A Magdalenian Site in Klementowice (Eastern Poland) - New Discoveries

The Younger generaTion „Akten des ersten Lublin-Berliner Doktorandenkolloqiums

am 09.-10.06.2010 in Lublin”

Lublin 2012

The Younger generaTion

Inhalt

Piotr Łuczkiewicz, Michael MeyerVorwort ....................................................................................................

7

tadeusz wiśniewski a Magdalenian site in Klementowice (eastern Poland) - new discoveries and perspectives for the future research. .................................................

9

ralf lehMPhulDie jüngere Bronze- und frühe eisenzeit auf dem mehrperiodigen Fundplatz altgaul 2, Lkr. Märkisch-oderland, Brandenburg ..................

23

Markolf BruMlichneues zur eisenproduktion in der Jastorfkultur. Der ofentyp „glienick“ ................................................................................................

45

alisa scheiBnerBetrachtungen zur profanen nutzung des hundes in der vorrömischen eisenzeit im deutsch-polnischen raum ...................................................

73

torBen schatteorganische Lanzenspitzen der Vorrömischen eisenzeit und römischen Kaiserzeit .................................................................................................

91

hans-Jörg nüssehaus, gehöft und Siedlung im norden und Westen der germania magna .......................................................................................................

125

Morten hegewischStudies on the development of Late roman imperial wheelmade pottery found in Brandenburg – a brief overview of a pilot project ....................

143

BarBara niezaBitowska-wiśniewskaDistribution of roman Mirrors in Scandinavia and in the Crimea – the Differences and Similarities ...................................................................

151

The Younger generaTion

Tadeusz Wiśniewski

A Magdalenian site in Klementowice (Eastern Poland) - new discoveries and perspectives

for the future research.

Introduction

Current archaeological research shows that the location of the site in Klementowice is unique. it is the furthest point located in the north-east of the Magdalenian technocom-plex settlement, not only in the Polish territory but also in whole Europe (Połtowicz 2006, 17; Połtowicz-Bobak 2009a, 61; 2009b). The latest investigations have considerably ex-tended the knowledge about the Magdalenian settlement on the territory of Poland (e.g. Bobak et al. 2010; Przeździecki et al. 2011). The expanding resource base allows iden-tification of a possibly distinct settlement centre of the Magdalenian technocomplex in south-eastern Poland with Klementowice as the key site.

Location of the site

Klementowice village is located in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau in the north-west part of the Lublin Upland, Eastern Poland (fig. 1,1). It is situated approx. 4 km to the south from its northern edge running along the Kurówka valley (a right-bank tribu-tary of the Vistula), which is at the same time the northern borderline of the occurrence of loess in the south Poland uplands.

The site under study is located within a relatively short (~150 m) and mild slope with an SSW aspect and an inclination angle of 4º, gradually descending towards the bot-tom of the sub-meridional (in this section) valley of the Klementowicki Stream. The ex-plored site is located on a slope which was warmer than the surroundings, particularly in the relatively severe and changeable climatic conditions of the Late Glacial. Its aspect as well as the closer and nearer margins played a key role. Despite its location within the headland in the basin bottom between two main and side valleys, the slope is not exposed towards other directions. The differences in the latitudes are within the range of 8 metres (188-196 m a.s.l.) (fig. 1,2). The coordinates of the archaeological site are: 51º20’26,83” N and 22º8’57,13” E (Rodzik et al. in press).

For many years the site area has been extensively used for farming. Cultivation along the slope has been applied which leads to soil erosion and movement of historic ma-terial along the slope. Currently this land is also intended for long cultivation, especially fruit-growing.

10 Tadeusz Wiśniewski

Fig.1. Location of site 20 in Klementowice (1-2); location of the archaeological site area (3), S1-S2-S3: small concentrations of flint artifacts.

11A Magdalenian site in Klementowice (Eastern Poland) - new discoveries and perspectives for the future research

History of site investigation and the state of publication

The Magdalenian camp in Klementowice was discovered during a surface survey in spring 1981. Two artifact concentrations in the surface layer were localized within a distance of about 30 m from each other: concentration A – eastern and B – western. In the course of excavation works carried out in concentration B in years 1981-1982 numerous flint artifacts and fragmented stone slabs were found. Based on the spread of material on the surface, the site area was determined to cover approx. 300-350 m2. During the excava-tion works in the 1980s an area of 70 m2 was examined (fig. 1,3). The inventory of flint artifacts obtained in the course of these works amounted to 7,352 items, 755 of which

were tools (10,27%). Most numerous were backed bladelets, burins (25% each) and per-forators (24%). There were fewer examples of truncated pieces (13%) and combined tools (6%). Typological analysis allowed to assign the inventory from Klementowice to the Magdalenian technocomplex. The authors of the research dated it back to the Bølling pe-riod (13 000-12 000 BP) and identified with the Late Magdalenian Culture (Jastrzębski, Libera 1984, 103; 1987, 50).

In 2007 T. Wiśniewski led field survey works. Afterwards, in years 2008-2010, five research expeditions were organized and a total of 233 m2 was examined (fig. 1,3). Over-all 3,332 flint artifacts were collected of which 341 were tools, typologically similar to items previously discovered. Also 222 pieces of fragmented stone slabs and pebbles were quarried. In 2010, for the first time on the site, the remains of Pleistocene fauna were dis-covered (Wiśniewski 2011, 50; Wiśniewski et al. 2012, 317-319).

Prior to the resumption of excavations in Klementowice, knowledge about this site was based mainly on information gathered in studies summarising its exploration in the 1980s. They include descriptions and a typologic breakdown of groups of tools, without any analysis of core forms or debitage (Jastrzębski, Libera 1984; 1987).

The only work that includes a broader analysis of materials, excluding tools, is a Master’s thesis1 on the issues related to flint technology which also presents some statis-tics (Ćwiklińska 1993).

There is also a recent publication of an article on core processing that is mainly based on morphological and metrical analysis of cores and selected blades from Klemen-towice (Libera, Migal 2009).

Literature on the site in Klementowice includes also reports from consecutive re-

1 Master’s thesis written in the Chair of Archaeology at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. Unpublished materials.

Tab. 1. Klementowice, site 20. General structure of flint assemblages from the concentration in trench No. 16/2008, meters 128-131.


search seasons (Jastrzębski, Libera 1981; 1982), a small study on paleo-geomorphology of the site area (Harasimiuk 1987), and an outline of some facts related to the history of discovery of the site (Wiśniewski 2009).

A new article was submitted for publication (Rodzik et al. in press) and another one has just been published (Wiśniewski et al. 2012).

Raw material exploitation

The crucial element in identification of artifacts in terms of raw material is their preservation status. Nearly all the artifacts discovered in Klementowice are covered by patina, which is either very delicate and allows proper identification of the raw material or very intense. Mechanical damage caused by modern agrotechnical practices sometimes facilitates identification of highly patinated items.

Artifacts discovered in concentration A in 2007-2010 are dominated by items made of erratic (Baltic) flint – 65% and Świeciechów flint – 26,5%. The inventory is also sup-plemented by chocolate flint objects – 2,5% and unidentified forms, or those whose mate-rial has not been conclusively identified (fig. 2; tab. 2). The most abundant erratic (Baltic) flint should be regarded as a local raw material. It occurs in postglacial formations and in the nearby river valleys up to 10 km from the site. Świeciechów flint deposits are located approximately 60 km south (Libera, Zakościelna 2002, 93), while chocolate flint can be found ca. 80 km south-west, in the north-east periphery of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Budziszewski 2008, 42-43).

Raw material structure exhibits distinct differences (fig. 2) in comparison with the results of investigations carried out in 1981-1982. Świeciechów flint (36,5%) dominated

Fig. 2. Klementowice, site 20. Tools frequency and raw material structure of retouched arti-facts from concentrations A and B.


Fig. 3. Klementowice, site 20. 1: Soil profile which was documented during archaeological excava-tions; 2: flint concentration – red mark (trench No. 16/2008, meters 128-131); 3-4: concentration of flint artifacts from the trench no. 16/2008; 5: cross section of the spread of the flint concentration localized in documented soil pedons; 6: location of flint artifacts in the exemplary soil profile.


in concentration B explored at that time; the next abundant material was chocolate flint (22%), followed by erratic (Baltic) flint (15,1%), which dominates in concentration A.

The causes of the discrepancy in the structure of the raw material between concen-tration A and B are not quite clear. They may result from the current identification status of the site or they may demonstrate specific spatial distribution systems within the camp.

Stratigraphy of the site

Analysis of the distribution of archaeological artifacts within the soil profiles allows to distinguish two different positions corresponding to the following soil horizons (fig. 3,1.6):

- Epipedon Ap - the plough horizon of arable, “modern” topsoil or horizon Apdel of slope sediments layer composed of soil material, 20-30 cm in thickness; redeposited arti-facts;

- Endopedon Bt1 the uppermost level of diagnostic, bipartite illuvial Bt-argic soil horizon, 5-40 cm in thickness; “in situ” artifacts;

- Endopedon Bt2 the lowermost level of diagnostic, bipartite illuvial Bt-argic soil horizon, 30-60 cm in thickness; without artifacts;

The horizons, described above, are characterized by different degrees of soil origin. Endopedon Bt1 is the zonal soil horizon of Luvisol, formed during the Latest Vistulian and Holocene. The horizon was formed in situ, in natural conditions without/or with mini-mal human impact (Wiśniewski et al. 2011, 40-41).

Research in the years 2007-2010

In 2007 the field research was only of prefatory character. A surface survey was carried out within the site and its vicinity. Additionally, two sample surveys were marked out (no. 9/2007 and 10/20072) in the western part of the site (concentration B) covering the total area of 8 m2. As a result of carried out works, based on the spread of artifacts in the surface layer, the previously established range of the site was confirmed. In two sam-ple surveys there were in total 90 artifacts discovered, of which 77 were flint artifacts, 10 fragments of stone slabs and chips and 3 pieces of ceramics (most probably Neolithic), however of little diagnostic potential. All of them occurred mainly on the surface or in the plough horizon of arable (Ap). A few flint artifacts were discovered at the meeting point of plough horizon of arable (Ap) and eroded, uniform illuvial loess (Bt1).

In the sample survey number 10/2007, in its north-western corner, it was possible to observe the borderlines of trenches no. 2/1981 and 5/1981 dating to the 1980s. Thanks to this it was possible to reconstruct the site’s main line in relation to which other trenches were marked out.

It was decided that in 2008 the works in this part of the site that had been preliminar-ily examined in the years 1981-1982 were to continue (concentration B). However, due to the long-time cultivation in this area, the excavation site was moved about 30 metres to south-east. Thus, the research was shifted to concentration a.

Eventually, there were 9 trenches of total area of 88 m2 that were marked out and

2 in order to number subsequent trenches, the adopted numbering was a continuation of this from the years 1981-1982.


excavated. They were given numbers from 11/2008 to 19/2008 (fig. 1,3). All trenches were divided into the grid of metres and quarters within which each artifact was three-di-mensionally recorded. Planigraphy was also applied in the plough horizon of arable (Ap). Only sparse artifacts were discovered in the most of examined trenches. In trenches no. 14/2008, 15/2008, 17/2008, 18/2008 (in total: 28.25 m2), the average frequency was 0.53 of flint artefact per 1 m2.

Trench no. 11/2008 proved to be the most interesting one. It was oriented more or less along the north-south axis. In total 377 artifacts were discovered in it. Most of them occurred in the plough horizon of arable.

In the course of excavations there were two small concentrations of artifacts discov-ered on the borderline of two levels: plough horizon of arable (Ap) and uniform illuvial loess (Bt1) (fig.1,3).

Concentration 1 (S1/2008-87B), measuring about 20 x 20 cm, contained 80 arti-facts, consisting mainly of debitage created in the course of tool production and core pro-cessing (e.g. burin spalls, fragments of blades – mainly proximal end, flakes from plat-form rejuvenation, chips and fragments), and a few tools (1 truncation blade, 2 burins, 1 backed form and 1 retouched flake). This concentration was dominated by Świeciechów flint – 69%. The remaining items included unidentified chips, a few stone fragments and one backed form made of chocolate flint.

Within concentration 2 (S2/2008-89A/B), situated one meter to the north from S1, 33 artifacts were found. Similarly as in the previous one Świeciechów flint was the most common material – 61%, and the resource structure was completed by erratic (Baltic) flint and a few unidentified forms. Concentration 2 included also debitage created in the course of flint knapping and 4 tools – all made of Świeciechów flint – three burins on truncation and one backed form.

It is very likely that originally there was more material accumulated in the discussed concentrations S1 and S2 but, unfortunately, vast part of it was destroyed as a result of post-deposition processes – mainly due to the reduction of soil profile caused by contem-porary field works. The possible existence of greater concentrations may be supported by numerous items made of Świeciechów flint (predominant in S1 and S2) found (redeposit-ed ?) within up to 2 metres radius from the concentrations in the plough horizon of arable.

Similar small concentrations were also discovered during the excavations in the 80s (concentrations: A, B, C, D, E). Segregation of material as regards the type of raw material was also observed (Jastrzębski, Libera 1987, 11). Similar structures were also discovered in other Magdalenian sites in Poland, most recently in Wierzawice (Bobak et al. 2010, 67).

The most interesting concentration of flint artifacts was discovered in the south-western corner of the trench no. 16/2008 (fig. 3,2). In the area of 4 m2 a concentration of artifacts was discovered – significant especially from the perspective of stratigraphic position and its intentional (not random) spatial arrangement. Materials discovered in this area were concentrated in the 5-20 cm thick layer of eroded (of about 20-30 cm), uniform illuvial loess (Bt1) (fig. 3,1.5-6).

In the entire trench no. 16/2008 (of the area of 12 m2) there were 780 artifacts of which 522 were discovered in the said concentration. Four hundred and four items were discovered in the uniform illuvial loess (Bt1) layer, which constituted approx. 80% of findings. It should be noted that the concentration continues beyond the marked out trench, however so far no excavations have been made there. Spread of flint materials in-dicates that it continues west-south-westwards, probably taking shape similar to oval (fig. 3,3-4).

In total, 522 flint artifacts including 94 tools were found within the concentration in the area of 4 m2 (tab. 1). It was characterized by a specific spatial distribution system. In its southern part, there was a stone slab surrounded by 8 cores made of erratic (Baltic)


flint. Tools, blades, flakes, and chips were discovered in the northern part of the concentra-tion. The tools were dominated by perforators and burins, whereas truncation blades were less numerous. Erratic (Baltic) flint (82%) was definitely the predominant raw material, and it was accompanied by Świeciechów flint. Comparison of the use of individual mate-

rials demonstrated that perforators and truncation blades were preferably produced from erratic (Baltic) flint, while burins were usually made of Świeciechów flint (tab. 3).

In the spring and summer of 2009, the excavations covered the vicinity of the Magdalenian camp. In total, six trenches within the maximum distance of about 100 me-tres from the site were marked out.

This research confirmed the assumption that there exists a natural fossil landform discovered during the geological probing carried out in 2008 (Rodzik et al. in press). Everything suggests that it was a natural barrier separating the site from the nearby area. Therefore, the perspective of further paleo-environmental research is even more interest-ing.

During this season a third small concentration was recovered (S3/2009-267C) (fig. 1,3). It contained 30 artifacts, which mainly included raw chipping waste from manufac-turing tools and use of cores (burin spalls, fragments of blades – mainly proximal end, flakes from platform rejuvenation, chips and fragments), as well as a few tools and one

Fig. 4. Klementowice, site 20. Faunal remains discovered in 2010: 1) horse teeth; 2) concentration A - localization of the archaeological trench with pseudomorph of ice wedge; 3) horse teeth in the pseudomorph of ice wedge.


Fig. 5. Examples of flint artifacts from the Magdalenian site in Klementowice. 1-3: cores; 4,10,14: burins; 5: end-scraper; 6-9: perforators; 11: combined tool; 12: backed bladelet; 13: the spur butt (en éperon).


core. The third concentration was dominated by erratic (Baltic) flint (63%) supplemented by Świeciechów flint.

Archaeological excavations in Klementowice made in 2010 were the continuation of works carried out mainly within the trench no. 27/2009. They concentrated in its south-ern part over the area of 8 m2 (4x2 m). The trench was divided into four quarters in order to examine longitudinal, irony, parallel structures. They were about 10 cm wide and ran throughout the entire length of the trench. Exploration was carried until the bed rock of lessivé-type soil, i.e. carbonate loess (Cca) was reached. Examined structure turned out to be natural fissures created during the cooler climatic phase in late Pleistocene. Their development is strictly connected to the process of precipitation of iron oxides due to the activity of thaw waters, etc. A dozen or so flint chips and flakes were discovered. Note-worthy in particular is a chocolate flint core, almost non-patinated. The most interesting discovery took place in the south-western corner of the trench, where approximately 50 cm from the surface the first, poorly preserved horse’s tooth - Equus ferus - was found. Deeper down more interesting items were discovered which included organic remains like horse’s bones and teeth and stone and flint artifacts. They occurred in a characteristic blu-ish and greenish loess forming a very dense structure (heavy, very moist loess). It turned out to be a pseudomorph of ice wedge and artifacts were clearly concentrated within. Probing with the use of hand-operated Eijkelkamp soil auger helped to determine that this structure occurs up to 2 metres down, i.e. 3.30 m from the soil surface (fig. 4,1-3).

As a result of excavations carried out in the trench no. 27/2010 in the spring and summer of 2010 the first remains of Pleistocene fauna were discovered at the site. These mainly consisted of horse’s teeth and a few fragments of long bones. Also a dozen or so flint items in a form of debitage and some stone artifacts were found (Wiśniewski et al. 2012, 317-319).

Artifacts – concentration A

In the generalia, the inventory from concentration A (2007-2010) can be divided into the following groups (tab. 2): cores, blades, flakes with chips, and tools.

Cores constitute a relatively small group (27 items; 0,75%). Most of them are made of erratic (Baltic) flint (23 items; fig 5,1-3). These forms represent various exploitation stages from the pre-core phase to residual, strongly exploited cores. The collection com-prises both single-platform and two opposed-platform forms. a majority of them was used for producing cores for blades, while other forms – for flakes. Only few forms prove to have been very carefully prepared platforms and flaking surfaces characteristic for the

Tab. 2. General structure of flint assemblages of the Klementowice, site 20. Seasons 2007-2010 (concentration A).


Magdalenian technocomplex (Sobczyk 1984, 319, fig. 5; 1993, Pl. X; Valentin 2008, 14-15; Libera, Migal 2009, 234-235, tab. 1). One of the cores discovered in Klementowice is an example of a typical core of this technocomplex. It is a variant of a two opposed-plat-form core with oblique, strongly trimmed platforms, acute interior angles, and a convex flaking surface (fig. 5,1). The other three cores made of Świeciechów flint as well as one core from chocolate flint are residual forms.

The other two inventory groups are composed of blades and flakes with chips. Ir-respective of the material used, the blades exhibit characteristic spur butts (Surmely, Alix 2005; fig. 5,13). Most of them bear traces of breaking. The maximum length of the blades produced from erratic (Baltic) flint is 70 mm, and the width reaches 22 mm. The blades made of Świeciechów flint in the generalia are considerably bigger. They have similar siz-es to those from the inventory of concentration B explored in the 80s of the 20th century. a refitting of a almost complete blade found during those investigations is 135 mm long and 28 mm wide. Natural Świeciechów flint nodules are markedly larger than the erratic (Bal-tic) flint occurring naturally near the site, which resulted in differentiation of the blank.

Tools from concentration A constitute 10,24% in the general structure of flint items. Three types are predominant, i.e. perforators (fig. 5,6-9), burins (fig. 5,4.10.14), and trun-cated blade, accounting for ca. 84 % of all retouched specimens. Other types of tools:

combined tools (fig. 5,11), backed blades, backed bladelets (fig. 5,12) and end-scrapers (fig. 5,5), are less numerous (tab. 3).

Comparison of the structure of the basic tool groups from the two concentrations (A: 2007-2010 and B: 1981-1982) clearly demonstrated substantial differences in the percentage share of the individual groups (fig. 2). However, it has to be born in mind that the identification status in concentration B is currently insufficient and incomplete (Jastrzębski, Libera 1987, fig. 3b). In turn, concentration A has been almost totally de-stroyed by modern agrotechnical practices. Nevertheless, it was possible to find small flint concentrations in it that are similar to those discovered in concentration B. An inter-esting concentration was found in trench 16/2008 in concentration A, where the artifacts were preserved in an undisturbed spatial concentrations. The small flint concentrations described above (S1, S2, S3) containing mainly raw chipping waste and their distribution are characteristic for Magdalenian camps (Rozoy, Rozoy 2001, 242, tab. 1).

Tab. 3. Particular tool groups of the Klementowice, site 20. Seasons 2007-2010 (concentration A).


Conclusions and perspectives for the future research

The investigations of the Magdalenian site in Klementowice conducted in 2007-2010 provided new valuable resource data. The newly-recognized concentration (concen-tration A) exhibited 3,332 flint artifacts included 341 tools. Perforators and burins domi-nate among the tools, including those of the Lacan type (fig. 5,4) which were not recorded earlier in the inventory. Typologically speaking the inventory is consistent with the one from 1980s. The difference lies in the percentage of individual raw materials used. The Klementowice inventory displays many similarities to the inventories from Central Ger-many (e.g. Oelknitz, Groitzsch, Saaleck), Moravia (e.g. Malomĕřice-Borki, Ochozská Cave), and the materials from Moosbühl in Switzerland (dating from the end of the Oldest Dryas biozone or to the beginning of the Bølling – colonization by Juniperus) (Hanitzsch 1969; Bullinger et al. 1997, 12, Fig. 5; Valoch 2001, 137; 2010, 14-15; Łanczont et al. 2002, 173; Połtowicz-Bobak 2009a, 61-62).

in reference to rhinelad sites such as gönnersdorf and andernach, the occupation at Klementowice falls towards to the end of cold and very dry Greenland Stadial 2a, and pre-dates the sudden warming event of the Late Glacial Greenland Interstadial (GI 1e). The inventories of those sites bear resemblance to Klementowice, e.g. backed bladelets, perforators (Langbohrer-type), Lacan type burins (Veil, 1983; Terberger, 1997; Floss and Terberger, 2002). The main occupation of Gönnersdorf and Andernach are dated to ca. 13 ka BP (Street et al. 2012).

The most important discovery was the faunal remains of Equus ferus, which were preserved in the pseudomorph of ice-wedge (fig. 4,1-3). They are pieces of horse’s teeth as well as a fragment of horse’s jaw, rib and long bones. Despite three failed attempts (due to absence of collagen) of dating of bones and teeth with the AMS method, the seasonality of the site (late summer/autumn) was successfully determined determined (Wisniewski et al. 2012, 319). Archaeological investigations combined with natural studies may produce promising results in the nearest future. The inventory collected during the excavations in 1981-1982 and 2007-2010 comprises over 12 000 flint artifacts with 1 100 typological tools among them.

The environmental studies were also carried out on a large scale and this article re-fers to some of the already formulated results. The archaeological research to date makes it possible to interpret the findings as remnants of a multi-seasonal hunting camp. In the light of current knowledge the site in Klementowice is the north-eastern-most exposure of the Magdalenian settlement in Europe which makes it in many ways exceptional. Deter-mination of palaeogeographical conditions of the site’s localization would help to arrive to conclusions about how it functioned and also to provide direction for further palaeoen-vironmental research on site.

Perspectives for the future interdisciplinary researches of the Magdalenian camp in Klementowice are: analysis and interpretation of the genesis of the layers which con-tain the Magdalenian flint and bones artifacts; analysis of changes among the specific components of the environment in the area of the site in the late Vistulian and Holocene period; recreating of the changes in the landscape and its vicinity in the late Vistulian and holocene period.


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Tadeusz Wiśniewski MAinstitute of archaeology

Maria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityPl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 4

20-031 Lublin, [email protected]

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A Magdalenian Site in Klementowice (Eastern Poland) - New Discoveries