbgçM[PaKImçageToteKarBtam kic©snüa ¬GnuvtþkatBVkic©edaybgçM¦ k¾)anEdr . k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNI)anhYsry³evlakMNt; b¤k¾kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageTot)aneFVI)at;vtßúCakmμvtßúénkic©snüa minGacGnuvtþkatBVkic©)an eT etIeyIgKYreFVIdUcemþceTAvij? enAkñúgerNIenH tamRkmrdæb,evNI eyIgmanmeFüa)ay 2 Ebb . TImYy KWTamTar[PaKICaédKUbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat EdlekItmanBIkarminGnuvtþ katBVkic© . TIBIr KWrMlaykic©snüaecal edayehtufaPaKImçageTotminGnuvtþþkatBVkic© . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un GnuBaØat[erIsykkarrMlaykic©snüak¾)an b¤erIsykkar TamTarsMNgk¾)an b¤erIsykTaMgBIrk¾)anedr ¬maRta 545 kfax½NÐTI 3¦ . k¾b:uEnþþ bTBaØtiþsþIBIsMNgénkarxUcxat RtUv)anEcgenAkñúgEpñksþIBIbTbBaØtiþTUeTAénsiTi§elIbMNul cMENkÉkarrMlaykic©snüa manEcgenAkñúgbTbBØatiþCak;lak;sþIBIsiTI§elIbMNuleTAvij . enATIenH eyIgnwgBnül;edayKYbpþúMEpñkTaMgBIrenHbBa©ÚlKñaEtmþg .

4>1> krNIénkarminGnuvtþkatBVkic©

tamkarkMNt;énRkmrdæb,evNI edIm,I[kUnbMNulTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarminGnuvt< katBVkic©rbs;;xøÜn luHRtaEtmanmUlehtuEdlCabnÞúkrbs;kUnbMNul cMeBaHkarminGnuvtþ katBVkic©enaHCamunsin. eBalKWcaM)ac;RtUvmankMhus b¤ectna ekIteLIgBIPaKIkUnbMNul ¬RtÚvRby½tæBIcMNucenHpg eRBaHbBaØti<EcgkñúgmaRta 415 énRkmrdæb,evNI EdlkMNt; niymn½y[BaküfaminGnuvt<katBVkic©enaH mancMNucxøHBi)akyl;Nas;Edr¦ . ebIKμan kMhuseT KWminmankarTTYlxucRtUveT,Iy. enHCaeKalkarN_mUldaænénRkmrdæb,evNI


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eBalKW eKalkarN_TTYlxusRtUvelIkMhus . ebIya:gdUecñH karGnuvtþkic©snüamin)an edayehtumkBImaneRKaHFmμCati dUcCarB¢ÜayEpndI b¤pÞúHPñMePIøgCaedImenaH mincat;TukfaCa karminGnuvtþkatBVkic©eT . müa:geTot )anCaeRbIBaküfa PaKIkUnbMNul KWeRBaHfa minkMritRtWmEtectna b¤kMhusrbs;kUnbMNulpÞal;xøÜnEtb:uNaÑHeT . eKRtUvrab;bBaÞÚl pgEdrnUvkMhus b¤ectna rbs;CnNaEdl)anCYydl;kUnbMNul kñúgkarGnuvt<katBVkic© enaHEdr . karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© manEckecjCa 3 RbePTdUcteTA ³

k> karyWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþkatBVkic© edaymin)anRbtibtþi[Tan;ry³eBlkMNt;kñúg kic©snüa . x> GlT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn¾edaysar)at;bg;;lT§PaBminGacGnuvtþ)andUckarsnüa K> karGnuvtþn¾mineBjlkçN³dUcCa)anGnuvtþTan;eBlkMNt;Emn b:uEnþesckþIenaH mindUcsnüa b¤mYyk¾min)aneBjeljCaedIm .

4>2> sMNgénkarxUcxat RbsinebIkarGnuvtþkatBVkic©mankaryWtya:v eKGacTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat

TaMgLayEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgGMLúgeBlyWty:avenaH)an ¬ehAfasMNgénkaryWtya:v¦. cMeBaHkrNIGlT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn¾ eKGacTamTarR)ak;CasMNgCMnYs[tavkalikEdl RtUvp<l;tamkic©snüaenaH ¬ehAfasMNgbMeBj¦. cMeBaHRBMEdnénsMNgénkarxUcxatenH Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 417 edayEckecjCakarxUcxat Fmμta nigkarxUcxatBiess. cMeBaHkarxUcxatEdlRtÚvekItmaneT,Igkñúgkal³eTs³Fmμta KWRtUvbg;sMNgeTAtamkarxUcxatkñúgRkbx½NÐCasMNgFmμta. rIÉkarxUcxatEdlekIt maneT,Igedaysarkal³eTs³BiessNamYyvij eKRtUvBinitübBa¢ak;faetI samuIxøÜnGac sμandwg)anCamunGMBIkarxUcxatenaHEdrb¤eT? ¬GacRbmaNemIlTukCamun)an b¤min)an¦ ehIycMeBaHEtEpñkxUcxatEdlGacsμandwgCamun)anEtb:ueNÑaHeT eTIbRtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúg


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Rkbx½NÐCasMNgEdlRtUvsg. etIGVIeTAEdlCakarxUcxatFmμta ehIyGVIeTAEdlCakar xUcxatBiessenaH cMeLIyKWRtUvGaRs½yTaMgRsugeTAelIkrNICak;EsþgnImYy²vij . eyIgelIk]TahrN_dUcCakrNI)aneFVIkic©snüaTijpÞHrYcral;ehIy b:uEn<edayehtufa kar RbKl;pÞHmankaryWtya:v 1 ExhYseBlkMNt;énkarsnüa CaehtunaM[GñkTijRtUveTA CYlpÞHeKenAGs;ry³eBl 1 ExEdrenaH krNIenHmtiPaKeRcInyl;fa éføQñÜlpÞHKWCa karxUcxatFmμta. k¾b:uEnþRbsinebImankarsnüaCamYyGñkepSgeTotfa bnÞab;BITijpÞHehIy nwglk;bnþkñúgtémøx<s; ehIyedayehtufamankaryWtya:vkñúgkarRbKl;pÞH bNþal[kar lk;bnþenHRtUvGak;xaneTAvij . ebIsinCaGñkTijpÞH)anTamTarsMNgcMeBaHPaKcMeNj EdlRtUv)at;bg;edaysarEtkarxkxanminGaclk;bnþ)aneTenaH karxUcxatenH ¬RbsinebI GñkTijCaCnsamBaØFmμta¦ nwgGaccat;Tuk)anfaCakarxUcxatBiess dUecñHmanEtkñúg krNIEdlGñklk;GacsμandwgCamun)annUvkarlk;bn<rbs;GñkTijenaHeT eTIbGñkTijGac TTYlsMNgénkarxUcxat)ankñúgRkbx½NÐénsMNgBiess.

RBMEdnénsMNgénkarxUcxat

sMNg Fmμta


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4>3>karrMlaykic©snüa meFüa)ayedaHRsaymüa:geTot KWkarrMlaykic©snüa . kñúgkrNIEdlkUnbMNulmin

GnuvtþtamkatBVkic©eT ma©s;bMNulGacbgðajqnÞ³CaÉketaPaKIcat;TukfaKμankic©snüataMg BIdMbUgTI)an ¬tampøÚvc,ab;karrMlaykic©snüaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaGMeBIkñúgRbePTskmμPaB ÉketaPaKI¦ . karbgðjqnÞ³dUcenH manGanuPaBtRmUv[PaKITaMgGs;eFVIbdiTaneLIgvij ¬kareFVI[RtLb;mkdUcsaßnPaBnakaldMbUgTIvij¦ . eBalKWekItmankrNIykic©RtÚveFIV [saßnPaBRtTüb;mkrkGVIEdlmantaMgBImuneBleFVIkic©snüa ¬maRta 545 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . k¾b:uEnþ GanuPaBénbdiTanenH minRtUveFVI[manplb:HBal;eTAelIttiyCn)aneT,Iy . enH)anesckIþfa muneBlrMlaykic©snüa RbsinCamanttiyCnNamñak;)anTijTMnijbnþBI PaKIGñkTijrYc ehIyRBmTaMgmanl½kçx½NÐttaMgRKb;RKan;EfmeTotenaH KwkarrMlay kic©snüaminRtUveFVI[mankarxUcxatdl;siTi§EdlttiyCn)anTTYlenaHeT ¬maRta 545 kfax½NÐTI 1 bdiBaØa¦.

müa:gvijeTot GanuPaBRbtiskmμ EdlCaGanuPaBénkarvilRtLb;mkrksaßnPaBedIm vij [)andUcmuneBleFVIkic©snüaenaH GacnwgekItmaneLIg)ancMeBaHEtkic©snüaNaEdl manlkçN³CakarGnuvtþn_EtmYydgcb;CasaßBr . tYya:gdUcCakic©snüalk;CaedIm . k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHPtisnüa EdlCakic©snüamanry³evlaGnuvtþn_CabnþbnÞab;enaH BuMGacmanGnuPaB RbtiskmμeT . GanuPaBénkarrMlaykic©snüanwgekItmaneLIg cab;BIeBlrMlayenaH rhUteTAGnaKtEtb:uENÑaH ¬eRBaHfavaK μann½yGVITal;EtesaHkñúgkarsgR)ak;éføQñÜlpÞH EdlxøÜn)anTTYlBIG\Itkal b¤sgeTAvijnUvplRbeyaCn_TaMgb:un μan Edl)anTTYl mkBIkareRbIR)as;naeBlGtItkalenaHeT¦. rIÉmeFüa)ayrMlaykic©snüaeTotesat ]bma fa ebImankaryWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþkatBVkic© CaeKalkarN_ eKRtUvkMNt;ry³ BlCak;lak; [Gnuvtþtamkic©snüaCafμImþgeTot ¬ehAfakardas;etOn¦ rYcehIyebIenAK μankareKarB dEdleToteTenaH eTIbeKGacrMlaykic©snüaecal)an ¬maRta 541¦ . k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgbNþáakic©snüaTaMgLay rEmgmancMNucxøHEdleKehAfa skmμPaBEdlRtÚveFVItam


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ry³eBlkMNt; EdlRtUvEtGnuvtþtameBlkMNt;Cadac;xat ebIBuMenaHeTKWBMumann½yGVIeLIy ¬]TahrN_dUcCakic©snüaeFVImðÚbkarCaedIm ebImineFIVenAéf¶erobGaBah_BiBah_eT KWBMuman n½yGVIeLIy¦ . enAkñúgkrNIenHkarrMlaykic©snüaGaceFVI)anPøam edaymincaM)ac;eFVIkar das;etOneT ¬maRta 542¦ . cMeBaHkrNIGlTæPaBkñúgkarGnuvtþkatVkic© eKk¾GacrMlaykic© snüa)anPaømEdr edayBMucaM)ac;RtUveFVIkardas;etOneT eRBaHfaK μanRbeyaCn_GVInwgdas;etOn PaKIEdlKμanlT§PaBGnuvtþkatBVkic©)aneTenaH ¬maRta 543¦ . cMENkÉkrNIénkar Gnuvtþn_mineBjlkçN³vij RbsinebIPaKImçageTotmanlT§PaBnwgGnuvtþ[cb;sBVRKb;)an naeBlGnaKtenaH munnwgrMlaykic©snüaecaleKRtUveFVIkardas;etOn dUcKñanwgkrNIman karyWtya:vkñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©Edr . b:uEnþebIsinCaK μanlT§PaBnwgGnuvtþ[)ancb; sBVRKb;naeBlGnaKteTenaH eKGacrMlaykic©snüaPøam edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIkardas;etOn eToteLIy . III. karsikSacMNucsMxan;²GMBITidæPaBlMGiténkic©snüa 1> kic©snüalk;

1>1> kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA cUreyIgRkeLkmkemIlkic©snüasMxan;²xøH enAkñúgbNþakic©snüatamEbbEpn Edl

manEcgenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNImþg. dUc)anBiBN½naCajwkjab;Nas;mkehIyfa kic©snüa lk; KWCakic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr Cakic©snüaGBaØmBaØ ehIyCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBog pg . maRta 559 énRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;fa bTbBaØtþiTaMgLaysþIBIkic©snüalk; RtÚvEp¥kelImUldæanénkarGnuvt<kic©snüadéTeTotEdlyktémøfñÚr . m:üageTot Rkm rdæb,evNIBMumankMNt;nUvkrNIykic©RtUvEteFVIkic©snüaCalayl½kSGkSrCacaM)ac;eT kñúg karbegIátkic©snüalk; k¾dUcCakic©snüadéTepSgeTotEdr . dUecñH eyagtamRkmrdæb,evNI eTaHbICakarTijlk;enaHmantémøx<s;y:agNak¾eday kic©snüaGacekItmaneLIg)an


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edayEp¥kelIkarRBmeRBógEtb:ueNÑaH fVIt,itEtK μansresrCalayl½kSGkSrk¾eday . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlGñkTijCaGñkeRbIR)as;TUeTA b¤kic©snüaenaHBak;B½n§nwgtémøR)ak;eRcIn elIslb; c,ab;BiessepSg²)ankMNt;bBaØtþisþIBIkrNIkic©caM)ac;; kñúgkareFVIkic©snüaCa layl½kSGkSr ¬tYy:agdUcCac,ab;sþIBIskmμPaBCMnYjkMNt; b¤c,ab;sþIBIGaCIvkmμCYjdUr dIsMNg;nigGaKarCa edIm¦ . 1>2>karsnüalk;TijCamun

eKGacsnüaCamYyKñaTukCamunfa nwgeFVIkic©snüalk;)anedayRKan;Etniyayfa {suxcitþTij} nig {suxcitþlk;} . kic©snüaTukCamunenHk¾Cakic©snüamYy ehIyman GanuPaBcgbgçM[GnuvtþtamEdr . PaKImçagEdlRtUvPaKImçageTotTamTarsMuP¢ab;kic©snüa BitR)akdenAéf¶eRkayenaH RtUvEtTTYlyl;RBmCamunenH . RbsinebI PaKIédKUminRBm TTYleFVIkic©snüaBitR)akdedayykelseTAtamcitþxøÜnenaH eKGacbþwgsMutulakarecj salRkmCMnYs[karbgðajqnÞ³yl;RBm)an . k¾b:uEnþRbsinebIPaKIeFVIRBegIykenþIybnþ eTAeTotedayminRBmshkareTenaH eTaHbICadwgfaxøÜnQñHehIykþIk¾eday k¾RbEhlCa BMumannrNacg;eFVIkic©snüaEdlsμúKsμajEbbenHeTEdr . GaRs½yehtuenHRkmrdæbevNI énRbeTsCb:un)anbBaØtþifa cMeBaHRbePTénkic©snüalk;EdlniymeFVIeLIgjwkjab;CageK enaH lÁwkNamandak;lkçx½NÐTijlk;Camun ehIyRbsinebImankarsMueFVIkic©snüaBit R)akdnaGnaKtBIPaKImçag eBlenaHkic©snüaBitR)akdnwgRtUvekIteLIgPøamedaymincaM)ac; mankaryl;RBmsaCafμIBIPaKImçageTotenaHeLIy ¬maRta 556 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . cMeBaH esckþIfa {kic©snüaenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgRsbeTAtamesckþIénkarsnüaKñaTukCamunTaMgRsug} kñúgBaküCMnajeKEcgfa {bMeBjtamkarsnüa} ehIyehAPaKIEdlGacbMeBjtamkic©snüa ¬GñkmansiT§CMrujkarsnüaTukCamun[eTACakic©snüaBitR)akd¦ faCa {GñkmansiT§ibMeBj tamkarsnüa}.


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1>3>R)ak;kk; R)ak;kk; KWCaR)ak;b¤GVImYyEdlbg;TukCamun enAeBlP¢ab;kic©snüakñúgkarlk;dUrCa

edIm . ]TahrN¾dUcCakñúgkarsnüaTijvtßútémø 1 lanerol Edl)anbg;R)ak;kk;cMnYn 1 EsnerolCaedIm . bBaðaKWenARtg;fa etIR)ak;kk;manmuxgarGVIEdr? cMeBaHR)ak;kk;enH GñkRBagRkmrdæevNIénRbeTsCb:un )anBinitüeyageTAelITMlab;EdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs Cb:un eday)ancat;TukfaR)ak;kk; KWCaR)ak;FanaenAeBlmankarrMlaykic©snüa . enAeBl EdlGñkTijbg;R)ak;kk;eTA[Gñklk; kñúgry³evlaEdlBuMTan;;manPaKINamYyGnuvtþkic© snüaenAeLIyeTenaH GñkTijGacrMlaykic©snüa)anedaye)aHbg;R)ak;kk;enHecal . cMENkÉGñklk;k¾GacrMlaykic©snüa)anEdr edaybg;R)ak;eTAGñkTijkñúgcMnYnCa 2 dg elIR)ak;kk;enH ¬maRta 557 kfax½NÐTI 1 . kñúgkrNIenH edaysareKcat;Tukfa CanItiviFIsMrab;lubecalTMnak;TMngénkic©snüa tamry³énkarcat;EcgcMnYnR)ak;kk; dUecñH minGacTTYlyk)aneTcMeBaHkarTamTarsMNgxUcxatdéTeTot¦ . eBalKWenAeBlEdl PaKINamYyEbkcitþElgcg;bnþkic©snüateTAeTot eTaHbIedayRbkarNak¾eday PaKIenaH RKan;Ete)aHbg;ecal b¤sgR)ak;kk;enaHCa 2 dgeTAvijb:ueNÑaH KWeKGacrMlaykic© snüaecal)an . mann½yfa R)ak;kk;mantYnaTI pþl;[PaKInImYy²nUvkarkSasiT§Ikñúgkar rMlaykic©snüa ¬maRta 540 kfax½NÐTI 1 . eKGacEcgkMNt;GMBIkrNIGVIxøH Edl siTi§rMlaykic©snüaGacekItmaneLIg)an edayEp¥kelIkic©RBmeRBógrvagPaKIénkic©snüa¦ . edayehtufa enHCabBaØtþitamkarsμ ½RKcit< eKGackMNt;lkçN³énR)ak;kk;epSgBIenHeTot k¾)anEdr ¬]bmadUcCafa ebIPaKINamYyminGnuvt<kic©snüa PaKImçageTotnwgrwbGUsR)ak;kk; CaedIm¦ . k¾b:uEnþyutiþsaRsþc,ab;)ankMNt;fa kñúgkrNIEdlminGackMNt;)anc,as;las; GMBIlkçN³Bitrbs;RbePTR)ak;kk;BiessNamYyeTenaH tulakarnwgsnμt;fa CaR)ak; sMrab;karrMlaykic©snüa ¬eTaHCaR)ak;kk;RbePTNakþI ya:gehacNas;k¾mantYnaTI CaPsþútagbBa¢ak;GMBIkarekItmankic©snüaEdr ehAfaR)ak;kk;sMrab;bgðajBIkic©snüa¦ .


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1>4>karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana edayehtufakarTijlk; KWCakic©snüanUvkarbþÚrfñÚres μIKñarvagTwkR)ak;nwgvtßú ehIy

edayKitdl;PaBesμIKñaénfñÚr b¤PaByutiþFm’rvagKUPaKI Rkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;nUvTid¢PaB epSg²CaeRcInsþIBIkarra:b;rgEdlGñklk;RtUveKarBtam . karFanara:b;rgTaMgenH RtUvGnuvtþ cMeBaHkrNIepSg²dUcCa krNIEdltamkarBitcMnYnTaMgmUlb¤manmYyEpñkénvtßúlk;enaHCa kmμsiTi§rbs;GñkdéTepSgBIGñklk;BitR)akd krNIvtßúlk;minRKb;cMnYn b¤krNIEdlsiTi§ manCab;eTAnwgvtßúenaHminmanlkçN³RKb;RkgtamkarEdleKrMBwgfaRtÚvman b¤krNIEdl GñkdÉTEbrCamansiTi§eRbIR)as;eTAelIkmμvtßúénkic©snüaenaH CaedIm ¬BimaRta 561 dl; maRta 572¦ . enAkñúgkrNITaMgGs;enH Gñklk;RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmuxGñkTij kñúgkarbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat b¤mYyebIkmμvtßúénkic©snüaBuMGacsMercCasaßBr)aneTenaH eKRtUvrMlaykic©snüaecal .

dUc)anBiBN_naxagelIRsab; eyagtamRkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un eTaHbIvtßú enaHCakmμsiTiærbs;GñkdéTsuT§saFk¾eday k¾eKGaceFVIkic©snüalk;vtßúenaH)anEdr . man n½yfaebIeQ μaH B ykvtßúrbs;eQ μaH A eTAeFVIkic ©snüalk;eTAeGayeQμaH C enaHk¾Cakic© snüamYymansuBlPaBEdr ¬eKehAfaCa karlk;vtßúGñkdéT¦ . CaFmμtaeTEdlfa kñúgkrNIenHeQ μaH B RtUvmankatBVkic©TTYlkmμsiTi§BIeQ μaH A mkvijedIm,IepÞreTAeQaμH C ¬maRta 560¦ . ebIeFVIy:agenHBuM)aneT eQ μaH B RtUvTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana eBalKI TTYlkrNIkic©rrMlaykic©snüaecal nigbg;sMNgénkarxUcxat ¬maRta561¦ . eRkABIenH ]TahrN¾dUcCaenAkñúgépÞdI 100 Em:RteTVKuN mancMnYn 20 Em:RteTVKuN Carbs;GñkdéTCaedIm eBalKWkñúgkrNIEdlmYyEpñkénkmμvtßúénkic©snüakMBukEtCakmμsiTi§ rbs;GñkdéT GñkTijGacTamTar[kat;témøénEpñkenaHecal)an b¤mYyedayehtufaK μan n½ynwgTijEtEpñkEdlesssl;enaHeT GñkTijk¾GacrMlaykic©snüaecal)anEdr ¬maRta 563 kfax½NÐTI 1 nigTI 2 . kñúgkrNIénGñkTijsucrit eKEfmTaMgGacTamTar sMNgénkarxUcxat)aneTotpg ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 3¦ .


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cMeBaHkrNIéntavkalikEdltRmUv[mansiTi§eRbIR)as;P¢ab;eTACamYy EtEbrCaK μan siTi§enaHeTAvij b¤pÞúyeTAvijtavkalikenaHRtÚvCab;siTi§eRbIR)as;rbs;GñkdéT EdlehAfa Cavikar³énsiTi§enaH RbsinebIkmμvtßúénkic©snüaBuMGacsMerc)anedaysarEtmanvikar³énsiTi§ eKGacrMlaykic©snüa)an ¬RBmTaMgTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatpg¦ b¤ebIBuMenaHeTeKGac TamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat)an ¬maRta 566¦ . CagenHeTAeTot kñúgkrNIEdlGñkTij RtÚv)at;bg;kmμsiTi§ edaysarkmμvtßúénkic©snüamanP¢ab;hIubU:etk ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 7 vKÁ II. 1>1>¦ EdlRtÚv)anykmkGnuvt< ¬lk;edaybgçM¦ CaFmμtaeT GñkTijGaclubkic©snüa ecal)an ehIyebIsinCamankarxUcxat eKGacTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat)anEfmeTot ¬maRta 567¦ .

müa:geTot dUc)anerobrab;xøH²rYcmkehIyenACMBUkTI1 GMBIsar³sMxan;énkarTTYl xusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ kñúgkrNIEdlmansñamqáÚt b¤vikar³bn<icenAelIkmμvtßúénkic©snüa EdleKmin)ancab;GarmμN_Pøam² . enHmanlkçN³xusKñaeTAnwgkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH karminGnuvtþkatBVkic© eRBaHfakarlk;dUrKWsMedAelIkarTUTat;fñÚresñIKñaeTAvijeTAmk dUecñH eTaHbICaGñklk;K μanectnab¤KμankMhuskþI k¾RtUvEtTTYlxusRtÚvEdr ¬mann½yfa Gñklk; RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsñamelITMnij eTaHbICaGñklk;xøÚnÉgBuM)aneFVI[mansñam ehIy lk;edayBuM)andwgfamansñamk¾eday¦ . kñúgkrNIenH GñkTijGacTamTarkarrMlaykic© snüab¤sMNgénkarxUcxat)abBIGñklk; kñúgry³eBl 1 qñaM bnÞab;BI)anrkeXIjsñamxUc xatEdlmanlak;)aMgenaH ¬Gnuvt<tammaRta 566 dUcmankMNt;edaymaRta 570 énRkm rdæb,evNI¦ . cMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³enH PaKITaMgsgxagGaceFVIkic©snüa Biess)an edIm,Ibnßyry³eBlRtUvFana b¤snüafaminTTYlxusRtÚvk¾)anEdr kuM[Etman karpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³nigTMenomTmaøb;l¥enAkñúgsgÁm.


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2> kic©snüaRbTankmμ 2>1>kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

kic©snüaRbTankmμ KWCakic©snüamYytMNag[kic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr ehIyCa kic©snüaÉketaPaKI . edayehtufakic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr dYckic©snüaRbTankmμenH naM[mankarxatbg;eTAelIPaKIGñkeFVIGMeNayEtmçageTenaH manRbeTsCaeRcInniymcat; TukenHCa kic©snüaGaRs½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú b¤kic©snüatamTRmg;kMNt; kñúgeKalbMNg kMu[mankareføaHeFøaykñúgkareFIVkic©snüa . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un cat;Tukkic©snüa enHfa Cakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBog b:uEn<kñúgkrNIsnüaKñaedaypÞal;mat; minmansresr CalaylkçGkSreTenaH c,ab;)ankMNt;fakic©snüa)anekItmaneT,IgEmn EtGaclubecal vij)anRbsinebIenAminTan;)anGnuvtþenAeT,IyeTenaH ¬maRta 550¦. BaküfalubecalenH mann½yRtwmEtkardkkic©snüaecjvijEtb:uNÑaH BuMEmnsMedAeTAelIkarlubecalEdlman GanuPaBRbtiþskmμBak;B½n§eTAdl;GtItkalenaHeT . CaeKalkarN_ cMeBaHkic©snüa RbTankmμenH eKmintRmUv[TaykTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ enAelIkm μvtßúénkic©snüa enaHeT k¾bu:EnþebITaykdwgCamunfavtßúenaHmanvikar³Edr ehIyenAEt[vtßúedayKμanR)ab; [eKdwgGMBIvikar³enaH c,ab;tRmUv[TaykTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana cMeBaHEtcMENkén karxUcxatNaEdlekItmanmkBIkareCOTukcitþb:ueNÑaH. 2>2>RbTankmμBiessepSg² 2>2>1>RbTankmμEdlmanCab;bnÞúk

enHk¾CaRbePTkic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚrEdr k¾b:uEnþedaymanP¢ab;nUvbnÞúkGVImYy tRmUv[GñkTTYlGMeNay ¬bdiKahk¦ RbtibtþitamenaH eKehAkic©snüaEbbenHfaCa kic© snüaRbTankmμEdlmanCab;bnÞúk . ]TahrN_dUcCakarsnüafa {nwgRbKl;GMNayCadI kñúgtémøRbmaN 100 laney:n[eTAGñk b:uEnþTal;EtGñkEfTaMe)assMGatpñÚrdUnta


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ehIyeFVIbuNüral;qñaMpg} CaedIm . enAkñúgkrNIenH edaysarEtmankarkMNt;nUvbnÞúk EdlbdiKahkRtUvTTYlykCafñÚrenaH c,ab;cat;Tukkic©snüaenHfamanlkçN³Ca kic©snüa GBaØmBaØ ¬EdlyktémøfñÚr¦ . eyaleTAelIkarkMNt;nUvbnÞúkenH c,ab;)antRmUv[Tayk TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana dUcPaKIGñklk;enAkñúgkarTijlk;Edr ¬maRta 551 kfax½NÐTI 2¦ ehIy)ankMNt;[uykbTbBaØtiþsþIBIkic©snüaGBaØmBaØ mkGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIenHEdr ¬maRta 553¦ . 2>2>2> RbTankm μedaymUlehtumrN³PaB

RbTankmμEdl)anmkedaysarmrNPaBrbs;TaykehAfaCa RbTankmμeday mUlehtumrN³PaB . ]TahrN¾dUcCa kic©snüaEdlTayk )aneFVIkalenArs;ranfa “eyIgnwgRbKl;dIFøIenHdl;ÉgenAeBleyIgsaøb;” ehIybdiKÁahktbfa “´nwgTTYleday kþIrIkray”CaedIm. enAmanrebobeFVIRbTankmμRsedognwgkic©snüaRbePTenHEdr KWTayk sresrTukenAkñúgmt’ksasn¾rbs;xøÜnfa {dIenHnwgRbKl;[eTAGñkenH b¤GñkenaH}CaedIm ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 9 vKÁTI II. 4>2>¦ . enHKWCaskmμPaBedaybuKÁlNamñak;Ég edIm,I eFVI[ekItmaneT,IgnUvGanuPaBénRbTankmμ GaRs½telIkarbgðajqnÞ³CaÉketaPaKI . PaKI mçageTotBuM)andwgGVIVesaHeT,Iy . RbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaB nigGc©½yTan man lkçN³ktiyut<xusKña k¾b:uEnþmanmuxnaTIRsedogKñaeRcIn. ehtudUecñHehIyeTIbRkm rdæb,evNI)ankMNt;[ykbTbBaØtiþsþIBIGc©½yTan mkGnuvtþdUcKñaEdrcMeBaHRbTankmμeday mUlehtumrN³PaBpgEdr ebIsinCaminmankarpÞúynwglkçN³énRbTankmμenaH ¬maRta 554¦ . b:uEn<edayehtufaGc©½yTanRtÚvEpñkelImt’ksasn_ ehIyGaRs½yelIbBaØt<Ién mt’ksasn_enaH ¬edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgnUvqnÞ³cugeRkayrbs;mt’kCn¦ Gc©½yTanGacRtÚv)an sresrEkERbb:unaμndgk¾)anEdr. rIÉRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaBvij Cakic©snüa EdlmanPaKICaédKU eFVIeGayPaKICaédKUenaHeCOCak;fa xøÜnR)akdCanwg)anTTYlRbTankmμ enaH . b:uEnþyutiþsaRsþc,ab; nigRTws<IsikSaCaTUeTA cat;Tukfa cMeBaHRbTankmμeday mUlehtumrN³PaB TaykGacdkkic©snüarbs;xøÜnecj)anedayesrI. k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNI


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Edlkic©snüaénRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaBenHmanCab;bnÞúk ¬kic©snüaRbTankmμ edaymUlehtumrNPaBEdlmanCab;bnÞúk¦ EdlbdiKahk)anbMeBjrYcehIyenaH yutiþsaRsþc,ab;)anbBa¢ak;fa CaeKalkarN_eKminGacdkkic©snüaenHecjvij)aneT ¬]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlkic©snüa)anEcgfa {ebIÉgecjR)ak;CYyciBa©wmeyIgral;qñaM rhUtdl;ÉgcUlnivtþenaH eBleyIgsaøb;eTAeyIgnwg[dIeyIgenHdl;Ég{ GaRs½yehtuenH PaKICabdiKahk)ancMNayR)ak;CYyciB¢awmTaykerogral;qñaM tamBaküsnüarhUtdl;TI bBa©b;EmnenaH TaykminGacdkRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrN³PaBenH)aneToteT¦ . 3> Ptisnüa 3>1>kMMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

kic©snüasþIBIkarbg;éføQñÜledIm,ICUlvtßúehAfa Ptisnüa . kic©snüaenHk_Cakic© snüaGBaØmBaØ EdlyktémøfñÚr nigCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBogEdr k_b:uEnþminEmneFIVEt mYyelIkcb;sBVRKb;dUckic©snüalk;eT pÞúyeTAvijKWCakic©snüaEdlbnþkñúgmYyry³eBl kMNt; ehIyenAeBlGnuvtþsiT§iCYlvtþúenHeTotesat eRkABIsiT§iTamTar[pþl;nUvvtßúCYl enAmansiTi§eRbIR)as;vtßúCYlenHEfmeTót . enHKWCalkçN³Biessén Ptisnüa . Rtg;cMNucenH eRkABIlkçN³CasiTi§elIbMNul siTi§CYlk_manlkçN³CasiTi§Rbtü½kSpgEdr . kñúgn½yenHehIy EdlsiTi§CYlGclnRTBüGaccuHbBaöI)an . c,ab;)ankarBarsiTi§CylenH edaykMNt;fa kalNa)ancuHbBaöIehIy eTaHbICam©as;énGclnRTBüRtUv)anpøas;bþÚrk_ eday k_eKGacelIkyksiTi§CYlmkttaMg)anEdr ¬maRta 605¦ . k¾b:uEnþenAkñúg sPaBCak;Esþg edayehtufaCaTYeTABMusUvmankic©shRbtibtþikarBIPtibtIeT kñúgkarcuH bBaöIenH dUecñHbTbBaØtþienHkRm)anykmkGnuvtþn¾Nas;; ¬manviFIkarBarepSgeTotEdlman EcgenAkñuúgc,ab;BiessepSgvij¦ . siTi§CYlmanlkçN³xusKñaeTAsiTi§elIépÞdI EdlCa siTi§Rbtü½kS enARtg;fa c,ab;minTTYlsÁal;siT§irbs;Ptik³kñúgkarepÞrsiT§i b¤Cylbnþ eday esrIenaHeT . ebIcg;epÞrsiT§i b¤CYlbnþKWRtUvmankaryl;RBmBIPtibtI ¬maRta 612


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kfax½NÐTI 1¦. ebImineFVIdUecñHeT m©as;km μsiT§iGaclubkic©snüaecal)an ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IkarBarkuM[m©as;km μsiT§iGnuvtþbBaØtþic,ab;enHedaybMBanenaH yutþisaRsþc,ab;)ankMNt; karlubkic©snüaenH[enARtwmkrNIEdlmankarepÞrsiTæi b¤Cyl bnþ edayK μankarGnuBaØatþi ehIyEdlGaceFVI[)at;bg;CmenOTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk)an rvagPtik³nigPtibtIEtb:ueNÑaH . mü:ageTot edayehtufakic©snüaCYlCakic©snüaEdlman ry³evlabnþenaH karrMlaykic©snüaenH minmanGanuPaBRbtiskm μeTAelIGtItkaleT KWRKan;EtGs;suBlPaBsMrab;GnaKtkalEtb:ueNÑaH .

3>2>krNIkic©rbs;Ptik³ nigkrNIkic©rbs;PtbtI

Ptik³mankrNiykic©RtÚvbg;éføQñÜlCafñÚrcMeBaHkareRbIR)as; RtÚveRbIR)as;vtßúeday Ep¥keTAtamviFIeRbIR)as; ehIymankrNIykic©RtÚvRbKl;vtßúvijenAeBlbBa©b;kic©snüa . TnÞwmnwgeBlenaH PtibtImankrNIykic©RtÚvCYl[)anCab;lab; nUvvtßúEdlCakm μvtßúén kic©snüa kñúgsßaPaBmYyEdlsMrYldl;kareRbIR)as;nigGaRs½yplRsbtamGtßn½yedImén kic©snüa . dUecñH RbsinebImanTwkePøógRCabcUlpÞHEdlCakm μvtßúénkarCYlenaH PtibtIman krNIykic©RtÚvCYlCul ¬maRta 606¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlPtik³)anecjéføCYlCulenHehIy KWPtik³GacTamTarPøam[PtibtIsgR)ak;cMNayenaHmkvij)an edaysarPtibtICaGñk TTYlbnÞúkelIesah‘uycaM)ac;enH ¬maRta 608 kfax½NÐTI 1 . ebIsinCaesah‘uymancMnYn elIsBIcMNaycaM)ac;eTAeTot ]TahrN_dUcCakrNIEdlR)ak;enaH)ankøayeTACacMNay EdlCYybegIánténøénpÞðedaysarkarEklMGCaedIm ehIyebIsinCakMeNIntémøenaHenAEt manCabn<enAeBlEdlbBa©b;karCYl Ptik³GacTamTar)an[mankarsgenAeBlEdl bBa©b;kic©snüa ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦ .


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3>3> karkarBarPtik³ karCYlpÞH b¤karCYldIedIm,IGaRs½yenAk¾RtUv)anehAsrubfa karCYl Edr . eday

yl;eXIjfabTbBaØtþiTaMgT,ayenAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNI Tak;TgnwgkarCYlenH sMdACaTUeTA elIkic©snüaCYlvtßúmkeRbIR)as;edaybg;R)ak;QñÜl ehIyTaMgry³eBlCYlkþI TaMgcMNuc epSg²CaeRcIneTótkþI manlkçN³eFIV[Ptik³caj;eRbóbxøaMgenaH enAqñaM 1921 c,ab; Biess)anRtUvbegáIteT,Ig KWc,ab;sþIBIkarCuYldInigc,ab;s<IBIkarCYlpÞH. c,ab;sþIBIkarCYldI RtUvGnuvtþeTAelIbBaðaplubePaK nigsiTi§CYlGclnRTBükñúgeKalbMNgTTYlkmμsiTi§elI sMNg; . rIÉc,ab;sþIBIkarCYlpÞHRtUvGnuvtþeTAelIsiTi§CYlsMNg;nigpÞHsMEbg . c,ab; BiessTaMgBIrenH RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkmμCafμ IbnþmkeTót eFVI[mankarkarBarGñksMuCYldI nigGñksMuCYlpÞHy:agxßaMg rYcehIyeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 enAeBlEdlekItmanbBaða ecaTBIkarxVHpÞHsMEb,gsMrab;RbCaraRsþrs;enA eKalkarN_c,ab;Edl)ankMNt;tamry³ yutþisaRsþ k_)anEbrmuxRBYjeTArkkareFVIy:agNa[PtibtI Bi)aknwgrMlaykic©snüapgEdr . karenH)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvsßanPaBsgÁmnasm½yenaH . k¾b:uEnþdMeNIrkarenH)an eFVI[PaKIPtibtI Bi)aknågbBa©b;kic©snüaNas; RbsinebIxøÜnBMuGacelIkehtuplmkbB¢aak; [)anc,as;las;EmnETn faxøÜnRtUvkarykGclnvtßúmkvijsMrab;eRbIR)as;eTenaH . sBVéf¶enHmanelcecjnUvmtiEdlyl;fa c,ab;enHmankartågEtgeTAelIPtibtiRCuleBk . dUecñHehIy)anCac,ab;viesaFnkmμfμIsþIBIkarCYlpÞH EdlGnum½tenAqñaM 1991 )anBinitü bBaðaenHeT,Igvij edaybBa©ÚlnUvrbbCYysMrYlplRbeyaCn_dl;PtibtIpgEdr dUcCakar kMNt;fa kñúgkrNIebIKUPaKI)andak;ry³eBlCYlcab;BI 50 qñaMeT,IgeTA KWsiTi§rbs;Ptik³ RtÚvrlt;Gs;enAeBlEdlputry³kalCYl 50 qñaMenH ehIyk_K μankarbnþkic©snüaenHsar CafIμeLIgvijEdr . enHeKehAfa CasiTi§CYldImankMNt;GMLúgeBl ¬maRta 22 c,ab;sþIBIkarCYldInigCYlpÞH¦ . k_b:uEnþ c,ab;fμIenHGnuvtþEteTAelIPtisnüaTaMgT,ayNa Edl)aneFVIeRkaykarGnum½tc,ab;fμIenHEtb:ueNÑaH cMeBaHkic©snüamun²eKRtUvGnuvtþc,ab; cas;sþIBIIkarCYldI nigc,ab;cas;sþIBIkarCYlpÞHenaHdEdl .


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4> kic©snüax©IeRbI EdlehAfakar[x©IeRbI KWCakarRbKl;vtßú[eRbIedayminTaréfø b¤tavkalikGVImkBi

kareRbIR)as;vtßúEdl)an[x©IenaHeT eBalKWCakar[x©IvtßúeRbIR)as;eday\tykéfø. dUecñH Gñkx©IedleRbIR)as;vtßúeday\tbg;éføCaGñkTTYlplEtmñak;Ég. GaRs½yehtuenH kic©snüa enHCakic©snüaEdlminyktémøfñÚr nigCakic©snüaÉketaPaKI EdlminGaceFVIeLIgeday karsnüapÞal;mat;)aneT etageFVICakic©snüatRmUvkarRbKl;vtßúEdlnwg mansuBlPaB enAeBl)an[x©IvtßúsMrab;eRbIR)as;BitR)akdEmn ¬maRta 593¦. cMeBaHkar [x©IeRbIenH c,ab;)ankMNt;[ykbTbBaØtþisþIBIRbTankmμ mkGnuvtþsMrab;karTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana ¬maRta 596¦ . ehIyedIm,IkarBarGñk[x©IeRbI ¬m©as;vtßú¦ Rkmrdæb,evNI)anbBaØtþifa enA kñúgkrNIénkic©snüaEdlBMumankMNt;GMLúgeBl[x©IeRbIR)as;eT Gñkx©IeRbImankatBVkic©nwg bgVilvtßúEdlx©IeRbIenaH eTAm©as;edImvijCabnÞan; bnÞab;BI)ansMerceKalbMNgehIy .

5> kic©snüax©IbriePaK

EdlehAfakar[x©IbriePaK KWCakic©snüaEdltRmUv[RbKl;RtLb;mkvijnUvvtßú Edl manRbePTdUcKña RKb;cMnYn nigmanKuNPaBesμIeTAnwgvtßúEdl)an[x©I bnÞab;Bivtßú[x©IenaH RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;;Gs;eTAehIy. ]TahrN_dUcCakarx©Iggárrbs;GñkCitxagykmkbriePaK rYcehIysgGgárepSgvij b¤karx©IR)ak;cayehIysgvijCaedIm . karx©IR)ak;BIFnaKar RtUv)ancatTukfaCakic©snüax©IbriePaK. cMeBaHkarx©IbriePaKEdltRmUv[RbKl;vtßúEdlman RbePTdUcKña RKb;cMnYn es μIKuNPaB edayKμanbg;karR)ak;enaH Rkmrdæb,evNIkMNt;fa Cakic©snüaGaRs½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú. k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHkic©snüa EdlmanP¢ab;nUvkarR)ak;dUcCa karx©IR)ak;BIFnaKarCaedImvij eyIgyl;fa manlT§PaBGacbkRsay)anfaCakic©snüaRtwm karRBmeRBog.


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Tak;TgnwgGRtaénkarR)ak;sMrab;karx©IbriePaKmankarR)ak; c,ab;s<IBIkarkRmit karR)ak;)ankMNt;GRtaCaGtibrimaénkarR)ak; . ral;karsnüanUvkarR)ak;EdlmanGRtahYs BikarkMNt;enaH cMENkelIsenaHRtÚvcat;TukCaemaX³ ¬cMENkEdlmankñúgrgVg;énkar kMNt;RtÚvmansuBlPaBdEdl¦ . b:uEnþ cMeBaHkarxI©R)ak;briePaKEdlCamuxrbrrbs;GñkeFVI GaCIvkmμR)ak;kMcIenaH RtÚvEp¥kelIc,ab;s<IBIkarRKb;RKgGaCIvkmμ[R)ak;kMcI . ehIytamBit eK)anTTYlsÁal;nUvGRtaénkarR)ak;EdlkMNt;edayc,ab;enH kñúgGRtax<s;CagkarkMNt;én c,ab;s<IBIkarkRmitkarR)ak;enaH . 6> kic©snüaem:Akar

6>1>kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA kic©snüaCYlCag[sg;pÞHCaedImehAfa kic©snüaem:Akar . eKalbMNgénkic©

snüaRbePTenHmanlkçN³BiessRtg;fa vaminEmnCakarpþl;nUvkmøøøaMMgeFVIIkargarsuT§saF eT KWCakarsnüabMeBjedayeBjeljnUvkic©karGIVmYy. enHCakicsnüaEdlyktémøfñÚr GbaØmBaØ nigCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBóg . karbg;kéRmRtÚveFVIeLIgRBmeBlCamYynwg karRbKl;tavkalik ¬maRta 633¦ . karCYlt®nþIIkr[RbKuMePøgk¾sißißtenA kñúgRbePTem:AkarenHEdr . b:uEn<cMeBaHkargarEdlminmanvtßúsMrbs;RbKl;enH karbg;kéRm RtÚveFVIeLIgbnÞab;BIkargar)aneFVIcb; ¬maRta 633 bdiBaØa¦ . cMeBaHkarCYl[sg;;sMNg; CaedImEdlmankarcab;epI<mBIkarcak;RkwHeLIgeTAenaH c,ab;mankMNt;nUvbBaØt<iedayELk sMrab;viFIlubecal b¤karTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana . ¬lixitsñamCakic©snüaKMrU Edl mCÇdæanRkumh‘unsMNg;kMBugeRbIIR)as;; RtUv)aneFVIIeLIgedayeyageTAelIviFanTaMgenaH¦.


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6>2>karTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanavikar³ RbsinebImanvikar³enAelIkargarrbs;xøÜn PaKIem:AkarRtUvTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana

cMeBaHvikar³enH EdlRkmrdæb,evNI)ankMNt;CaBiesssMrab;kic©snüaenHEtmþg xusKñaBI bTbBaØtþiisþIBIkarFanara:b;rgenAkñúgkarlk;dUr. cMNucxusKñaBIkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFana cMeBaHvikar³ enAkñúgkarlk;dUrmandUcteTA³

k> minkMNt;RtwmEtvikar³Gaf_kM)aMgEdlmin)andwgenaHeT ¬maRta634-maRta636 ¦ x> m©as;karmansiT§iTamTar[CYsCulvikar³ ¬maRta 634 . cMeBaH karlk;Tij eyIgeXIjmankarbkRsayTTYlsÁal;cMNucenHEdr EtBMueXIjmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta eT¦. K> Gñkem:AkarminTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanaeT kñúgkrNIEdlkarxUcxatenHekItmaneLIg eday sar smÖar³Edlm©as;karpþl;[sMrab;karsagsg;enaH manKuNPaBminl¥CaedIm ¬maRta 636¦ . X> cMeBaHkic©snüaemA:karsg;GaKar nigsMNg;TaMgLayenAelIépÞdI edaysar GanuPaBénkarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarFanaenaH m©as;karBMumansiTi§nwgrMlay kic©snüa ecaleT¬maRta 635 bdibBaØa¦. enHKWmkBImUlehtufa RbsinebImankarrMlay kic©snüa enaHnwgnaM[mankatBVkic©eFVIbdiTaneLIgvij dUcCaRtUvCIkKas;RKwHsMNg; ecj ehIylb;;dI[dUcedIm vijCaedIm EdlbgánUvkarcMNayesahu‘yeRcIn\tKNna . dUecñHehIy)anCaedaHRsayRtwmEtTamTar[CYsCul nig TamTarsMNgénkar xUcxat Etb:ueNÑaH . g> karFanara:b;rgenHmanry³evlaEvg . Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:un )ankMNt;fa cMeBaHkic©snüaem:AkarFmμta karFanara:b;rgenH manry³evla1qñMa bnÞab;BIéf¶RbKl; lTØpl[ehIy ¬cMeBaHkarRbKMuePøgEdlCakargarGrUbICaedIm karFanara:b;rgman ry³evla1qñaMcab;;BIkargarRbKMuePøg)ancb;sBVRKb;ehIy¦ ¬maRta637¦ k¾b:uEnþcMeBaH kic©snüaem:Akar dUcCakargarsg;sMNg;CaedIm karFanara:b;rgeTAelIKMeragsMNg; b¤


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eTAelIépÞdI ¬dUcCaRsutdICaedIm¦ manry³evla5qñaM ehIykarFanar:ab;rgeTAelIsMNg; Cab;maM tYya:gdUcCaGaKarsg;GMBIfμCaedImmanry³evla10qñaM ¬maRta 638 kfax½NÐTI 1¦ . enHKWmkBIkaryl;fakarrkeXIjvikar³ ¬sñameRbHxUcxatCaedIm¦ enAelIsMNg; rEmg eRbIeBlyUr .

6>3> karrMlaykic©snüa

lkçN³BiessénkarrMlaykic©snüaem:AkarKW m©as;kar ¬m©as;sMNg;CaedIm¦ GacrMlaykic©snüa)anRKb;eBlTaMgGs; enAkñúgry³evlaEdlem:AkarenaHBMuTan;cb;sBV RKb;enAeLIy edaybg;sMNgénkarxUcxateTA[Gñkem:Akar ¬maRta 641¦. enHKWmkBI mankarKitKUrdl;krNIEdlm©as;Rsab;ElgRtÚvkarkargaremA:kar bnÞab;BI)anCYlemA:kar ehIyenaH m©as;karGacrMlaykic©snüaenH)an [Et)ansgsMNgénkarxUcxatEdl ekItman dl;Gñkem:AkarenaH .

7> kic©snüaGaNtþi 7>1> kMNt;sMKal;TUeTA

GaNtþi KWCakic©snüaBwgBak;CnNamñak;eGayeFVIGVImYyCMnYsxøÜn GVIEdlBwg[eFVI CMnYsenaH minfaCaskmμPaBKtiyutþ dUcCakarCYyeFVIkic©snüa b¤CaGMeBI Cak;EsþgdUc Cakar EfemIlkUn[enaH. enHCakic©snüaRtwmkarRBmeRBogEdl KUPaKIÉkPaBKñakMNt;Ca kic©snüaEdlyktémøfñÚr b¤minyktémøfñÚrk¾)anEdr . CaeKalkarN_bBaða GaNtþienH GaRs½yeTAelIGñkTTYlkarBwgBak; ¬GaNtþiKahk¦ TaMgRsugenAkñúgkarbMeBj krNIkic© rbs;xøÜn. dUcenHGaNtþiKahk RtUvEtbMeBjkic©karedayykcitþTukdak;kñúgzan³ CaGñkRKb;RkgsucritRtwmRtUv krNIykic©RbugRby½tñkñúgkarRKb;RKgedaysucrit¦ CacaM)ac; ¬maRta 644¦ .


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kic©snüaGaNti< KYrQrelImUld§aneCOTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk b:uEnþCaeKalkarN_ GaNtþiTayk GacrMlaykic©snüaenABak;kNþalTI)an. kñúgkrNIenH GaNtþiKahk GacTamTarkarsg esah‘uy b¤kéRmEdlmanmkTl;eBlrMlaykic©snüa)an ¬maRta 648 kfax½NÐTI 3¦.

müa:gvijeTot Rkmrdæb,evNIénRbeTsCb:unEckGaNtþi nigkartMNagdac;eday ELkBIKña b:uEnþenA kñúgkrNIxøHGaNtþiKahkGackøayCaGñktMNagpgEdrk¾man .

eyIg)answikSarYcmkehIy kic©snüaGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit< ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 2 vKÁ 2>3>3¦ Edleyagtamc,ab;s<IBIGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit< KWCakic©snüaGaNti< EdlsamIuxøÜnp<l;siTi§tMNageTA[GñkGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit< edIm,ICYykñúgkic©kar RKb;RKgRTBüsm,ti<nigCIvPaB enAeBlEdlxøÜnFøab;cUleTAkñúgsßnPaBminmanlT§PaBRKb; Rkan;sMrab;eFVIkarvinic©½yedaysarmanvbt<iEpñkbBaØasμartI . dUecñH cMeBaHkrNINaEdl minmanEcgkñúgc,ab;Biesss<IBGaNaBüa)altamkarsμ½RKcit<IenaH eKRtÚvykbBaØti<énRkm rdæv,evNITak;Tgnwgkic©GaNti< mkGnuvt< .

7>2> katBVkic©énGaNtþiTayk ¬siTi§énGaNtþiKahk¦ GaNtþiKahk Edl)anRtUveKBwgBak;[eFVIGVImYyGacTamTar esah‘uyTaMgLay

BIGaNtþiTayk)an kñúgkrNIEdlxøÜn)ancMNay CacaM)ac;eTAelIkarrt;karepSg²edIm,I bMeBjkic©karEdlRtUv)anBwgBak;enaH ¬maRta650 kfax½NÐTI 1¦. dUcKñanwgenHEdr RbsinebIkñúgxN³bMeBjmuxgarEdlRtUv)anBwgBak;GaNtþiKahkRtUvCMBak;bMNuleKCMnYsGaNtþiTaykenaH GaNtþiKahkGac[GaNtþiTayk sgCMnYsxøÜn)anEdr ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 2¦. müa:gvijeTot edIm,IbMeBjmuxgarEdl RtUv)anBwgBak;RbsinebI GaNtþi KahkRtUvTTYlkarxUcxatGVImYyEdlminEmnmkBIkMhus xøÜnenaH GaNtþiKahkk¾ GacTam Tar[GaNtþiTaykecjéføsMNgénkarxUcxatenH)anEdr ¬maRtadEdl kfax½NÐTI 3¦. ebIQrelIeKalCMhrrbs;GaNtþiTaykvij eyIgeXIjfakarTTYlnUvkatBVkic©sg


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sMNgEdlGaNtþiKahk)anbegáItenHmanlkçN³CakarTTYl xusRtUvTaMgK μankMhus. k¾b:uEnþenATIenHGVIEdlehAfaCakarxUcxatbNþalmkBIkarbMeBjmuxgarEdlRtUv)anBwgBak;enaH KWmandUcCakarqøgeraKedaysar)anTTYlkargar EfrkSaGñkCMgWmaneraKcmøgCaedIm eBalKWedayehtumkBIkargarTTYlenaHCakargarmaneRKaHfñak;. rIÉkñúgkrNIdUcCaRtUveK Bwg[eTAP¢ab;kic©snüa ehIyenAeBlkMBugeFVIdMeNIr Rsab;EtmaneRKaHfñak;cracrbNþal [manrbYsenaH minRtUvrab;bB©ÚalfaCakarTTYlrgnUv karxUcxateT.

8> kic©snüabeBaØI kic©snüasþIBIkarepJIvtßúsMrab;rkSaTukenaHeKehAfaCakic©snüabeBaØI. kic©snüaenH

nwgmansuBlPaBenAeBlEdlPaKImçageTot)anTTYlvtßúEdlxøÜn)ansnüafanwgykmkTuk EfrkSa[ ¬maRta 657¦ eBalKWCakic©snüaGaRs½yelIkarRbKl;vtßú . GñkEdlepJIvtßúehAfa GñkepJI ehIy GñkEdlRtUveKepJIvtßúenaHehAfa GñkTTYlbeBØaI . karepJIenHmanbeBaØIeday minykkéRm nigbeBaØIeday[bg;éfø . cMeBaHbeBaØIedayminykkéRm c,ab;)anbBaØtþiGMBI krNIykic©RbugRby½tæ EdltRmÜv[Gñk TTYlbeBØaImankrNIykic© RbugRby½tñrkSa TukbeBØaIenaH eday{karykcit<Tukdak;dUcKñanwgRTBüsm,t<irbs;xøÜny:agdUecñaH} ¬maRta 659¦ . karRbugRby½tæenH mankMritTabCag{krNIykic©RbugRby½tñkñúgkarRKb;RKg edaysucrit{ EdlmankñúgkrNIénGaNtþiCaedIm ¬cMeBaHbeBaØIeday[bg;éføvij GñkTTYl bBØaIR)akdCaRtUvmankrNIykic©RbugRby½tñkñúgkarRKb;RKgedaysucritedayxanmin)an¦ .

9> kic©snüaRkumh‘un kic©snüaRkumh‘un KWCakic©snüabegáItCaRkum EdlPaKITaMgGs;vinieyaKRTBüFn

erog²xøÜnkñúgeKalbMNgRbkbGaCIvkmμedayshkarKña EdlCaehtuBaJúaMg [kic©snüaenH man suBlPaB eLIg ¬maRta 667 kfax½NÐTI 1¦. enATIenHkarvinieyaKRTBüFnminsMedAEt


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eTAelIkarpþl;fvikab:ueNÑaHeT Etk¾GacCakarpþl;nUvkmøaMgBlkmμepSg²pgEdr ¬maRta dEdlkfax½NÐTI 2¦ . b:uEn< lk½çx½NÐEdlcaM)ac;enAkñúgkic©snüa enHKWRtUvEtmankarRbkb GaCIvkmμedayshkarKña .

lkçN³BiessmYyénRkumh‘un KWTRmg;CakmμsiTi§rYmnUvRTBüsm,t<irbs;Rkumh‘un Edl)anmkBIkardak;;TukcUlKña b¤k¾)anmkBIkareFVIlT§kmμedaykic©shkarKña . bBaØtþiénmaRta 668 kMNt;fa RTBüsm,ti<rbs;Rkumh‘unEdl)anmkBIkardak;;Tukrbs; smaCik b¤viFIepSg² RtÚv{sßitenAeRkamkmμsiTi§GviPaKrbs;smaCikRkumh‘unTaMgmUl} . b:uEn< RTws<IsikSanaMmux ehAkmμsiT§iGviPaKrbs;Rkumh‘unfaCa{kmμsiTi§rYmKña} . RbsinebIenHBit Caniymn½yceg¥óténkmμsiTi§GviPaK Edlmann½yfa m©as;kmμsiTi§GviPaK mñak;²mancMENk rbs;xøÜnkñúgRTBürYmenaH ehIyGacTamTarykEtcMENk rbs;pgxøÜnecjmk)an . k¾b:uEnþkñúgkrNIRkumh‘un smaCikmñak;²manPaKrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgKNnIEtb:ueNÑaH minGac nwgTamTar[Ebg Eck)aneLIy BIeRBaHlkçN³Biessrbs;Rkumh‘unTuk RTBüTaMgGs;enaH Carbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgmUl .ehIykñúgkrNIEdlRkumh‘uneTAeFVICMnYjCamYyGñkNamñak; )anplGVImYyenaHk¾dUcKñaEdrkarTamTarsiTi§elIbMNulRtÚveFVIeLIgedaysmaCikTaMgGs;rbs; Rkumh‘un . ¬smaCikNak¾edayminGaceTATarykPaKCacMENkrbs;xøÜn)aneLIy¦ .

10> kic©snüatamEbbEpndéTeTot kic©snüatamEbbEpnepSg²eTot EdlRkmrdæb,evNI)anEcgkMNt;enaH rYmman

kic©snüaénkardUrKñaeTAvijeTAmknUvkmμsiTi§eTAelIvtßúeRkABIR)ak;kas EdleK[eQ μaHfakic© snüadUrKña ¬maRta 586 . GacKitRbdUcnwgkarTijniglk;EdlCakardUrvtßúCamYy nwgR)ak;¦ kic©snüaCYlmnusS[eFVIkarEdleKhAfa kic©snüakargar ¬maRta 623 . sBVéf¶enH kic©snüakargarénRkumh‘unnanaCaTUeTAeFVIeLIgedayeyagtamc,ab;BiessepSg²Edlman dUcCa c,ab;sþIBIbTdæankargar CaedIm . dUecñHehIybTbBaØtþienAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIeRcIn EtykeTAGnuvtþelIkic©snüaCYlGñkbMerI[eFVIkargarkñúgpÞHEtb:ueNÑaH BMusUvCamansar³


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sMxan;eToteT¦ kic©snüaEdlPaKImçagsnüaeTAPaKImçageTot b¤ eTAttIyCnfa xøÜnnwg bg;R)ak;b¤vtßúGVImYyCaRbcaM ¬ral;qñaM b¤ral;Ex¦ rhUtdl;PaKINamYyénkic©snüa TTYlmrN PaBEdleKehAfakic©snüaFnlaPsamyikmYyCIvit¬maRta689 . ]TahrN_dUcCaTTYlykR)ak;TunedIm b¤h‘unedImCamun rYcehIybg;karR)ak; b¤PaKlaPEdlcMeNjenaH Caerogral;eBlCaedIm . enARbeTsCb:unBMusUvmankareFVIkic©snüaenHeT¦ nigkic©snüaEdl PaKITaMgsgxagRBmbBaÄb;CemøaHCamYyKña edayeFVIkarGt;»n[Kña eTAvijeTAmkEdleK ehAfakic©snüasHCa ¬maRta 695¦ . cMeBaHkic©snüasHCa PaKITaMgsgxagerobcM CamYyKñaeTAtamqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnk¾man b¤k¾BwgCMnYyBIecARkm edayeFVI eTAtamkarvinicä½y rbs;tulakark¾man ¬müa:geTot RsedogKñanwgsHCaenHEdrKWkaredaHRsaytamkarCECk KñarvagPaKITaMgsgxag. Rtg;enHmann½ysMedAelIkic©snüasHCa k¾b:uEnþpÞúyBI kic©snüa sHCaEdlekIteLIgedaykareFVIsm,TaneTAvijeTAmkTaMgsgxag karedaHRsaytamkar CECkKñamankare)aHbg;nUvkarTamTarénPaKINamçag edIm,IbB©ab;vivaT ¬eRkAtulakar¦ .

11> karkarBarGñkeRbIR)as; nigry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an

11>1>rbb Cooling-Off

RbsinebIKUPaKIP¢ab;kic©snüaCamYyKñaehIy KUPaKIRtUvEteKarBtam eKalkarN_én PaBsucrit nigPaBesμaHRtg;kñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©rbs;xøÜn . PaKImçag²minRtUvbBaÄb; karGnuuvtþn¾katBVkic©enHtamTMenIgcitþxøÜneT evorElgEtkrNIrMlaykic©snüa manR)ak;kk; ecj. eTaHCaya:gdUecñHk¾eday Kg;enAmankareFVIkic©snüaedaycaj;e)akBakü sMdIEp¥m El¥mrbs; Q μÜjTuc©ritxøHpgEdr . CaFmμtaeTEdlfa RbsinebIkic©snüaenH eFVIeLIgeday mankarqe)ak b¤edaymankarP½nþRcLMenaH eKGacdkkarbgðajqnÞ³ecjedayTukCa emaX³)anb¤k¾Gac rMlaykic©snüa)anRbsinebIPaKImçageTotminGnuvtþkatBVkic© . k¾b:uEnþ ebIRtwmEtfaedayeCO tamsMdIrbs;Q μÜj b¤edaycaj;briyakasTak;TajnaeBlenaHEt b:ueNÑaHeT krNIEbbenH PaKeRcInminGacGHGagfaCakarqe)ak b¤ karP½nþRcLM)aneT


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¬eRBaHfaxøÜnÉgCaGñksMerccitþ cugeRkayedIm,IeFVIkic©snüaenaH¦ ehIyebIkrNIPaKImçag eTot)annaMTMnijmkRbKl;CUndUcEdl)ansnüarYcehIyenaH KWBuMGacsMurMlaykic©snüa ecaleday sMGagelImUlehtufamin)anGnuvtþkatBVkic©enaH)aneT . edIm,IkarBarGñk eRbIR)as;enAkñúg krNIdUcRbePTxagelI EdlRkmrdæb,evNIminmanbBØtþi EcgTukenaH c,ab;BiessxøH)an RtUvGnum½teLIgedayTukeBlevlamYyry³ pþl;»kas[GñkTijman lT§PaBnwgrMlaykic©snüa eTAvij)anpgbnÞab;BIeFVIkarKitsBa¢wgeRkayeBlTij rYcehIy EdleKehAfarbb cooling-off ¬rbbpþl;nUvry³evlaGacrMlaykic©snüa)an¦ .

rbbenH)anRtUvbBaØtiþenAkñúg c,ab;sþIBIkarCYjdUrtamviFIedayELk c,ab;sIþBIkarlk; edaybg;rMedaH ¬bg;éføCavKÁ¦ c,ab;;sþIBIkareFVIGaCIvkmμelIGclnRTBüCaedIm . c,ab;TaMg enH)ankMNt;nUvkrNIykic©[QμÜjGñklk;RbKl;CasMbuRtsñam ¬Calayl½kSGkSr¦ enAkñúg eBlP¢ab;kic©snüa ehIykMNt;fa GñkTijGacrMlaykic©snüa ¬BaküeRbIenAkñúgbBaØtþiénc,ab; ehAfakardkBaküsuMTij b¤karrMlaykic©snüa¦ )anedayeFVICalayl½kSGkSrenAkñúgry³ evlamYy ¬cMnYn 8 éf¶cMeBaHkarlk;TMnijtampÞH¦ rab;cab;BIéf¶Edl)anTTYllixitsñamCa kic©snüaenaHmk ¬sUmbBa¢ak;fakarrMlaykic©snüarebobenH GaceFVIeTA)ancMeBaHEtkrNI c,ab;BiiessNaEdlmankMNt;GMBIkarrMlaykic ©snüatamrbb cooling-offEtb:ueNÑaH¦ .

11>2>karbegáItc,ab;fμIsþIBIkic©snüaCamYyGñkeRbIR)as; bTbBaØt<isMrab;RKb;RKgmuxrbredayELknimYy² b¤c,ab;s<IBIkarCYjdUr kMNt;kñúg

vis½yBaNiC¢kmμdUc)anerobrab;enAxagelI minR)akdCaGacp<l;nUvkarkarBar RKb;RKan; dl;GñkeRbIR)as;)aneT . Rtg;enH eKcg;eXIjmankarerobcMc,ab;TUeTAmYy EdlGac karBarGñkeRbIR)as;)anBIviFIlk;dUrmanlkçN³GaRkk; b¤BIkic©snüaTijlk;b¤pÁt;pÁg;TMnij nigesvakmμEdlminmanlkçN³RtwmRtÚv . ehtudUecñH c,ab;s<IBIkic©snüaCamYyGñkeRbIR)as; RtÚv)anGnum½tnaExemsa qñaM 2000 ehIycUlCaFrmannaExemsa qñaM 2001 ¬Gnuvt<cMeBaHral;kic©snüaNa Edl)anbegIáteRkayéf¶c,ab;enHcUlCaFrman¦ . tamry³


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énc,ab;enH eKGaclubecalkic©snüaNa Edl)anbegáIteLIgedaysarmankarbTRsay edayPUtPrGMBIRbkard¾sMxan;NamYy b¤edaysarmankarBnül;eFVI[eKeCOelIehtukarN_ GVImYyEdlenAminTan;R)akdenAeLIy dUcCabBaðaTMnijeLIgéføCaedIm b¤k¾edaysarkic© snüaenaHRtÚv)anbegIáteLIg kñúgsPaBkarN_EdlGñklk;)anmkGgÁúyrhUtkñúgpÞHrbs; GtifiCnminRBmecjeTA ¬karminRBmecjeTAvij¦ b¤Xat;TukGtifiCnenAkEnøglk;dUr min[ecjeTAvijeT ¬karXat;Tuk¦ ebIsinCaeKminRBmcuHkic©snüaCamYyeTenaH . mü:ageTot RbkarNakñúgkic©snüaEdlbgá[GtifiCncaj;eRbóbEtmñak;Ég ¬dUcCakar Ecgfa :eTaHCa kñúgkrNINak¾eday eyIgnwgminTTYlxusRtÚvGVITal;EtesaH}enaH¦ RtÚv)an;cat;TukCaemaX³ .

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