A EMOÇÃO QUE EMANA DAS ARQUIBANCADAS E PASSA PELAS ONDAS DA “RÁDIO DE MINAS”: uma análise das transmissões da Jornada Esportiva da Rádio Itatiaia

8/7/2019 A EMOÇÃO QUE EMANA DAS ARQUIBANCADAS E PASSA PELAS ONDAS DA “RÁDIO DE MINAS”: uma análise das trans…

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8

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doaf, o gobfîo jo bfv wocdo pvjfwwf wfy yfhlkqhjo#

Hnyhjfîo h Flf poy bf jhy h bfldoy bçf jo bvcjo, xvf wfbpyf bf hpokov f ë o nyhcjf ftfbplo

jh bkcdh }kjh# Jfjkgo fwwf zyhihldo h flh, xvf ë h pfywockmkghîço jh moyîh, jh pfywf}fyhcîh f ë o

bfv yfmfyfcgkhl jf }kjh#

Hnyhjfîo h zojh bkcdh mhbâlkh, hbknhw f ho bfv chboyhjo, xvf wfbpyf kcgfczk}hyhb f hgyfjkzhyhb

fb bkb# Wfb h moyîh f hw phlh}yhw jf hpoko, h yfhlkqhîço jfwwf zyhihldo cço wfykh powwâ}fl# Mkghhxvk, poyzhczo, bkcdh fzfych nyhzkjço#

Jfkto hkcjh ow bfvw wkcgfyow hnyhjfgkbfczow à pyomfwwoyh ^hcky, pflo zfbpo jfjkghjo ch goyyfîço

jf ghjh zftzo, pflo qflo f, ë glhyo, pflh oykfczhîço xvf mok jhjh ho locno jfwwf pfyâojo zyhihldowo,

bhw cço bfcow pyhqfyowo#



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O mvzfiol mhq phyzf jh gvlzvyh jo po}o iyhwklfkyo# Fwzè pyfwfczf fb jkwgvywow jo wfcwo gobvb f hzë

jf zyhihldow hghjábkgow# Pojf wf hmkybhy, ghzfnoykghbfczf, xvf ë o fwpoyzf pyfmfykjo jf nyhcjf

phyzf jh popvlhîço co Iyhwkl# Fwwh phktço zoycov"wf yfmfyfcgkhl jf lhqfy, wfah gobo pyhzkghczf, bhw

pykcgkphlbfczf gobo zoygfjoy# O mvzfiol ë ftzyfbhbfczf popvlhy f hyyhwzh bvlzkjöfw fb }èykow

ghczow jo phâw, fcghczhcjo bkldhyfw jf pfwwohw jfczyo f moyh jow fwzèjkow# Ë zhbiëb o fwpoyzf xvf

bhkw wf jfwzhgh chw phvzhw aoychlâwzkghw# Co yèjko, vb jow bhkoyfw }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço jf

bhwwh, ow pyomkwwkochkw fcgoczyhb h lkifyjhjf phyh vwhy jf fwzyhzënkhw xvf oiafzk}hb jfwpfyzhy o

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fwwf fwzvjo yflhzh gobo h fboîço xvf kyyhjkh jhw hyxvkihcghjhw wf mhq phyzkgkphczf jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw

jhw phyzkjhw jf mvzfiol# Poy bfko jf hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo, h pfwxvkwh yflhzh hw moybhw jf lkcnvhnfb

xvf h fxvkpf jf fwpoyzf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh vwh jvyhczf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jf wvh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h#

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hbkqhjf, xvf }hk hlëb jo hboy f gvlbkch co whczo jfw}hyko jh phktço# Zfb jf

zvjo vb povgo, poyëb, ë bhkw xvf zvjo# Zoygfy phyh vbh ghbkwh ë plfch fczyfnh#

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jf vbh }fq co jfwfwpfyo jf vbh jfyyozh# Fb gobpfcwhîço, yfboîh"o co jflâyko

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O yèjko gdfnov ho Iyhwkl f, how povgow, mok nhcdhjo fwphîo co goyhîço jh popvlhîço# Co kcâgko, hw

fbkwwoyhw goczh}hb gob vbh pyonyhbhîço bhkw flkzkqhjh, co fczhczo, gob o phwwhy jow hcow, fwwh

yfhlkjhjf bvjov# O yhjkoaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o mok vb jow nácfyow yhjkomúckgow bhkw kbpoyzhczfw

phyh h popvlhykqhîço jfwwf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço co phâw#

Gob h gdfnhjh jf co}ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, pykbfkyo h zflf}kwço f jfpokw h kczfycfz, o yèjko wf

}kv oiyknhjo h ivwghy co}ow yfgvywow phyh cço pfyjfy o wfv pñilkgo# O aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o co

yèjko phwwov h mhqfy vwo jf wocw jvyhczf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jhw phyzkjhw f hw chyyhzk}hw mkghyhb bhkw

oiafzk}hw f }kiyhczfw#

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hvjkácgkh jf bkldöfw jf zoygfjoyfw fb zojh Bkchw Nfyhkw, wf zoychcjo, hwwkb, vb havjhczf f

bhczfjoy jfwwh phktço gdhbhjh mvzfiol#

O yèjko wf hpyfwfczh gobo o }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço pyfmfykjo jow zoygfjoyfw phyh hgobphcdhy hw

phyzkjhw jf mvzfiol# Pyo}h jkwwo, wço ow bkldhyfw jf ov}kczfw xvf lf}hb wfvw yèjkow poyzèzfkw phyh ow

ghbpow# Hkcjh zfb hxvflfw xvf, bfwbo gob wvhw zflf}kwöfw lknhjhw, mkghb zhbiëb gob o yèjko ho

wfv lhjo, fb hlzo f iob wob, phyh ov}ky hw }kiyhczfw chyyhîöfw#

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vbh }fq xvf, gob h hvwácgkh jf kbhnfb, ow chyyhjoyfw pyfgkwhb “bftfy‒ gob o kbhnkcèyko jf wfvw

ov}kczfw f, poy kwwo, flfw ivwghb phwwhy hw kcmoybhîöfw jh moybh bhkw jfzhldhjh powwâ}fl# Ow

aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow xvf zyhihldhb cfwwf }fâgvlo hzyhfb h hzfcîço jow hphktochjow yfgfpzoyfw

poyxvf flfw ivwghb wfbpyf ghzhlkwhy zojh h fboîço xvf fbhch jhw hyxvkihcghjhw jow fwzèjkow#

Zojow ow aoychlkwzhw fc}ol}kjow fb vbh zyhcwbkwwço fwpoyzk}h poy bfko jo yèjko vzklkqhb jf vbh

chyyhzk}h pfgvlkhy f kcfyfczf h fwwh èyfh# O oiafzk}o jfwwfw pyomkwwkochkw ë wfbpyf jf kcmoybhy zvjo

o xvf fwzè hgoczfgfcjo jfczyo f moyh jow ghbpow# Phyh xvf o ov}kczf wf bhczfcdh hzfczo jvyhczf hw

doyhw fb xvf o pyonyhbh mkgh co hy, ow chyyhjoyfw pyfgkwhb hgobphcdhy, hzfczhbfczf, zojow ow

lhcgfw xvf hgoczfgfb jvyhczf hw phyzkjhw jf mvzfiol f yfphwwè"low jf moybh bhkw mkfl powwâ}fl#

Ow aoychlkwzhw, hlëb jf phwwhy h kcmoybhîço jfzhldhjhbfczf, pyfgkwhb vwhy hw wvhw mhlhw jf moybh h



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zoycè"lhw }kiyhczfw# Ë pyfgkwo bftfy gob o kbhnkcèyko jo ov}kczf, yfphwwhy h flfw zojh h wfcwhîço jf

fboîço xvf mhq phyzf jo fwpfzègvlo xvf ë o mvzfiol#

H pyfwfczf pfwxvkwh }kwh ftplkgkzhy jf xvf bhcfkyhw hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jhw phyzkjhw jf mvzfiol

goczkcvhb, bfwbo jfpokw jf hcow f gob co}hw zfgcolonkhw, fwzhcjo ch pyfmfyácgkh jow zoygfjoyfw#

H Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hzkcnf hlzow câ}fkw jf hvjkácgkh jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço jf wvh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h# Ë

zyhihldhcjo gob fwwf mhzo xvf h pfwxvkwh ivwgh kjfczkmkghy ow flfbfczow xvf gologhb hw

zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw jfwwh kbpoyzhczf yèjko jf Bkchw, gobo h jf bhkoy popvlhykjhjf f

pyfmfyácgkh fczyf o po}o bkcfkyo#

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fwpoyzfw wf boiklkqh fb pyol jh xvhlkjhjf jf kcmoybhîço f co jfzhldhbfczo jow mhzow, xvf fb

gocavczo, gocwzkzvfb o gfcèyko jf vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol#

H Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, jfwjf xvf mok gykhjh, fwzhiflfgf gob o fwpoyzf vbh moyzf lknhîço# Zfb nyhcjf phyzf

jf wvh pyonyhbhîço }olzhjh how pyonyhbhw xvf hioyjhb fwwf hwwvczo f, poy kwwo, mkgov gocdfgkjh

poy mhqfy vb ftgflfczf zyhihldo cfwwh èyfh# Poy bfko jfwzh pfwxvkwh, wfyè hchlkwhjo jf xvf bhcfkyh

ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow jh fbkwwoyh mhqfb vwo jhw zëgckghw f jh fboîço jvyhczf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jf

wvhw aoychjhw fwpoyzk}hw#



8

9 O YÈJKO F H LKCNVHNFB YHJKÚMOCKGH JO MVZFIOL

9#8 O chwgkbfczo jo Yèjko

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flfzyobhncëzkgh wf pyophnhcjo co fwphîo }hqko# ]kczf f xvhzyo hcow jfpokw, o hlfbço Dfcykgd

Yvjolm Dfyzq gocwzyvkv vb hphyfldo fb xvf hw “ocjhw dfyzkqkhchw‒ }khah}hb ch }flogkjhjf jh lvq#

^hcky Ghbpflo $9008+ yflhzh xvf fb 84;6, Nvnlkflbo Bhygock, gocglvkv xvf hw “ocjhw

dfyzkqkhchw‒ zyhcwbkzkhb bfcwhnfcw# F, hwwkb, mfq wvhw pykbfkyhw ftpfykácgkhw#

Jf hgoyjo gob o pyfwkjfczf jo Gocwfldo jf Hjbkckwzyhîço jh Yfjf Iyhwkl Wvl jf Gobvckghîöfw fjh Hwwogkhîço Bvcjkhl jf Aoychkw, Ah{bf Wkyozwe{, h dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko zf}f kcâgko h phyzky jf vbhmhâwgh1 Jfwjf xvf h ioikch yvjkbfczhy gykhjh pflo mâwkgo Dfkcykgd Dfyzq fbkzkv o pykbfkyo wkchl,fb 8444, gkfczkwzhw f lfknow fc}ol}fyhb"wf co ñlzkbo wëgvlo cvbh ihzhldh wfb zyënvhw phyhzyhcwmoybhy o wkcnflo bklhnyf jh zyhcwbkwwço wfb mko co bhkw jfbogyèzkgo f hiyhcnfczf jow bfkowjf gobvckghîço $GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 9=+#

Co Iyhwkl, wfnvcjo Ghbpflo $9008+, o phjyf nhñgdo Yoifyzo Lhcjfll jf Bovyh mok xvfb mfq hw

pykbfkyhw ftpfykácgkhw jf yhjkojkmvwço, fb 84;9# Okzo hcow bhkw zhyjf flf oizf}f h phzfczf jo

no}fyco iyhwklfkyo#

Phyh Lkh Ghlhiyf $9009+ o yèjko wknckmkgov, hzë 8;60, o âgocf jh bojfyckjhjf, gvbpykcjo vb phpfl

wogkhl, zhczo ch }kjh pñilkgh xvhczo ch }kjh pyk}hjh# Hlëb jkwwo, “pyobo}fv vb pyogfwwo jf

kczfnyhîço fb }èykow phâwfw# O yèjko gykov bojhw, kco}ov fwzklow, kc}fczov pyèzkghw gozkjkhchw,

fwzkbvlov co}ow zkpow jf wogkhiklkjhjf‒ $GHLHIYF, 9009, p# >+#

9#9 H dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko co Iyhwkl

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pykbfkyh yèjko mvcjhjh mok h Yèjko Glvif jf Pfychbivgo, poy Owghy Boyfkyh Pkczo# H pyonyhbhîço

goczh}h gob kcmoybhîöfw jf jk}fywhw fjkzoykhw# Ftkwzkhb iolfzkcw jf pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîo, jf

gvlzvyh, hzk}kjhjfw wogkhkw f hzë jf fwpoyzfw#

Ghbpflo $9008+, co fczhczo, yflhzh xvf, fb > jf wfzfbiyo jf 8;99, mok yfhlkqhjh h pykbfkyh fbkwwço



88

yhjkomúckgh jo phâw, jvyhczf h ftpowkîço gobfboyhzk}h jo gfczfcèyko jh Kcjfpfcjácgkh co Yko jf

Ahcfkyo#

Ghlhiyf $9009+ hmkybh xvf o yèjko co Iyhwkl fwzhiflfgfv"wf gobo vb }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço

pyk}hjo, fbioyh goczyolhjo pflo Fwzhjo# Ow pykbfkyow hcow jh kcwzhlhîço jo yèjko co phâw moyhb

bobfczow jf bvkzh jkmkgvljhjf, how xvhkw wf yfmlfzkhb co wvynkbfczo f jfwhphyfgkbfczo jf jk}fywhw

fbkwwoyhw# Gob o kczvkzo jf fwzhiklkqhy hw yèjkow co Iyhwkl, mok gykhjh, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, h Yèjko

Wogkfjhjf, ch xvhl ow wfvw hwwogkhjow zkcdhb xvf goczykivky gob vbh xvhczkh bfcwhl, hmkb jf xvf

h }fyih hyyfghjhjh mowwf h moczf jf yfcjh jhw fbkwwoyhw# O nyhcjf kjfhlkqhjoy, f gocwkjfyhjo o phk

jh yhjkojkmvwço jo Iyhwkl, Yoxvfzf Pkczo, cço bfjkh fwmoyîow phyh pyophnhy o yèjko co phâw#

Co pykcgâpko, h pyonyhbhîço jh Yèjko Wogkfjhjf phyfgkh vbh ftzfcwço jh Hghjfbkh jf Gkácgkhw#Bhzëykh pvilkghjh pflo aoychlkwzh Yvk Ghwzyo co aoychl Fwzhjo jf W# Phvlo, fb 4 jf wfzfbiyo jf8;;=, yflhzh xvf ow hghjábkgow mhqkhb zojh h pyonyhbhîço# Hw cozâgkhw jo Aoychl jh Bhcdç fyhbhpyfwfczhjhw pflo py÷pyko Yoxvfzf Pkczo, gob jfwzhxvf phyh ow gobfczèykow woiyf o cozkgkèykokczfychgkochl# Ovzyow lf}h}hb wfvw jkwgow, yfgkzh}hb pofbhw, ghczh}hb ov zogh}hb pkhco# Cfbzvjo, poyëb, fyh bñwkgh f lkzfyhzvyh $GHBPFLO, 9008, p 9;#+#

Wfnvcjo Ghbpflo $9008+ co kcâgko jh jëghjh 8;70 ow kczfyfwwfw gobfygkhw wvnkyhb f moyhb

hghihcjo gob hw wogkfjhjfw f glvifw lknhjow à yhjkojkmvwço, mhqfcjo gob xvf co jkh > jf wfzfbiyo

jf 8;7=, h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo mowwf johjh, poy Yoxvfzf Pkczo, ho Bkckwzëyko jh

Fjvghîço#

Hw yèjkow fczço gobfîhyhb h wf pyomkwwkochlkqhy f ow pyonyhbhw jh bhkoy phyzf jhw fbkwwoyhw

hwwhyhb h wfy kyyhjkhjow zojow ow jkhw jh wfbhch# Ghbpflo $9008+ yflhzh xvf, gob h popvlhykqhîço

jo }fâgvlo, o pyfîo jow hphyfldow womyfv vbh nyhcjf xvfjh# O cñbfyo jf ov}kczfw hvbfczov f,

gocwfxvfczfbfczf o yèjko nhcdov vbh mvcîço wogkhl# Fb 8;79, o No}fyco, poy bfko jf vb

Jfgyfzo"Lfk, pfybkzkv xvf mowwf mfkzh pvilkgkjhjf chw fbkwwoyhw#

Oyzyk~hco $8;46+ yflhzh xvf, gob h popvlhykqhîço jo yèjko, gykov"wf vb flo fczyf o kcjk}âjvo f h

golfzk}kjhjf, bowzyhcjo xvf fwwf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço cço jkzh}h hpfchw bojh f }fcjkh

pyojvzow, bhw fyh ghphq jf boiklkqhy bhwwhw, lf}hcjo"hw h vbh phyzkgkphîço hzk}h ch }kjh chgkochl#

Ghlhiyf $9008+ hmkybh xvf mok h phyzky jow hcow 70, nyhîhw ho yèjko, xvf h bñwkgh popvlhy iyhwklfkyh

}hloykqov"wf, pykcgkphlbfczf hw jo nácfyo ghych}hlfwgo# Hw bhygdkcdhw, ghczhjhw poy GhybfbBkyhcjh, Lhbhyzkcf Ihio, Pktkcnvkcdh f zhczow ovzyow, zoychyhb"wf chgkochlbfczf gocdfgkjhw#



8

Wfnvcjo Ghbpflo $9008+ mok zhbiëb cfwwf pfyâojo xvf wvynkyhb ow pyonyhbhw jf ghlovyow f ow

pyonyhbhw jf dvboy# Gob h popvlhykqhîço f o wvynkbfczo jf fbkwwoyhw flkzkqhjhw, gobo h fbkwwoyh

Gvlzvyh jf Wço Phvlo, h yhjkojkmvwço wf pyophnov fb zojo o phâw, zyhqfcjo, ghjh }fq bhkw,

fczyfzfckbfczo f kcmoybhîço#

H jëghjh jf 8;:0 mkgov bhyghjh pflh gocgoyyácgkh hgkyyhjh, o xvf lf}ov h pyonyhbhîço jhw yèjkow

h wf popvlhykqhy# Gob kczvkzo jf nhcdhy o bhkoy cñbfyo jf ov}kczfw, hw fbkwwoyhw jfwgfyhb ho

popvlhyfwgo f ho ihkto câ}fl# Mok cfwwh jëghjh, zhbiëb, xvf o yhjkoaoychlkwbo gobfîov h wf

fwzyvzvyhy f, h phyzky jfwwf bobfczo, wvynkyhb ow pykbfkyow aoychkw xvf bhyghyhb o nácfyo1 O

Yfp÷yzfy Fwwo f o Nyhcjf Aoychl Mhlhjo Zvpk# O Yfp÷yzfy Fwwo gdfnov ho Iyhwkl fb 8;:8, jfpokw

jf zfy wf gocwolkjhjo fb ovzyow phâwfw jh Hbëykgh Lhzkch

Ghbpflo $9008+ yflhzh xvf co mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;:0 f ch jëghjh jf 8;60, o yhjkoaoychlkwbo wf

ftphcjkv poy zojo o Iyhwkl f zyovtf gocwkno h }hloykqhîço jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw1 vb jow

pykbfkyow nácfyow h wf mkybhy co bfko yhjkomúckgo f, ë hzë doaf, vb jow pykcgkphkw hwwvczow

hioyjhjow chw fbkwwoyhw iyhwklfkyhw# Pyo}h jkwwo, wço hw pfybhcfczfw cozâgkhw f gobfczèykow ho

locno jh wfbhch f hw aoychjhw fwpoyzk}hw fb jkhw jf aonow#

Gob o zfbpo, h zyhcwbkwwço fwpoyzk}h mok wf hpfymfkîohcjo f zobhcjo h moybh bvkzo phyfgkjh gobh xvf zfbow doaf# Jk}fywhw yèjkow fwpfgkhlkqhyhb"wf co nácfyo, gobo cow ghwow jh Goczkcfczhl joYko jf Ahcfkyo f jh Phchbfykghch jf Wço Phvlo xvf, fb 8;:>, zyhcwmoybov"wf ch “Fbkwwoyh jowFwpoyzfw‒, gocwfnvkcjo lkjfyhcîh jf hvjkácgkh $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#:>+

Hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jow aonow jf mvzfiol ch jëghjh jf 8;60 ghzk}hyhb ow ov}kczfw jf}kjo hw logvîöfw

fcmfkzhjhw f gdfkhw jf fboîço# Bhw cço mok w÷ o mvzfiol xvf fwzh}h pyfwfczf chw zyhcwbkwwöfw,jkmfyfczfw bojhlkjhjfw jf fwpoyzf zhbiëb bhyghyhb pyfwfcîh co yèjko#

Oyzyk~hco gocwkjfyh xvf o yèjko fwpoyzk}o, poy wfy vb jow wfzoyfw bhkw opkchzk}ow jf zojh hpyonyhbhîço, wfbpyf mok bvkzo phyzkgkphczf, bvkzo }kiyhczf f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, vb nfyhjoy jfpolábkghw# Hw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw, jfwjf o kcâgko, ghyhgzfykqhyhb"wf poy hpyfwfczhy vb



8 aoychlkwbo jf chzvyfqh “wviwzhczk}h‒ fb wfv lvnhy bètkbo, gob h yfgykhîço jo mhzo phyh o

ov}kczf, gob zojh h fbogkochlkjhjf xvf hw phlh}yhw pojfb gocwfnvky# Flh hmkybh xvf h gykhîço jf“kbhnfcw bfczhkw‒ ë zço pojfyowh, h poczo jf wfy bvkzo bhkw fbogkochczf ov}ky vbh phyzkjh pfloyèjko jo xvf hwwkwzk"lh co py÷pyko fwzèjko# O zoygfjoy }hk ho ghbpo bhw lf}h o wfv yhjkcdo phyhwhify o xvf fwzè hgoczfgfcjo, ov hwwkwzf à kbhnfb jh zflf}kwço ov}kcjo h chyyhîço jo yèjko# Hpyfwfcîh jo yfp÷yzfy hgobphcdhcjo zojow ow bo}kbfczow ‗ f hzë, pyfzfcwhbfczf, ow pfcwhbfczow‗ jhw fxvkpfw jvyhczf h jkwpvzh, ë zhbiëb vbh gocxvkwzh jo yèjko fwpoyzk}o, kcmoybhcjo fpyfwzhcjo wfy}kîo# $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#:>+

Bfwbo gob o wvgfwwo jo yèjko chw jëghjhw hczfykoyfw, co pfyâojo jow hcow =0, fwwf }fâgvlo phwwov

poy vb zfbpo jf jkmkgvljhjf, poy ghvwh jh zflf}kwço, xvf mok wf zoychcjo ghjh }fb bhkw popvlhy#

Cfwwf pfyâojo o yèjko co Iyhwkl zobov co}ow yvbow# Ow hphyfldow flfzyúckgow moyhb hpfymfkîohjow

f jkbkcvâjow, o xvf jfv bhkw hnklkjhjf f xvhlkjhjf chw zyhcwbkwwöfw# O yhjkoaoychlkwbo mok wf

zoychcjo ghjh }fq bhkw hzvhczf# Co mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;60, bhkw pyfgkwhbfczf fb 8;6; h yèjko

Aoychl jo Iyhwkl lhcîov ow wfy}kîow jf vzklkjhjf pñilkgh# H kjfkh phwwov h wfy gopkhjh poy fbkwwoyhw

fb zojo o phâw#

O yèjko hpyfcjfv h zyoghy ow hwzyow f fwzyflhw poy jkwgow f mkzhw nyh}hjhw, hw co}flhw pflhw cozâgkhwf hw iykcghjfkyhw jf hvjkz÷yko pflow wfy}kîow jf vzklkjhjf pñilkgh# O yèjko mok wf fcghbkcdhcjo cowfczkjo jf hzfcjfy àw cfgfwwkjhjfw yfnkochkw, pykcgkphlbfczf ho câ}fl jf kcmoybhîço#$OYZYK^HCO, 8;46, p 98+#

Ch jëghjh jf 8;>0 gobfîov h ftkwzky h kjfczkmkghîço gob mhkthw wogko"fgocúbkghw"gvlzvyhkw# O

kczvkzo fyh jf ivwghy h lkcnvhnfb jhw glhwwfw xvf ghjh fbkwwoyh xvfykh hzkcnky# Mok cfwwf pfyâojo

xvf o No}fyco gykov h Yhjkoiyèw ‗ Fbpyfwh Iyhwklfkyh jf Yhjkojkmvwço# Hlëb jkwwo, h jëghjh mkgov

bhyghjh pflh jkwwfbkchîço jhw fbkwwoyhw fb MB f pflh gdfnhjh jhw hnácgkhw jf pyojvîço

yhjkomúckgh#

Chw jëghjhw jf 8;40 f 8;;0 wvynkyhb co}hw zfgcolonkhw, gobo hw yfjfw jf yèjkow HB/MB }kh

whzëlkzf f o kcâgko jh vzklkqhîço jf Gjw# Cow hcow 40, gobfîhyhb h pyolkmfyhy hw yèjkow pkyhzhw fb

zojo o Iyhwkl# H bojfyckqhîço jow hcow ;0, zyovtf gocwkno jkmfyfczfw bëzojow jf nfyfcgkhbfczo

jhw fbkwwoyhw, vbh pyonyhbhîço }kh whzëlkzf jknkzhl, h kczfycfz f o yèjko h ghio#

Cow pykbfkyow hcow jf 9000 gobfîhyhb ow zfwzfw phyh zyhcwbkwwöfw jf yèjko co wkwzfbh jknkzhl#

Gob h co}h zfgcolonkh, }kwh"wf powwvky jkmfyfcgkhl fb yflhîço h bfldoykh jh xvhlkjhjf jf wob,

zhczo fb HB xvhczo fb MB, hlëb jf pyopoygkochy how ov}kczfw bhkw opîöfw, gobo lfzyfkyowjknkzhkw gob kcmoybhîöfw hjkgkochkw jf cozâgkhw f pyf}kwço jo zfbpo#



8

9#7 O yèjko fb Iflo Doykqoczf

Co jkh > jf ahcfkyo jf 8;9= mok kchvnvyhjh, ch Qoch jh Bhzh, h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh jf Bkchw Nfyhkw,

h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jf Avkq jf Moyh# Wfnvcjo Lvkq Pfjyo Yojyknvfw $9008+ h fbkwwoyh jfwzhgov"wf

pflh ftgfpgkochl xvhlkjhjf jf wvh pyonyhbhîço#

Jf hgoyjo gob Ghbpflo $9008+, co fczhczo, h pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço jf yèjko co fwzhjo jf Bkchw

Nfyhkw, hgoczfgfv hlnvcw jkhw hczfw, fb 8= jf jfqfbiyo jf 8;96, poy bfko jh fwzhîço jh

Yfphyzkîço Nfyhl jow Zflënyhmow f h Hwwogkhîço Yèjko Bkcfkyh# Co jkh 9= jf mf}fyfkyo jf 8;9=, o

aoychl Bkchw Nfyhkw pvilkgov h cozâgkh jf xvf yhjkomockh fb Iflo Doykqoczf gobfîh}h wvh

ghbkcdhjh yvbo à pykbfkyh gocgfwwço ch ghpkzhl#

Ghbpflo $9008+ yflhzh xvf dh}kh 60 hphyfldow jf yèjko fb Iflo Doykqoczf xvhcjo h pykbfkyh

zyhcwbkwwço omkgkhl jh Yèjko Bkcfkyh mok ho hy, co jkh = jf mf}fyfkyo jf 8;78# Hwwkb gobo

hgoczfgfv gob h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo, h Yèjko Bkcfkyh zhbiëb goczov gob hgolhioyhîço jow ov}kczfw xvf phnh}hb bfcwhlkjhjfw f fbpyfwzh}hb wfvw py÷pykow jkwgow à

fbkwwoyh# Hcow bhkw zhyjf mok gobpyhjo pflow Jkèykow Hwwogkhjow#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf h Yèjko Bkcfkyh mok h pkocfkyh fb yhjkozfhzyo, pyonyhbhw jf ghlovyow,

zyhcwbkwwço jf phyzkjh jf mvzfiol f h pykbfkyh yèjko h cozkgkhy o kcâgko jh Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl#

H Yèjko Bkcfkyh mkgov co hy jvyhczf wfzf jëghjhw#

H wfnvcjh fbkwwoyh jf Iflo Doykqoczf, h Yèjko Nvhyhck, chwgfv co poyço jh ghwh jo fbpyfwèyko

Lhvyo jf Wovqh Ihyyow, fb 80 jf hnowzo jf 8;7=#

Poy bhkw jf 90 hcow h Nvhyhck wf bhczf}f gobo vbh fwzhîço jf wfy}kîow, yfgocdfgkjh pflo wfvwlonhc“h }oq jo po}o‒, f wfcjo gocwkjfyhjh h bhkoy jo nácf yo co Iyhwkl# O wfv wfy}kîo jfvzklkjhjf pñilkgh mvcgkoch}h gobo vb jfphyzhbfczo hvzúcobo f hzfcjkh àw bhkw }hykhjhwcfgfwwkjhjfw jh popvlhîço, hcvcgkhcjo jfwjf o jogvbfczo pfyjkjo ho vynfczf yfbëjko whl}hjoy



8 jf }kjhw# O pyonyhbh Yojh jh ]kjh, hpyfwfczhjo poy Oylhcjo Phgdfgo, o Phgdfxvkcdo, zhbiëb

moghlkqh}h o jkh"h"jkh jh gkjhjf, ivwghcjo avczo àw hvzoykjhjfw wolvîöfw phyh ow bhkw }hykhjowpyoilfbhw chw èyfhw jh whñjf, jh fjvghîço, jo zyécwkzo, jo whcfhbfczo, jh boyhjkh, fczyf zhczowovzyow $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#+

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf hwwkb gobo hw jfbhkw yèjkow ftkwzfczfw co Iyhwkl ch jëghjh jf 8;70, hNvhyhck, hlëb jow pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko, zhbiëb kc}fwzkh fb aoychlkwbo, fwpoyzfw f

fczyfzfckbfczo, ivwghcjo vcky zvjo hxvklo xvf fyh jf kczfyfwwf jo pñilkgo# Moyh o aoychlkwbo, ow

pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko pyffcgdkhb o kbhnkcèyko jhxvflfw ov}kczfw#

Vbh jhw hzyhîöfw mh}oykzhw jo pñilkgo fyh H Doyh jo Yfgyvzh, gobhcjhjh poy Yúbvlo Phfw# Hco}kjhjf fwzh}h ch pyfwfcîh jf vb ghyyhwgo co phlgo phyh ghwzknhy ow ghlovyow xvf cço ghczhwwfbov wf hpyfwfczhwwfb ifb $###+ Poy bfko jfwwfw pyonyhbhw, bvkzhw yf}flhîöfw wvynkyhb1 cçowobfczf hwzyow f fwzyflhw jh bñwkgh, bhw oyxvfwzyhw, gocavczow, nyvpow zfhzyhkw# Dh}kh fwphîo phyh

zojow, ihwzh}h kcwgyf}fy"wf f phyzkgkphy# Zhbiëb hw dkwz÷ykhw jyhbhzkqhjhw fyhb hl}o jf nyhcjfhvjkácgkh# Dkwz÷ykhw jf }kjh, yfgdfhjhw jf hlfnykh, pyoilfbhw f womykbfczo bvkzhw }fqfw wfzyhcwmoybhyhb fb yhjkozfhzyo, pfîhw xvf fyhb jkyknkjhw poy M# Hcjyhjf f xvf goczh}hb gob hhzvhîço jow pykcgkphkw hwzyow f fwzyflhw jo yèjko bkcfkyo# Goc}fywh jf zflfmocf fyh hpyfwfczhjo poyBhykh Wvfl{ f mhqkh zhczo wvgfwwo gobo hw zflfco}flhw jow jkhw hzvhkw $GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 80;+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Ghbpflo $9008+ fb 8;:9, h Yèjko Nvhyhck hnyvpov"wf how Jkèykow f Fbkwwoyhw

Hwwogkhjow# Jfwzh bhcfkyh, o nyvpo jf Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj phwwov h zfy jvhw fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko ch

ghpkzhl# Hbihw wf yffwzyvzvyhyhb phyh gocgoyyfy gob hxvflh xvf }kykh h wfy h bhkw moyzf fbkwwoyh jofwzhjo, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh, zhbiëb kchvnvyhjh fb 8;7=#

Wfnvcjo Chky Pyhzh $9007+ h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh chwgfv fb 07 jf wfzfbiyo jf 8;7=# Chwgfv gobo

vbh yèjko pñilkgh, jo fwzhjo, phyh vcky h ghpkzhl ho kczfykoy# Co kcâgko, h Kcgocmkjácgkh fyh vbh

fbkwwoyh }olzhjh phyh flkzf, bhw gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, h pyonyhbhîço hghiov wf popvlhykqhcjo,

gobo ogoyyfv gob h Yèjko Chgkochl, jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo, fbkwwoyh jf bhkoy wvgfwwo jh yhjkomockh

iyhwklfkyh#

Zvjo o xvf h Yèjko Chgkochl mhqkh, o Iyhwkl kczfkyo gopkh}h f gob h Kcgocmkjácgkh cço mokjkmfyfczf# Fwzh opîço pflh popvlhykqhîço pojf zfy wkjo vb jow ghbkcdow fcgoczyhjow pflono}fychjoy Avwgflkco Evikzwgdfe xvf wocdh}h gob h pyfwkjácgkh jh Yfpñilkgh f pyfgkwh}h jf vb}fâgvlo moyzf phyh gdfnhy ho flfkzoy $PYHZH, 9007, p#7+#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf, gob o phwwhy jow hcow, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh, hlëb jh goifyzvyh

kbfjkhzh jow pykcgkphkw hgoczfgkbfczow, pyk}klfnkov }èykow wfnbfczow jh wogkfjhjf, hjozhcjo fbwvh pyonyhbhîço hzyhîöfw jfwzkchjhw h pñilkgow fwpfgâmkgow# Gob kwwo o wfv cñbfyo jf ov}kczfw



8

hvbfczov fb gocavczo gob wvh mvcîço gvlzvyhl f fjvghzk}h, kbpocjo"wf, hwwkb, gobo vbh jhw

fbkwwoyhw jf }fyjhjfkyh pyoafîço fb zojo o Iyhwkl#

Ë jh Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh o pyonyhbh gocwkjfyhjo o bhkw hczkno jo Iyhwkl, H Doyh jo Mhqfcjfkyo#

Wfnvcjo Pyhzh $9007+ o pyonyhbh hzë doaf ë jfwzkchjo how gykhjoyfw f hnykgvlzoyfw jf zojo o phâw,

zfcjo gobo pyopowzhw yfwpocjfy hw jñ}kjhw jow ov}kczfw yflhgkochjhw ho zyhzhbfczo jf hckbhkw,

hlëb jf jhy wvnfwzöfw jf gobpyh jf wfbfczfw, mfyyhbfczhw, jyfchnfb, yfmloyfwzhbfczo f

mfyzklkqhîço jo wolo#

Vb jow pyonyhbhw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jh Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh ë, wfb jñ}kjhw, H Doyh joMhqfcjfkyo# O pyonyhbh chwgfv gkcgo jkhw jfpokw jh mvcjhîço jh fbkwwoyh, co jkh 04 jf wfzfbiyojf 8;7= f pfybhcfgf co hy hzë doaf, wfb xvhlxvfy kczfyyvpîço, wfcjo gocwkjfyhjo o pyonyhbh bhkw

hczkno jo yhjko iyhwklfkyo# H kjfkh mok jf Aoço Hchz÷lko Lkbh, fcnfcdfkyo hnyúcobo xvf jfmfcjkh hgykhîço jf vb pyonyhbh xvf gykhwwf vb }âcgvlo gob o dobfb jo ghbpo# O pyonyhbh wfbpyf mokho hy jkhykhbfczf, àw 84d, }fkgvlhcjo kcmoybhîöfw jf kczfyfwwf jo bfko yvyhl $PYHZH, 9007, p#:+#

Pyhzh $9007+ yflhzh xvf, ho mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;60, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh gobfîov h wfczky h

gocgoyyácgkh jh zflf}kwço f jf ovzyhw fbkwwoyhw f, gob kwwo, hcvcgkov hlnvbhw bvjhcîhw fb wvh

pyonyhbhîço#

Wfnvcjo Ghbpflo $9008+ jfq hcow jfpokw jh kchvnvyhîço, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, jh Z] Kzhgolobk,

ogoyykjh fb 8;66, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh, bfwbo gob h goczyhzhîço jf mhbowow yhjkhlkwzhw, hzoyfw f

hckbhjoyfw, pfyjfv bvkzow pyomkwwkochkw, xvf opzhyhb poy kcnyfwwhy co co}o }fâgvlo xvf dh}kh wf

kcwzhlhjo ch ghpkzhl bkcfkyh# Bfwbo hwwkb h Kcgocmkjácgkh fyh hpoczhjh gobo h lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh,

o xvf cço jfkth}h h yèjko lk}yf jo hwwobiyo jh zflf}kwço#

9#7#8 Jo wocdo jf vb bfckco chwgf h Kzhzkhkh

Vb yhphq gdhbhjo Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, }kcjo jh gkjhjf jf Phzyogâcko jo Bvykhë, Bkchw Nfyhkw,

gdfnov h Iflo Doykqoczf hkcjh bfckco f zyovtf fb wvh bhlh vb wocdo, xvf hcow bhkw zhyjf

zoycov"wf yfhlkjhjf#

Hcjyë Ghy}hldo $8;;9+ yflhzh xvf hkcjh bfckco, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gykov gob ow wfvw kybçow bhkw

co}ow, Fbhcvfl f Fwzfy, h Yèjko Añpkzfy, fwzhîço xvf hlghcîh}h gkcgo xvhyzfkyöfw co ihkyyo jh Wfyyh#H “fbkwwoyh‒ mvcgkoch}h co xvkczhl jf ghwh, fczyf ihchcfkyhw f wkbiolkqh}h o kcâgko jf vbh locnh



8

ghbkcdhjh#

Ghy}hldo $8;;9+ yflhzh xvf how 90 hcow, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo aè zyhihldh}h ch yfjhîço jo aoychl O

Jkèyko f fyh yfwpocwè}fl pflh pyojvîço jf vb iolfzkb fwpoyzk}o phyh h Yèjko Goczkcfczhl, jo Yko

jf Ahcfkyo, hlëb jf gdfmkhy o jfphyzhbfczo jf fwpoyzfw jhYèjko Nvhyhck#

Mok fb mvcîço jfwwh ftpfykácgkh xvf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo kjfhlkqov h py÷pykh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko, xvf

wfykh }olzhjh phyh o fwpoyzf, kcmoybhîço f pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow# Ghy}hldo $8;;9+ yflhzh xvf hw

pykcgkphkw yèjkow jf Iflo Doykqoczf yfwfy}h}hb povgo zfbpo phyh fwwfw zfbhw fb wvhw

pyonyhbhîöfw, f kwwo mok o nyhcjf jkmfyfcgkhl phyh xvf h Kzhzkhkh wf mkybhwwf gobo vbh jhw bhkw

kbpoyzhczfw fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf co gobfîo jh jëghjh jf 8;60 ftkwzkhb co Iyhwkl gfygh jf 900

fbkwwoyhw# O fczço pyfwkjfczf jo phâw, Fvykgo Nhwphy Jvzyh, xvfykh ftphcjky o wkwzfbh jf

yhjkojkmvwço, vbh }fq xvf flf wf gocgfczyh}h chw nyhcjfw gkjhjfw# Fb Iflo Doykqoczf dh}kh zyáw

fwzhîöfw jkwpvzhcjo h pyfmfyácgkh jo ov}kczf#

Ghwo ovzyh gocgfwwço mowwf jhjh h ghpkzhl bkcfkyh, h pfywpfgzk}h fyh jf xvf flh wfykh phyh o

hygfikwpo Job Hczúcko jo Whczow Ghiyhl ov phyh ft" pyfmfkzo Ozhgâlko Cfnyço jf Lkbh# Co fczhczo,

o bhkoy gobhcjhczf jo kbpëyko jh gobvckghîço, Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj, mhqkh pyfwwço phyh xvf o

no}fyco Jvzyh cço lkifyhwwf bhkw vbh gocgfwwço phyh Iflo Doykqoczf# Jkhczf jfwwh yfhlkjhjf hw

powwkiklkjhjfw jf Ahcvèyko, xvf zkcdh povgo bhkw jf zyáw hcow co bfyghjo f wfb jkcdfkyo hlnvb,

fyhb yfbozhw#

Ahcvèyko cço jfwkwzkv f }kv fb wvh myfczf vbh opoyzvckjhjf xvf ow jocow jh Yèjko Goczkcfczhl aè

zkcdhb vwhjo hczfw#

Dè povgo zfbpo, vb nyvpo kcjvwzykhl jf Vifylécjkh, xvf mhiykgh}h zyhcwbkwwoyfw f kcwzhlh}hfwzhîöfw jf yèjko, jfgkjkyh hpyo}fkzhy o plhco jf yhjkojkmvwço kckgkhjo co no}fyco Jvzyh phyh hiykyco}ow bfyghjow f hvbfczhy o mhzvyhbfczo# Pykbfkyo, wolkgkzh}hb gocgfwwço phyh vbh gkjhjf xvf



8 cço zkcdh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko# Fwwhw gocgfwwöfw fyhb moycfgkjhw pflo Jfphyzhbfczo jf Goyyfko f

Zflënyhmow, ÷ynço }kcgvlhjo ho Bkckwzëyko jh ]khîço f Oiyhw Pñilkghw# Fb wfnvkjh, boczh}hb hfwzhîço h phyzky jf vb zyhcwbkwwoy jf 800 ~hzzw, h bfcoy pozácgkh pfybkzkjh poy lfk# Jfpokw,}fcjkhb h fwzhîço pyoczh ho pykbfkyo xvf hphyfgfwwf jkwpowzo h phnhy ow pyfîow jowfxvkphbfczow, hgyfwgkjo jf vb pfxvfco ènko pflh gocgfwwço $GHY]HLDO, 8;;9, p#96+#

Chwgkh hwwkb h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Ahcvèyko }fcgfv ow jfwhmkow xvf hphyfgfyhb, gobpyov h fbkwwoyh f

phwwov h hlkbfczhy o wocdo jf mhqfy jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh vbh nyhcjf pozácgkh co gfcèyko yhjkomúckgo

jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#

Ghy}hldo $8;;9+ yflhzh xvf fb 8;66 h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh zf}f wvh pozácgkh hbplkhjh, f wvh wfjf mok

zyhcwmfykjh phyh vb pyëjko co gfczyo jf Iflo Doykqoczf# H yèjko, xvf hczfw ogvph}h xvhzyo xvhyzow

fb vb dozfl jf Co}h Lkbh, phwwov h ogvphy ocqf whlhw fb vb fjkmâgko co gfczyo jh ghpkzhl# Hw

goifyzvyhw aoychlâwzkghw f fwpoyzk}hw fyhb gocwzhczfw f fb 8;6> h Kzhzkhkh phwwov h opfyhy jvyhczf 9:

doyhw, zoychcjo"wf h pykbfkyh fb Bkchw Nfykhw f h xvhyzh co Iyhwkl h mvcgkochy kckczfyyvpzhbfczf#

Gob vbh pyopowzh zozhlbfczf jkmfyfczf jhw jfbhkw fbkwwoyhw jo fwzhjo, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh mok

gyfwgfcjo fb hvjkácgkh f popvlhykjhjf# Ow fwmoyîow jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo jh}hb wfvw myvzow f fb

8;=0, gob fxvkphbfczow co}ow f opfyhcjo gob gkcgo E^ jf pozácgkh, bvjov"wf phyh wvh wfjf

py÷pykh, ch Yvh Goyobhcjfl, doaf gdhbhjh Yvh Kzhzkhkh#

Ghy}hldo $8;;9+ hmkybh xvf jfpokw xvf h Kzhzkhkh hzkcnkv o pykbfkyo lvnhy ch pyfmfyácgkh jow

bkcfkyow, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo mok à ivwgh jf }úow bhkw hlzow# Flf xvfykh vb nyvpo jf gobvckghîço f

gob kwwo, gykov h Moyîh Co}h jf Gobvckghîço, jh xvhl mhqkhb phyzf o aoychl Jkèyko jf Bkchw, h Z]

]klh Ykgh f h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh#

H Moyîh Co}h jf Gobvckghîço cço jfv gfyzo gobo Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo xvfykh# Zhczo h Z] ]klh Ykgh

xvhcjo o aoychl Jkèyko jf Bkchw phwwhyhb poy kbfcwow jfwhmkow f, jfwwh }fq, flfw cço moyhb

wvpfyhjow# Gob kwwo, ow pyfavâqow gobfîhyhb h wfy goczhiklkqhjow f Ahcvèyko hghiov hiykcjo bço

jh Z] f jo Aoychl#

Jf hgoyjo gob Ghy}hldo $8;;9+, bfwbo jfpokw jf vb pfyâojo zoyzvowo f jf nyhcjf jfglâcko,Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo cço jfwkwzkv jh wvh yèjko# Gob h bfwbh jfzfybkchîço xvf bhygov o wvynkbfczo



8

jh Kzhzkhkh, flf gocwfnvkv yffynvfy h wvh fbkwwoyh f yfzobhy h hvjkácgkh xvf zkcdh pfyjkjo#

9#: O yèjko f wvh goczykivkîço phyh wogkfjhjf

Wfnvcjo Yoifyz Bglfkwd $9008+ o yèjko cço yfwpfkzh myoczfkyhw zfyykzoykhkw, vbh }fq xvf flf zfb o

pojfy jf avczhy xvfb fwzè wfphyhjo pflh nfonyhmkh ov pflh chgkochlkjhjf# Hlëb jkwwo, ho bfwbo

zfbpo fb xvf o yèjko mhlh phyh bkldöfw, flf zhbiëb mhlh phyh ghjh kcjk}âjvo, pfwwohlbfczf# O

yèjko ë vb }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, o xvf zoych wfv pozfcgkhl bvkzo nyhcjf, zfcjo fb

}kwzh xvf hiyhcnf lhyfw, }klhw, gkjhjfw f phâwfw, ihwzhcjo xvf fwwfw fwzfahb ho hlghcgf jo

zyhcwbkwwoy# Hlëb jkwwo, zyhihldh gob h kbhnkchîço jf ghjh vb jf c÷w

Jkmfyfczfbfczf jh zflf}kwço, fb xvf o zflfwpfgzhjoy fwzè oiwfy}hcjo hlno xvf whk jf vbh ghkth“xvf fwzè hlk‒, hw phkwhnfcw f wocw co yèjko wço gykhjow jfczyo jf c÷w, pojfcjo zfy kbphgzo ffc}ol}kbfczo bhkoyfw# O yèjko fb mocfw jf ov}kcjo hgoczfgf lkzfyhlbfczf jfczyo jh ghifîh# Hzflf}kwço jf vb bojo nfyhl ë hwwkwzkjh poy pfxvfcow nyvpow jf pfwwohw f h yfhîço h vb pyonyhbhgowzvbh wfy hmfzhjh pflh yfhîço fczyf ow kcjk}âjvow $BGLFKWD, 9008, p#8=+#

Ch wogkfjhjf, wfnvcjo Bglfkwd $9008+, o yèjko zfb jk}fywhw mvcîöfw# Flf hzvh gobo vbbvlzkplkghjoy jf kcmoybhîço f pyfwzhjoy jf wfy}kîow, hlëb jf }fcjfy pyojvzow f omfyzhw jf

fbpyfnow#

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, o yèjko hzvh gobo vb }knklhczf woiyf hxvflfw xvf záb o pojfy,

pyopkgkhcjo ho pñilkgo vb goczhzo gob zojow flfw# Jfwzh bhcfkyh, o yèjko havjh h jfwfc}ol}fy

oiafzk}ow gobvcw, powwkiklkzhcjo o jfihzf wogkhl f polâzkgo f ftpocjo zfbhw f wolvîöfw pyèzkghw#

Phyh Bglfkwd $9008+, o yèjko zfb mvcîço jkyfzh co hwpfgzo gvlzvyhl jh wogkfjhjf, vbh }fq xvf

goczykivk phyh h gvlzvyh hyzâwzkgh f kczflfgzvhl# Hlëb jkwwo, o yèjko jk}vlnh kjfkhw, gyfcîhw f }hloyfw,

o xvf pojf oghwkochy bvjhcîhw fb vbh jfzfybkchjh wogkfjhjf# O yèjko zhbiëb mhgklkzh o jkèlono

fczyf ow kcjk}âjvow, kcmoybhcjo f fczyfzfcjo#

G{yo Gëwhy $9006+ hmkybh xvf o yèjko ë h bâjkh jh fboîço# Fczyf zojow ow }fâgvlow jf

gobvckghîço, o yèjko ë o xvf bhkw fwzkbvlh o kbhnkcèyko jhw pfwwohw, ë bvkzhw }fqfw vwhjo gobo



9

}èl}vlh jf fwghpf phyh ow pyoilfbhw yozkcfkyow, pokw zyhq fczyfzfckbfczo f ivwgh, poy bfko jhw

phlh}yhw, yflhzhy ow mhzow jf bojo h mhqfy gob xvf o ov}kczf wkczh xvf fwzè pyfwfcgkhcjo h wkzvhîço#

Ë jfwwh bhcfkyh xvf fboîço hzvh chw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw# Hkcjh wfnvcjo Gëwhy $9006+ ow

pyomkwwkochkw xvf zyhihldhb gob fwpoyzfw co yèjko, ivwghb wfbpyf mhqfy gob xvf ow ov}kczfw wf

wkczhb gobo phyzf jo fwpfzègvlo, co ghwo jo mvzfiol, gobo phyzf jh zoygkjh xvf fwzè pyfwfczf co

fwzèjko#

Hkcjh wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o logvzoy jf yèjko ë }kiyhczf, pokw phwwh fcfynkh, nhyyh f fboîço ho

bkgyomocf# Gëwhy $9006+ yflhzh zhbiëb hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo logvzoy fwpoyzk}o1

H }flogkjhjf jo yèjko hgobphcdh h }flogkjhjf jh iolh# O logvzoy fwpoyzk}o ë }kiyhczf, fcmèzkgo,jkcébkgo f ghloyowo fb wvh chyyhzk}h# Pyfgkwh whify ftpoy wvh kjfkhw phyh ow ov}kczfw pojfyfbfczfcjfy o xvf mhlh# Wvh plvyhlkjhjf jf gocdfgkbfczow ë xvf mhq jflf o hyzkgvlhjoy jh phyzkjh# Ologvzoy pyfgkwh jfwgyf}fy o xvf }á, jh moybh xvf o lhcgf hgoczfgf, powkgkochcjo o ov}kczf jfczyojo ghbpo, ho lhjo jo hzlfzh, wfah xvhl moy o fwpoyzf $GËWHY, 9006, p#:0+#

9#6 H lkcnvhnfb pfgvlkhy jo mvzfiol f hw logvîöfw fwpoyzk}hw

Dfy÷jozo Ihyifkyo f Phzyâgkh Yhcnfl $900=+ yflhzhb xvf jfwjf o kcâgko jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw

co yèjko, ow chyyhjoyfw vwh}hb vb lkcnvhahy jkmfyfczf jow jfbhkw, poyxvf h chyyhîço fwpoyzk}h

yfxvfy fboîço#

Ow logvzoyfw gdfnh}hb h nykzhy phyh jfbocwzyhy h ftplowço jo nol# Bvkzhw }fqfw cço wf

pyfogvph}hb gob xvfb fwzh}h fb }olzh f o fwzèjko fwzh}h lozhjo1 flfw mhlh}hb bhkw hlzo phyh cçozfy o wob hihmhjo pflow vyyow jh zoygkjh fclovxvfgkjh# Ghwow gobo fwwfw fyhb vb fwpfzègvlo àphyzf, xvhcjo gobphyhjow àw chyyhîöfw jf logvzoyfw jh Fvyoph, dhikzvhjow h vbh chyyhîço bhkwkcmoybhzk}h f bfcow fbpolnhczf $IHYIFKYO5 YHCNFL, 900=, p# 6:+#

Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ hmkybhb xvf, ch jëghjh jf 8;60, ow gyockwzhw fwpoyzk}ow vwh}hb vbh

lkcnvhnfb xvhwf xvf yobhcgfhjh phyh jfwgyf}fy hw phyzkjhw# Co mkchl jf 8;40 f gobfîo jow hcow

jf 8;;0, hw chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw phwwhyhb h zfy gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkgh h pyfgkwço aoychlâwzkgh, co

fczhczo, kwwo cço mfq gob xvf h lkcnvhnfb jow fwpoyzfw wf zoychwwf bhkw mykh f jfwgykzk}h



9

Bfwbo gob hw bvjhcîhw xvf ogoyyfyhb ho locno jow hcow ch chyyhîço fwpoyzk}h, jf zojow ow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço o yèjko ë hxvflf xvf bhkw bhczëb h xvfwzço jh fboîço# Hlëb jo bhkw,

gobo jkwwf Bglfkwd $9008+, o yèjko bftf gob o kbhnkcèyko jhw pfwwohw# Phyh xvf kwwo hgoczfîh, o

logvzoy fwpoyzk}o pyfgkwh, bvkzhw }fqfw, vwhy bfzèmoyhw f gologhy fboîço fb wvh fczochîço jf }oq,

phyh xvf o ov}kczf wf wkczh phyzkgkphczf jh zyhcwbkwwço, phyh xvf flf, jf hlnvbh moybh, powwh “}fy‒o xvf hgoczfgf jf mhzo jfczyo jf ghbpo#

H chyyhîço jo aono ë o gfczyo jo fwpfzègvlo pyopoygkochjo pflo yèjko fwpoyzk}o# Phyh fcykxvfgá"lh,ow logvzoyfw kc}fwzfb ch gykhîço jf g÷jknow jf mègkl gobpyffcwço poy xvfb zfcdh vbgocdfgkbfczo pyë}ko jo mvzfiol $jkbfcwöfw f jfwfcdo jo ghbpo, powkîço f moybhzo jo nol, yfnyhwjf aono+# Gob fwwh lkcnvhnfb yfplfzh jf ftpyfwwöfw bvkzhw }fqfw fcnyhîhjhw f yfjvcjhczfw, flfwyfgykhb o hbikfczf f ow bo}kbfczow jh phyzkjh, hgyfwgfczhcjo"ldfw fczvwkhwbo f bvlzkplkghcjowvhw fboîöfw $WOHYFW, 8;;:, p#=8+#

Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ hmkybhb xvf ë pyfgkwo }k}fy h fboîço jow fwpoyzfw, poy kwwo, bvkzhw

}fqfw, ow cozkgkèykow fwpoyzk}ow zyhqfb jfzhldfw jow ihwzkjoyfw jow zkbfw jf mvzfiol, jhw phyzkjhw

xvf fwzço poy hgoczfgfy, ov xvf aè hgoczfgfyhb, phyh xvf, jfwwf bojo, zojow ow mhzow fwpoyzk}ow

wfahb ftplkghjow#

Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ yflhzhb xvf phyh wfy vb aoychlkwzh xvf jf mhzo vwh h lkcnvhnfb jow

fwpoyzfw ë pyfgkwo zfy }èykow mhzoyfw kcgoypoyhjow ho wfv jkwgvywo# Ë cfgfwwèyko jhy jfzhldfw

dkwz÷ykgow jhw phyzkjhw xvf aè moyhb yfhlkqhjhw fczyf ow zkbfw phyzkgkphczfw# Wfcjo hwwkb, o

aoychlkwzh pyfgkwh mhqfy vb lf}hczhbfczo jow gocmyoczow hczfykoyfw, phyh jfwgoiyky ow mhzow bhkw

bhyghczfw f yflf}hczfw jh dkwz÷ykh jow aonow fczyf hw fxvkpfw#

Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ hmkybhb xvf ë mvcjhbfczhl xvf wf ghpzf hw jfbocwzyhîöfw jf fboîço f

hcnñwzkh jow zoygfjoyfw f aonhjoyfw jfczyo jf ghbpo, f xvf flhw wfahb phwwhjhw jh bhcfkyh bhkwwkbplfw powwâ}fl, phyh xvf o ov}kczf gocwknh fczfcjfy o xvf fwzè hgoczfgfcjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ ow aoychlkwzhw xvf zyhihldhb ch fjkzoykh jf aoychlkwbo

fwpoyzk}o wço ow xvf bhkw záb lkifyjhjf phyh mhqfy vwo jf ftpyfwwöfw popvlhyfw f hzë bfwbo jf

nâykhw# Co fczhczo, ë pyfgkwo xvf wf zfcdh gvkjhjo phyh cço gobfzfy fthnfyow f fyyow nyhbhzkghkw#

Ow pyomkwwkochkw pyfgkwhb vwhy wvh lkifyjhjf jf moybh fxvklkiyhjh phyh xvf cço wf pfygh o iob

wfcwo#



9

Fbioyh cow fwpoyzfw ftkwzhb bvkzow ahynöfw, pykcgkphlbfczf co yèjko, lvnhy co xvhl h lkifyjhjf f o

vwo jh fboîço wço gocwzhczfw, Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ hmkybhb xvf ë pyfgkwo jfgojkmkghy o xvf wf

jkq# Kwwo jf}f wfy mfkzo poyxvf cço wço zojow ow ov}kczfw xvf fwzço hgowzvbhjow gob o lkcnvhahy jow

fwpoyzfw# Hlëb jkwwo, ftkwzf h gocwzhczf ivwgh pflh hvjkácgkh, poy kwwo, o aoychlkwzh fwpoyzk}o jf}f

ivwghy ghpzhy o kczfyfwwf jow lfknow, f zoychy h lkcnvhnfb hgfwwâ}fl#

Fjklfvqh Wohyfw $8;;:+ yflhzh xvf hw pykbfkyhw logvîöfw fwpoyzk}hw hgoczfgfyhb ch jëghjh jf 8;70,

avczo gob h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jo mvzfiol# O pykbfkyo logvzoy fwpoyzk}o co Iyhwkl mok Ckgolhv Zvbh,

xvf chyyov vbh phyzkjh co jkh 8; jf avldo jf 8;78, fczyf h Wflfîço jo fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo f h

Wflfîço jo fwzhjo jo Phyhcè, pflo ]KKK Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo jf Wflfîöfw# O aono mok yfhlkqhjo ch

Gdèghyh jh Mloyfwzh, fb Wço Phvlo, f zyhcwbkzkjo pflh Yèjko Fjvghjoyh Phvlkwzh#

Wohyfw $8;;:+ hmkybh xvf, xvhcjo hw logvîöfw fwpoyzk}hw gobfîhyhb, bvkzow zoygfjoyfw jfkthyhb

jf hgobphcdhy hw phyzkjhw cow fwzèjkow jf mvzfiol, phyh hgobphcdhy hw chyyhîöfw yhjkomúckghw# Ow

cvbfyowow hbhczfw jo mvzfiol pyfmfykhb mkghy noqhcjo jhw jflâgkhw jo lhy, wfb womyfy yknoyfw jo wol,

}fczo f gdv}h $WOHYFW, 8;;:, p#7;+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Wohyfw $8;;:+ o pykbfkyo logvzoy jf fwpoyzfw h vwhy wocw bvwkghkw chw zyhcwbkwwöfwjf mvzfiol mok Hy{ Ihyyowo, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo# Kwwo hgoczfgfv, poyxvf Hy{ zkcdh gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkgh

o fwzklo kyyf}fyfczf, f xvhcjo whâh vb nol, flf zogh}h wvh nhkzh# Fwwf wob mkgov bhyghjo chw

zyhcwbkwwöfw gobo wkchl jf nol ogoyykjo#

$…+ phyh hvbfczhy h fboîço, hw fbkwwoyhw hgyfwgfczhyhb yvâjow, bvwkghkw ov cço, à }oq jf wfvwlogvzoyfw# Xvhcjo vb jow zkbfw hzhgh}h, ov}kh"wf wob jh zoygkjh# Jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço, hlnvbhwyèjkow zogh}hb zyfgdow jow dkcow jow glvifw# Wocw jf wkczfzkqhjoy pyfphyh}hb o ov}kczf phyh

yfgfify kcmoybhîöfw phyhlflhw àw aonhjhw, gobo plhghy, o zfbpo jf aono# “O yèjko ftknf xvf }ogámhîh o aono ch ghifîh jo fwpfgzhjoy‒, gobplfzov Owbhy Whczow $WOHYFW, 8;;:, p# >:+#

Wohyfw $8;;:+ hmkybh xvf hw chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw wço yfplfzhw jf bfzèmoyhw, vwhjhw pflow logvzoyfw

phyh jhy goloykjo hw wvhw zyhcwbkwwöfw f, gob kwwo, hlnvcw cfolonkwbow hghihb wfcjo hjozhjow

pflow zoygfjoyfw#

O lkcnvhahy jkmfyfczf jo gobvckghjoy fwpoyzk}o zfb bozk}ow }èykow, xvf }ço jfwjf h cfgfwwkjhjf jf

mvnky ho gobvb, kbpykbkcjo à ftpyfwwço }fyihl vb wknckmkghjo gocozhzk}o, hzë h kcgfwwhczf lvzh

pflh gocxvkwzh jf bhkoy hvjkácgkh# Fwzf mhzo lf}h, kcglvwk}f, à cfgfwwkjhjf jf hzyhky ov}kczfw hzyh}ëw



9

jh hvzo hmkybhîço ghphq jf gykhy vbh zfybkcolonkh àw }fqfw kcëjkzh, xvf ghyhgzfykqf h ivwgh jh

bhygh pfwwohl jf ghjh gobvckghjoy $WOHYFW, 8;;:+#

Wohyfw $8;;:+ yflhzh xvf, ho locno jow hcow, hw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw oizk}fyhb jk}fywow

fcykxvfgkbfczow zfgcol÷nkgow f jf lkcnvhnfb# H lkcnvhnfb yhjkomúckgh fwpoyzk}h bvjov, poyxvf h

bfjkjh fb xvf ow logvzoyfw moyhb hphyfgfcjo, flfw phwwhyhb h kcgoypoyhy wvhw py÷pykhw ftpyfwwöfw

àw wvhw chyyhîöfw#

Wohyfw $8;;:+ gocglvk xvf ow yhjkhlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow jfwfc}ol}fyhb vbh lkcnvhnfb py÷pykh fb

mvcîço jh zflf}kwço, gob o kczvkzo jf hgflfyhy h kcgoypoyhîço jhw co}hw zfgcolonkhw jo wob, phyh

yfmoyîhy o kbhnkcèyko jo ov}kczf# Hlëb jkwwo, gob h gdfnhjh jh zflf}kwço, ow logvzoyfw jf yèjkozoychyhb"wf bhkw mkëkw à jfwgykîço jhw phyzkjhw# Ow gdvzfw h nol wfbpyf “yhwph}hb h zyh}f‒, bfwbo

xvhcjo phwwh}hb locnf# Jkhczf jkwwo, bfwbo wfb h kbhnfb, o yèjko goczkcvov à myfczf chw

zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw, vbh }fq xvf h fboîço ë kcfyfczf h fwwf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço f o

zoygfjoy nowzh jfwwh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh#

9#6#8 O vwo jf bfzèmoyhw chw chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw

Chw zyhcwbkwwöfw jf mvzfiol, wfahb flhw mfkzhw co yèjko ov ch zflf}kwço, ë gobvb o vwo jf bfzèmoyhw

jvyhczf zojh h phyzkjh# Chyyhjoyfw, gobfczhykwzhw f ow yfp÷yzfyfw xvf mkghb powkgkochjow jfczyo jo

ghbpo, vwhb, h zojo bobfczo, fwwf yfgvywo# Jf hgoyjo gob Jfkqf Pfyfkyh $900>+ hw bfzèmoyhw

mhqfb phyzf jhw goc}fywhw gozkjkhchw, f co mvzfiol cço ë jkmfyfczf, dhah }kwzh xvf flhw coyzfkhb o

yhgkogâcko f zoychb, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, hw ftplkghîöfw jhw hîöfw bhkw jfzhldhjhw#

H bfzèmoyh cço fwzè lkbkzhjh à cowwh lkcnvhnfb5 flh fwzyvzvyh cowwow pfcwhbfczow, cowwhw hîöfw, fcowwo wkwzfbh gocgfpzvhl# H mvcîço pykboyjkhl jh bfzèmoyh ë fczfcjfy, gocgfpzvhlkqhy, fwzyvzvyhyvb jobâcko jf cowwh ftpfykácgkh fb zfybow jf ovzyo# Nfyhlbfczf, gocgfpzvhlkqhbow hlno bfcowjflkcfhjo $hiwzyhzo, ov bfcow gocgyfzo+ fb zfybow jf hlno bhkw glhyhbfczf jflkcfhjo $k#f#, fbzfybow jf cowwhw ftpfykácgkhw bhkw gocgyfzhw+# $PFYFKYH, 900>, p#7+#

Wfnvcjo Pfyfkyh $900>+, hw bfzèmoyhw wvynfb jf hgoyjo gob h }k}ácgkh mâwkgh f gvlzvyhl, ov wfah, w÷

wf zoych bfzèmoyh hxvklo xvf aè mhq phyzf jo hbikfczf co xvhl hw pfwwohw fwzço dhikzvhjhw# Hw

ftpyfwwöfw wço mkthjhw poy goc}fcîöfw jow kcjk}âjvow xvf gobpöfb vb nyvpo# Kwwo wknckmkgh xvf,



9

co bvcjo jo mvzfiol, xvfb gykh hw bfzèmoyhw wço ow py÷pykow aonhjoyfw, jkyknfczfw, aoychlkwzhw

fwpoyzk}ow f zoygfjoyfw#

Phyh Aowë Lvkq Mkoykc $8;;>+, h bfzèmoyh vlzyhphwwh o wknckmkghjo jf wviwzkzvkîço jf vbh phlh}yh,

xvf zfb o bfwbo wfczkjo, poy ovzyh# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h bfzèmoyh yobpf gob hw yfnyhwgobikchz÷ykh jhw mknvyhw, gykhcjo hwwkb vbh kbpfyzkcácgkh wfbéczkgh, xvf pyojvq co}ow wfczkjow#

Jfwwh bhcfkyh, flh hiyf vb ghbkcdo jf powwkiklkjhjfw phyh co}hw lfkzvyhw jf vb jfzfybkchjo

goczftzo#

Pfyfkyh $900>+ yflhzh xvf h bfzèmoyh jobkchczf chw chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw f co bvcjo jo mvzfiol

gobo vb zojo, ë h bfzèmoyh yflhzk}h à nvfyyh, vbh }fq xvf o fwpoyzf ë fwzyvzvyhjo f fczfcjkjo

gobo zhl# Wço jokw gobihzfczfw fb vb ghbpo ocjf w÷ vb pojf whky gob h }kz÷ykh#

Aoço Bhgdhjo $9006+ yflhzh xvf o py÷pyko ghbpo f o hbikfczf xvf hw zoygkjhw mhqfb, jfkthb ow

aonow jf mvzfiol phyfgkjow gob }fyjhjfkyhw nvfyyhw# O mhzo jf zojow ow zkbfw zfyfb iyhwöfw,

ghpkzçfw xvf zyoghb mlébvlhw fczyf wk, fwzkbvlh ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow h gykhyfb bfzèmoyhw iëlkghw

phyh chyyhy vbh phyzkjh#

H kbpyfcwh fwpoyzk}h, ho yfnkwzyhy f}fczow yflhgkochjow ho vck}fywo jo mvzfiol, woiyfzvjo xvhcjowf zyhzh jf vb aono gocmknvyhjo co fcmyfczhbfczo jkyfzo fczyf jvhw fxvkpfw yk}hkw, gowzvbhgobphyhy zhkw gobpfzkîöfw gob mfyoqfw gobihzfw1 ow aonhjoyfw wf zyhcwmoybhb fb jfwzfbkjowwoljhjow jf gdvzfkyhw, xvf bvckjow jf ghcdöfw cow pëw f mvqkw chw bçow, phyzfb phyh kbpkfjowowhzhxvfw# Jço zkyow, hyyfbfwwhb pfzhyjow, jfzochb iobihw jf jk}fywhw fwpëgkfw f, poy mkb, mvqklhb ow nolfkyow fb mono gfyyhjo $BHGDHJO, 9006, p#79+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Pfyfkyh $900>+, o mvzfiol co Iyhwkl ë vbh ftpyfwwço gvlzvyhl f hw bfzèmoyhw

fcgoczyhjhw chw chyyhîöfw jfwwf fwpoyzf f}kjfcgkhb kwwo, ov wfah, o po}o iyhwklfkyo klvwzyh o mvzfiol

gobo, xvhwf xvf lkzfyhlbfczf, vbh nvfyyh# Kwwo wf yfmlfzf cow jkwgvywow aoychlâwzkgow jh èyfh,

mhqfcjo gob xvf h lkcnvhnfb iëlkgh wf zoycf vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jh bâjkh iyhwklfkyh chw goifyzvyhw

jow aonow jf mvzfiol#

7# O MVZFIOL F H PHKTÇO CHGKOCHL

7#8 Iyf}f dkwz÷ykh jo mvzfiol co Iyhwkl



9

O mvzfiol, zhl xvhl gobo gocdfgfbow doaf, chwgfv ch Kcnlhzfyyh co wëgvlo TKT f cço jfboyov

bvkzo zfbpo phyh xvf vlzyhphwwhwwf hw myoczfkyhw jhw zfyyhw iykzéckghw f ow bhyfw bvcjo hmoyh#

Ow dkwzoykhjoyfw hpyfwfczhb }èykhw zfoykhw woiyf o wvynkbfczo jh bojhlkjhjf, jkqfcjo xvf o fwpoyzfiyfzço pojf zfy wvynkjo h phyzky jf iykcghjfkyhw, ov zhl}fq jf ykzvhkw yflknkowow, ov hzë bfwbo jf

pyfphyhîöfw bklkzhyfw xvf hgoczfgfyhb wëgvlow hczfw jf Gykwzo#

O Moozihll Hwwogkhzkoc, cobf pflo xvhl fyh gocdfgkjh h bojhlkjhjf ch Kcnlhzfyyh, gobfîov h wf

popvlhykqhy pflow pëw jow kcnlfwfw f wfvw jfwgfcjfczfw#

Co Iyhwkl, o mvzfiol mok zyhqkjo pflo phvlkwzhco Gdhylfw Bkllfy, xvf mok fwzvjhy ch fwgolh iykzéckghIhckwzfy Govyz Wgdool f lè }kv wvynky o wfv kczfyfwwf pflo fwpoyzf# Fb 84;:, jf }olzh ho Iyhwkl,

zyovtf gocwkno jvhw iolhw jh bhygh Wdooz, mhiykghjhw fb Lk}fypool, jokw aonow jf vckmoybfw, vbh

iobih jf hy f vb nyowwo lk}yo jf yfnyhw phyh h pyèzkgh jo mvzfiol $HYHÑAO, 900>, p#9;+#

Co fczhczo, dè kcmoybhîöfw xvf, hczfw jkwwo, aè wf pyhzkgh}h o “aono jf iolh‒ co Iyhwkl# Hw phyzkjhw

jf mvzfiol zfykhb wkjo aonhjhw cow lkzoyhkw jf Pfychbivgo f jf Whczow, fb Wço Phvlo# Ow zkbfw

hj}fywèykow zfykhb wkjo oynhckqhjow poy bhykcdfkyow kcnlfwfw f poy iyhwklfkyow yfwkjfczfw cfwwfw

loghkw# Fwwhw kcmoybhîöfw wço jkmâgfkw jf wfyfb gobpyo}hjhw, poyëb jf}fb zfy bvkzo jf }fyjhjf$^KZZFY, 8;;=, P#80+#

Aowf Wfihwzkço ^kzzfy $8;;=+ yflhzh xvf o fwpoyzf gobfîov h wfy pyhzkghjo co phâw hpfchw poy vbh

phygflh jh wogkfjhjf, h flkzf# O pykbfkyo aono mok yfhlkqhjo co jkh 8: jf hiykl jf 84;:, ch ]èyqfh jo

Ghybo, fb Wço Phvlo, cvbh phyzkjh fczyf vb zkbf jf kcnlfwfw goczyh hcnlow iyhwklfkyow, xvf fyhb

mvcgkocèykow jf vbh gobphcdkh jf nèw co fwzhjo phvlkwzh#

Ow cfnyow cço pojkhb aonhy mvzfiol gobo pyomkwwkochkw, pykcgkphlbfczf pflo mhzo jow pykcgkphkw

glvifw, hzë fczço, zfyfb wkjo mvcjhjow poy fwzyhcnfkyow f mok wobfczf fb 84;;, xvf wvynkv h

pykbfkyh fxvkpf fmfzk}hbfczf }olzhjh phyh ow iyhwklfkyow, yfgfifcjo o cobf jf Hwwogkhîço Hzlëzkgh

Bhgefcqkf Golfnf#

H popvlhykqhîço jo mvzfiol co Iyhwkl mok hgoczfgfy fb bfhjow jh jëghjh jf 8;90# Yfzyhzo jkwwo mok

h jfgkwço jo pyfwkjfczf jh ëpogh, Jflmkb Boyfkyh, ho jfgyfzhy poczo mhgvlzhzk}o chw yfphyzkîöfw

pñilkghw, co jkh 9; jf bhko jf 8;8;, xvhcjo h wflfîço iyhwklfkyh fcmyfczov h wflfîço vyvnvhkh pflo

Ghbpfochzo Wvl"Hbfykghco jf Mvzfiol#



9

Mok wobfczf fb 8;97, xvhcjo o Glvif jf Yfnhzhw ]hwgo jh Nhbh jfgkjkv bfwglhy wfv zkbf gob

aonhjoyfw iyhcgow f cfnyow, f jf glhwwfw wogkhkw jkmfyfczfw, ë xvf o mvzfiol nhcdov popvlhykjhjf

yhpkjhbfczf f wf ftphcjkv poy zojo phâw $^KZZFY, 8;;=, p# 87+#

Jf}kjo h fwwh popvlhykqhîço hlghcîhjh, hlnvbhw fxvkpfw phwwhyhb h }fy o mvzfiol gobo moczf jf

yfcjh# Bvkzhw mèiykghw oynhckqh}hb wfvw zkbfw goc}oghcjo ow py÷pykow opfyèykow, o xvf ldfw

pfybkzkh jk}vlnhy wfvw pyojvzow poy bfko jo fwpoyzf#

Bèyko Mkldo $9007+ yflhzh xvf o opfyèyko"aonhjoy phwwov h yfgfify nyhzkmkghîöfw xvhcjo wvh fxvkpf

whâh jf ghbpo }kzoykowh# Hlëb jkwwo, ow hzlfzhw fyhb jkwpfcwhjow jo zyhihldo phyh zyfkchy f hkcjh

nhcdh}hb ghynow phyh zyhihldow bhkw lf}fw jfczyo jhw mèiykghw# Mok h phyzky jf fczço xvf gobfîov h}hloykqhîço jo ghpkzhl fwpoyzk}o f, gob kwwo, h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço co phâw#

Gob o gyfwgfczf cñbfyo jf hchlmhifzow, iyhcgow jf glhwwfw wogkhkw bhkw poiyfw f cfnyow co fwpoyzf,

ow glvifw zfczhyhb kbpfjky h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jo mvzfiol co Iyhwkl# Co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, ow glvifw

xvf pfyzfcgkhb à flkzf mkghyhb kcgobojhjow gob h hwgfcwço wogkhl xvf o fwpoyzf pyopoygkocov how

bfcow mh}oyfgkjow, f phwwhyhb h hgvwhy h Lknh Bfzyopolkzhch jow Jfwpoyzow Zfyyfwzyfw jf

popvlkwbo pflo hpoko how zkbfw pfxvfcow# Zfczhyhb, zhbiëb, bvjhy o yfnvlhbfczo, hlfnhcjo xvf,

poy wfyfb zkbfw bhkoyfw, bfyfgkhb pojfy knvhlbfczf bhkoy# Gob kwwo, o mvzfiol ghykogh mkgov

jk}kjkjo, pokw ow gocwkjfyhjow zkbfw bhkoyfw whâyhb jh Lknh f mvcjhyhb h Hwwogkhîço

Bfzyopolkzhch jf Fwpoyzfw Hzdlfzkgow $HBFH+#

Co fczhczo, zvjo kwwo mok fb }ço, poyxvf ow zkbfw pfxvfcow goczkcvhyhb h wf popvlhykqhy f o

mvzfiol, fb zojo o bvcjo, mok zobhcjo hyfw jf pyomkwwkochlkqhîço# Jfwhphyfgfyh h }hczhnfb jf wfy

jf ioh mhbâlkh, jf wfy fwzvjhczf, jf wfy iyhcgo# O yhphq jf ioh mhbâlkh, o fwzvjhczf, o iyhcgo,

zkcdhb jf gobpfzky, fb knvhljhjf jf gocjkîöfw, gob o hchlmhifzo, o bvlhzo, ov o poiyf phyh }fyxvfb aonh}h bfldoy# Fyh vbh }fyjhjfkyh yf}olvîço xvf wf opfyh}h co mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo $MKLDO,

9007, p#89=+

Wfnvcjo ^kzzfy $8;;=+, gob o mkb jhw pyèzkghw hbhjoyhw co phâw f gob h phyzkgkphîço ch pykbfkyh

Goph jo Bvcjo jf Mvzfiol yfhlkqhjh fb 8;70, o Iyhwkl gobfîov h nhcdhy moyîh f ftpyfwwk}kjhjf

co fwpoyzf#

Fb 8;60 wf zoycov }kgf"ghbpfço jo bvcjo, pfyjfcjo h mkchl phyh o Vyvnvhk, jfczyo jo Bhyhghcç#



9

“Ho goczyèyko jo zkbf iyhwklfkyo, xvf wf yfgoldfv bhl fcgfyyhjh h phyzkjh, h zoygkjh cço hihcjocovo fwzèjko# Chw hyxvkihcghjhw wvpfylozhjhw, chw ghjfkyhw f chw nfyhkw, ckcnvëb wf bftkh# Xvkfzow,bvkzow gdoyhcjo, zojow phwwh}hb poy vbh ftpfykácgkh hzyoq, bfynvldhjow cvb átzhwf zfyyâ}fl# Ofwzèjko fyh vbh plvyhlkjhjf jf wolkjöfw1 cfwwh “golfzk}kjhjf wfykhl‒ ghjh vb, pfyjkjo ch bvlzkjço,

}k}kh vbh wolkjço ftzyfbh, ghyyfnhcjo gocwkno o mhyjo jf wvh py÷pykh joy, poy bhkw xvfyfgocdfgfwwf, co oldhy jo ovzyo h goftkwzácgkh jf vbh fboîço gobvb# Hwwkb zojowpfybhcfgfyhb phyh hwwkwzky o py÷pyko Avlfw Ykbfz, vb }fldkcdo jf >= hcow, ÷gvlow pyfzow f ghiflowiyhcgow, fczyfnhy h Goph jo Bvcjo, cço h Hvnvwzo, ghpkzço jh Wflfîço Iyhwklfkyh, gobo wf pyf}kh,bhw ho cowwo pykcgkphl hj}fywèyko, Oijñlko ]hyflh#‒ $^KZZFY, 8;;=, p# 76+#

Hkcjh wfnvcjo o hvzoy, ow pykbfkyow cobfw bhyghczfw ch dkwz÷ykh jo mvzfiol chgkochl moyhb ow jf

Jobkcnvfw jh Nvkh f Láockjhw Wkl}h# Ch jëghjh jf 8;60 wvynkyhb bvkzow ovzyow gyhxvfw, gobo

Nhyykcgdh, Cklzoc Whczow, Jkjk f Pflë# Avczo à whmyh jf nyhcjfw gyhxvfw jo mvzfiol chgkochl }fkozhbiëb h pykbfkyh Goph jo Bvcjo gocxvkwzhjh pflo Iyhwkl, fb 8;64#

H Goph jh Wvëgkh yfpyfwfczov o kcâgko jo pfyâojo èvyfo jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo# Kchvnvyh}h"wf vbh

co}h fyh phyh o fwpoyzf co bvcjo f, fb fwpfgkhl, phyh o Iyhwkl $^KZZFY, 8;;=, p#:8+#

Xvhzyo hcow bhkw zhyjf, wfb nyhcjfw bvjhcîhw co flfcgo, o Iyhwkl gocxvkwzov h Goph jo Bvcjopflh wfnvcjh }fq# O ikghbpfochzo mok co Gdklf f zf}f gobo pykcgkphl fwzyflh o aonhjoy jf pfychw

zoyzhw f jykilfw fwzoczfhczfw, Nhyykcgdh#

O Iyhwkl, xvf phyzkgkpov jf zojhw hw Gophw jo Bvcjo, zoycov"wf zyk"ghbpfço fb 8;>0, co Bëtkgo,

xvhcjo gocxvkwzov, fb ghyèzfy jfmkckzk}o, o zyomëv Avlfw Ykbfz#

H wflfîço iyhwklfkyh hkcjh }fcgfv hw gophw jf 8;;:, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow f jf 9009, ch Goyëkh jo Wvlf Ahpço, zoychcjo"wf o ñckgo phâw pfczh"ghbpfço jo bvcjo jf mvzfiol#

O Iyhwkl wf mfq }kzykcf f wf zoycov yfmfyácgkh cow gkcgo goczkcfczfw

F ghjh }fq bhkw, jf coyzf h wvl jo phâw, wço yf}flhjow nyhcjfw gyhxvfw xvf, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw

hghihb wfcjo jfwgoifyzow pflow glvifw fwzyhcnfkyow# F lè wf }ço flfw, hzyhâjow pflow whlèykow

bklkocèykow f pflhw ftgflfczfw gocjkîöfw jf zyhihldo omfyfgkjhw fb ovzyow phâwfw#



9

7#9 H dkwz÷ykh jow jokw bhkoyfw glvifw jf Bkchw#

7#9#8Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo1 vb yfzyhzo fb pyfzo f iyhcgo

Co jkh 96 jf bhyîo jf 8;04 chwgkh, chw Bkchw Nfyhkw, o zkbf xvf }kykh h wfy vb jow bhkw

yfwpfkzhjow jo Iyhwkl, o Glvif Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo#

Mlè}ko Jobáckgo Hyèvao yflhyh xvf fb vbh yfvckço yfhlkqhjh fb bfkow hw èy}oyfw jo Phyxvf

Bvckgkphl jf Iflo Doykqoczf, mok mvcjhjo o Hzdlëzkgo Bkcfkyo Moozihll Glvi, xvf povgow hcow bhkw

zhyjf bvjov wvh nyhmkh phyh gobo h gocdfgfbow doaf# H pykbfkyh wfjf jo Hzlëzkgo mok kcwzhlhjh cow mvcjow jh ghwh jf vb jf wfvw mvcjhjoyfw f xvf,

powzfykoybfczf, }fko h wf zoychy o pyfwkjfczf jo glvif, Bhynkchl Lfhl#

Bvkzhw moyhb hw jkmkgvljhjfw phyh wf lf}hy hjkhczf hxvflf wocdo f jfczyf flhw gocwfnvky gobpyhy

hlnvbhw iolhw phyh h fxvkpf kckgkhy wfvw zyfkchbfczow, pokw o pyojvzo cço ftkwzkh co phâw# H

pykbfkyh jflhw pyfgkwov wfy ivwghjh ch Myhcîh#

H pykbfkyh fxvkpf wvynkh lono hp÷w h gobpyh jf vbh iolh }fldh f kbpy÷pykh phyh h pyèzkgh jomvzfiol# H pykbfkyh fxvkpf jo Nhlo fyh1 Fvykgo Ghzço, Bhvyo f Lfúckjhw5 Yhvl Myhghyollk, BèykoZolfjo f Dvno Myhghyollk5 Myhcgkwgo Boczfkyo, Bèyko Lozz, Bhynk}hl, Doyègko f Ifcahbkc Boww# Opykbfkyo zfyyfco jo glvif fyh mkwkghbfczf kyyfnvlhy, zâpkgo jow ghbpkcdow jh ëpogh, jow pykb÷yjkowjo mvzfiol co Iyhwkl# $QKLLFY, 8;;> hpvj HYHÑAO, p# 7:+

Ow pykbfkyow aonhjoyfw jo Hzlëzkgo mhqkhb phyzf jh flkzf jh wogkfjhjf bkcfkyh# Fyhb jf mhbâlkhw

zyhjkgkochkw, mkldow jf bëjkgow, hj}onhjow f mvcgkocèykow pñilkgow gob hlzo ghyno f yfgfikhb hpoko

mhbklkhy phyh pyhzkghyfb o mvzfiol#

O pykbfkyo ghbpo vzklkqhjo poy flfw fyh vb zfyyfco kyyfnvlhy, loghlkqhjo ch Yvh Nvhahahyhw, fczyh h

Yvh Wço Phvlo f h Yvh Gvykzkih# Zvjo fyh kbpyo}kwhjo, kcglvwk}f o nol f wvhw zyh}fwwhw, xvf fyhb

jokw phvw mkcghjow co zfyyfco f pyfwow gob vbh goyjh doykqoczhl# Hwwkb ow bfckcow jflkbkzh}hb h

èyfh jo nol#

Fb 8;88, Olkczo Bfkyfllfw, pyfmfkzo jf Iflo Doykqoczf, gocgfjfv ho Hzlëzkgo vb ghbpo bfldoy,



9

xvf mkgh}h ch fczço gdhbhjh H}fckjh Phyhopfih, doaf Hvnvwzo jf Lkbh# Vb }fldo bhwzyo gfjkjopflh Fwzhîço Gfczyhl jo Iyhwkl pfybkzkv ho glvif dhwzfhy wvh ihcjfkyh, pflh pykbfkyh }fq, co jkh 89jf bhko jf8;89# $HYHÑAO, 900>, p#76+#

O pykbfkyo aono jh dkwz÷ykh jo Glvif Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo, poyëb, mok yfhlkqhjo, zyáw hcow hczfw, co jkh

98 jf bhyîo jf 8;0;# O zkbf bkcfkyo gobfîov wvh fbpyfkzhjh co bvcjo jo mvzfiol gob o pë

jkyfkzo, ho nhcdhy poy 7 h 0 jo Wpoyz Glvi Mvzfiol# Wfnvcjo Qkllfy $8;;>+ o pykbfkyo nol mok

bhyghjo poy Hcâihl Bhgdhjo#

H pykbfkyh gobpfzkîço co fwzhjo mok gocxvkwzhjh pflo Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo, fb 8;8:# O zkbf yfgfifv h

Zhîh Ivfco Iyhcjço f aè co hco wfnvkczf }fcgkh ovzyo ghbpfochzo fwzhjvhl, oynhckqhjo pflh Lknh

Bkcfkyh jf Fwpoyzfw Zfyyfwzyf# O Hzlëzkgo mok zhbiëb o pykbfkyo zkbf bkcfkyo h jkwpvzhy vbh

phyzkjh kczfychgkochl# O aono mok goczyh o ]kgz÷ykh jf Wfzvihl, ghbpfço poyzvnváw jf 8;9; f o zkbf

hl}kcfnyo }fcgfv h phyzkjh poy 7 h 8#

Wço 809 hcow jf dkwz÷ykh, xvf mhqfb jh fxvkpf bkcfkyh vbh jhw bhkoyfw jo Iyhwkl# Doaf o Hzlëzkgo ë

o glvif bkcfkyo xvf bhkw }fcgfv ow ghbpfochzow fwzhjvhkw1 ho zojo wço :0 zâzvlow# O zkbf mok hkcjh

o pykbfkyo h nhcdhy o Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo, oynhckqhjo pflh GIM, zâzvlo gocwkjfyhjo poy bvkzow

gobo o bhkw kbpoyzhczf jh dkwz÷ykh hl}kcfnyh# Hlëb jkwwo, h whlh jf zyomëvw jo Nhlo goczh gob

zâzvlow chgkochkw f kczfychgkochkw, gobo o Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo jf 8;>8, o Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo

jh wëykf I, gocxvkwzhjo fb 9006, f jvhw zhîhw Gocbfiol#

7#9#9 Gyvqfkyo Fwpoyzf Glvif1 vb goyhîço gflfwzf

Fb 96 jf jfqfbiyo jf 8;90, jvyhczf hw gobfboyhîöfw jf Chzhl fczyf golocow kzhlkhcow, mok

jkwgvzkjh h kjëkh jf wf gykhy vb co}o glvif jf mvzfiol fb Iflo Doykqoczf f vbh wfbhch jfpokw, co

jkh 9 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;98, ow jfwpoyzkwzhw jh golúckh kzhlkhch mvcjhyhb, omkgkhlbfczf, o Wogkfzè

Wpoyzk}h Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, gdhbhjo doaf jf Gyvqfkyo Fwpoyzf Glvif#

Cvbh yfvckço fb jkh 9 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;98, gob h pyfwfcîh jf >9 pfwwohw, mkghykh jflkifyhjo xvf o

co}o glvif zfykh o bfwbo cobf f ow fwzhzvzow jh Wogkfzè Wpoyzk}h Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, jf Wço Phvlo$xvf ë o hzvhl Phlbfkyhw+# Hw goyfw hjozhjhw pflo glvif moyhb hw bfwbhw jh ihcjfkyh kzhlkhch1}fyjf, }fybfldo f iyhcgo# O pykbfkyo vckmoybf jo glvif mok vbh ghbkwh }fyjf glhyh, ghlîçoiyhcgo f bfkhw }fybfldhw, gob jfzhldfw fb iyhcgo f }fyjf# $HYHÑAO, 900>, p#7=+#



7

Jkmfyfczfbfczf jo wfv bhkoy yk}hl, o Glvif Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo, o zkbf jo fczço Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh fyh

gocwzkzvâjo poy aonhjoyfw pfyzfcgfczfw h glhwwf zyhihldhjoyh jf Iflo Doykqoczf, gobo pfjyfkyow,

pkczoyfw, gobfygkèykow, zojow mkldow jf kbknyhczfw kzhlkhcow xvf }kfyhb zfczhy h }kjh co Iyhwkl,

glèvwvlh jo fwzhzvzo jo Wogkfzè Wpoyzk}h Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, gvbpykjh à ykwgh pflh jkyfîço jo glvif#Co jkh 7 jf hiykl jf 8;98 hgoczfgfv o pykbfkyo aono jo Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh# O hbkwzowo mok yfhlkqhjo co

fwzèjko Pyhjo Bkcfkyo, goczyh vb zkbf gobpowzo poy aonhjoyfw jo ]kllh Co}h f jo Phlbfkyhw# Ow

bkcfkyow }fcgfyhb o aono poy 9 h 0#

O pykbfkyo aono omkgkhl jo Phlfwzyh, poyëb, hgoczfgfv goczyh o Hzlëzkgo, f bhkw vbh }fq o Phlfwzyh

nhcdov, jfwwh mfkzh poy 7 h 0#

Fb 8;96, mok yfzkyhjh jo fwzhzvzo jo Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, h glèvwvlh xvf pyokikh h phyzkgkphîço jf

aonhjoyfw xvf cço pfyzfcgkhb h golúckh kzhlkhch, aè xvf cço hnyhjh}h h vbh phyzf jow w÷gko"

mvcjhjoyfw, xvf h gocwkjfyh}hb ftglvjfczf f povgo wkbpèzkgh how bfkow fwpoyzk}ow jh ghpkzhl

$HYHÑAO, 900>, p#7=+# Gob o mkb jfwwh bfjkjh co}hw poyzhw moyhb hifyzhw co glvif bkcfkyo#

Co jkh 70 jf Ahcfkyo jf 8;:9, jvyhczf h Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, poy jfzfybkchîço jo No}fycoiyhwklfkyo, hzyh}ëw jf vb jfgyfzo xvf pyokikh o vwo jf zfybow fb yfmfyácgkh how phâwfw jo Fkto, o

Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh zf}f xvf bvjhy jf cobf f phwwov h wf gdhbhy Phlfwzyh Bkcfkyo# Fb 9; jf wfzfbiyo

jf 8;:9, fb vbh yfvckço jh jkyfzoykh jo glvif, mkgov jfgkjkjo xvf o zkbf bvjhykh jf cobf bhkw

vbh }fq, phwwhcjo h wf gdhbhy [pkyhcnh# Vbh wfbhch jfpokw, fb co}h yfvckço, vbh co}h

bvjhcîh1 co jkh > jf ovzviyo jf 8;:9 w÷gkow f jkyfzoyfw wf yfvckyhb f jfgkjkyhb xvf h fxvkpf

phwwhykh h wf gdhbhy Gyvqfkyo Fwpoyzf Glvif, fb dobfchnfb à gocwzflhîço jo Gyvqfkyo jo Wvl#

Co hco wfnvkczf, f poy zyáw }fqfw gocwfgvzk}hw, o Gyvqfkyo gocxvkwzov o ghbpfochzo bkcfkyo, fb

8;:7, 8;:: f 8;:6, bhw povgo zfbpo jfpokw, ho jfgkjky yfmoybhy o wfv fwzèjko, o glvif wf

fcjk}kjov fthnfyhjhbfczf f jkhczf jf zhczhw pfcjácgkhw mkchcgfkyhw }kv"wf oiyknhjo h }fcjfy wfvw

bfldoyfw hzlfzhw# H fxvkpf phwwov fczço phyh ow wzhzvw jf zkbf wfbk"hbhjoy#

Phyh whljhy hw mkchcîhw, h wolvîço fcgoczyhjh mok jkwpvzhy hbkwzowow pflo fwzhjo fb zyogh jf

ghgdáw# Bhkw jo xvf jkcdfkyo, o glvif zhbiëb gocxvkwzh zoygfjoyfw chw gkjhjfw jo kczfykoy,zoychcjo"wf how povgow o glvif bhkw popvlhy jf Bkchw# H yfjfcîço }fb gob h gocwzyvîço jf wvhwfjf wogkhl co Ihyyo Pyfzo, xvf hvbfczov h hyyfghjhîço jo glvif# Gob hw goczhw whchjhw, }olzov hwfy nyhcjf f moybov o fwxvhjyço zykghbpfço bkcfkyo jf 8;6; h 8;=8 $YKIFKYO, 900>, p# :8+#



7

H phyzky jhâ o Gyvqfkyo Fwpoyzf Glvif mok gyfwgfcjo fb wzhzvw f fb zâzvlow, pykcgkphlbfczf jfpokw jf

jfyyozhy o zkbf wfcwhîço jo Iyhwkl ch jëghjh jf 8;=0, o Whczow jf Pflë# Fb 8;== o zkbf gflfwzf

nhcdov h Zhîh Iyhwkl, zâzvlo iyhwklfkyo bhkw kbpoyzhczf jh ëpogh#

Jfq hcow bhkw zhyjf, o Gyvqfkyo }fko h wf zoychy o Ghbpfço jh Zhîh Lkifyzhjoyfw jh Hbëykgh, fb

gkbh jo Yk}fy Plhzf jh Hynfczkch#

Wfnvcjo Hyhñao $900>+ o Gyvqfkyo hlghcîov bvkzow zâzvlow yfnkochkw, chgkochkw f kczfychgkochkw#

Gocxvkwzov wfv pykbfkyo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo fb 9007 f doaf ë gocwkjfyhjo vb jow bhkoyfw

glvifw jo Iyhwkl f jh Hbëykgh# Fczyf ow wfvw zâzvlow bhkw kbpoyzhczfw fwzço h Zhîh Iyhwkl jf 8;==, fjvhw Lkifyzhjoyfw jh Hbëykgh1 h pykbfkyh gocxvkwzhjh fb 8;>= f h wfnvcjh fb 8;;>#

7#7 Vbh phktço chgkochl

O mvzfiol mhq phyzf jh gvlzvyh jo po}o iyhwklfkyo# Poy wfy vb fwpoyzf ftzyfbhbfczf popvlhy, hyyhwzh

bvlzkjöfw fb }èykow ghczow jo phâw, fcghczhcjo bkldhyfw jf pfwwohw jfczyo f moyh jow fwzèjkow#

Pojf wf hmkybhy, ghzfnoykghbfczf, xvf ë o fwpoyzf pyfmfykjo jf xvhwf zojh h popvlhîço co Iyhwkl#

Fwwh phktço zoycov"wf yfmfyfcgkhl jf lhqfy, wfah gobo pyhzkghczf, wfah gobo zoygfjoy#

Jfwjf h kcmécgkh, ow iyhwklfkyow wço fwzkbvlhjow h kcnyfwwhyfb co vck}fywo jfwwh bojhlkjhjffwpoyzk}h# Wço pyfwfczfhjow gob iolhw f vckmoybfw jh wflfîço iyhwklfkyh ov jow glvifw jf mvzfiolpyfmfykjow jow phkw ov phyfczfw# Fwgvzhb zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw pflo yèjko f hgobphcdhb hwphyzkjhw, ho }k}o, pflh zflf}kwço# Aonhb mvzfiol ch fwgolh, ch yvh, chw xvhjyhw f fb xvhlxvfy ovzyologhl ocjf wfah powwâ}fl yolhy vbh iolh# Wço lf}hjow how fwzèjkow f hgobphcdhb h goifyzvyh jfjfwzhxvf jhjh pflh kbpyfcwh iyhwklfkyh ho mvzfiol fb yflhîço how ovzyow fwpoyzfw $LHNFW, 9080,

p#87+#

Wfnvcjo Lvkq Dfcykxvf Ioynfw $9004+, o mvzfiol ë vb flfbfczo bhyghczf ch kjfczkjhjf iyhwklfkyh,

poy kwwo ë kbpowwâ}fl kncoyhy h hzyhîço xvf o fwpoyzf ftfygf woiyf h bhkoykh jh popvlhîço Phyh flf,

o mvzfiol ë ghphq jf jfwpfyzhy yhpkjhbfczf wfczkbfczow gobplfzhbfczf opowzow fb wfvw hbhczfw,

jh hlfnykh à zykwzfqh, jo hboy ho ÷jko, jo jflâyko ho jfwpyfqo, jh yfhlkqhîço ho myhghwwo# Jkhczf

jkwwo, mkgh h kbpyfwwço ihwzhczf jkwwfbkchjh f myvzo jf vb pyogfwwo ifb wvgfjkjo jf chzvyhlkqhîço,jf xvf o mvzfiol ë hlno kcfyfczf ho iyhwklfkyo, xvhwf wf gocmvcjkjo gob flf py÷pyko $IOYNFW,



7

9004, p#8+#

Phyh Yoifyzo JhBhzzh $900=+ o mvzfiol ë kbpoyzhczf ch gvlzvyh jo po}o iyhwklfkyo poyxvf flf

jfwpfyzh wfczkbfczow zhczo kcjk}kjvhkw xvhczo golfzk}ow, nfyh kjfczkjhjf wogkhl f, pykcgkphlbfczf, jè

pojfy jf fwgoldh ho kcjk}âjvo, jkmfyfczfbfczf jo xvf hgoczfgf fb ovzyhw èyfhw chw xvhkw flf cço

pojf opzhy, hpfchw hgfkzhy o xvf ldf ë kbpowzo#

Mok gfyzhbfczf fwwh dvbkljf hzk}kjhjf, fwwf aono kc}fczhjo phyh jk}fyzky f jkwgkplkchy xvf, co Iyhwkl,zyhcwmoybov"wf $wfb xvfyfy ov whify+ co pykbfkyo f pyo}h}flbfczf co wfv bhkw goczvcjfczf pyomfwwoyjf jfbogyhgkh f jf knvhljhjf# Cço mok, fczço, hzyh}ëw jh fwgolh, jo aoychl, jh lkzfyhzvyh ov joPhylhbfczo f jf hlnvb phyzkjo polâzkgo xvf o po}o gobfîov h hpyfcjfy h pyhzkghy h knvhljhjf f hyfwpfkzhy hw lfkw, bhw hwwkwzkcjo h aonow jf mvzfiol# $JHBHZZH, 900=, p# 8:9"8:7+#

Ioynfw $9004+ goczh xvf chw pykbfkyhw jëghjhw jo wëgvlo TT, hwwkb gobo o gyfwgkbfczo jhw

gkjhjfw f jh popvlhîço, o mvzfiol mok wf zoychcjo vb moyzf f}fczo jf bhwwhw, vbh }fq xvf kwwo fyh

vb yfmlfto jhw hlzfyhîöfw whlhykhkw xvf hghihyhb poy hlzfyhy zhbiëb hw glhwwfw wogkhkw# Poy kwwo o

mvzfiol zoycov"wf vb mfcúbfco jf klkbkzhjo hlghcgf wogkhl, hlëb jf mhqfy phyzf jh ykxvfqh

iyhwklfkyh#

O mvzfiol ë hwwkb1 jfwpfyzh ch pfwwoh vb wfczkbfczo }kyzvowo xvf zyhcwgfcjf h hbkqhjf, xvf }hkhlëb jo hboy f gvlbkch co whczo jfw}hyko jh phktço# Zfb jf zvjo vb povgo, poyëb, ë bhkw xvfzvjo# Zoygfy phyh vbh ghbkwh ë plfch fczyfnh# Ë bhkw xvf wfy bçf, poyxvf cço jfwjoiyh mkiyh poymkiyh o goyhîço# Jfwzyoîh"o jf vbh }fq co jfwfwpfyo jf vbh jfyyozh# Fb gobpfcwhîço, yfboîh"oco jflâyko jf vbh }kz÷ykh# $CONVFKYH, 9007, hpvj IOYNFW p# 9+

Phyh JhBhzzh $900=+ o bhkoy bozk}o jh popvlhîço iyhwklfkyh zfy o mvzfiol gobo phktço ë o mhzo

jfwwf fwpoyzf pyopoygkochy vbh powwkiklkjhjf jf ftpfykbfczhy h }kz÷ykh, fwihcahcjo ghphgkjhjf fgobpfzácgkh# Fczyfzhczo, hlnvcw kczflfgzvhkw }áfb o mvzfiol gobo pyèzkgh hlkfchczf#

Vb jow pykcgkphkw gyâzkgow ho fwpoyzf mok Lkbh Ihyyfzo xvf }kh o fwpoyzf gobo vb bhlfmâgko à

wogkfjhjf iyhwklfkyh, gobphyhcjo"o h hwwhwwkchzow cow xvhkw h polâgkh chjh mhq#

“Cço ë powwâ}fl jfkthy jf mhlhy co zhl fwpoyzf xvf jkqfb wfy iyfzço# Zvjo zfb vb lkbkzf f o

moozihll cço noqh jo pyk}klënko jf govwh kczflknfczf‒#“O moozihll ë vbh fwgolh jf }kolácgkh fiyvzhlkjhjf f cço bfyfgf cfcdvbh pyozfîço jow pojfyfw pñilkgow, h bfcow xvf fwzfw cow xvfkyhbfcwkchy o hwwhwwkchzo‒$ LKBH IHYYFZO, 9007, hpvj IOYNFW p# 6+#



7

Fb goczyhpoczo h Lkbh Ihyyfzo, JhBhzzh $900=+ jfmfcjf o mvzfiol gobo kcgfczk}hjoy jh popvlhîço

iyhwklfkyh, zfcjo fb }kwzh xvf o fwpoyzf zyhq hjbkyhîço f wfy}f jf m÷ybvlh jf wvgfwwo phyh hw bhkw

jkwzkczhw fwmfyhw wogkhkw# Hwwkb, wf phyh vbh fxvkpf jf mvzfiol whky }kzoykowh jo ghbpo ë pyfgkwo xvfghjh wfzoy gvbpyh wvh mvcîço, yfwpfkzf hw coybhw f wf yflhgkocf ifb gob ow jfbhkw, kwwo pojf wfy

hplkghjo zhbiëb ch wogkfjhjf, gob ghjh kcjk}âjvo ftfygfcjo, gocwgkfczf f yfwpocwh}flbfczf, o

phpfl xvf ldf ghif# $JHBHZZH, 900= hpvj LHNFW, 9080 p#86+#

Phyh JhBhzzh$900=+, o mvzfiol fwzhiflfgf gob o zoygfjoy vbh yflhîço jf kczkbkjhjf f, poy kwwo, zfb

vb phpfl jf wvbh kbpoyzécgkh jfczyo jo fwpoyzf# Phyh bvkzow o mvzfiol ë ifb bhkw xvf hpfchw vb

fwpoyzf, mhq phyzf jh }kjh# O mvzfiol co Iyhwkl zoycov"wf vbh moybh jf kczfyhîço gob h wogkfjhjf,

kczfyhîço fwwh xvf kcjfpfcjf jh glhwwf wogkhl, jh yhîh ov jf xvhlxvfy jkmfyfcîh# Zojow mkghb vckjow

fb zoyco jf vbh w÷ phktço#

Co ghbpo f ch }kjh, ch nkcnh f co aono, co pfkzo f ch yhîh wf mvcjfb iyhwklkjhjf f mvzfiol# Zoygfyë pfyzfcgkbfczo, ë kjfczkjhjf# Fczyf hzkzvjfw goypoyhkw, jkwgvywk}hw f wogkhkw, wf hmkybh vb wvafkzochgkochl, wf kc}fczh o iyhwklfkyo# O Iyhwkl wf goloyf jf }fyjf f hbhyflo jh hxvhyflh jfwzf fwpoyzf

jhw bvlzkjöfw# Wobow iyhwklfkyow ch gocmkhcîh f ch jfwgocmkhcîh, co ozkbkwbo f co pfwwkbkwbo,jo gobplfto jf }kyh"lhzhw ho dobfb nfckhl fwzhbow kbpyfnchjow pflh lkcnvhnfb jo bvcjo jhiolh# Fwpfgvlhy woiyf o mvzfiol ë fwpfgvlhy woiyf wfy iyhwklfkyo# C÷w xvfyfbow wfy pflo mvzfiol# F omvzfiol ë poy c÷w# Hxvk, cço zfbfbow gfyzh jowf jf jfzfybkckwbo, o phâw wf zyhcwmoybh, bhw ohpfno f boiklkqhîço jf wfczkbfczo f hzkzvjfw fb yflhîço h flf pfybhcfgfb# ]kjh locnh ho mvzfiol(Fcxvhczo ftkwzky vbh phyzkjh ftkwzkyè vb iyhwklfkyo, gob wvh bènkgh, wvh nkcnh, wvh“kyyfwpocwhiklkjhjf gykhjoyh‒ f, gob vb povgo jf nhyyh, cow omfyfgfcjo }kz÷ykhw, }hloykqhîço foynvldo# Wvoy f pvlwhîço, yobhcgf f wvypyfwh### Ë fzfyco###$IOYNFW, 9004 p# ;+ #

7#: O aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o co Iyhwkl f wvhw gocwzhczfw pyfwwöfw

Phvlo Gëwhy Gofldo $9007+ hmkybh xvf bvkzo wf xvfwzkoch woiyf h powwâ}fl popvlhykqhîço jo mvzfiol

co Iyhwkl# Nyhgklkhco Yhbow, hmkybh}h xvf o xvf }kcdh jf moyh jo phâw cço pojfykh wf hjhpzhy hw

zfyyhw ghchykcdhw# Co fczhczo, cço mok hpfchw o mvzfiol xvf womyfv yfwkwzácgkh f jfwgocmkhcîh##

Bvkzow hgyfjkzhyhb xvf zhbiëb o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o cço wfykh vbh fjkzoykh kbpoyzhczf co phâw#

Cow pykbfkyow hcow jf goifyzvyh fwpoyzk}h fyh hwwkb# Povgh nfczf hgyfjkzh}h xvf o mvzfiol mowwf



7 hwwvczo phyh fwzhbphy bhcgdfzfw# H yknoy, kbhnkch}h"wf xvf hzë bfwbo o yfbo, o fwpoyzf bhkw

popvlhy jo phâw ch ëpogh, ahbhkw fwzhbphykh hw pykbfkyhw pènkchw jf aoychl# Hwwvczo bfcoy# Gobopojfykh vbh }kz÷ykh chw yhkhw ‗ ov cow ghbpow, cow nkcèwkow, chw xvhjyhw ‗ }hlfy bhkw jo xvf vbhkbpoyzhczf jfgkwço woiyf h }kjh polâzkgh jo phâw? Cço, cço pojfykh, bfwbo xvf bo}fwwf bvlzkjöfwàw yvhw fb ivwgh jf fboîöfw xvf h }kjh gozkjkhch cço omfyfgkh# $GOFLDO, 9007, p# >+#

Bhvyâgko Aowë Wz{gfy $900>+ yflhzh xvf co Iyhwkl, o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o wf jfwfc}ol}fvwkbvlzhcfhbfczf gob h popvlhykqhîço jo mvzfiol# Co kcâgko, fwwh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh fyh h xvf

bfcow wf jfwzhgh}h f, poy kwwo, fyh h xvf bfcow hzyhâh ow aoychlkwzhw, f ow xvf zobh}hb fwwf yvbo

cço powwvâhb bvkzhw dhiklkjhjfw#

Fb 8;80, co fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo wvynkv o aoychl Mhcmvllh, xvf zyhqkh hlnvbhw pènkchw jf

aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o# Fwwf aoychl, jkmfyfczfbfczf jow xvf ftkwzkyhb cfwwh ëpogh, cço fyh }olzhjo

phyh flkzf, zhbpovgo moybh}h opkckço, co fczhczo, hzkcnkh vbh ghbhjh jh wogkfjhjf xvf }kcdh fb

gocwzhczf gyfwgkbfczo, moybhjh pflow kzhlkhcow# F moyhb ow flfw xvf mvcjhyhb vb jow bhkoyfw

glvifw jo phâw, o Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, xvf bhkw zhyjf phwwov h wfy gdhbhjo jf Wogkfjhjf Fwpoyzk}h

Phlbfkyhw#

O aoychl zyhqkh yflhzow jf pènkchw kczfkyhw cvb zfbpo xvf fwwf fwpoyzf hkcjh cço ghzk}h}hbvlzkjöfw# F kcmoybh}h hw mkgdhw jo glvif jow kzhlkhcow# Hzë bfwbo jow xvf kcglvâhb zkbfw jowhwpkyhczfw phlfwzykcow goczyh ow wfnvcjow xvhjyow jf fxvkpfw jo kczfykoy# Cço ftkwzkh o xvf wf pojfgdhbhy doaf jf aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o $GOFLDO, 9007, p# 4+#

Wfnvcjo Gofldo $9007+ ow pykbfkyow nolw jow nyhcjfw f bhkw }fldow zkbfw jo phâw, gobo o

Mlhbfcno, cço moyhb goczhjow fb aoychkw, co fczhczo, ovzyow fwpoyzfw gobo o }olfk f o ihwxvfzf

moyhb yfnkwzyhjow jfwjf ow pykb÷yjkow# Kwwo hgoczfgfv poyxvf povgow aoychkw fyhb jfwzkchjow ho

fwpoyzf f jf zojhw hw fjkzoykhw, h jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o fyh h xvf wfbpyf womykh bhkw goyzfw fb

wvhw lkcdhw#

Gofldo $9007+ yflhzh xvf o Yko jf Ahcfkyo, co kcâgko jo wëgvlo TT, fyh h logobozk}h jo Iyhwkl, f mok

lè xvf o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o nhcdov bhkw fwphîo jfczyo jow aoychkw#

Xvhcjo o ]hwgo jh Nhbh, o pykbfkyo zkbf iyhwklfkyo h hgfkzhy cfnyow co wfv flfcgo, nhcdov h 9¡

jk}kwço jo Ghbpfochzo ghykogh, mok o mvzfiol wf popvlhykqov co phâw, jkhczf jkwwo, aoychkw

fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb fwpoyzfw gobfîhyhb h wvynky# O Aoychl jow Wpoyzw mok o pykbfkyo jkèyko

ftglvwk}hbfczf jfjkghjo ho hwwvczo co phâw#



7

Jvyhczf zojo wëgvlo phwwhjo, jkyknky yfjhîço fwpoyzk}h wknckmkgh}h zovyfhy h yfhlkjhjf# Lvzhy gob opyfgocgfkzo jf xvf w÷ ow jf bfcoy pojfy hxvkwkzk}o pojfykhb zoychy"wf lfkzoyfw jfwwf zkpo jfjkèyko# O pyfgocgfkzo cço fyh kcmvcjhjo, o xvf zoych}h h lvzh hkcjh bhkw kcnl÷ykh# Jf mhzo, bfcoypojfy hxvkwkzk}o wknckmkgh}h zhbiëb bfcoy pojfy gvlzvyhl f gocwfxvfczfbfczf lfy cço gocwzh}hfb cfcdvbh lkwzh jf pykoykjhjfw# F wf o mvzfiol ‗ gobo ow jfbhkw fwpoyzfw ‗ jflh mkqfwwf phyzf,

wfykh cfgfwwèyko ho hphktochjo ky ho fwzèjko, kwzo ë, zfy bfcow jkcdfkyo phyh gobpyhy iohwpvilkghîöfw woiyf o hwwvczo $GOFLDO, 9007, p ;+#

Wz{gfy $900>+ hmkybh xvf bvkzo jo pyfgocgfkzo xvf ow aoychkw fwpoyzk}ow womykhb cço fyh hpfchw poy

ghvwh jo wfv pñilkgo# Chw jëghjhw jf 8;90 f 8;70 ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow cço zkcdhb wvmkgkfczf

pyfphyo phyh zyhzhy jo hwwvczo# Mhlzh}hb gob o phjyço ëzkgo fb wvh pyomkwwço, phjyço fwwf xvf aè

fyh }hloykqhjo pflh bhkoykh jhw fjkzoykhw, chw xvhkw fyhb mkëkw à }fyjhjf mhgzvhl# Bhw kwwo hgoczfgkh,

poy xvf o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o fwzh}h kcwfykjo fb vb bfko co xvhl pyf}hlfgkh h zyogh jf mh}oyfw#

Wfnvcjo Wz{gfy $900>+ o aoychlkwbo polâzkgo f jow fwpoyzfw jfpfcjkhb jf }fyihw no}fychbfczhkw,

poy kwwo ow cozkgkèykow zfcjkhb h ifcfmkgkhy vcw f pyfavjkghy ovzyow# Jkhczf jkwwo, o xvf ogoyykh fyh h

mhlzh jf zyhcwphyácgkh cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, pokw o xvf kbpoyzh}h fyhb ow kczfyfwwfw poy zyèw

jh opkckço jow aoychkw#

Jh jëghjh jf 8;:0 hzë h jf 8;=0 h kbpyfcwh iyhwklfkyh oizf}f vbh nyhcjf zyhcwmoybhîço, gob kwwo

h Nhqfzh Fwpoyzk}h f o Aoychl jow Wpoyzw wf zoychyhb yfmfyácgkh co xvf jkqkh yfwpfkzo ho aoychlkwbo

fwpoyzk}o#

Hw bvjhcîhw ogoyykjhw ch kbpyfcwh ch wfnvcjh bfzhjf jo wëgvlo TT lf}hyhb, poy gocwfxvácgkh,h vbh yfgocmknvyhîço jhw powkîöfw co wvighbpo jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o# Co ghwo jow aoychkw jfpyfwzânko, xvf zoychyhb wf bhkw w÷iykow, o fwphîo jfjkghjo à goifyzvyh fwpoyzk}h hvbfczov, h phyzkjow hcow =0, gdfnhcjo h gocxvkwzhy, fb hlnvcw aoychkw, vbh gfyzh hvzocobkh, fb moybh jfghjfycow py÷pykow# H jk}kwço jo zyhihldo, jfczyo jf vb nyhcjf aoychl, zhbiëb wf zoycov bhkwcâzkjh# Hw “wfîöfw‒ phwwhyhb h wfy gdhbhjhw jf “fjkzoykhw‒# O zfybo “gyockwzh‒ gobo moybh jf

jfwknchy zojow ow aoychlkwzhw jh ghzfnoykh gfjf fwphîo h zfybow fwpfgâmkgow# H fjkzoykh jf fwpoyzfwjf vb nyhcjf aoychl gdfnov h goczhy gob 90 pyomkwwkochkw, fczyf yfp÷yzfyfw, yfjhzoyfw, hwwkwzfczfwjf fjkîço f o fjkzoy $WZ[GFY, 900>, p =+#

Wz{gfy $900>+ yflhzh xvf ow aoychlkwzhw phwwhyhb h mkghy fc}ol}kjow hpfchw gob o zyhihldo jf

pvilkghy hw kcmoybhîöfw# Ow zftzow opkchzk}ow mkghyhb jkwzkczow jow jfbhkw, pokw nhcdhyhb

ghyhgzfykqhîço jkmfyfczf jow yflhzow kcmoybhzk}ow# Ow zftzow jf gvcdo opkchzk}o phwwhyhb h wfy

fwgykzow poy pyomkwwkochkw bhkw ftpfykfczfw, ow gdhbhjow golvckwzh, xvf pojkhb f pojfb gykzkghy,

zoygfy f phwwhy fboîço ho lfkzoyfw#



7

Gofldo $9007+ yflhzh xvf co mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;=0 ow ghjfycow fwpoyzk}ow zobhyhb goczh jow

nyhcjfw aoychkw# Fb Wço Phvlo wvynkv o Ghjfyco jf Fwpoyzfw xvf jfv oyknfb ho Aoychl jh Zhyj # F

h phyzky jfwwf bobfczo, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo f ch ghpkzhl phvlkwzh ow pykcgkphkw aoychkw jfkthyhb jf }fy

o ghjfyco jf fwpoyzfw gobo vbh fjkzoykh jf gvcdo wvpëymlvo# Mok cfwwh jëghjh xvf o Iyhwkl

gobfîov h mknvyhy fczyf ow phâwfw xvf zfb vbh }hwzh lkwzh jf aoychkw fwpoyzk}ow#

Wfnvcjo Wz{gfy $900>+ h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;>0, h wfîço jf fwpoyzfw cow aoychkw, phwwov h mkghy

bhkw dvbhckqhjh f gob moybhw bfcow ÷i}khw woiyf ow hgoczfgkbfczow fwpoyzk}ow# Fb bfhjow jf

8;40, ow fwpoyzfw zk}fyhb bhkoy kc}fwzkbfczo f, avczo gob kwwo, ow aoychkw hjozhyhb vb jkwgvywo

fgocúbkgo, o gdhbhjo “PKI jo fwpoyzf‒#

Phyh Wz{gfy $900>+ bfwbo gob zojhw hw bvjhcîhw ogoyykjhw, hkcjh doaf ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow

cço záb o bfwbo yfgocdfgkbfczo jf aoychlkwzhw xvf fwzço ch èyfh jf polâzkgh ov fgocobkh, poy

ftfbplo# Vb wkchl jkwwo ë xvf cço ftkwzf xvhlxvfy ghwo gocdfgkjo co xvhl vb aoychlkwzh jow

fwpoyzfw fwzfah à myfczf jf vb aoychl f cço ë chw fjkzoykhw jf fwpoyzf ocjf wf fcgoczyhb ow

pyomkwwkochkw xvf wço bfldoyfw yfbvcfyhjow# H powkîço jo aoychlkwzh fwpoyzk}o goczkcvh h wfy }kwzh

jf moybh kcmfykoy yflhzk}hbfczf h ovzyhw powkîöfw jfczyo jo aoychl#

Wfnvcjo Wz{gfy $900>+ fbioyh bvkzhw bvjhcîhw zfcdhb ogoyykjo ho locno jhw jëghjhw, hkcjh

ftkwzkhb pyoilfbhw ëzkgow co aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o jh jëghjh jf 8;40# Cfwwh bfwbh ëpogh fwwfw

pyoilfbhw nhcdhyhb ovzyh jkbfcwço poy ghvwh jo bhyefzkcn fwpoyzk}o#

Ow pyoilfbhw ëzkgow fc}ol}fcjo o bvcjo jo mvzfiol f o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o }ço nhcdhy vbhovzyh jkbfcwço h phyzky jow hcow 40, xvhcjo gyfwgfb ow kc}fwzkbfczo jf bhyefzkcn fwpoyzk}ow, owcfn÷gkow jf gobpyh f }fcjh jf aonhjoyfw boiklkqhb vb bhkoy cñbfyo jf hnfczfw f hgobfygkhlkqhîço jf jkyfkzow jf zyhcwbkwwço jf aonow f pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow hlghcîh gkmyhwbklkocèykhw# Fwzh jëghjh hwwkchlh ow pykbfkyow bo}kbfczow jf hjhpzhîço f fwzyvzvyh jo fwpoyzfiyhwklfkyo ho xvf mkghyh gocdfgkjo gobo mvzfiol fbpyfwh $WZ[GFY, 900>, p# 89+

Gob o bhyefzkcn fwpoyzk}o, }fko zhbiëb o bfygdhcjkwkcn# Phyh hlnvcw aoychlkwzhw fwwh pyèzkgh

jfczyo jow pyonyhbhw jf fwpoyzf cço zfb gobphzkiklkjhjf gob o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo#

H gocmvwço fczyf aoychlkwbo f pvilkgkjhjf mhq vb bhl jfwnyhîhjo ho aoychlkwbo# Wov aoychlkwzh,

wov yfp÷yzfy, cço wov nhyozo pyophnhcjh# H ñckgh gokwh xvf zfcdo ë h bkcdh gyfjkiklkjhjf# Wf fvphwwo h jhy zfwzfbvcdow jf pyojvzow, poy bfldoyfw xvf flfw wfahb, fv fwzov }fcjfcjo h bkcdhgyfjkiklkjhjf# F h bkcdh gyfjkiklkjhjf cço fwzè à }fcjh# Jf bhkw h bhkw, cço xvfyo zfy ahbhkw ch}kjh h jñ}kjh jf xvf fv mvk xvfb ghvwfk o hlgoolkwbo cvb gkjhjço, xvf mvk fv xvfb lf}fk vb



7 bfckco h gobfîhy gob gfy}fah f }kyhy hlgo÷lhzyh# H nfczf zfb xvf wf goyyknky zhczhw }fqfw, gobo

aoychlkwzh, kbhnkch wf }ogá hgyfwgfczh h kwwo wfy nhyozo pyophnhcjh, }fcjfy pyojvzow jf nfczf xvfhbhcdç }ogá mkgh whifcjo xvf ë vb nyhcjf wocfnhjoy, vb nyhcjf pklhczyh, f hâ }ogá zfb vbgobpyobkwwo gob flf poyxvf flf zf phnov# F hâ, fczyf wfy lfhl h flf f wfy lfhl ho wfv fwpfgzhjoy,ov}kczf ov lfkzoy, fwzhiflfgf"wf h jñ}kjh# $EMOVYK, 9007 hpvj WZ[GFY, 900> p# 87+#

7#6 Aoychlkwbo Fwpoyzk}o1 kcmoybhîço t phktço

O aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o }k}f fb gocwzhczf gocmlkzo fczyf kcmoybhîço t phktço# Bhkw jo xvf xvhlxvfy

ovzyo wfzoy jh gobvckghîço, o fwpoyzk}o hlkbfczh moyzfbfczf hw xvfwzöfw woiyf phygkhlkjhjf, kwfcîço

f hpyfwfczh o ykwgo gocwzhczf jo pyomkwwkochl jf gobvckghîço gobfzfy jfwlkqfw pfyknowow co xvf wf

yfmfyf à ëzkgh f gobpyobkwwo gob h }fyjhjf# $NVFYYH, 900>, p8+#

Bèygko jf Olk}fkyh Nvfyyh $900>+ hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwzh zfb o jf}fy jf wfnvky gob ow pykcgâpkow

jf wvh pyomkwwço# Fczyfzhczo, ho bftfy gob hlno zço kbpyf}kwâ}fl f zço kczkbhbfczf yflhgkochjo

gob h phktço gobo ë o fwpoyzf, fwwf pyomkwwkochl, poy }fqfw, hghih wf }fcjo fb vb gocmlkzo# Flf ë

oiyknhjo h lkjhy gob hw jvhw ëzkghw xvf ftkwzfb jfczyo jflf#

Wfnvcjo Nvfyyh $900>+ o aoychlkwzh cço pojf jfkthy h ëzkgh jo zoygfjoy wf woiyfpoy h ëzkgh jo

pyomkwwkochl fb bobfczo hlnvb# Ghwo kwwo hgoczfîh, o zoygfjoy pfygfif jf kbfjkhzo, vbh }fq xvf

flf wf yfgocdfgf co aoychlkwzh#

Ftkwzfb }èykhw pfynvczhw xvf pfybfkhb o bvcjo jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, zhkw gobo1 Ë powwâ}fl wfy

phygkhl co mvzfiol? Wf h phygkhlkjhjf ftkwzf flh ë jfwfaè}fl? F wf flh cço ftkwzf kwwo hmfzh o mhqfyaoychlâwzkgo? Wfnvcjo NVFYYH $900>+ o mhzo ë xvf h fboîço wfbpyf zfb wfv lhjo iob f wfv lhjo

yvkb jfczyo jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o#

GOWZH $9008+ hmkybh xvf “ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, fwwf goyhîço jf zoygfjoy, fcgyh}hjo co yfp÷yzfy,

mhlh bhkw hlzo xvf zhkw pykcgâpkow wolkgkzhjow pflh ioh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh# Flf, bvkzhw }fqfw, wfczf,gykh f, mhzhlbfczf, opkch‒# O mhzo jf o aoychlkwzh fwpoyzk}o zfy vb zkbf jf pyfmfyácgkh, f hzë yf}flè "lo, cvcgh mok vb zyhvbh phyh h fjkzoykh# Aoço Whljhcdh wfbpyf jfmfcjfv xvf kwwo hgoczfgfwwf#Jkqkh flf xvf “ckcnvëb ë mkldo jf gdoghjfkyh, poyzhczo, zfb vb zkbf jf mvzfiol‒# Flf mkgh}h



7 yf}olzhjo gob ow golfnhw xvf jkqkhb, gobo Nhl}ço Ivfco, xvf cfb woi zoyzvyh yf}flhykhb wfv

glvif pyfmfykjo# Hybhcjo Convfkyh wfbpyf jkwwf xvf o gyockwzh fwpoyzk}o xvf cço zfb vb zkbf jfmvzfiol jf}fykh jfkthy o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o $NVFYYH, 900>, p7+#

Nvfyyh $900>+ hmkybh xvf kbphygkhlkjhjf co mvzfiol ë hlno pyhzkghbfczf kbpowwâ}fl jf wf hlghcîhy#Poyxvf o fwpoyzf ë mfkzo jf fboîço f fwwf bfwbo wfczkbfczo ë phwwhjo ho aoychlkwzh, xvf poy wvh

}fq, yfphwwh ho wfv lfkzoy, ov}kczf ov zflfwpfgzhjoy# Co fczhczo, ë pyfgkwo whify hzyflhy h fboîço, h

phygkhlkjhjf, h ëzkgh f o aoychlkwbo, pokw h mvcîço jfwwf pyomkwwkochl, ë wfbpyf jf phwwhy h

kcmoybhîço zhl xvhl flh ë#

Wfnvcjo Gofldo $9007+ h bhkoykh jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw bkwzvyh h fboîço f h yfhlkjhjf xvhwf

jf bhcfkyhw fxvk}hlfczfw# Hw coîöfw jf yfhlkjhjf xvf wf zfb doaf zoychb hw goifyzvyhw jf

aoychlkwbo co fwpoyzf zço iykldhczfw xvhczo hw jf xvhlxvfy ovzyh fjkzoykh, bhw o xvf mhq o

aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o jkmfyfczf jow jfbhkw ë h xvfwzço jf xvf ë pyfgkwo zfy bhkw jo xvf yfhlkjhjf,

bhw zhbiëb fboîço#

Phyh Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ h fboîço ë kczyâcwfgh ho fwpoyzf f fb cfcdvbh ovzyh fjkzoykh jo

aoychlkwbo flh ë zço pyfwfczf xvhczo co aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o# Wfnvcjo flf, vb chyyhjoy jf mvzfioljf}f bftfy gob hw fboîöfw jo zoygfjoy, co fczhczo, cço jf}f mhqfy jf vbh wkbplfw aonhjh vb

fwpfzègvlo chyyhjo gob nyhcjf fthnfyo#

Wfnvcjo Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ o pfykno jf wfy vwhy fboîço jfbhkw chw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw

ë xvhcjo ftkwzf fwpfzhgvlhykqhîço jf kbhnfcw f f}fczow, poy xvf kwwo pojf lf}hy h vbh fthvwzço f

vb wfczkbfczo fthgfyihjo# O pñilkgo xvfy xvf o aoychlkwzh kcmoybf pvyh f wkbplfwbfczf# O

aoychlkwzh cço pyfgkwh zoygfy gobo zoygfjoy f bvkzo bfcow pflo zoygfjoy $IHYIFKYO5 YHCNFL

900=, p# :=+#

Gofldo $9007+ hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwzh fwpoyzk}o cço jf}f jfkthy h fboîço jf lhjo, bhw cço pojf

jfkthy gob xvf h phktço mhlf bhkw hlzo# Ë pyfgkwo zfczhy phwwhy o xvf mok vb aono jf mvzfiol, poy

ftfbplo, jhcjo kcmoybhîöfw, bhw zhbiëb nfyhcjo co zoygfjoy zojh h }kiyhîço xvf vbh phyzkjh

yfxvfy# Hcèlkwf zèzkgh woiyf aono jf mvzfiol }hk wfbpyf }hlfy yflhzow jkncow jf mhqfy o zoygfjoy bhkw

mhcèzkgo wf hyyfpkhy zhczo xvhczo h jfwgykîço pfymfkzh jf phyzkjh jf mvzfiol# H gocxvkwzh jo zâzvlo, h

aonhjh iykldhczf, h dkwz÷ykh gobo}fczf wfbpyf mkqfyhb phyzf jo fwpoyzf $GOFLDO, 9007, p#97+#



7

Wfnvcjo Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ zojo aoychlkwzh jf}f fwzhy gkfczf xvf h fboîço ë goczhnkowh, poy

kwwo flh jf}f wfy vwhjh ch bfjkjh gfyzh f yfgdfhjh jf kwfcîço, pokw fthnfyow pojfb lf}hy h vb

gocmlkzo ëzkgo#

Xvfb zoygf bojkmkgh, hlzfyh, jkwzoygf# O zoygfjoy zfb o jkyfkzo jf zoygfy f jkwzoygfy à }oczhjf# Oaoychlkwzh cço pojfy mhqfy vbh gokwh cfb ovzyh, cfb bfwbo xvhcjo h wflfîço iyhwklfkyh fczyh fbghbpo# H pèzykh cço fwzè jf gdvzfkyhw, cfb jf wvcnh, cfb jf ghphgfzf, cfb jf ikxvâck, cfb jfbhkú, fcmkb, h pèzykh cço wf gocmvcjf gob vbh gobpfzkîço wfah flh xvhl moy, hkcjh xvf, gobmkchlkjhjf polâzkghw f popvlkwzhw, hlnvcw no}fycow, gob o hpoko jh bâjkh, mh}oyfîhb kwwo# Ghif hoaoychlkwzh mhqfy h wfphyhîço f jfcvcgkhy h bhckpvlhîço jf vb fczyfzfckbfczo gobo kcwzyvbfczopolâzkgo $IHYIFKYO5 YHCNFL, 900=, p# :>+#

Phyh Nvfyyh $900>+ ow aoychlkwzhw cço pojfb fwxvfgfy xvf hczfw jf xvhlxvfy gokwh flfw záb

gobpyobkwwo gob kcmoybhîço zhl xvhl flh ë# Pojf wf ftpyfwwhy wfczkbfczow f opkcköfw, co fczhczo,

cvcgh wf jf}f jfkthy jf lhjo h }fyjhjf# O aoychlkwzh zfb vbh yfwpocwhiklkjhjf wogkhl, jf phwwhy h

kcmoybhîço wfb jkwzoygfy ow mhzow, wvhw phktöfw f pyfmfyácgkhw cço pojfb jobkchy o mhqfy

aoychlâwzkgo# Ghif how aoychlkwzhw, h gkácgkh jhw yhqöfw pyopvlwoyhw jh pyomkwwço " }fyjhjf, kwfcîço f

ëzkgh ‗ phyh xvf h fboîço wfah hpfchw vb iúcvw, xvf zoych o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o zço bènkgo f

pfgvlkhy $NVFYYH,900>,p#6 hpvj GYVQ 900:, p#:8+#



:

: H AOYCHJH FWPOYZK]H JH KZHZKHKH COW AONOW JF GYVQFKYO F HZLËZKGO

:#8 Bfzojolonkh jf pfwxvkwh

:#8#8 Pfwxvkwh Ikilkonyèmkgh

H pfwxvkwh ikilkonyèmkgh mok flhioyhjh poy bfko jf wflfîço jf lk}yow, ghpâzvlow f hyzknow gkfczâmkgow

yflhgkochjow how zfbhw gobo Mvzfiol, Yèjko, Aoychlkwbo Fwpoyzk}o f Lkcnvhnfb Yhjkomúckgh co

Mvzfiol# Moyhb hchlkwhjow jk}fywow hvzoyfw how xvhkw jfbocwzyhb fwwfw zfbhw hzyh}ëw jf fwzvjow

gob o oiafzk}o jf wf mhqfyfb gocdfgkjow fwwfw ghbpow f wvhw goczykivkîöfw#

Hyhñao $900>+ yflhzh gobo wf jfv h gdfnhjh jo mvzfiol ho Iyhwkl f ow pykbfkyow phwwow jo kcnláw

xvf kczyojvqkv o fwpoyzf co phâw1 Gdhylfw Bkllfy# Hlëb jkwwo, o hvzoy hioyjh o hwpfgzo gvlzvyhl jo

mvzfiol chw zfyyhw ghchykcdhw f yflhzh gobo hgoczfgfv o chwgkbfczo jow jokw pykcgkphkw zkbfw jf

mvzfiol jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, o Glvif Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo f o Gyvqfkyo Fwpoyzf Glvif#

^kzzfy $8;;=+ yflhzh fb wfv lk}yo “Iyf}f Dkwz÷ykh jo Mvzfiol Iyhwklfkyo‒ hw pykbfkyhw phyzkjhw xvf

hgoczfgfyhb co Iyhwkl f gobo o mvzfiol jfktov jf wfy vb fwpoyzf jf flkzf phyh wf popvlhykqhy# O

hvzoy zyhzh hkcjh h xvfwzço jo pyfgocgfkzo yhgkhl xvf mfq phyzf jo kcâgko jh dkwz÷ykh jfwwf fwpoyzf co

phâw f gobo hw Gophw jo Bvcjo mkqfyhb phyzf jh gocwzyvîço jo mvzfiol gobo phktço chgkochl#

Mkldo $9007+ yflhzh fb wvh oiyh gobo fyh h }kjh jow pykbfkyow aonhjoyfw jf mvzfiol co Iyhwkl f

gobo wf jfv h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jow hzlfzhw cfwwf fwpoyzf# O poczo gyvgkhl jo lk}yo ë h kbpoyzécgkh

jo cfnyo co mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo# O hvzoy yflhzh hw jkmkgvljhjfw xvf ow cfnyow fcgoczyhyhb phyh fczyhy

cfwwf bfko f gobo wvh kcwfyîço co fwpoyzf bvjov hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo mvzfiol chgkochl, vbh }fq

xvf, wvpfyhjhw hw ihyyfkyhw, jk}fywow cfnyow havjhyhb h gocwzyvky h kbhnfb jo Iyhwkl gobo o “Phâw

jo Mvzfiol‒ zhl xvhl gobo gocdfgfbow doaf#

Lhnfw $9080+ hmkybh xvf ow iyhwklfkyow wço, jfwjf gykhcîhw, fwzkbvlhjow h nowzhy jf mvzfiol f, jfwzh

bhcfkyh, h hgobphcdhyfb fwwf fwpoyzf jvyhczf zojo o wfv gyfwgkbfczo f moybhîço# Wfcjo hwwkb, o

mvzfiol ë phyzkgkphczf jo gozkjkhco jf nyhcjf phyzf jh popvlhîço iyhwklfkyh# Jh bfwbh bhcfkyh

Ioynfw $9004+ hmkybh xvf o mvzfiol mhq phyzf jh kjfczkjhjf jo Iyhwkl, vbh }fq xvf flf gocwkjfyh

fwwf fwpoyzf gobo moybh jf gocwzyvîço jh cowwh }kjh wogkhl# O hvzoy jfwgyf}f o mvzfiol gobo h

nyhcjf phktço chgkochl xvf mok wfcjo gocwzyvâjh f kcwfykjh ch }kjh jo po}o iyhwklfkyo ho locno jow



:

hcow#

JhBhzzh $900=+ hmkybh xvf o mvzfiol wf zoycov h phktço chgkochl poyxvf jfwpfyzh wfczkbfczow xvf

pojfb wfy gobphyzkldhjow golfzk}hbfczf f kcjk}kjvhlbfczf# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o mvzfiol mfq gob xvf

ow iyhwklfkyow phwwhwwfb h yfwpfkzhy o pojfy jf fwgoldh jf ghjh kcjk}âjvo, zkyhcjo h kjfkh jfkbpowkîço ov hpfchw hgfkzhîço jh }oczhjf hldfkh# Hlëb jkwwo, fwwf fwpoyzf pyopoygkoch ho po}o h

opoyzvckjhjf jf ftpfykbfczhy o pyhqfy jh }kz÷ykh f, poy kwwo flf wf zoycov zço kbpoyzhczf, phwwhcjo h

wfy zyhzhjo gobo wfczkbfczo, gobo h phktço jf vb po}o#

Gofldo $9007+ hioyjh fb wvh oiyh o wvynkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o co Iyhwkl f wfv kcâgko jf

jkmkgvljhjfw# O hvzoy yfzyhzh hw pykbfkyhw goifyzvyhw fwpoyzk}hw co phâw f yf}flh gobo hgoczfgfyhb o

hpykboyhbfczo f h gocwzyvîço jh fjkzoykh jf fwpoyzfw cow aoychkw iyhwklfkyow# Hlëb jkwwo, yflhzhhlnvbhw zëgckghw xvf wço vwhjhw pflow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow f lf}hczh xvfwzöfw hgfygh jo

gobfczhykwzh fwpoyzk}o#

Wz{gfy $900>+ yflhzh h pyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo iyhwklfkyo fb 880 hcow# Gob zftzow jf aoychlkwzhw

yfcobhjow ch èyfh jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, gobo Avgh Emovyk, ë powwâ}fl ghpzhy gobo h pyfwwço mhq

phyzf jo gozkjkhco jfwwfw pyomkwwkochkw xvf, hlëb jf lkjhy gob kwwo, záb povgo pyfwzânko kczfyco fb

wvhw pvilkghîöfw#

Nvfyyh $900>+ hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o }k}f fb gocwzhczf gocmlkzo fczyf kcmoybhîço f

phktço, vbh }fq xvf, ow aoychlkwzhw zhbiëb záb wfv lhjo zoygfjoy, poyxvf cfwwh fjkzoykh fb

fwpfgkhl, nfyhlbfczf xvfb fwgyf}f ov gobfczh ow aonow wço }fyjhjfkyow hbhczfw jow fwpoyzfw#

Jkhczf jkwwo, o hvzoy lf}hczh xvfwzöfw woiyf h phygkhlkjhjf jow aoychlkwzhw f gocglvk xvf h fboîço

zfb wfv lhjo iob f wfv lhjo yvkb co mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo#

Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ hioyjhb zfbhw fwpfgâmkgow jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o# O lk}yo ë jk}kjkjo fb

gkcgo ghpâzvlow xvf mhlhb woiyf o bvcjo jow fwpoyzfw, woiyf ëzkgh, yfnyhw f zyhq hkcjh wvnfwzöfw

phyh vb bojflo fwpfgâmkgo co aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o# Ow hvzoyfw mhqfb vbh yfmlftço woiyf ow

pyomkwwkochkw jh èyfh, hlëb jf jhyfb jkghw f ftplkghy zëgckghw woiyf o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o#

Ghbpflo $9008+ yflhzh o chwgkbfczo jo yèjko f h wvh gdfnhjh co Iyhwkl# H hvzoyh jkwgoyyf woiyf h

dkwz÷ykh jfwwf }fâgvlo co phâw, h wvh pyonyhbhîço, hw pykbfkyhw fbkwwoyhw f h kbpoyzécgkh xvf fwwf

}fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh mok nhcdhcjo gob o phwwhy jow hcow co Iyhwkl# Hlëb jkwwo, h

hvzoyh jkwwfyzh woiyf o chwgkbfczo jhw pykbfkyhw f bhkw kbpoyzhczfw yèjkow bkcfkyhw f wvhw



:

pyonyhbhîöfw# Jh bfwbh bhcfkyh, Pyhzh $9007+ yflhzh woiyf ow kbpoyzhczfw pyonyhbhw jhw Yèjkow

Bkcfkyh, Nvhyhck f Kcgocmkjácgkh f gobo h gdfnhjh jh zflf}kwço kczfymfykv ch pyonyhbhîço jhw

fbkwwoyhw#

Hwwkb gobo Ghbpflo $9008+, Ghlhiyf $9009+ yfwwhlzh h kbpoyzécgkh jo yèjko co Iyhwkl f gobo fwwf}fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh wf zoycov vb âgocf jf bojfyckjhjf co phâw# H hvzoyh hioyjh ow

pykbfkyow hcow jo yèjko fb zfyyhw iyhwklfkyhw f gobo flf jkzov bojh, gykov fwzklow f kc}fczov

pyèzkghw gozkjkhchw fwzkbvlhcjo co}ow zkpow jf wogkhiklkjhjf#

Oyzyk~hco $8;46+ hmkybh xvf o yèjko pojf boiklkqhy bhwwhw f zfy vbh phyzkgkphîço hzk}h ch }kjh

chgkochl# Fb yflhîço ho mvzfiol, h hvzoyh yflhzh xvf o yèjko gykh cow ov }kczfw “kbhnfcw bfczhkw‒

poyxvf ow logvzoyfw fwpoyzk}ow vwhb zojh h fbogkochlkjhjf jhw phlh}yhw# Jkhczf jkwwo, bvkzowov}kczfw hghihb pyfmfykcjo mkghy ov}kcjo hw chyyhîöfw h ky ho fwzèjko# Hlëb jkwwo, jf hgoyjo gob h

hvzoyh, hw chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw wço }kiyhczfw, gdfkhw jf fboîço f záb hlzh ghynh opkchzk}h, o xvf

hghih poy nfyhy bhkw polábkgh jo xvf hw ovzyhw fjkzoykhw#

Ghy}hldo $8;;9+ yflhzh h zyhafz÷ykh jo kjfhlkqhjoy f gykhjoy jf vbh jhw yèjkow bhkw kbpoyzhczfw co

gfcèyko yhjkomúckgo bkcfkyo, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, mvcjhjh poy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# O hvzoy zyhq fb wvh

oiyh o ghbkcdo pfygoyykjo poy Ahcvèyko phyh xvf h Kzhzkhkh wf zoychwwf vbh jhw nyhcjfw fbkwwoyhw

jo Iyhwkl f yfmfyácgkh fb fwpoyzfw zhl xvhl gobo ë doaf#

Bglfkwd $9008+ hmkybh xvf o yèjko zyhihldh gob h kbhnkchîço jf ghjh ov}kczf, pokw gob h hvwácgkh

jf kbhnfcw, xvfb ov}f o yèjko wf }á oiyknhjo h kbhnkchy ow mhzow# Jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, fwwf

}fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh zfb jk}fywhw mvcîöfw, jfwzh bhcfkyh, flf yfpyfwfczh nyhcjf

goczykivkîço phyh h wogkfjhjf, pyfwzhcjo wfy}kîow, kcmoybhcjo, jk}vlnhcjo kjfkhw f }knkhcjo xvfb

fwzè co pojfy#

Gëwhy $9006+ hmkybh xvf o yèjko zyhihldh gob o hwpfgzo gvlzvyhl jh wogkfjhjf f ë h bâjkh jh

fboîço# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, hw chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw wço yfgdfhjhw jf fboîço, h mkb jf fwzkbvlhy o

kbhnkcèyko jo ov}kczf, gob o kczvkzo jf mhqfy gob xvf flfw wf wkczhb gobo phyzf jo hgoczfgkbfczo#

Kwwo hgoczfgf poyxvf ow chyyhjoyfw wço }kiyhczfw f ow aoychlkwzhw jço jfzhldfw woiyf o xvf hgoczfgf

jfczyo f moyh jow ghbpow#

Wohyfw $8;;:+ yflhzh hgfygh jhw pykbfkyhw logvîöfw fwpoyzk}hw f gobo flhw moyhb wf hpfymfkîohcjo

ho locno jow hcow, gob o kczvkzo jf gocxvkwzhy h hvjkácgkh jow ov}kczfw# H hvzoyh hioyjh h



:

lkcnvhnfb jkmfyfcgkhjh jow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow, gobo o vwo jf ahynöfw f bfzèmoyhw, phyh wkzvhy o

ov}kczf jkhczf jo xvf fwzè hgoczfgfcjo fb ghbpo#

Pfyfkyh $900>+ hmkybh xvf o vwo jf bfzèmoyhw mhq phyzf jo gozkjkhco jhw pfwwohw, f xvf co mvzfiol

cço ë jkmfyfczf# Ow aoychlkwzhw, pykcgkphlbfczf ow xvf zyhihldhb co yèjko, vwhb bvkzo fwwf yfgvywophyh zoychy hw ftplkghîöfw glhyhw f jfzhldhjhw# Ho mhlhy woiyf bfzèmoyh, Mkoykc $8;;>+ yflhzh xvf fwwh

mknvyh jf lkcnvhnfb hiyf powwkiklkjhjf phyh co}hw kczfypyfzhîöfw# Hlëb jkwwo, Pfyfkyh $900>+ hmkybh

xvf hw bfzèmoyhw bhkw vwhjhw wço hw xvf mhqfb yfmfyácgkhw iëlkghw# Ho

Mkchlkqhcjo hw xvfwzöfw woiyf h lkcnvhnfb jow fwpoyzfw, Bhgdhjo $9006+ hmkybh xvf mvzfiol ë

zyhzhjo gobo vbh nvfyyh f poy kwwo h kbpyfcwh fwpoyzk}h yfnkwzyh ow mhzow gob vb lkcnvhahy

yfgdfhjo jf bfzèmoyhw# Kwwo hgoczfgf cço hpfchw poy }oczhjf jow aoychlkwzhw, bhw wkb, poyxvf ëvbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh kcfyfczf h fwwf fwpoyzf#

:#8#9 Pfwxvkwh Jogvbfczhl

H hcèlkwf zfb gobo bhzfykhl fbpâykgo o pyonyhbh jf yèjko Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h, xvf mok yfhlkqhjo

pflh fxvkpf jf fwpoyzfw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, co jkh 89 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080# H Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h

zyhcwbkzkv hw phyzkjhw fczyf Gyvqfkyo t H}hâ f Hzlëzkgo t Nyábko Pyvjfczf, }èlkjhw pflh 98¡ yojhjh

jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo jf 9080#

:#8#7 Bëzojow f Zëgckghw

:#8#7#8 Hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo

Phyh h yfhlkqhîço jh hcèlkwf jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h, jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, moyhb vzklkqhjow ow gykzëykow

hioyjhjow cow ghpâzvlow zf÷ykgow jo pyfwfczf zyhihldo# H hcèlkwf ftplkgkzh gobo wf jè h hplkghîço

jow gocgfkzow hpyfwfczhjow co bhzfykhl fbpâykgo# Jfwzh bhcfkyh, h hcèlkwf zf}f gobo pykcgkphl

oiafzk}o h hplkghîço jh zfoykh hpyfwfczhjh wf yflhgkochcjo gob h pyèzkgh#

Ow gocgfkzow lf}hjow fb gocwkjfyhîço phyh h hcèlkwf moyhb ow jf yhjkoaoychlkwbo, h phktço jo po}o



:

iyhwklfkyo pflo mvzfiol f h lkcnvhnfb xvf ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow vwhb chw zyhcwbkwwöfw jhw

phyzkjhw#

H pykbfkyh fzhph jh hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo gocwkwzkv fb vbh jfgvphnfb jf zojo o pyonyhbh,

ivwghcjo jfwgyf}á"lo jf bhcfkyh oiafzk}h f xvhczkzhzk}h# Jfwzh moybh, mok yfhlkqhjh vbh lfkzvyh

wkwzfbèzkgh jf zojo o bhzfykhl fbpâykgo, vwhcjo"o gobo ihwf phyh zojo o pyogfwwo jf hcèlkwf#

Ow zyfgdow hxvk hchlkwhjow moyhb ow pyfphyhzk}ow jfczyo f moyh jo ghbpo phyh ow aonow jf Gyvqfkyo

f Hzlëzkgo, h chyyhîço jow logvzoyfw Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw f Bklzoc Ch}fw f o zyhihldo jf zojh h fxvkpf

jf fwpoyzfw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hczfw, jvyhczf f jfpokw jhw phyzkjhw#

Ow gocgfkzow fwzhiflfgkjow phyh h hplkghîço jh hcèlkwf moyhb ow wfnvkczfw1

8# O mvzfiol gobo kjfczkjhjf f phktço chgkochl5

9# Hw zëgckghw vzklkqhjhw pflow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow5

7# H yèjko Kzhzkhkh f hw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw5

:# O vwo jh lkcnvhnfb iëlkgh chw chyyhîöfw jhw phyzkjhw#

:#9 H Yèjko Kzhzkhkh

Jfwjf o pykcgâpko, h kjfkh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gykhjoy jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, mok jf mhqfy gob xvf wvh

fbkwwoyh wf zoychwwf gocdfgkjh f fwpfgkhlkqhjh fb fwpoyzfw f cozâgkhw# H pyopowzh fyh jf xvf h

Kzhzkhkh zyovtfwwf ho pñilkgo zvjo hxvklo xvf hw ovzyhw fbkwwoyhw bkcfkyhw cço zyhqkhb# H kjfkh wf

gocgyfzkqov f jfv gfyzo#

Doaf, h Kzhzkhkh ë h pykcgkphl yèjko jf Bkchw Nfyhkw f vbh jhw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jo Iyhwkl# H

fbkwwoyh mvcgkoch pflhw myfxüácgkhw =80 eDq ‗ HB f ;6,> BDq ‗ MB f zfb wvh pyonyhbhîço

}olzhjh phyh ow fwpoyzfw, bhw zhbiëb hzvh co aoychlkwbo, pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow f fczyfzfckbfczo#



:

H yèjko fwzè co hy jfwjf 8;69 f, doaf, avczo gob bhkw xvhzyo fbkwwoyhw jo fwzhjo ‗ Avkq jf Moyh,

Boczfw Glhyow, Ovyo Pyfzo f ]hynkcdh ‗ gocwzkzvk h Yfjf Kzhzkhkh# O kczvkzo ë jf hiyhcnfy ghjh }fq

bhkw wvh pyonyhbhîço f wf kjfczkmkghy gob h gvlzvyh co loghl ocjf flh wf mhq pyfwfczf# Hlëb jkwwo,

fb 8;;=, hw fbkwwoyhw jh Yfjf Kzhzkhkh phwwhyhb h gocwzkzvky h Yfjf Kzhwhz, xvf wço bhkw jf 66

fwzhîöfw hmklkhjhw xvf ghpzhb hw zyhcwbkwwöfw }kh whzëlkzf f yfzyhcwbkzfb phyh py÷pykhw yfnköfw# Wçoxvhwf 400 bvckgâpkow jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, gfygh jf ;9& jo fwzhjo, xvf fwgvzhb phyzf ov zojh h

pyonyhbhîço jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh#

H Yèjko Kzhzkhkh ë gocwkjfyh pkocfkyh fb }èykow hwpfgzow# Mok h pykbfkyo yèjko jf Bkchw Nfyhkw h

bhczfy vbh pyonyhbhîço 9: doyhw co hy, h vzklkqhy whzëlkzf phyh zyhcwbkwwöfw kczfychgkochkw, h

zyhcwbkzky Gophw jo Bvcjo f Olkbpâhjhw gob vbh fxvkpf py÷pykh f ghchl kcjfpfcjfczf# Hlëb

jkwwo, h Kzhzkhkh opfyh gob bojfycow fxvkphbfczow jf zyhcwbkwwço f zyhzhbfczo jf wob fyfgfczfbfczf wf yfmoybvlov phyh wf kcwfyky ch fyh jknkzhl#

H fbkwwoyh mkgov gocdfgkjh gobo h “Yèjko jf Bkchw‒ f ho locno jow hcow mok golfgkochcjo

gocxvkwzhw# H Kzhzkhkh nhcdov o Zop om Bkcj poy 87 }fqfw, pyfbkhîço yfhlkqhjh pflh yf}kwzh Bfyghjo

Gobvb fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# Ë h fbkwwoyh bhkw lfbiyhjh pflow bkcfkyow#

H pyonyhbhîço jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh pojf wfy ov}kjh chw myfxvácgkhw HB f MB, fb vb ghchl jf yèjkojh We{, vbh yfjf fbkwwoyh jf ghchkw phnow, f poy bfko jf wfv wkzf ch kczfycfz#

:#9#8 O mvzfiol ch Kzhzkhkh

Yhzkmkghcjo o kjfhl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, h Kzhzkhkh bhczëb hkcjh doaf gobo poczo pykcgkphl jf wvh

pyonyhbhîço o mvzfiol# Ow pyonyhbhw jh yèjko jfwzkchjo ho fwpoyzf wço wfzf ho zojo, hlëb jh

Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h, xvf }hk ho hy cow jkhw jf aonow jow zyáw pykcgkphkw zkbfw jh ghpkzhl bkcfkyh1

Hbëykgh, Hzlëzkgo f Gyvqfkyo#

H pyonyhbhîço jf fwpoyzfw jh fbkwwoyh goczh gob ow wfnvkczfw pyonyhbhw1

! Zkyo jf bfzh, pyonyhbh hpyfwfczhjo poy Ácko Lkbh, xvf }hk ho hy jf wfnvcjh h wèihjo jf =

doyhw jh bhcdç hzë = doyhw f 70 bkcvzow# O hpyfwfczhjoy phwwh how ov}kczfw hw pykbfkyhw



:

cozâgkhw jo jkh woiyf mvzfiol jo jkh f yfpfygvzf yfwvlzhjow jf aonow f jf cozâgkhw jo jkh hczfykoy5

! O pyonyhbh Yèjko Fwpoyzfw, hpyfwfczhjo poy Bklzoc Ch}fw, }hk ho hy jf wfnvcjh h wèihjo jf

88 doyhw f 70 bkcvzow hzë bfko jkh f 70 bkcvzow# O écgoyh f ow yfp÷yzfyfw jh yèjko lf}hb how

ov}kczfw hw pykcgkphkw cozâgkhw jf wfvw zkbfw f jow wfvw hj}fywèykow# Hlëb jkwwo, o pyonyhbh zyhqkcmoybhîöfw woiyf ovzyow fwpoyzfw, gobo }úlfk, ihwxvfzf, mvzwhl f hzlfzkwbo5

! H Zvybh jo Ihzf"Iolh ë o pyonyhbh hpyfwfczhjo pflo pyfwkjfczf jh yèjko, Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo#

]hk ho hy jf wfnvcjh h wèihjo, fczyh jf 84 doyhw f 6 bkcvzow àw 84 doyhw f 66 bkcvzow# O

pyonyhbh zfb gobo hzyhîço hw bhzëykhw woiyf ow pykcgkphkw zkbfw bkcfkyow, kcmoybhîöfw f

fczyf}kwzhw ftglvwk}hw gob ow aonhjoyfw, zëgckgow f jkyknfczfw jow glvifw5

! O aoychlkwzh Aoço ]kzoy Th}kfy hpyfwfczh o pyonyhbh Ihwzkjoyfw jkhykhbfczf, jf wfnvcjh h

wftzh jhw 90 doyhw àw 98 doyhw, cow wèihjow jhw 8; doyhw àw 90 doyhw f how jobkcnow jhw 87

doyhw èw 8: doyhw# O pyonyhbh ë kczfyhzk}o, pokw goczh gob h phyzkgkphîço jow ov}kczfw, xvf jço

opkcköfw woiyf hw phyzkjhw jow wfvw zkbfw, hzyh}ëw jf zflfmocfbhw, fbhklw f pflo z~kzzfy jh yèjko#

Ow zoygfjoyfw pojfb ov}ky kcmoybhîöfw f fczyf}kwzhw ho }k}o woiyf wfvw zkbfw jo goyhîço f, co

nfyhl, woiyf o mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo5

! O pyonyhbh Hpkzo Mkchl, hpyfwfczhjo poy Bhygo Hczúcko Iyvge, }hk ho hy jkhykhbfczf jf 97

doyhw f 6 bkcvzow hzë h bfkh cokzf# O hpyfwfczhjoy zyhq vb yfwvbo jf zvjo xvf hgoczfgfv co jkh

fwpoyzk}o jhw pykcgkphkw gobpfzkîöfw iyhwklfkyhw f kczfychgkochkw, co fczhczo, jè jfwzhxvf ho

Hbëykgh, Hzlëzkgo f Gyvqfkyo5

! Zojo jobkcno, jhw 8: doyhw àw 86 doyhw, hczfw jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h, }hk ho hy o pyonyhbh

Iolh Pyfbkhjh, hpyfwfczhjo pflo yfp÷yzfy Fbfywoc Yobhco# Fwwf ë ovzyo pyonyhbh jh Yèjko

Kzhzkhkh xvf goczh gob h phyzkgkphîço jo ov}kczf, xvf gocgoyyf h pyábkow ho yfwpocjfy h

“pfynvczh pyfbkhjh‒# Hlëb jkwwo, Fbfywoc Yobhco zyhq kcmoybhîöfw jhw phyzkjhw xvf wvgfjfb

o pyonyhbh5

! H Nyhcjf Yfwfcdh, pyonyhbh hpyfwfczhjo poy Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo, }hk ho hy how jobkcnow,

lono hp÷w h Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh f hpyfwfczh gobfczèykow jow aoychlkwzhw woiyf hw

phyzkjhw ogoyykjhw# Jfihzfw woiyf lhcgfw polábkgow wço lf}hczhjow co pyonyhbh f ow ov}kczfw

pojfb jhy wvh opkckço woiyf ow aonow hzyh}ëw jo zflfmocf jh fbkwwoyh ov poy fbhklw#



:

Hlëb jow pyonyhbhw xvf zobhb nyhcjf phyzf jh pyonyhbhîço jh fbkwwoyh, h Kzhzkhkh zyhcwbkzf

hkcjh ow aonow ho }k}o jf Hbëykgh, Hzlëzkgo f Gyvqfkyo# H yèjko goczh gob vbh nyhcjf fxvkpf jf

fwpoyzfw1 Añckoy Iyhwkl ë o gooyjfchjoy5 ow chyyhjoyfw wço Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw, Bèyko Dfcykxvf

Ghkth, Bklzoc Ch}fw f Ácko Lkbh, wfcjo ow jokw ñlzkbow zhbiëb hpyfwfczhjoyfw5 ovzyow

hpyfwfczhjoyfw f zhbiëb yfp÷yzfyfw jf pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow jh yèjko wço Aoço ]kzoy Th}kfy,Fbfywoc Yobhco f Bhygo Hczúcko Iyvge# Yoifyzo Hiyhw, ^fllknzoc Ghbpow, Zdkhno Yfkw, Èl}hyo

Jhbkço, Nvkldfybf Nocwfy, Iyvco Hqf}fjo, Jhckfllf Yojyknvfw, Hyzvy Boyhfw f Whbvfl ]fcécgko

gobplfzhb o zkbf jf yfp÷yzfyfw jh Kzhzkhkh# Hlëb jfwwfw pyomkwwkochkw, h fxvkpf goczh hkcjh gob

Bkgdfl Hcnflo, Ghylow Wfy}kjhcfw f o yfp÷yzfy Whbvfl ]fcécgko, xvf zhbiëb hzvhb gobo

pyojvzoyfw, ow gobfczhykwzhw Lëlko Nvwzh}o f Ykghyjo Añjkgf f h hwwfwwoyh jf fwpoyzfw Vywvlh

Convfkyh#

:#7 H Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h

Hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh aè wço zyhjkgkochkw fb zojo o fwzhjo jf

Bkchw Nfyhkw f goczhb vbh nyhcjf fxvkpf jf aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow, wfcjo flfw chyyhjoyfw,

yfp÷yzfyfw f gobfczhykwzhw#

Fwwhw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh fb jkhw jf aonow hlghcîhb hlzow câ}fkw jf hvjkácgkh

phyh h fbkwwoyh# H bhgkîh bhkoykh, ;6& jow ov}kczfw jf aoychjhw fwpoyzk}hw co yèjko bkcfkyo,

hgobphcdhb hw kcmoybhîöfw jow wfvw zkbfw hzyh}ëw jhw ocjhw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh#8

H zyhcwbkwwço jow aonow jf Hzlëzkgo }fywvw Nyábko Pyvjfczf f Gyvqfkyo }fywvw H}hâ, co jkh 89 jf

wfzfbiyo jf 9080 hgoczfgfv wkbvlzhcfhbfczf# Ow jokw glvifw jh ghpkzhl bkcfkyh aonh}hb co

bfwbo doyèyko f, jfwwh moybh, h Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h hghiov wfcjo jvplh, vbh }fq xvf flh zyovtf

kcmoybhîöfw jow jokw zkbfw bkcfkyow wkbvlzhcfhbfczf#

Hlú Iyhwkl, hlú nhlfyh( ]fb gobkno poyxvf }ogá whif, hxvk ë wdo~ jf iolh# Hyfch jo Ahghyë, jf}olzh h Wfzf Lhnohw o Nhlo fcmyfczh o Nyábko Pyvjfczf# Aoychjh jvplh jh Kzhzkhkh, gob h jvplhHzlëzkgo f Gyvqfkyo aonhcjo co bfwbo doyèyko# Xvhzyo doyhw jh zhyjf, Mloykhc÷polkw, ch Yfwwhghjhzfb o H}hâ f zfb o Gyvqfkyo# Zfb o Gyvqfkyo goczyh o H}hâ# C÷w hiykbow phyh o yèjko jf Bkchw owghbkcdow jf zojow ow goczkcfczfw# $BKLZOC CH]FW, 9080 ‗ Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h jvplh jh Yèjko

Kzhzkhkh+

8 Moczf1 Kiopf Hnowzo h Ovzviyo jf 900;



:

H zyhcwbkwwço jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h jvplh jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh jo jkh 89 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080 mkgov co

hy jvyhczf zyáw doyhw, 6= bkcvzow f 6: wfnvcjow# O aono fczyf Hzlëzkgo t Nyábko Pyvjfczf mok

chyyhjo poy Bklzoc Ch}fw, gobfczhjo poy Añckoy Iyhwkl f ow yfp÷yzfyfw moyhb Yoifyzo Hiyhw f

Fbfywoc Yobhco# Fb Mloykhc÷polkw, Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw mok o chyyhjoy jf H}hâ t Gyvqfkyo, o

gobfczhykwzh mok Lëlko Nvwzh}o f ow yfp÷yzfyfw Hyzvy Boyhfw f Iyvco Hqf}fjo#

H Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h wf ghyhgzfykqh gobo vb locno pyonyhbh co xvhl aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow

gobfczhb ow aonow hczfw, jvyhczf f jfpokw jhw phyzkjhw, gob o kczvkzo jf lf}hy jfzhldhjhbfczf

kcmoybhîöfw woiyf ow glvifw fc}ol}kjow cow aonow jf mvzfiol#

Ow yfp÷yzfyfw mkghb fb powkîöfw fwzyhzënkghw jfczyo jf ghbpo, h mkb kcmoybhy o ov}kczf jh moybh

bhkw jfzhldhjh powwâ}fl# Kwwo hgoczfgf phyh xvf o zoygfjoy wf wkczh phyzkgkphczf jo hgoczfgkbfczofwpoyzk}o# Chyyhjoyfw, gobfczhykwzhw f yfp÷yzfyfw, hczfw jhw phyzkjhw gobfîhyfb, fwzhiflfgfb vb

phcoyhbh jf gobo fwzè o fwzèjko, ov wfah, wf ow zoygfjoyfw aè wf hgobojhyhb fb wvhw ghjfkyhw, wf

ow zkbfw f èyikzyow aè fczyhyhb fb ghbpo phyh wf hxvfgfy, wf h wkzvhîço jo nyhbhjo fwzè mh}oyè}fl

phyh ow aonhjoyfw, fczyf ovzyow pfxvfcow jfzhldfw# Wohyfw $8;;:+ hmkybh xvf, jfwwh moybh, ow

aoychlkwzhw hnfb gobo vbh fwpëgkf jf “oldo‒ jow zoygfjoyfw xvf cço fwzço pyfwfczfw co fwzèjko#

Jobkcno jf wol, gëv hifyzo, cfcdvbh pfywpfgzk}h jf gdv}h$###+Zoygkjh hzlfzkghch, bhwwh hzlfzkghchaè wf mhq pyfwfczf fb vb cñbfyo pflo bfcow gocwkjfyè}fl# O fwzèjko fwzè iockzkcdo, zèhyyvbhjkcdo, zè lfnhl, hiwolvzhbfczf lkbpo# O nyhbhjo, cow phyfgf hxvk jf gkbh, f cowwh powkîçojf ghikcf ë pyk}klfnkhjh, fwzhbow lkzfyhlbfczf woiyf h lkcdh jo bfko jo nyhbhjo, h cço bhkw xvf}kczf phwwow jh lkcdh lhzfyhl jo ghbpo, o xvf xvfy jkqfy vbh }kwço bvkzo ioh, f yfpkzo, jhxvk jfgkbh o nyhbhjo cow phyfgf iob $BKLZOC CH]FW, 9080 ‗ Hzlëzkgo f Nyábko Pyvjfczf+#

Jfczyo jhw ghikcfw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh ow chyyhjoyfw Bklzoc Ch}fw f Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw fb gocavczo

gob ow gobfczhykwzhw Avckoy Iyhwkl f Lëlko Nvwzh}o, jço jfzhldfw dkwz÷ykgow jow gocmyoczow

hczfykoyfw jow glvifw fc}ol}kjow chw phyzkjhw, fcxvhczo ow yfp÷yzfyfw jço kcmoybhîöfw jow

ihwzkjoyfw jow aonow# Hlëb jf jfzhldfw dkwz÷ykgow ow aoychlkwzhw phwwhb how ov}kczfw h wkzvhîço jf

ghjh zkbf co Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo, gobo poy ftfbplo, h powkîço ch zhiflh f pyfzfcwöfw xvf ghjh

vb zfb jfczyo jh gobpfzkîço#

Bklzoc, bfwbo jfwmhlghjo o Gyvqfkyo zfb plfchw gocjkîöfw jf }fcgfy o H}hâ, xvf gobo aè ifbkcmoybov o Iyvco Hqf}fjo, aè cço }fcgf dè xvhwf vb báw, pfyjfv goczhzo gob h phyzf jf gkbh jhzhiflh f doaf h yfhlkjhjf ë ovzyh, pyfgkwh jh }kz÷ykh phyh cço mkghy py÷tkbo jh qoch joyfihkthbfczo# O xvf wf fwpfyh ë vb H}hâ jfwfwpfyhjo goczyh vb Gyvqfkyo xvf, jfmkckzk}hbfczf,pojfyè wf fcgowzhy cow lâjfyfw# Aono kczfyfwwhczf ch zfyyh jo Bhcfqkcdo $LËLKO NVWZH]O, 9080

‗ H}hâ f Gyvqfkyo+#



:

Jf moybh jkcébkgh f oiafzk}h o zkbf jf chyyhjoyfw f aoychlkwzhw xvf zyhcwbkzfb h aoychjh fwpoyzk}h

}ço wf yf}fqhcjo chw kcmoybhîöfw# Bhygo Hczúcko Iyvge phwwh how ov}kczfw ow yfwvlzhjow jow aonow

xvf cço fc}ol}fb jkyfzhbfczf ow zkbfw bkcfkyow, bhw xvf kczfyfwwh h zojow ow zoygfjoyfw jf

mvzfiol# ^fllkcnzoc Ghbpow phwwh hw kcmoybhîöfw jh Wflfîço Iyhwklfkyh, fcxvhczo ow yfp÷yzfyfw xvf

goiyfb ow aonow jow zkbfw bkcfkyow wf hlzfychb jhcjo kcmoybhîöfw woiyf hw phyzkjhw#

Hczfw jhw phyzkjhw gobfîhyfb ow yfp÷yzfyfw jf ghbpo jço zojhw hw kcmoybhîöfw woiyf ow zkbfw,

phwwhb hw fwghlhîöfw f ow jfwmhlxvfw jf ghjh glvif# O kczvkzo ë wfbpyf jf kcmoybhy o ov}kczf h

yfhl wkzvhîço jo wfv zkbf jf goyhîço f bhczá"lo à phy jf zvjo o xvf hgoczfgf cow ihwzkjoyfw jow

}fwzkèykow# Hlëb jkwwo, flfw phwwhb kcmoybhîöfw jo xvf aè hgoczfgfv co ghbpfochzo, h mkb jf

jfkthy ftplâgkzh h wkzvhîço phyh hxvflf ov}kczf xvf cço hgobphcdh jkhykhbfczf ow cozkgkèykow

fwpoyzk}ow f, kcmoybhb zhbiëb woiyf ow èyikzyow fwghlhjow phyh hpkzhyfb ow aonow#

Kcwzhczfw hczfw jhw phyzkjhw zfyfb kcâgko ow yfp÷yzfyfw xvf mkghb fwzyhzfnkghbfczf powkgkochjow

jfczyo jow ghbpow fczyf}kwzhb ow aonhjoyfw f zëgckgow, mhqfb pfynvczhw hgfygh jo aono xvf fwzè

pyfwzfw h gobfîhy f phwwhb jfzhldhjhbfczf how ov}kczfw hw bo}kbfczhîöfw jow aonhjoyfw f èyikzyow

xvf aè fwzço fb ghbpo#

Phwwhjh zojhw hw kcmoybhîöfw woiyf ow aonow f ow pfywochnfcw jo fwpfzègvlo, ow aoychlkwzhwpyfphyhb o ov}kczf phyh h phyzkjh xvf }hk gobfîhy# Jfwwh bhcfkyh, flfw fc}ol}fb ow ov}kczfw,

mhqfcjo gob xvf flfw wf wkczhb phyzkgkphczfw jo f}fczo#

Ho gobfîhy hw phyzkjhw ow chyyhjoyfw aè mhlhb jf moybh }kiyhczf f oiafzk}h# Flfw wkzvhb ow ov}kczfw

jfwjf o pykbfkyo bobfczo jo aono, mhlhcjo jf moybh yèpkjh f glhyh o xvf hgoczfgf jfczyo jhw

xvhzyo lkcdhw jo ghbpo#

Zvjo pyoczo pyh iolh yolhy, gob h fboîço jo mvzfiol pflo yèjko $…+ H whâjh ë jo zkbf jo Nhlo# Hwhâjh ë jo Nhlo( Pyh gkbh jflfw, Nhlo( Pyh gkbhw jo Nyábko Pyvjfczf( Hpkzh o èyikzyo, gobfîov hphyzkjh, aè zfb iolh yolhcjo fb Wfzf Lhnohw, ch Hyfch jo Ahghyë# O Nhlo lvzh vckghbfczf pflh}kz÷ykh $BKLZOC CH]FW, 9080 ‗ Hzlëzkgo f Nyábko Pyvjfczf+#

Jvyhczf zojh h zyhcwbkwwço jhw phyzkjhw ow yfp÷yzfyfw kcmoybhb woiyf ow cñbfyow jow aonow, gobo

poy ftfbplo, hw mhlzhw xvf ghjh zkbf gobfzfv, o cñbfyo jf ghyzöfw f jço pyoafîço jow powwâ}fkw

jfwmhlxvfw phyh hw py÷tkbhw phyzkjhw# Zojo fwwf jfzhldhbfczo jo aono, jè ho ov}kczf vb oykfczhîço

nfyhl jo xvf hgoczfgf jfczyo jo ghbpo# Hlëb jkwwo, ow chyyhjoyfw jfwgyf}fb ow lhcgfw jf bhcfkyh

h pyopoygkochy mègkl fczfcjkbfczo jhw aonhjhw# Jfwwh moybh, xvfb cço fwzè co fwzèjko ov}f h



6

phyzkjh f gocwfnvf kbhnkchy gobo hgoczfgfv ghjh lhcgf#

Fjvhyjo Yhbow jobkch phyh h fxvkpf jo Nyábko Pyvjfczf, jfwgf pflh poczh fwxvfyjh, phwwhpfjkcjo h iolh# Hzfcîço( Lhcîhbfczo phyh h èyfh, bfldoy h gologhîço jo Yë}fy# Goyzh o qhnvfkyohzlfzkghco f aonh phyh o bfko jf ghbpo# Bhzh co pfkzo Oikch, jobkch Oikch# Oikch phyhYkghyjkcdo# Ykghyjkcdo phwwh h iolh poy fczyf hw pfychw jo Hjykhco Pkbfczh f mhq o phwwf pyhJhckfl Ghy}hldo# Mhlzh cflf, bhygh o èyikzyo# Mhlzh gobfzkjh woiyf Jhckfl Ghy}hldo wfyè ihzkjhjhxvk h povgo# F whâ ghyzço hbhyflo phyh Phvlo Gëwhy, lhzfyhl jo Nyábko Pyvjfczf, pflh mhlzhgobfzkjh $BKLZOC CH]FW, 9080 ‗ Hzlëzkgo f Nyábko Pyvjfczf+#

Jvyhczf zojh h phyzkjh ow aoychlkwzhw zfgfb gobfczèykow woiyf ow lhcgfw bhkw polábkgow f woiyf hw

gdhcgfw bhkw glhyhw jf nol# Hlëb jkwwo, jvyhczf o kczfy}hlo jf vb zfbpo phyh o ovzyo ow

gobfczhykwzhw mhqfb hcèlkwfw woiyf hw fxvkpfw f h hyikzyhnfb, vwhcjo vbh lkcnvhnfb glhyh f

wfbpyf jf bhcfkyh ihwzhczf }kiyhczf#

Ch whâjh jo kczfy}hlo ow yfp÷yzfyfw, xvf fwzço powkgkochjow jfczyo jf ghbpo, }olzhb h fczyf}kwzhy

hlnvcw aonhjoyfw, nfyhlbfczf ow xvf zk}fyhb bhkw jfwzhxvf jvyhczf o pykbfkyo zfbpo, wfah poy ioh

ov bè hzvhîço# Wfnvcjo Ihyifkyo f Yhcnfl $900=+ kwwo hgoczfgf poyxvf ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow

ivwghb h zojo bobfczo phwwhy how wfvw ov}kczfw, o xvf fwzè hgoczfgfcjo jfczyo jf ghbpo f ë poy

kwwo, xvf flfw goldfb jfpokbfczow jow aonhjoyfw gob o kczvkzo jf whify h }kwço xvf flfw zfb woiyf

h phyzkjh #

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jfwwh bhcfkyh xvf ow aoychlkwzhw gocwfnvfb phwwhy o xvf hgoczfgf phyh ow wfvw ov}kczfw#

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vbh lkcnvhnfb glhyh f hgfwwâ}fl h zojow, h hzvhîço jow aonhjoyfw f jow èyikzyow# Ë, ch bhkoykh jhw

}fqfw, cfwwf bobfczo xvf hlnvbhw jkwgvwwöfw wço lf}hczhjhw, aè xvf chw wvhw }kiyhczfw mhlhw flfw

hpoczhb ow fyyow f hgfyzow jf xvfb pyozhnockqov o fwpfzègvlo jo mvzfiol#

O Gyvqfkyo }fcgfcjo fwwf gobpyobkwwo kbpoyzhczâwwkbo pflh }knëwkbh pykbfkyh yojhjh joGhbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# 9t8 pyh gkbh jo H}hâ ch Yfwwfghjh, gob h hyikzyhnfb jf Hcjyë Lvkq jfMyfkzhw, jf Nokèw# Mok vb èyikzyo bvkzo yknoyowo hpfchw chw aonhjhw goczyh o Gyvqfkyo# O zkbf joGyvqfkyo mhqfcjo mhlzhw flf hbhyflh}h# O yknoy aè cço mok }kwzo phyh o H}hâ# Mhiyâgko ]klhykcdo fNfwbhy Bkyhcjh moyhb wfvw hwwkwzfczfw $…+ Myhxvâwwkbo o èyikzyo no khco Hcjyë Lvkq jf Myfkzhw,vb èyikzyo xvf vwov jokw pfwow f jvhw bfjkjhw goczyh o Gyvqfkyo, wfbpyf# Wfbpyf goczyh oGyvqfkyo o èyikzyo nokhco# $LËLKO NVWZH]O, 9080 ‗ Gyvqfkyo f H}hâ+#

H zyhcwbkwwço jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh gdfnh ho mkb gob ow aoychlkwzhw jhcjo owcñbfyow mkchkw jow aonow, ov wfah, mhlhcjo xvhczhw mhlzhw, ghyzöfw, gdvzfw h nol, fczyf ovzyhw



6

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zkbfw bkcfkyow f hnyhjfgf how wfvw mkëkw ov}kczfw poy zfyfb hgobphcdhjo zojh h aoychjh ho locno

jh zhyjf#

:#7#8 H zyhcwbkwwço jf mvzfiol xvf bftf gob h fboîço jow zoygfjoyfw bkcfkyow

O mvzfiol bftf gob h fboîço jo po}o iyhwklfkyo, fwzè pyfwfczf co wfv gozkjkhco f ë gocwkjfyhjo

vb jow bhkoyfw bozk}ow jf hlfnykhw jh popvlhîço# Cço ë poy bozk}ow hlfhz÷ykow xvf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw

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o fwpoyzf iyfzço ë vbh phktço chgkochl, xvf ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow jfkthb zyhcwphyfgfy h fboîço

xvf poy bvkzhw }fqfw zhbiëb zobhb goczh jflfw#

Lono co kcâgko jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h, h }kcdfzh jo pyonyhbh aè zyhq flfbfczow xvf yf}flhb zojh h

ftpfgzhzk}h f fboîço jow aonow f gdhbh ow ov}kczfw phyh hgobphcdhy zojh h zyhcwbkwwço jhw

phyzkjhw#

O fwpoyzf fwzè gdfnhcjo gob o zhlfczo jf xvfb mhq, aè aè zfb iolh co nyhbhjo f h fboîço }fbhzyèw# H Kzhzkhkh fwzè gdhbhcjo# H aonhjh jf fmfkzo, o lhcgf pfymfkzo, o nykzo jf nol# O nolfkyowfnvyh, h qhnh yfihzf, o bfko ghbpo ghyyfnh, o hzhxvf gobihzf# H Kzhzkhkh fwzè gdhbhcjo$]KCDFZH AOYCHJH FWPOYZK]H, 9080 ‗ Hzlëzkgo f Nyábko Pyvjfczf, H}hâ f Gyvqfkyo+#

Chw zyhcwbkwwöfw jhw Aoychjhw Fwpoyzk}hw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh ow ov}kczfw pojfb pfygfify glhyhbfczf

o zyhihldo xvf ow yfp÷yzfyfw mhqfb fb ivwgh jh ghpzhîço jh fboîço jow zoygfjoyfw xvf fwzço co

fwzèjko# Hlëb jkwwo, ow chyyhjoyfw, xvf xvhwf wfbpyf yf}flhb o zkbf xvf zoygfb, gobo ë o ghwo jo

Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw, xvf ë zoygfjoy jo Gyvqfkyo, jço hlgvcdhw ghykcdowhw àw wvhw zoygkjhw#

Jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço fwpoyzk}h ow yfp÷yzfyfw Èl}hyo Jhbkço f Zdkhno Yfkw mkghb chw kbfjkhîöfw

jow fwzèjkow, h mkb jf phwwhy phyh o ov}kczf zojo o glkbh jf fboîço jo aono# Ow aoychlkwzhw zyhqfb

kcmoybhîöfw jhw gdfnhjhw jow zoygfjoyfw f jow hzlfzhw gob o kczvkzo jf ghpzhy f phwwhy phyh o wfv

ov}kczf zojhw hw jfbocwzyhîöfw jf wfczkbfczow, wfahb flfw jf hcwkfjhjf, ozkbkwbo, cfy}owkwbo f

ovzyhw fboîöfw kcfyfczfw h ftpfgzhzk}h jo zoygfjoy hczf vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol#



6 O Nhlo, Wdo~ jf iolh, fwzè jf }olzh h Hyfch jo Ahghyë f h bhwwh hzlfzkghch }fb avczo# O bobfczo

cço ë jow bfldoyfw, bhw o hboy ë o jf wfbpyf# Hxvk fb Wfzf Lhnohw h fwpfyhcîh hzlfzkghch cfwzfjobkcnço jf wol zfb cobf, ë Oikch $ZDKHNO YFKW, 9080 ‗ Hzlëzkgo f Nyábko Pyvjfczf+#

Ow yfp÷yzfyfw jh yèjko hiyfb wfvw bkgyomocfw phyh ow zoygfjoyfw, h mkb jf jhy }hqço h zojow ow

wfczkbfczow xvf zobhb goczh jflfw hczfw jow aonow# Ow zoygfjoyfw fczohb ghczow jf kcgfczk}o howwfvw zkbfw, jço phlpkzfw chw fwghlhîöfw, mhqfb pyf}kwöfw jf yfwvlzhjow f bhcjhb yfghjow àw

mhbâlkhw f hzë bfwbo how aonhjoyfw xvf fwzço pyfwzfw h fczyhy fb ghbpo#

Hczfw jhw kcmoybhîöfw jf ghjh zkbf, h Kzhzkhkh gologh co hy }kcdfzhw gob moyzf gocozhîço ho

wfczkbfczo jow zoygfjoyfw# Wfnvcjow hczfykoyfw à fczyhjh jo yfp÷yzfy phyh zyhqfy kcmoybhîöfw woiyf

o glvif gflfwzf zogh h bñwkgh1 Gyvqfkyo, o nvfyyfkyo jow nyhbhjow, wov gyvqfkyfcwf hphktochjo f

pyh wfbpyf }ov zf hbhy # Fwwh ë vbh jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf fwwf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwhvwh phyh bftfy gob h fboîço f zhbiëb gob o kbhnkcèyko jo zoygfjoy, dhah }kwzh xvf, h }kcdfzh

gologh o Gyvqfkyo gobo vb zkbf jf nvfyyfkyow#

Fb zojo o bobfczo jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço jow aonow, ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow mhqfb vwo jh

fboîço# Wfnvcjo Gëwhy $9006+ kwwo hgoczfgf poyxvf fwwh ë vbh moyzf ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo yèjko f jo

mvzfiol, bhw zhbiëb, poyxvf bvkzow jfwwfw aoychlkwzhw wço, hlëb jf pyomkwwkochkw, zoygfjoyfw jow

glvifw xvf fwzço fczyhcjo fb ghbpo# Wço zoygfjoyfw cço hpfchw jf vb glvif, bhw wkb jo mvzfiol

gobo vb zojo# Hjbkyhb iocw lhcgfw f mkghb ch ftpfgzhzk}h jf xvf hw phyzkjhw wfahb ifb aonhjhw#

Fwwh fboîço, xvf zhbiëb fbhch jow aoychlkwzhw chw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw, hgoczfgf cço w÷ cow

bobfczow jf hlfnykh jo mvzfiol, gobo ch doyh jo nol, bhw zhbiëb poy bfko jf pyozfwzow goczyh

hzkzvjfw xvf, wfnvcjo flfw, cço wço goyyfzhw# Lëlko Nvwzh}o ë vb gobfczhykwzh gocdfgkjo poy wvhw

hghloyhjhw mhlhw# Gob jfglhyhîöfw polábkghw, ov cço, àw }fqfw ow aoychlkwzhw vwhb o yèjko gobo

bfko jf wfy h py÷pykh }oq jo wfv ov}kczf, gobo wf flfw ftpyfwwhwwfb hxvklo xvf o ov}kczf xvfy

jkqfy bhw cço zfb h opoyzvckjhjf#

O Goykczdkhcw zfb vb aono hkcjh h mhqfy goczyh o ]hwgo jh Nhbh# Cço aonov poyxvf o Goykczdkhcwzkcdh xvf gobfboyhy o hck}fywèyko jflf# Hâ h GIM zè ë jf whghchnfb gob zojo bvcjo, }hk phyhy oGhbpfochzo phyh o Goykczdkhcw gobfboyhy hck}fywèyko# Co hco phwwhjo, pú, o zkbf jo Gyvqfkyofwzh}h ch mkchl jh Lkifyzhjoyfw, o Gyvqfkyo zf}f xvf aonhy goczyh o Hzlëzkgo ch wfbhch jh jfgkwço#Kwwo hâ xvf ë jkmâgkl jf hgfkzhy# Wço pyk}klënkow xvf h nfczf cço fczfcjf poyxvf hlnvbhw fxvkpfwzfb co mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo$###+ O Gyvqfkyo hco phwwhjo zf}f xvf aonhy goczyh zojo bvcjo, goczyhzvjo f goczyh zojow hzë gdfnhy à jfgkwço goczyh o Fwzvjkhczfw co Bkcfkyço $LËLKO NVWZH]O,9080 ‗ H}hâ f Gyvqfkyo+#

Wfnvcjo Wohyfw $8;;:+ cço wço hpfchw ow zoygfjoyfw xvf cço moyhb how fwzèjkow xvf mkghb ch



6

ivwgh jf ov}ky fbogkochjhw jfglhyhîöfw, wfahb flhw jow aoychlkwzhw ov jow zoygfjoyfw# Poy kwwo,

ftkwzfb bvkzow ov}kczfw xvf bfwbo pyfwfczfw chw hyxvkihcghjhw, zhbiëb cço hiyfb bço jo wfv

yhjkcdo gologhjo ho wfvw ov}kjow#

Ow yfp÷yzfyfw xvf mhqfb h Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h mkghb fb gocwzhczf ivwgh jh jfglhyhîço jowzoygfjoyfw pyfwfczfw cow fwzèjkow, jfwwh moybh, o ov}kczf xvf fwzè fb ghwh wf wfczf yfpyfwfczhjo#

Phyh xvf ftkwzh fwwh hpyotkbhîço jf aoychlkwzhw f zoygfjoyfw, h fxvkpf jf fwpoyzf vwh wfbpyf vbh

lkcnvhnfb }kiyhczf, oiafzk}h f hgfwwâ}fl#

O bobfczo bètkbo jf fboîço jo mvzfiol ë xvhcjo o nol hgoczfgf# Cfwwh doyh, h zoygkjh, zhczo h

xvf fwzè co fwzèjko xvhczo h xvf fwzè fb ghwh hgobphcdhcjo pflo yèjko, wf zoych vbh w÷, poyxvf,

wfnvcjo Bglfkwd $9008+, fwwf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço h vck fb vb w÷ goyo# Ow chyyhjoyfw wolzhb h}oq f nykzhb gob bvkzh fboîço, ow gobfczhykwzhw fthlzhb jf moybh bvkzo }kiyhczf o aonhjoy xvf

gologov h iolh phyh jfczyo jh yfjf jo hj}fywèyko#

Yfgvpfyh h fxvkpf gflfwzf, whk aonhcjo ch goczyh omfcwk}h# H}hcîh ifb Mhiyâgko, zfb o Ykifkyogologhjo, ë lhcîhjo, pojf gdfnhy ho nol hj}fywèyko# Gdfnov, pfcfzyov# Oldh o pfykno# Wfb écnvlo,}hk zfczhy h mkczh# Hzfcîço( Gdvzov co ghczo, ihzfv ch zyh}f, }hk fczyhy, h iolh phwwh### Nol, nol, nol,nol, nol, nol, noooollll(Gyvvvqfffkkyoo, Ykifkyo# Zkhno Ykifkyo jfpokw jf vb goczyh nolpfwfcwhgkochl jh fxvkpf gflfwzf$###+Mok pyo mvcjo jo nol, mhqfcjo jf moybh cozè}fl o bobfczo bhkoyjo mvzfiol $HLIFYZO YOJYKNVFW, 9080" H}hâ f Gyvqfkyo+#

Ovzyh moybh ihwzhczf vwhjh phyh ghpzhy h fboîço jow aonow ë xvhcjo o aoychlkwzh fczyh fb ghbpo f

fczyf}kwzh ow aonhjoyfw woiyf h phyzkjh xvf }hk hgoczfgfy# Zdkhno Yfkw f Fbfywoc Yobhco

fczyf}kwzhb ow zëgckgow f aonhjoyfw jo Hzlëzkgo f jo Nyábko Pyvjfczf, h mkb jf hpyotkbhy o ov}kczf

how mhzow# Flfw jfwgyf}fb jf xvf moybh ow hzlfzhw fwzço wf gocgfczyhcjo, jfwwh bhcfkyh, h

ftpfgzhzk}h jo ov}kczf hvbfczh fb yflhîço how aonow#

Jvyhczf zojh h zyhcwbkwwço fwpoyzk}h, ow yfp÷yzfyfw, chyyhjoyfw f gobfczhykwzhw jfwgyf}fb ow lhcgfw

jhw phyzkjhw f zfczhb jfgkmyhy zvjo o xvf aonhjoyfw, èyikzyow f zëgckgow goc}fywhb jvyhczf o f}fczo

mvzfiolâwzkgo#

O fczvwkhwbo f h }kiyhîço wço kcfyfczfw àw chyyhîöfw jhw phyzkjhw, co fczhczo, ow aoychlkwzhw

bowzyhb zhbiëb, hzyh}ëw jf wvhw mhlhw f fczochîöfw jf }oq, hw kcwhzkwmhîöfw gob ow aonow f wfvw

pfywochnfcw#

Ow ov}kczfw, jfczyo f moyh jo fwzèjko, mhqfb phyzf jh zyhcwbkwwço jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h jh Yèjko





6

Fwwf aono jf phlh}yhw, hlgvcdhw f ahynöfw, poy jk}fywhw }fqfw jfkth bhkw flvgkjhjo o jkwgvywo jow

chyyhjoyfw# Bvkzow ov}kczfw gocwfnvfb pfygfify xvfb fwzè chyyhcjo f gobfczhcjo ow aonow,

avwzhbfczf pflh moybh gob xvf hw phlh}yhw wço hpyfwfczhjhw, poy kwwo, ë zço gobvb fcgoczyhy co

bvcjo jo mvzfiol f, fwpfgkmkghbfczf chw zyhcwbkwwöfw jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, zhczow ioyjöfw f moybhw jf

zyhzhbfczo#

:#:#9 Hw bfzèmoyhw co jkwgvywo mvzfiolâwzkgo

Hlëb jow ioyjöfw xvf ow aoychlkwzhw gykhb, o py÷pyko bvcjo jo mvzfiol, fb vbh fwpëgkf jf

goc}fcîço, gykov bfzèmoyhw phyh ftplkghy gfyzow lhcgfw# Fwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fcykxvfgfb hw

chyyhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw f hkcjh bftfb gob o kbhnkcèyko jo ov}kczf#

O ov}kczf, xvf zfb }k}ácgkh co bfko fwpoyzk}o, pfygfif xvf hw bfzèmoyhw fwzço pyfwfczfw cow

jkwgvywow jf zojow ow aoychlkwzhw jfwwh èyfh# Jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço jh Aoychjh Fwpoyzk}h ë powwâ}fl

pfygfify gobo o vwo jfwwh moybh jf lkcnvhnfb wf mhq pyfwfczf# Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw, ho jfwgyf}fy

vbh aonhjh jo zkbf jo H}hâ, hmkybh how wfvw ov}kczfw xvf h iolh “phwwh pflh iogh jo nol jf Mèiko‒#

O vwo jh phlh}yh iogh pflo chyyhjoy phyh jfwgyf}fy h aonhjh, hgoczfgf jf moybh h ftplkghy ho wfv

yfgfpzoy xvf h iolh phwwov fczyf hw zyh}fw jo nol gyvqfkyfcwf# Ho vwhy fwwh bfzèmoyh phyh ftplkghy o

lhcgf ogoyykjo, ]kiyhczf jfkth glhyo xvf h kczfcîço ë jf bftfy gob h kbhnkchîço jo wfv ov}kczf, ë

jf hpyotkbhy o mhzo h vbh }kwvhlkqhîço#

O chyyhjoy ho vwhy h bfzèmoyh iogh, hlëb jf ftplkghy o xvf ogoyyfv co lhcgf jf vbh moybh bhkw

glhyh, pyopoygkoch ho wfvw ov}kczfw opoyzvckjhjfw jf co}hw kczfypyfzhîöfw# H phlh}yh iogh pojf wfy

hwwogkhjh ho wfv wknckmkghjo hchzúbkgo, bhw zhbiëb pojf wfy kczfypyfzhjh gobo fczyhjh, co ghwo,

ch fczyhjh jo nol# Wfcjo hwwkb, h bfzèmoyh ë vwhjh gobo moybh jf ftplkghîço, bhw zhbiëb gobo

moybh jf gocwzyvîço jf vb co}o wfczkjo, gocwfxvfczfbfczf bftfcjo gob o kbhnkcèyko jhw

pfwwohw xvf ov}fb h chyyhîço#

O vwo jf ftpyfwwöfw gobo, h “iolh fwpkyyov co hj}fywèyko‒, o “Yë}fy jfv vb ihlço ch iolh‒,

“Zkhno Ykifkyo bfynvldov phyh hlghcîhy h pflozh‒ f zhczhw ovzyhw ftpyfwwöfw wf mhqfb pyfwfczfw

jvyhczf h chyyhîço jf Bklzoc Ch}fw f Hlifyzo Yojyknvfw# Ow gobfczhykwzhw f yfp÷yzfyfw, poy

jk}fywhw }fqfw, zhbiëb vwhb bfzèmoyhw jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço# Hlnvbhw }fqfw fwwhw ftpyfwwöfw wço





6

6 GOCGLVWÇO

Hw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw co yèjko mhqfb phyzf jh dkwz÷ykh jfwwf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço f

goczkcvhb hcnhykhcjo mkëkw ov}kczfw h ghjh co}o nykzo jf nol# O yèjko zfb gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkgh o vwo

jh fboîço hwwkb gobo o mvzfiol# Fwwh ë vbh jhw poczfw xvf vcfb fwwhw jvhw phktöfw jo po}o

iyhwklfkyo# Gobo vbh fwpëgkf jf gobikchîço pfymfkzh, o yèjko f o fwpoyzf iyfzço poy bvkzhw }fqfw wf

gobplfzhb f bftfb gob h fboîço f o kbhnkcèyko jow wfvw ov}kczfw f zoygfjoyfw#

H dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko cow bowzyh xvf jfwjf bvkzo gfjo, hw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw }kyhyhb vbh

fwpëgkf jf toj÷ jow zoygfjoyfw jf zkbfw jf mvzfiol# Gob o hj}fczo jh zflf}kwço, ow ov}kczfw

pojfykhb phwwhy h wfy hpfchw zflfwpfgzhjoyfw, bhw cço mok kwwo xvf hgoczfgfv# Phyh goczkcvhy wfcjo

pyfwfczf ch }kjh jow iyhwklfkyow, o yèjko wf hpfymfkîoov# Ow chyyhjoyfw ivwghyhb ch lkcnvhnfb vbghbkcdo phyh wf hpyotkbhy hkcjh bhkw jf wfvw ov}kczfw f wvpyky h mhlzh jf kbhnfcw, gob mhlhw

jfzhldhjhw f gdfkhw jf }kiyhîço#

Co}ow yfgvywow moyhb kcgoypoyhjow how jkwgvywow mvzfiolâwzkgow co yèjko# Ow aoychlkwzhw fwpoyzk}ow

phwwhyhb h vwhy wvh gykhzk}kjhjf phyh bhczfy ow hphktochjow zoygfjoyfw gob ow ov}kjow nyvjhjow

fb wfvw yhjkcdow# O vwo jf jkmfyfczfw wocw, ahynöfw f ftpyfwwöfw kc}fczhjhw poy aoychlkwzhw f

zoygfjoyfw, phwwhyhb h wfy vbh gocwzhczf chw zyhcwbkwwöfw jhw phyzkjhw jf mvzfiol#

Ow chyyhjoyfw vwhb fwzyhzënkhw xvf bftfb gob o kbhnkcèyko jow wfvw ov}kczfw, fwzkbvlhcjo o

yhgkogâcko f mhqfcjo ihzfy bhkw moyzf o goyhîço h ghjh co}o lhcgf#

Ow yfp÷yzfyfw, chyyhjoyfw f gobfczhykwzhw, poy }fqfw, bhkw phyfgfb zoygfjoyfw xvf záb fb wvhw

bçow o pojfy jf wolzhy à }oq f jhy }hqço h fboîço fb vb }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, zhl

xvhl o yèjko#

Fwwf ghwhbfczo fczyf yèjko f mvzfiol phyfgf xvf cvcgh zfyè vb mkb f wfyè wfbpyf mflkq# Bfwbo gob

h gdfnhjh jhw co}hw zfgcolonkhw, gob hw kbhnfcw wfcjo ghjh }fq bhkw }hloykqhjhw, hw fbkwwoyhw

ivwghb wf hjfczyhy co co}o bvcjo, wfbpyf }kwhcjo à xvhlkjhjf jo jkwgvywo phyh ow wfvw ov}kczfw#

O jfzhldhbfczo jf zvjo xvf hgoczfgf co f}fczo mvzfiolâwzkgo, wfah cow ihwzkjoyfw ov fb ghbpo, ë

yfphwwhjo ho ov}kczf jf moybh glhyh f oiafzk}h# Ow aoychlkwzhw záb o gvkjhjo jf lf}hy o wfv yfgfpzoy,

bfwbo xvf fb wvh kbhnkchîço, hzë o loghl ocjf h iolh fwzè yolhcjo#



6

Hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jf aoychjhw fwpoyzk}hw, doaf, ivwghb h bojfyckjhjf f h xvhlkjhjf, bhw hgkbh jf

zvjo, flhw záb o kczvkzo jf lf}hy h fboîço hzyflhjh h pyfgkwço jhw kcmoybhîöfw how wfvw ov}kczfw#

Jfwzh moybh, f gob h havjh jh zfgcolonkh, ow aoychlkwzhw wf zoychb ghjh }fq bhkw jkcébkgow f,

woiyfzvjo, omfyfgfb vb jkwgvywo jfzhldkwzh f }kiyhczf h ghjh hphktochjo zoygfjoy#

H lkcnvhnfb, ow ahynöfw f hw ftpyfwwöfw vwhjhw poy chyyhjoyfw, gobfczhykwzhw f yfp÷yzfyfw, gykhb

vbh kjfczkjhjf gob ow zoygfjoyfw jf mvzfiol f bhyghb hw wvhw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw# Ow

jkwgvywow gdfkow jf jfzhldfw f }kiyhîço bftfb gob h fboîço jow ov}kczfw#

O fwzvjo bowzyh xvf h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh fb wvhw Aoychjhw Fwpoyzk}hw, xvf aè wço zço gocdfgkjhw fb

zojh Bkchw Nfyhkw, lf}h fb gocavczo gob wvh ftzfcwh fxvkpf jf fwpoyzfw, hxvklo xvf o zoygfjoy

xvfy ov}ky# Ow aoychlkwzhw zyhqfb hw kcmoybhîöfw jow zkbfw bkcfkyow, jkwgvzfb hw polábkghw jhwphyzkjhw, jço }oq ho zoygfjoy f wfbpyf vwhb h fboîço gobo poczf xvf lknh o yèjko ho mvzfiol#



6

YFMFYÁCGKHW

HYHÑAO, Mlè}ko Jobfckgo# O Yèjko f h hyzf jf chyyhy 1xvhcjo h }oq fcghczh ow ov}kjow cvb

nykzo jf nol# 900># ==m# Boconyhmkh $Aoychlkwbo+ ‗ Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf, Iflo

Doykqoczf, 900># Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#goc}fynfcgkh#aoy#iy/ihcgobocow/900>/mlh}ko#pjm 3Hgfwwo fb1 9> mf}#9080#

IHYIFKYO, Dfy÷jozo5 YHCNFL, Phzyâgkh# Bhcvhl jo Aoychlkwbo Fwpoyzk}o# Wço Phvlo,

Goczftzo# 7¡ fj# 900=# 8>=p#

IOYNFW, Lvkq Dfcykxvf jf Hqf}fjo# Jo gobplfto jf }kyh"lhzhw ho dobfb nfckhl1 mvzfiol f

kjfczkjhjf co Iyhwkl# Dkwz÷ykgh, Wço Phvlo, }# 7, c# 9:, hno# 9004#

GHLHIYF, Lkh# H fyh jo yèjko# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Aoynf Qhdhy# 9¡ fj# 9009# =8p#

GHBPFLO, ^hcky# Jhw ocjhw jo yèjko à zflh jh Z] " o wob f h kbhnfb ch gkjhjf jhw hlzfyowhw

$8;00"8;60+# Jkwwfyzhîço jf Bfwzyhjo# Vck}fywkjhjf Wço Bhygow, Wço Phvlo1 9008

GHY]HLDO, Hcjyë f BHYZKCW, Eho# Dhilh, Wføoy # Vb dobfb gdhbhjo Ahcvèyko# Iflo

Doykqoczf1 Hybhqëb jf Kjëkhw, 8;;9

GËWHY, G{yo# Yèjko1 kcwpkyhîço, zyhcwpkyhîço f fboîço# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 KIYHWH, 8;;=#

GOFLDO, Phvlo ]kcâgkvw# Aoychlkwbo Fwpoyzk}o# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 9007#

JHBHZZH, Yoifyzo# H iolh goyyf bhkw xvf ow dobfcw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Yoggo, 900=#

MKLDO, Bèyko# O Cfnyo co Mvzfiol Iyhwklfkyo# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Bhvhj :¡ fj# 9007# 7:>p#

MKOYKC, Aowë Lvkq# Flfbfczow jf hcèlkwf jo jkwgvywo# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo =¡fj# 8;;># ;7p#

NVFYYH, Bèygko jf Olk}fkyh# O fxvâ}ogo jh kbpyfcwh fwpoyzk}h1 O aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o hiykvbço jf zvjo fb pyol jf vb fyyo1 o nol bkl jf Yobèyko# TTT GOCNYFWWO IYHWKLFKYO JF



=

GKÁCGKHW JH GOBVCKGHÎÇO# Whczow# Kczfygob# 900># Jkwpocâ}fl fb1

<dzzp1//~~~#kczfygob#oyn#iy/phpfyw/chgkochkw/900>/yfwvbow/Y0447"9#pjm 3 Hgfwwo fb1 09 bhyîo

jf 9080

LHNFW, Hcch Ghyolkch Zoyyfw Wkl}h# H goc}fynácgkh ~fi"z} f h pyonyhbhîço wfnbfczhjh1 vbhhcèlkwf jf goczfñjo jhw pyojvîöfw hvjko}kwvhkw jh Z] Nhlo# 9080# =8m# Boconyhmkh $Aoychlkwbo+ ‗

Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf, Iflo Doykqoczf, 9080#

BGLFKWD, Yoifyz# Pyojvîço jf Yèjko# 8¡ fjkîço, Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 9008#

OYZYK^HCO, Nkwflh W~fzlhch# H kcmoybhîço co yèjko1 ow nyvpow jf pojfy f h jfzfybkchîço jow

goczfñjow# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 8;46#

PFYFKYH, Jfkqf Gyfwpkb# Hw bfzèmoyhw jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo# Wço Phvlo# 900># 7:m# Hyzkno#

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#mmlgd#vwp#iy/jlg}/lpoyz/mlp/kbhnfw/hyxvk}ow/MLP4/Pfyfkyh#pjm 3 Hgfwwo

fb1 09 jf Wfzfbiyo 9080

PYHZH, Chky# H dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# GOCNYFWWO IYHWKLFKYO JF GKÁCGKHW

JH GOBVCKGHÎÇO, Iflo Doykqoczf"BN, wfzfbiyo jf 9007# Wço Phvlo1 Kczfygob, 9007#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <~~~#kczfygob#oyn#iy3 # Hgfwwo fb1 86 jf hnowzo jf 9080#

YÈJKO KZHZKHKH1 H YÈJKO JF BKCHW# Jfwfc}ol}kjo poy1 6 Glkgew, 9080# O wkzf omfyfgf h

pyonyhbhîço gobplfzh jh yèjko avczhbfczf gob ow wfvw golvckwzhw# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <

~~~#kzhzkhkh#gob#iy 3# Hgfwwo fb1 09 ovzviyo jf 9080#

WOHYFW, Fjklfvqh# H iolh co hy1 o yèjko fwpoyzk}o fb Wço Phvlo# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 8;;:#

WZ[GFY, Bhvyâgko Aowë# Aoychlkwbo Fwpoyzk}o1 880 hcow woi pyfwwço# Whczow# 86m# Hyzkno# Hnowzo

900># Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#kczfygob#oyn#iy/phpfyw/chgkochkw/900>/yfwvbow/Y976="8#pjm 3

Hgfwwo fb1 94 jf mf}fyfkyo 9080

http://www.intercom.org.br/papers/nacionais/2007/resumos/R0883-2.pdf


http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/lport/flp/images/arquivos/FLP8/Pereira.pdf



http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/lport/flp/images/arquivos/FLP8/Pereira.pdf


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