A Nation Divided and A Nation Divided and RebuiltRebuilt

Unit 5Unit 5

Think of a time when you had a Think of a time when you had a disagreement with a frienddisagreement with a friend

How were you able to How were you able to resolve the dispute?resolve the dispute?

Did you need to ask Did you need to ask other people to help other people to help find a solution? find a solution? (parents – friends – (parents – friends – teacher?)teacher?)

Did one of you have to Did one of you have to change your position – change your position – make accommodations make accommodations to the other person – to the other person – make a compromise make a compromise between the two of between the two of you?you?

When you were young… When you were young… you were told the Civil War was fought over you were told the Civil War was fought over

slaveryslavery

But there's much But there's much more to it than just more to it than just that.that.

SlaverySlavery States rightsStates rights Power in CongressPower in Congress New TerritoriesNew Territories Money / Industry / Money / Industry /

TradeTrade PoliticsPolitics

RememberRememberThe SouthThe South

Was mostly Was mostly pro-pro-slavery slavery – for it / on the – for it / on the side of itside of it

Had fertile soil and a Had fertile soil and a warm climate.warm climate.

This made it an ideal This made it an ideal place to grow cotton, place to grow cotton, tobacco, etc…tobacco, etc…

To grow these, you To grow these, you needed a large, cheap needed a large, cheap labor force.labor force.

The NorthThe North

Was mostly Was mostly anti-anti-slaveryslavery – against it – against it

Industry and trade Industry and trade drove economics.drove economics.

Immigrants were a Immigrants were a cheap source of cheap source of labor for mills and labor for mills and factories.factories.

The issue of slavery did cause a The issue of slavery did cause a lot of tension between the North lot of tension between the North

and Southand South Abolitionists (N&S) believed Abolitionists (N&S) believed

slavery was immoral.slavery was immoral. Some Northern workers Some Northern workers

thought it was an economic thought it was an economic threat to them – it might threat to them – it might take away business.take away business.

Some were afraid they might Some were afraid they might someday have to take slave someday have to take slave type jobs themselves.type jobs themselves.

But even the people who But even the people who were against slavery would were against slavery would probably be called racist probably be called racist today.today.

Many whites refused to go to Many whites refused to go to school with, work with, or school with, work with, or live near African Americans. live near African Americans.

Southerners just said Southerners just said that white people were that white people were superior to black superior to black people.people.

They also said they were They also said they were helping them to become helping them to become good Christians.good Christians.

They also said… well… They also said… well… wewe’’re providing these re providing these people with food, people with food, clothing, and shelter.clothing, and shelter.

By 1848… the country had to decide By 1848… the country had to decide what to do about slavery in the new what to do about slavery in the new

Mexican lands.Mexican lands. The big change The big change

came with California came with California trying to be trying to be admitted as a free admitted as a free state.state.

This could be the This could be the start of a big move start of a big move to have more free to have more free states than slave states than slave states.states.

So a compromise was made in So a compromise was made in 1850 – 1850 –

(The Compromise of 1850)(The Compromise of 1850) California was a new state California was a new state

(free) and the slave trade (free) and the slave trade would be abolished in would be abolished in Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

There would be no new There would be no new slavery laws in the new slavery laws in the new Mexican lands - and there Mexican lands - and there would be a new law that would be a new law that said runaway slaves could said runaway slaves could be recaptured.be recaptured.

Both sides agreed to the Both sides agreed to the plan, but also felt they plan, but also felt they each had to give in too each had to give in too much to the other sidemuch to the other side

From the Compromise of 1850 From the Compromise of 1850 came the came the ““Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act””

Any runaway slave Any runaway slave could be recaptured could be recaptured and taken back.and taken back.

There were fines and There were fines and punishments for people punishments for people who wouldnwho wouldn’’t help.t help.

A A ““commissionercommissioner”” (judge) would decide (judge) would decide runaways fates, but…runaways fates, but…

The commissioner got The commissioner got $5 for letting them go $5 for letting them go and $10 if they were and $10 if they were returned to slavery.returned to slavery.

There are 4 major events that There are 4 major events that historians feel were immediate historians feel were immediate causes leading to the Civil Warcauses leading to the Civil War

A book: A book: ““Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabins Cabin”” ““The Sumner – Brooks AffairThe Sumner – Brooks Affair””

The Dred Scott DecisionThe Dred Scott Decision John Browns RaidJohn Browns Raid

One woman who was upset about One woman who was upset about the whole idea of slavery wrote a the whole idea of slavery wrote a

bookbook Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe

wrote wrote ““Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabins Cabin””. . about a slave named about a slave named ““Uncle TomUncle Tom”” and how badly and how badly he was treated.he was treated.

Northerners: used this as Northerners: used this as their main source of their main source of knowledge about slavery.knowledge about slavery.

Southerners felt it made Southerners felt it made them look brutal.them look brutal.

The thing was – Stowe had The thing was – Stowe had never been to the South – never been to the South – the book was the book was ““fictional.fictional.””

Nebraska was ready to become a new state, but Nebraska was ready to become a new state, but again…again…

Should it be a slave state or a free state?Should it be a slave state or a free state? (they made it 2 separate states)(they made it 2 separate states)

From this came: The Kansas – Nebraska ActFrom this came: The Kansas – Nebraska Act

There ended up beingThere ended up beinga lot of violence in Kansasa lot of violence in Kansas

It was even called It was even called ““Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas””

It was a place where It was a place where they were going to they were going to have the residents have the residents vote on whether they vote on whether they wanted slavery or wanted slavery or not – so both sides not – so both sides had extra voters had extra voters come in.come in.

John BrownJohn Brown

is famous for is famous for leading an attack leading an attack on some of his pro-on some of his pro-slavery neighbors slavery neighbors (in Kansas)(in Kansas)

He even murdered He even murdered

5 of them.5 of them.

Violence even spread to CongressViolence even spread to Congress (The Sumner Brooks Affair)(The Sumner Brooks Affair)

During an argument in 1856, Senator Preston Brooks During an argument in 1856, Senator Preston Brooks (South Carolina – 37 years old) beat Senator Charles (South Carolina – 37 years old) beat Senator Charles Sumner (Massachusetts – 45 years old and with a bad hip) Sumner (Massachusetts – 45 years old and with a bad hip) with his walking cane in the hall of the Senate for a speech with his walking cane in the hall of the Senate for a speech Sumner had made three days before.Sumner had made three days before.

Brooks hit Sumner repeatedly; Sumner was trapped by his Brooks hit Sumner repeatedly; Sumner was trapped by his desk, and was unable to get up or avoid the blows. Brooks desk, and was unable to get up or avoid the blows. Brooks continued to beat Sumner even as he lay unconscious on continued to beat Sumner even as he lay unconscious on the floor of the Senate until his cane broke.the floor of the Senate until his cane broke.

Sumner was unable to return to duty for more than three Sumner was unable to return to duty for more than three

years while he recoveredyears while he recovered

Section 3: Slavery Dominates PoliticsSection 3: Slavery Dominates PoliticsSection 4: LincolnSection 4: Lincoln’’s Election and Southern s Election and Southern

SecessionSecession

There used to be a political party There used to be a political party called called ““The WhigsThe Whigs””

After the Kansas – After the Kansas – Nebraska Act, the Nebraska Act, the Northern and Northern and Southern Whigs Southern Whigs couldncouldn’’t compromise t compromise and split into 2 and split into 2 groups.groups.

Some joined the Some joined the Democrats. Democrats.

Others started their Others started their own political party – own political party – called the called the Republicans Republicans

Another of those problems that helped Another of those problems that helped cause the Civil War was what to do cause the Civil War was what to do

with…with… Dred ScottDred Scott

The The Dred Scott Dred Scott DecisionDecision(A famous court case – 1847)(A famous court case – 1847)

His case was based on the fact that Dred His case was based on the fact that Dred Scott – a slave - and his wife Harriet had Scott – a slave - and his wife Harriet had once lived, while slaves, in states and once lived, while slaves, in states and territories where slavery was illegal, territories where slavery was illegal, including Illinois and parts of the Louisiana including Illinois and parts of the Louisiana Purchase. Purchase.

The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating that slaves were property, and the court that slaves were property, and the court could not deprive people of their property could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment. Fifth Amendment.

There was also a series of political There was also a series of political debates between debates between Stephen A. Stephen A.

DouglasDouglas…… And Abraham Lincoln.And Abraham Lincoln. Both were running for Both were running for

a state Senator a state Senator position in Illinois.position in Illinois.

Even though he lost, iEven though he lost, itt ’’s the first time the s the first time the country began to hear country began to hear LincolnLincoln’’s ideas and s ideas and views about slavery.views about slavery.

The last of those 4 The last of those 4 ““sparkssparks”” to to ignite the Civil Warignite the Civil War

John BrownJohn Brown’’s Raids Raid

One of the first white abolitionists to One of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerrilla advocate, and to practice, guerrilla warfare as a means to the abolition of warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery. slavery.

Brown's most famous deed was the Brown's most famous deed was the raid he led on the federal armory at raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

Brown had been considering an Brown had been considering an invasion of the South, and began to invasion of the South, and began to collect arms and men for that purpose collect arms and men for that purpose in 1857. in 1857.

His idea seems to have been to raid His idea seems to have been to raid the United States arsenal at Harpers the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), and then encourage slaves to rebel and then encourage slaves to rebel

John Brown was caught, tried, and John Brown was caught, tried, and hanged. Hehanged. He’’s seen as a martyr in the s seen as a martyr in the anti-slavery movement.anti-slavery movement.

In this famous painting heIn this famous painting he’’s s even shown as a even shown as a ““MosesMoses”” type type

leaderleader

In In the election for president the election for president (1860):(1860):

Candidates: Lincoln Candidates: Lincoln and Stephen Douglas and Stephen Douglas competed for votes in competed for votes in the North.the North.

John Breckenridge and John Breckenridge and John Bell competed for John Bell competed for votes in the South.votes in the South.

(You know who (You know who won)won)

The South had said all along that if Lincoln The South had said all along that if Lincoln won, they would won, they would secedesecede from the from the Union Union

(north)(north)

South Carolina was South Carolina was first, followed by first, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.Louisiana, and Texas.

These states formed These states formed the the ConfederateConfederate (southern) States of (southern) States of America and chose America and chose Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis as as their presidenttheir president

Quit and leaveQuit and leave

The North had to do The North had to do somethingsomething

There was an attempt There was an attempt at compromise – at compromise – which didnwhich didn’’t work.t work.

It was clear the South It was clear the South had no intention to had no intention to either abolish slavery, either abolish slavery, or rejoin the Union.or rejoin the Union.

Lincoln didnLincoln didn’’t want to t want to invade the South – invade the South – and tried to appeal to and tried to appeal to them to change their them to change their minds.minds.

Chapter 16: The Civil War Chapter 16: The Civil War BeginsBegins

Section 1: War EruptsSection 1: War Erupts

Even though both sides wanted Even though both sides wanted to avoid a fight – they couldnto avoid a fight – they couldn’’tt

One of the things One of the things the Confederacy the Confederacy did was to take did was to take over government over government places – like post places – like post offices, banks, offices, banks, forts, newspapers, forts, newspapers, etc…etc…

One of the forts the South hadnOne of the forts the South hadn’’t taken over t taken over was: was:

Fort Sumter Fort Sumter – an island fort off South Carolina– an island fort off South Carolina

Fort Sumter was still Fort Sumter was still held by the Union, but held by the Union, but they were running low they were running low on supplies.on supplies.

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln decided to send them decided to send them the supplies they the supplies they needed.needed.

On the way, the supply On the way, the supply ships were attacked.ships were attacked.

The South then began The South then began to attack the fort – to attack the fort – and and the Civil War had the Civil War had begunbegun

The 2 sidesThe 2 sides

The NorthThe North Lincoln tried to get 75,000 Lincoln tried to get 75,000

men to enlist in the militia men to enlist in the militia (to put down the uprising).(to put down the uprising).

The SouthThe South More and more states More and more states

decided to break away.decided to break away. Getting Virginia was big for Getting Virginia was big for

the South (a wealthy state the South (a wealthy state with a lot of people).with a lot of people).

Convinced Convinced Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee to to resign from the Union army resign from the Union army and he became the and he became the commanding general of the commanding general of the South.South.

The Civil War is the reason we have a Virginia and a West

Virginia. People west of the mountains didn’t have slaves.

People east of the Appalachians did.

sign up for

Northern AdvantagesNorthern Advantages Had a lot more people 22 million to 9 Had a lot more people 22 million to 9

million (3.5 million slaves).million (3.5 million slaves). Had a lot more railroads.Had a lot more railroads. Had most of the ships and the naval Had most of the ships and the naval

power.power. Had most of the nationHad most of the nation’’s factories.s factories. Fighting to uphold the constitution.Fighting to uphold the constitution. Had a strong political leader (Lincoln).Had a strong political leader (Lincoln). Had a stronger government.Had a stronger government. Fighting to Fighting to ““preserve the Union.preserve the Union.”” The NorthThe North’’s Plan: s Plan: The Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan – to – to

slowly squeeze the south (militarily and slowly squeeze the south (militarily and economically).economically).

Sometimes the Civil War is also called Sometimes the Civil War is also called ““a a war of attritionwar of attrition””

Southern AdvantagesSouthern Advantages

Fighting for a cause.Fighting for a cause. DidnDidn’’t need as many soldiers t need as many soldiers to defend as they would have to defend as they would have needed to attack – fighting aneeded to attack – fighting a defensivedefensive war.war. Knew their own land better.Knew their own land better. Had better military leaders who knew more about war Had better military leaders who knew more about war

strategy.strategy. Could ride and shoot better (more northerners lived in Could ride and shoot better (more northerners lived in

cities).cities). Used the American Revolution as an example that the Used the American Revolution as an example that the

stronger side doesnstronger side doesn’’t always win (and as an example t always win (and as an example that it was OK to go to war to break away from a that it was OK to go to war to break away from a country).country).

The South thought that could The South thought that could maybe get some help frommaybe get some help from

France and/or Britain… who France and/or Britain… who they thought depended on they thought depended on Southern cotton for their Southern cotton for their textile mills.textile mills.

But they decided to stay But they decided to stay out of it.out of it.

At first the South was going At first the South was going to fight a defensive war, to fight a defensive war, but soon decided to take but soon decided to take the offensive the offensive

(go after the other side (go after the other side /attack)/attack)

One of the first battles:One of the first battles: The Battle of Bull RunThe Battle of Bull Run (or… Manassas)(or… Manassas)

Close to Washington D.C.Close to Washington D.C. Some people even came Some people even came

to watch (sat up on a hill)to watch (sat up on a hill) Some of the men not Some of the men not

fighting came by and did fighting came by and did ““play by playplay by play”” for the for the people.people.

This battle made people This battle made people in Washington realize the in Washington realize the war was going to take a war was going to take a long timelong time

Close to Washington D.C.Close to Washington D.C. Some people even came Some people even came

to watch (sat up on a hill)to watch (sat up on a hill) Some of the men not Some of the men not

fighting came by and did fighting came by and did ““play by playplay by play”” for the for the people.people.

This battle made people This battle made people in Washington realize the in Washington realize the war was going to take a war was going to take a long timelong time

Manassas was so close to Washington D.C. that many Manassas was so close to Washington D.C. that many people came out from the city to watch the battle. They people came out from the city to watch the battle. They

came on horseback or in carriages, to watch the battle as if came on horseback or in carriages, to watch the battle as if it were a play. The onlookers included several senators and it were a play. The onlookers included several senators and

congressmen. When Union troops began to retreat and congressmen. When Union troops began to retreat and Confederate artillery shells came closer, the spectators Confederate artillery shells came closer, the spectators

suddenly realized that war was dangerous. They joined the suddenly realized that war was dangerous. They joined the withdrawing soldiers, adding greatly to the general withdrawing soldiers, adding greatly to the general

confusion as the retreat became a rout.confusion as the retreat became a rout.

Section 2: Life in the ArmySection 2: Life in the ArmySection 3: No End in SightSection 3: No End in SightSection 2: Life in the ArmySection 2: Life in the ArmySection 3: No End in SightSection 3: No End in Sight

The Soldiers:The Soldiers:Both sidesBoth sides

Most were between 18-30 years Most were between 18-30 years old (but some old (but some veryvery old and some old and some veryvery young). young).

About half of all soldiers had About half of all soldiers had been farmers – and most of them been farmers – and most of them had never been very far from had never been very far from home.home.

Most were American by birth, but Most were American by birth, but there were some immigrant there were some immigrant soldiers.soldiers.

Even from the beginning African Even from the beginning African Americans wanted to fight – but Americans wanted to fight – but didndidn’’t get to until later (in the t get to until later (in the North).North).

Most were volunteers – many of Most were volunteers – many of whom wanted to get off their whom wanted to get off their farms and look for some farms and look for some ““adventure.adventure.””

Some signed up for the money Some signed up for the money theythey’’d make as a soldier.d make as a soldier.

2 million men 2 million men soldiers fought soldiers fought for the North.for the North.

1 million 1 million soldiers fought soldiers fought for the South.for the South.

Life as a soldier was Life as a soldier was unpleasantunpleasant

Most soldiers lived Most soldiers lived in heavy tents – in in heavy tents – in all weather.all weather.

Drill, drill, drill, drill, Drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill, drill….drill, drill, drill….

““ExtraExtra”” time? Cut time? Cut wood, clean up wood, clean up camp, check guns camp, check guns and equipment, dig and equipment, dig latrines…. latrines….

But, they got a uniform But, they got a uniform (usually either blue or grey)(usually either blue or grey)

Sometimes it might Sometimes it might

even fit.even fit. Clothes were not as Clothes were not as

comfortable in the comfortable in the 18601860’’s as they are s as they are today.today.

Shoes were Shoes were sometimes scarce.sometimes scarce.

After battles, soldiers After battles, soldiers would go through the would go through the bodies and look for bodies and look for shoes/clothes they shoes/clothes they could use.could use.

At first, food was not an At first, food was not an issueissue

But, later in the war, But, later in the war, as more farms were as more farms were destroyed, there destroyed, there might not be as much might not be as much food - or supply lines food - or supply lines cut off.cut off.

Soldiers need to be Soldiers need to be fed (drilling, fighting, fed (drilling, fighting, working ADL).working ADL).

Even still, it was army Even still, it was army food and you can food and you can probably guess what probably guess what thatthat’’s like.s like.

Again – just like the Again – just like the miners…miners…

If itIf it’’s only men (and a s only men (and a lot of them) – who lot of them) – who have little hope of any have little hope of any ““companionshipcompanionship”” for for any reason, they any reason, they might not always be might not always be living very nicely.living very nicely.

Weeks without Weeks without bathing or washing bathing or washing their clothes.their clothes.

Bodies, clothing, and Bodies, clothing, and bedding often had lice bedding often had lice an fleas.an fleas.

And they didnAnd they didn’’t understand about t understand about diseases (they come from germs you diseases (they come from germs you

know)know) They didnThey didn’’t have that t have that

figured out. figured out. Their was a lot of Their was a lot of

widespread sickness.widespread sickness. Most soldiers had chronic Most soldiers had chronic

““intestinal disorders.intestinal disorders.”” Doctors would not wash Doctors would not wash

their hands.their hands. Instruments would be used Instruments would be used

over and over again over and over again (without being cleaned).(without being cleaned).

The same bandages might The same bandages might be used over and over.be used over and over.

Next slide: you may not want to look at…

During the civil war, new During the civil war, new technology also affected the technology also affected the

fightingfighting The were new The were new

kinds of muskets, kinds of muskets, bullets, and bullets, and cannonballs.cannonballs.

And they decided And they decided to start using to start using iron on their iron on their ships (called ships (called ““ironcladsironclads””))

There were a lot of famous There were a lot of famous battlesbattles

The Southern general in The Southern general in charge: Robert E Leecharge: Robert E Lee

The Northern General The Northern General in charge: many…in charge: many…

Lincoln was not too Lincoln was not too happy with most of the happy with most of the union generals, and he union generals, and he kept replacing them kept replacing them with new generals.with new generals.

One of the better One of the better Union generals was Union generals was Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant

Another famous Union Another famous Union general: George general: George McClellan – but he McClellan – but he ““drilleddrilled”” too much and too much and didndidn’’t actually fight t actually fight enough.enough.

The Fall of New The Fall of New OrleansOrleans……

……is a famous is a famous battle because battle because when the Union when the Union won their, it split won their, it split the South into 2 the South into 2 parts.parts.

AntietamAntietam is is another.another.

It was the It was the ““bloodiest battle of bloodiest battle of the Civil War.the Civil War.””

25,000 men dead 25,000 men dead or wounded.or wounded.

Neither side really Neither side really was victorious, but was victorious, but the South lost the South lost a lota lot of soldiersof soldiers

Chapter 17: The Tide of War TurnsChapter 17: The Tide of War TurnsSection 1: The Emancipation Section 1: The Emancipation

ProclamationProclamationSection 2: War Affects SocietySection 2: War Affects Society

During the Civil War there were many During the Civil War there were many people that insisted Lincoln simply needed people that insisted Lincoln simply needed

to free the slaves.to free the slaves. But it wasnBut it wasn’’t that simple.t that simple. There were still 4 slave There were still 4 slave

states in the Union (on states in the Union (on the Norththe North’’s side) and he s side) and he didndidn’’t want to lose them t want to lose them to the Confederacy.to the Confederacy.

He knew there were He knew there were many Northerners who many Northerners who opposed complete opposed complete emancipationemancipation for slaves. for slaves.

By 1862 though he By 1862 though he decided he had to do it. decided he had to do it.

freedom

On January 1On January 1stst, 1863 Lincoln issued: , 1863 Lincoln issued: the Emancipation Proclamationthe Emancipation Proclamation

This had a huge impact on the This had a huge impact on the public, but…public, but…

It didnIt didn’’t really free too many t really free too many slaves. slaves.

And it didnAnd it didn’’t free any slaves in t free any slaves in the border states.the border states.

It was more symbolic than It was more symbolic than anything.anything.

It wasnIt wasn’’t like people in the t like people in the South (who considered South (who considered themselves an independent themselves an independent country) would follow the laws country) would follow the laws and rules of someone they and rules of someone they werenweren’’t a part of anymore.t a part of anymore.

Slaves in the South were still Slaves in the South were still slaves in the South.slaves in the South.

African-American soldiersAfrican-American soldiers

Those willing to fight Those willing to fight ““will be received into will be received into the armed service of the armed service of the United States.the United States.””

Before the Before the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation: joining Proclamation: joining was discouraged.was discouraged.

After: African After: African Americans rushed to Americans rushed to join the army.join the army.

By the wars end: By the wars end: 180,000 Union African 180,000 Union African American soldiersAmerican soldiers

But it wasnBut it wasn’’t all great for t all great for themthem

They were usually They were usually given the worst jobs given the worst jobs and were often paid and were often paid less than white less than white soldiers.soldiers.

Many would even fight Many would even fight for no pay rather than for no pay rather than be paid less than an all be paid less than an all white regiment.white regiment.

If caught in battle, If caught in battle, were often shot, or were often shot, or taken back to the taken back to the South and made a South and made a slaveslave

Maybe one of the most famous African Maybe one of the most famous African American Regiments: The 54American Regiments: The 54thth

MassachusettsMassachusetts One of the 1One of the 1stst African African

American regiments American regiments in the North.in the North.

Best known in war Best known in war for leading an attack for leading an attack on fort Wagner.on fort Wagner.

The regiment is best The regiment is best known today from known today from the movie the movie ““Glory.Glory.””

Veterans of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry at the

dedication of the memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the

men of the 54th, May 31, 1897

Both sides had soldiers who were Both sides had soldiers who were getting tired of the war and tired of all getting tired of the war and tired of all

the sacrifices.the sacrifices. In the South more than the In the South more than the

North.North. Some protest riots even Some protest riots even

broke out in the South.broke out in the South. Confederate soldiers Confederate soldiers

began deserting.began deserting. In the North those who In the North those who

didndidn’’t like Lincoln were t like Lincoln were sometimes called sometimes called ““copperheadscopperheads”” – after the – after the poisonous snake that often poisonous snake that often attacks without warning.attacks without warning.

Lincoln even had some Lincoln even had some people that protested people that protested against him arrested.against him arrested.

Getting picked to fight:Getting picked to fight:

Both sides were running out of Both sides were running out of men, so they each had a draft men, so they each had a draft (conscription)– that(conscription)– that’’s usually s usually not too popular in any time.not too popular in any time.

Most men were between 18-30 Most men were between 18-30 years old (some others too)years old (some others too)

Men who owned more than 20 Men who owned more than 20 slaves didnslaves didn’’t have to fight.t have to fight.

You could also hire a You could also hire a substitute if you had enough substitute if you had enough money ($6,000 in the South).money ($6,000 in the South).

The North would pay $300 to The North would pay $300 to men who volunteered, so men who volunteered, so many did that to get the many did that to get the money they wouldnmoney they wouldn’’t get if t get if they were drafted.they were drafted.

The war caused a lot of economic The war caused a lot of economic problems (in the South even more than problems (in the South even more than

the North)the North) Food shortages were Food shortages were

common – many common – many farmers were fighting farmers were fighting and many train lines and many train lines were destroyed.were destroyed.

Soldiers need to eat.Soldiers need to eat. InflationInflation got to be a got to be a

big problem.big problem.

(When prices rise a lot (When prices rise a lot faster than money faster than money

supply)supply)

Inflation: when products / services increase Inflation: when products / services increase in value very quickly – faster than the in value very quickly – faster than the

money supply.money supply.

Average 1861 family food Average 1861 family food bill in the South: $6.65 a bill in the South: $6.65 a month.month.

Average 1863 family food Average 1863 family food bill in the South: $68.00 a bill in the South: $68.00 a month.month.

9,000% inflation rate in the 9,000% inflation rate in the South from the start to the South from the start to the end of the war (90 times end of the war (90 times higher).higher).

They even started to They even started to charge people an income charge people an income tax for the first timetax for the first time

Paying the government a percentage of what you

make each year

Women helped any way they could during Women helped any way they could during the warthe war

Plowed fields and ran Plowed fields and ran farms / plantations.farms / plantations.

Took jobs in offices and Took jobs in offices and factories when men left to factories when men left to fight.fight.

Washed clothes, gathered Washed clothes, gathered supplies, cooked food for supplies, cooked food for soldiers.soldiers.

Nursing began to be Nursing began to be something women would something women would do – before then it was do – before then it was only a man’s job.only a man’s job.

Some were even spies Some were even spies (Belle Boyd and a woman (Belle Boyd and a woman named Harriet Tubman) named Harriet Tubman)

And the soldiers who were captured And the soldiers who were captured and put in prison camps had it REAL and put in prison camps had it REAL

badbad As many as ¼ might die each As many as ¼ might die each

year (sickness and cold).year (sickness and cold). The worst in the south was at The worst in the south was at

Andersonville: Andersonville: Had 33,000 men (built for Had 33,000 men (built for

10,000)10,000) Had little shelter from heat or Had little shelter from heat or

cold – most slept in holes cold – most slept in holes scratched in the dirt.scratched in the dirt.

Drinking water came from the Drinking water came from the creek (also used as a sewer).creek (also used as a sewer).

As many as 100 men died As many as 100 men died each dayeach day

About 50,000 men died while About 50,000 men died while in prison camps.in prison camps.

Section 3: The North WinsSection 3: The North WinsSection 4: The Legacy of the WarSection 4: The Legacy of the War

There were hundreds of small battles There were hundreds of small battles in the Civil War – and several more in the Civil War – and several more

famous onesfamous ones Fort SumterFort Sumter Bull RunBull Run New OrleansNew Orleans AntietamAntietam FredericksburgFredericksburg ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville VicksburgVicksburg GettysburgGettysburg ChattanoogaChattanooga AtlantaAtlanta

All Civil War Battles Famous Civil War Battles General Civil War informati

on

GettysburgGettysburg is the one many people think of 1stis the one many people think of 1st

Gettysburg happened Gettysburg happened about half way through about half way through the war.the war.

The first half: the South The first half: the South was a little ahead.was a little ahead.

At Gettysburg the North At Gettysburg the North rallied, won the battle, rallied, won the battle, and started to take a and started to take a little more control over little more control over the Confederates.the Confederates.

The fighting at GettysburgThe fighting at Gettysburg

Lasted for 3 days.Lasted for 3 days. 90,000 Union troops 90,000 Union troops

against 75,000 against 75,000 Confederate troops.Confederate troops.

The Union was trying The Union was trying to hold some ground to hold some ground (Cemetery Ridge) and (Cemetery Ridge) and the South kept trying the South kept trying to take it from them.to take it from them.

There was very There was very intense fighting from intense fighting from both sides.both sides.

On July 3On July 3rdrd (the 3 (the 3rdrd day) day)

Confederate General Confederate General George Picket decided to George Picket decided to directly attack the middle of directly attack the middle of the Union line. the Union line.

13,000 Rebel troops 13,000 Rebel troops charged up the ridge into charged up the ridge into enemy fire.enemy fire.

It was a terrible tactical It was a terrible tactical mistake – the Southmistake – the South ’’s men s men were torn apart.were torn apart.

The North actually had a The North actually had a chance to chance to ““finish them offfinish them off””, , but Lincolnbut Lincoln’’s generals let s generals let them retreat.them retreat.

One third of general LeeOne third of general Lee ’’s s army was dead or wounded.army was dead or wounded.

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in

liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing great civil war, testing whether that nation, or whether that nation, or any nation so conceived any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of on a great battlefield of that war. We have come that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final that field, as a final resting place for those resting place for those who here gave their lives who here gave their lives that that nation might that that nation might live. It is altogether live. It is altogether fitting and proper that fitting and proper that we should do this.we should do this.

But in a larger sense, we cannot But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow - this ground. The cannot hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that highly resolve that these dead shall these dead shall not have died in vain - that this not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.perish from the earth.

One of the more devastating attacks One of the more devastating attacks came with came with General ShermanGeneral Sherman’’s / s / ““march march

to the seato the sea”” Sherman (Union) started Sherman (Union) started

his men on a march from his men on a march from Atlanta – to Atlanta – to ““deal withdeal with”” anything they came up anything they came up against in Georgia.against in Georgia.

His men went from His men went from Atlanta all the way to the Atlanta all the way to the Atlantic Ocean.Atlantic Ocean.

On the way they On the way they destroyed everything in destroyed everything in their path – rail lines, their path – rail lines, crops, livestock, looted crops, livestock, looted and burned towns.and burned towns.

This really angered and This really angered and destroyed morale in the destroyed morale in the SouthSouth

After some other battles, the Confederates After some other battles, the Confederates felt they had no other choice – than to felt they had no other choice – than to

surrendersurrender

On April 9On April 9thth, 1865, , 1865, General Lee (S) and General Lee (S) and General Grant General Grant ((N) N) met at met at Appomattox Appomattox Court House Court House (in (in Virginia) to arrange Virginia) to arrange the surrender.the surrender.

Grant and the North Grant and the North were very kind to the were very kind to the Confederates.Confederates.

They got to go home in They got to go home in peace.peace.

They got to take their They got to take their private possessions private possessions (and horses) with them.(and horses) with them.

The hungry soldiers got The hungry soldiers got food.food.

Most of them walked Most of them walked home.home.

When the Civil War was When the Civil War was overover

3,000,000 men had 3,000,000 men had fought on both sides fought on both sides (about 1/10 Americans)(about 1/10 Americans)

620,000 soldiers had 620,000 soldiers had died.died.

535,000 soldiers had 535,000 soldiers had been wounded.been wounded.

A LOT of money had A LOT of money had been spent (in 5 years been spent (in 5 years - 5 times the amount of - 5 times the amount of money the country had money the country had spent in its entire spent in its entire history)history)

The The 1313thth Amendment Amendment was passedwas passed(banned slavery in the United (banned slavery in the United

States)States)

5 days later… Abraham Lincoln 5 days later… Abraham Lincoln went to watch a play with his went to watch a play with his

wifewife

Lincoln was feeling pretty good about Lincoln was feeling pretty good about everything – he even thought heeverything – he even thought he’’d relax a d relax a

little bit.little bit.

And he thought And he thought hehe’’d go watch a d go watch a play – just about 6 - play – just about 6 - 8 blocks from the 8 blocks from the White House.White House.

A man named A man named John John Wilkes Booth Wilkes Booth stopped by…stopped by…

And… you know… And… you know… the rest of the storythe rest of the story

                                      

          

Consequences of the Civil Consequences of the Civil WarWar

People started to talk People started to talk about the United about the United States as one big States as one big country (not sections country (not sections of America).of America).

The federal The federal government grew government grew larger and more larger and more powerful.powerful.

Northern industries Northern industries continued to grow continued to grow (they hadn(they hadn’’t been t been ruined by the war).ruined by the war).

In the South:In the South: Farms and plantations Farms and plantations

were destroyed.were destroyed. 40% of the livestock were 40% of the livestock were

destroyed.destroyed. 50% of farm machinery 50% of farm machinery

was destroyed.was destroyed. Factories were demolished.Factories were demolished. Railroad tracks had been Railroad tracks had been

torn apart.torn apart. The SouthThe South’’s economic s economic

system was torn apart (no system was torn apart (no more slaves).more slaves).

What should they do with 4 What should they do with 4 million newly freed people?million newly freed people?

At this point in history – we At this point in history – we finally start to see photographs finally start to see photographs

of eventsof events And not paintings or And not paintings or

drawings anymore.drawings anymore. Photography had been Photography had been

invented.invented. But… still very basic – But… still very basic –

for example people had for example people had to be very still or the to be very still or the picture would be blurry.picture would be blurry.

Matthew Brady Matthew Brady is is generally accepted as generally accepted as the best / most famous the best / most famous of the Civil War of the Civil War photographersphotographers

Chapter 18: ReconstructionChapter 18: ReconstructionSection 1: Rebuilding the UnionSection 1: Rebuilding the Union

Right after the Civil War is over Right after the Civil War is over the job of rebuilding the the job of rebuilding the

country begins country begins This time period is called: This time period is called: ReconstructionReconstruction (rebuilding)(rebuilding)

(Both physical and political

reconstruction)

One of the groups which helped the most was a One of the groups which helped the most was a government group called: government group called: The Freedmen's BureauThe Freedmen's Bureau

Set up schools and Set up schools and hospitals for hospitals for African Americans.African Americans.

Distributed clothes, Distributed clothes, food, and fuel food, and fuel throughout the throughout the SouthSouth

Lincoln had a plan to try and unite the Lincoln had a plan to try and unite the North and South, but when he was North and South, but when he was

assassinated, the job went to assassinated, the job went to Andrew Andrew JohnsonJohnson

Johnson was even a former Johnson was even a former slaveholder.slaveholder.

He was more stubborn and He was more stubborn and not as well respected as not as well respected as Lincoln.Lincoln.

But in his plan he did offer But in his plan he did offer amnestyamnesty to white Southerners to white Southerners – if hey would promise to be – if hey would promise to be loyal to the United States.loyal to the United States.

(An official pardon or freedom)(An official pardon or freedom)

A lot of people in the South just A lot of people in the South just didndidn’’t deal well with…t deal well with…

Having to again be Having to again be told what to do by told what to do by Northern States.Northern States.

They felt like these They felt like these Northern states might Northern states might try and overpower and try and overpower and destroy the South destroy the South when they got back when they got back together.together.

Having to accept Having to accept African Americans as African Americans as free.free.

Some even passedSome even passed ““black codesblack codes””.. These were laws that These were laws that

limited the rights of ex-limited the rights of ex-slavesslaves (like anyone (like anyone without written proof of without written proof of work could be put to work could be put to work on a plantation, work on a plantation, or they were forbidden or they were forbidden to meet in groups – or to meet in groups – or carry guns).carry guns).

There were some groups who werenThere were some groups who weren’’t t thought too well of after the Civil War. thought too well of after the Civil War.

Two of those are:Two of those are: ScalawagsScalawags was just another name was just another name

for poor white farmers for poor white farmers who were seen as who were seen as lowlifes, scoundrels, lowlifes, scoundrels, rats, and those kinds of rats, and those kinds of people.people.

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers Were White Were White

Northerners who Northerners who rushed to the South rushed to the South after the war and tried after the war and tried to get rich or get to get rich or get political powerpolitical power

Congress did try and pass a bill Congress did try and pass a bill promoting promoting civil rights civil rights

These are These are rights all rights all people should have people should have - - ““regardless of regardless of race, color or creedrace, color or creed””

And President And President Jonson vetoed it.Jonson vetoed it.

It did pass when it It did pass when it went back to went back to congress (2/3 vote)congress (2/3 vote)

And, Congress did pass And, Congress did pass the the 1414thth Amendment Amendment

All people born in All people born in the United States are the United States are citizens and have the citizens and have the same rights.same rights.

A delegate: is A delegate: is someone whosomeone who’’s s named a named a representative (28)representative (28)

But there were some But there were some ““control issuescontrol issues”” between President Johnson and between President Johnson and

CongressCongress President Johnson fired President Johnson fired

his Secretary of War.his Secretary of War. He wasnHe wasn’’t supposed to t supposed to

be able to do that be able to do that without the approval of without the approval of Congress.Congress.

Congress decided to Congress decided to impeachimpeach him. him.

Means: to Means: to accuseaccuse of of wrongdoing – not convict wrongdoing – not convict (it means there(it means there’’s going s going to be an investigation)to be an investigation)

(Only one other president has ever been impeached)

Chapter 18: ReconstructionChapter 18: ReconstructionSection 2: Reconstruction and Daily LifeSection 2: Reconstruction and Daily Life

Section 3: End of Reconstruction Section 3: End of Reconstruction

One of the first things many did was to try One of the first things many did was to try and find a way to get an education (read and find a way to get an education (read

and write)and write)

But there will still But there will still some Southerners some Southerners who tried to who tried to prevent this by prevent this by burning down burning down schools and schools and threatening/killing threatening/killing teachers of African teachers of African Americans.Americans.

Most of all people wanted to own Most of all people wanted to own landland

There was even a There was even a thought to try and thought to try and give each ex-slave give each ex-slave 40 acres of land 40 acres of land (and a mule).(and a mule).

That plan didnThat plan didn’’t t work out.work out.

Since most ex-slaves didnSince most ex-slaves didn’’t have their t have their own property, many only had one own property, many only had one

place to go:place to go: Back to their old Back to their old

plantation.plantation. They knew the people They knew the people

in the area – and there in the area – and there were farms their just were farms their just sitting empty (without sitting empty (without anyone to work them).anyone to work them).

They did work for They did work for money this time money this time (even though it wasn(even though it wasn’’t t much).much).

Many Southerners ended up living Many Southerners ended up living under a system called under a system called sharecroppingsharecropping

African Americans African Americans needed a place to live needed a place to live and work.and work.

Plantation owners Plantation owners needed people to work needed people to work their farms.their farms.

Ex-slaves would work Ex-slaves would work the farms and instead of the farms and instead of paying rent, would give paying rent, would give the owner a the owner a shareshare of of the the cropcrop they grew. they grew.

TheyThey’’d even live in the d even live in the ““homeshomes”” of the ex- of the ex-slaves.slaves.

These workers never These workers never ended up getting ahead.ended up getting ahead.

There were specific groups which used There were specific groups which used terror and violence to keep African terror and violence to keep African

Americans Americans and their supporters and their supporters ““in their placein their place””

The Ku Klux Klan is the The Ku Klux Klan is the most famous and long most famous and long lasting.lasting.

Others: The Knights of Others: The Knights of the Rising Sun, The White the Rising Sun, The White Line, and many without Line, and many without historical names.historical names.

Eventually, when General Eventually, when General Grant was elected, he did Grant was elected, he did some things to slow that some things to slow that down, but it never down, but it never stopped – and later on stopped – and later on even got a lot worse for a even got a lot worse for a while.while.

In 1868 General Grant In 1868 General Grant became Presidentbecame President

There were worries that There were worries that Southern states might try Southern states might try to keep African Americans to keep African Americans from voting.from voting.

So, the So, the 1515thth Amendment Amendment was passed – and was passed – and everyone could now vote.everyone could now vote.

Wait – everyone? Wait – everyone? Not women yet – and they Not women yet – and they

were mad that ex-slaves were mad that ex-slaves could now vote on could now vote on decisions that affected decisions that affected themthem

So here are some slaves before So here are some slaves before the civil War and before the civil War and before

ReconstructionReconstruction

And here are some And here are some ex-slaves and sharecroppersex-slaves and sharecroppers

The nationThe nation

Did rebuild and re-unite.Did rebuild and re-unite. Did not yet have true Did not yet have true

equality for African equality for African Americans – most still Americans – most still lived in poverty and lived in poverty and didndidn’’t participate too t participate too much in politics.much in politics.

African Americans still African Americans still faced widespread faced widespread violence and prejudice.violence and prejudice.

But there were positivesBut there were positives

African Americans African Americans made lasting gains.made lasting gains.

Protection of civil Protection of civil rights became part of rights became part of the Constitution.the Constitution.

The 13The 13thth, 14, 14thth, and 15, and 15thth Amendments were Amendments were passed.passed.

Black schools and Black schools and churches were built.churches were built.

The first steps towards The first steps towards equality were taken.equality were taken.