Tbilisi, puSkinis quCaze arsebuli Senoba-

nagebobebis rekonstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT

Catarebuli arqeologiuri sameTvalyureo

samuSaoebis

a n g a r i S i

Semsrulebeli:

arqeologi,

istoriis doqtori merab ZnelaZe

2013 w.

2012 wlis zafxulSi, TbilisSi, puSkinis quCaze arsebuli Senoba-

nagebobebis rekonstruqciasTan dakavSirebuli miwis samuSaoebisas

Zveli Tbilisis galavnis (kedlebi, koSkebi) naSTi aRmoCnda.

gamovlenili galavani baraTaSvilis quCaze adre gamoCenili da

aRdgenili galavnis gagrZelebas warmoadgens.

galavnis arsebobis Sesaxeb istorikosebma da arqeologebma icodnen

da varaudobdnen kidec rom am adgilas cnobili “diRmis kari” unda

yofiliyo gamarTuli. varaudi gamarTlda, aRmoCenis adgilas

marTlac dafiqsirda e.w. “diRmis kari”.

Tbilisis ganviTarebis fondis xelSewyobiT Zeglze arqeologiuri

samuSaoebis meTvalyureoba daevala arqeologs – istoriis doqtors

merab ZnelaZes.

velze – puSkinis quCaze, arqeologiuri sameTvalyureo samuSaoebi,

merab ZnelaZis mier, Sesrulda 2012 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi.

arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis procesSi gaiwminda 110 metris sigrZis

galavnis nawili romlis kedelSic 5 sxvadasxva zomis koSki gamoCnda.

koSki #1

pirveli koSki, momcro zomis monakveTiani galavnis kedliT, romelic

kveTs vercxlis quCas, uerTdeba baraTaSvilis quCaze arsebul

galavnis kedels.

koSki ovaluri formisaa. gareTa maqsimaluri diametri 14 m-ia;

galavnis kedlebTan -11,5 m. Sida dm.- 4,6 m. kedeli sakmaod ganieria –

saSualod 4,5 m.-ia. koSki gareTa mxare – xevisken gaweulia

daaxloebiT 11 m-ze.

koSkis gamoCenili zedapiri Tanamedrove zedapiridan (asfaltidan)

dasavleT nawilSi 2,4 m-is siRrmeze, xolo aRmosavleT nawilSi – 0,6

m-is siRrmeze gamoCnda.

safasade kedlebi naSenia, ZiriTadaT, qviSaqvis oTxkuTxa formis

sxvadasxva zomis qvebisagan, SigadaSig riyis qvebic urevia

(gansakuTRebiT qveda-fundamentis nawilSi), xolo qvebis mwrivebis

horizontalurobis gasasworeblad brtyeli agurebi da maTi natexebia

gamoyenebuli. kedlebis Sida mxare sxvadasxva saxis uformo qvebiT

(“xurdiT”) aris Sevsebuli.

SemakavSirebeli masala kirxsnaria.

koSkis dasavleT nawilSi viwro Sesasvlelia: sigsne –2,3 m.;

SemorCenili sigrZe –5,8 m.

koSkis Sida mxridan kedelSi (zeda doneze) gamoyenebuli “qarTuli

aguri”-s ganazomebi: 24 X 24 X 5; 23 X 23 X 4,5; 22,5 X 23 X 4,5; 24 X 24

X 4; 23,5 X 23 X 4,5 sm.

SedarebiT qveda doneze agurebi gacilebiT mozrdilia : 34 X 34 X 5

sm.

koSki amovsebulia miwiT, qvebiT, sxvadasxva drois aguris natexebiT,

saqonlis ZvlebiTa da Tixis WurWlis natexebiT.

koSki mniSvnelovnaTaa gabzaruli. rogorc Cans, xevis mxaris nawilia

daweuli.

koSki #2

pirveli koSkidan 12 m-is daSorebiT meore koSkia aSenebuli. es koSkic

(godoli) sakmaod mozrdili zomisaa. Swored am or godols Sorisi

adgili warmoadgens Zveli Tbilis-cixeqalaqis “diRmis kars”. galavans

SigniT mdebare puSkinis quCis #25 saxlis sardafSi dafiqsirda am

karibWis Sesasvlelis kedlebis naSTebi.

es koSkic ovaluri formisaa. gareTa diametri daaxloebiT 12 m-ia.,

Sida – 4,5 m. kedlis sisqe – 3-4 m-ia. naSenia qviSaqvis oTxkuTxa

araTanabari zomebis qvebisagan. nawilobriv riyis qvebi da qarTuli

aguricaa gamoyenebuli. safasado mxareebs Soris sxvadasxva zomis

qvebiT – “xurdiTaa” Sevsebuli. SemakavSirebel masalad kirxsnaria

gamoyenebuli.

koSkis SemorCenili nawilis zeda doneze gamoyenebuli agurebis

ganazomebi: 23,5 X 23,4 X 4; 23 X 23,5 X 4; 23 X 23 X 23 X 5 sm.

koSki amovsebuli iyo nayari miwiT, qvebiT, qarTuli agurebis

natexebiT, Tixis WurWlis fragmentebiT. pirvel koSkSi

dadasturebuli masalis msgavsia.

koSki gabzarulia ramdenime adgilas.

rogorc Cans, es koSki pirvelis Tanadroulia galavnis garkveul

etapamde (XVIII-XIX ss.) sabolood (XIX s-is dasawyisi) igi aRar

funqcionirebda. vaxuSti batoniSvilis 1735 wlis rukaze orive

koSki da “diRmis kari” aris gamosaxuli. SesaZloa, mefe erekle II-s

dros karibWe SedarebiT maRla da samxreTiT gadaaqvT.

koSki #3

SedarebiT mcire zomisaa. igi meore koSkidan 6,7 metriTaa

dacilebuli. Tavisi aRnagobiTa da samSeneblo xasiaTiT galavnis

adreul etaps unda ganekuTvnebodes (I da II koSkebis adreuli etapis

Tanadroulia), erekles dros aRar funqcionerebs).

koSkis gareTa diametric 7 m-ia; Sida – 5 m.; kedlis sisqea – 2,5 m.

galavnis sisqe – 3 m-ia.

kedlis gareTa piri mozrdili qviSaqvis filebiTaa nagebi,

romelSidac nawilobriv qarTuli aguricaa gamoyenebuli.

koSkis nawili Sedis Tanamedrove Senobis qveS, ris gamoc misi

interieri ar gaTxrila.

#3 koSkidan #4 koSkamde galavnis 7 m-ia.

kedlis qvebs Soris gamoyenebuli “qarTuli agurebis” ganazomi: 22 X

22 X 5 ; 23 X 22 X 5 sm.

#4 koSki

gareTa diametria – 14,5 m. Sida 8,5 m. kedlis sisqea – 3,5 m.

naSenia I,II,III koSkebisagan gansxvavebulad. kedlis safasado wyobaSi,

ZiriTadaT, “qarTuli aguria gamoyenebuli. qviSaqvis oTxkuTxa

formis filebi, ZiriTadaT, koSkis qveda nawilSia ganTavsebuli.

aSkarad Cans koSkis sxvadasxva samSeneblo fena.

aguris ganazomebi: 22 X 22 X 4,5 sm; 22,5 X 22 X 5 sm.

koSki Sua nawilSia gabzarulia, damjdaria Crdilo mxares.

koSki da galavnis kedeli Sesulia Tanamedrove Senobis qveS. ris

gamoc, igi arqeologebis mier araa gaTxrili.

meoTxe koSkidan mexuTe koSkamde galavnis kedeli 25,5 m-iT grZeldeba.

#5 koSki

mozrdilia pirveli da meores msgavsad. gareTa diametria – 18,5 m;

Sida – 13,2 m; kedlis sisqea – 3,5 m.

koSkis kedlis safasado gareTa qveda nawili qviSaqvis qvebiTa da

aguris Sereuli wyobiTaa naSeni. zeda mxare ki mTlianad “qarTuli

agurebiTaa” ayvanili. galavani da koSki erTnairi xasiaTis wyobiTaa

gakeTebuli. SemakavSirebel masalad magari xarisxis kirxsnaria

gamoyenebuli. igi. yvelaze mogvianod unda iyos naSeni.

aguris ganazomebi: 22 X 22 X 5 sm; 22,5 X 22 X 5 sm.

koSki arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis dawyebamdea mSeneblebis mier

“amowmendili”. Aamdenad, interierSi savaraudoT arsebuli

arqeologiuri artefaqtebis Sesaxeb informacia ar arsebobs.

arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis procesisas aRsaniSnavia pirveli

koSkis dasavleTiT meore – paraleluri galavnis dadastureba. Tavisi

mSeneblobis teqnikiTa da ieriT gansvavebulia. ufro daxvewili da

STambeWdavia. igi sabrZolo daniSnulebis funqcias ar unda

asrulebdes. albaT, ufro karibWesTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

SesaZloa SabaJo daniSnulebis nawils warmoadgenda.

am kedlize, dasavleT-CrdiloeTis mxridan, gadamwvari fenebi

gadadioda. romelSidac mravlad eria minis warmoebis gadamuSavebeli

fragmentebi. Rogorc Cans garkveul periodSi am adgilas, qalaq gareT

– xevis piras minis sawarmo - saxelosno yofila gamarTuli. aqve

aRmoCnda mefe Tamari droindeli spilenZis monetac.

koSkebisa da galavnis kedlebis mSeneblobis drois garkvevisaTvis

uTuod mniSvnelovania samSeneblo keramikis analizic. maTSi gamoisaxa

ori ZiriTadi standarti (zomebi I da II koSkebis agurebisaganaa

aRebuli):

I. 1. 33,5 X 33,5 X 4-4,5

2. 33,5 X 34 X 4,5-5

3. 33,5 X 33,5 X 4

4. 34 X 34 X 5

II. 1. 22,5 X 22,5 X 4

2. 24 X 22,5 X 4

3. 22,5 X 21 X 4

4. 24 X 23,5 X 5

5. 23 X 21,5 X 4

6. 23 X 23 X 4

7. 23,5 X 22,5 X 4

arsebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, mozrdili agurebis msgavsi

zomebi dadasturebulia adreuli Suasaukuneebis meore naxevarsa da

ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis dros, xolo mcire zomis msgavsi

agurebi damaxasiaTebelia gviani Suasaukuneebis droindel Senoba-

nagebobebSi.

I da II koSkebSi aRmoCnda mrgvali formis damuSavebuli qvebi. isini

sabrZolo arsenalidanaa da gamoiyeneboda galavnis, koSkebisa da

Senoba-nagebobaTa dangrevis mizniT. koSkSi birTvis qvebi qalaqis erT-

erTi ganadgurebis dros unda moxvedriliyo.

koSkebis gaTxrebisas dadasturda mravalferovani keramikis nawarmi:

qvevrebis, Tonis, dergis, qocos, qvabqoTnis, qoTnebis, xeladebis

moWiquli da mouWiqavi Tixis WurWlebis natexebi, Wraqebi,

samarileebi,faiansis sxvadasxva droindeli WurWlebis natexebi,

didZali samSeneblo keramika (kramiti, agurebi), samedicino

daniSnulebis WurWlebi damzadebuli kaolinuri Tixisagan da sxv.

aRmoCenilia 9 cali moneta, romelTagan mxolod samis identifikacia

iqna SesaZklebeli:

1. moneta Tamarisa –aRmoCnda #1 koSkSi, 1,85 m-is siRrmeze

2. moneta Tamarisa – aRmoCnda “minis sxelosnoSi” , damwvar fenaSi,

1,9 m-is siRrmeze

3. moneta erekle II , aRmoCnda #1 koSkis zeda fenaSi

arqeologiuri meTvalyureobis procesSi gamovlenili artefaqtebis

da galavnis Seswavlili nawilis analizi, am etapze, gvafiqrebinebs

Semdegs;

1. yvelaze adreuli fena galavnisa, SesaZloa, adre Suasaukuneebis

meore nawilis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens (IX-XI ss.) ?! saWiroa

meti argumentebi romelic artefaqtebis saboloo damuSavebis

unda gamoCndes.

2. Semdegi fena aSkarad ganviTarebul Suasaukuneebs warmoadgens

(XI-XIII ss.)

3. koSkebis zeda doneze aRmoCenili keramika, faiansi XIV-XVI ss.

asaxavs

4. utyuaria, agreTve, rostomiseuli, vaxuStiseuli da erekle II-

seuli fenebic

5. cixe-qalaq Tbilisis gamagreba Tavisi galavan-burjebiT Tavis

arsebobas ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos okupaciasa da

samefos gauqmebi Semdeg xdeba – 1801 wlis Semdgom. igi

gegmazomierad iqna daSlili.

sabolood, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom axali TvalsaCino arqeologiuri

Zeglis gamoCena uaRresad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosa da misi

aTasxuTaswlovani dedaqalaq – TbilisisaTvis. dedaqalaqma SeiZina

kulturuli memkvidreobis SesaniSnavi Zegli. da raoden

mniSvnelovania warsulis – “fesvebis” movla-patronoba, es

yvelasaTvis naTelia.

Zeglis gamoCenas Tan unda sdevdes misi dacvac, rac konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, mis aucilebel da gadadebel konservacias gulisxmobs.