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A SCGE model For Estimating Economic Impact Of Port Disruption Junho Choi, Junho Choi, Hirokazu Tatano, Hirokazu Tatano, Yuta Funase Yuta Funase and and Satoshi Tsuchiya Satoshi Tsuchiya 1

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Page 1: A SCGE model For EstimatingEconomic Estimating Economic ... #9/4_Choi.pdf · A SCGE model For Estimating Economic Impact Of Port Disruption A SCGE model For EstimatingEconomic Impact

A SCGE model For Estimating Economic Impact Of Port Disruption

A SCGE model For Estimating Economic Impact Of Port Disruption

Junho Choi,Junho Choi,Hirokazu Tatano, Hirokazu Tatano,

Yuta Funase Yuta Funase and and

Satoshi TsuchiyaSatoshi Tsuchiya1

Page 2: A SCGE model For EstimatingEconomic Estimating Economic ... #9/4_Choi.pdf · A SCGE model For Estimating Economic Impact Of Port Disruption A SCGE model For EstimatingEconomic Impact

OutlineOutline

• Backgrounds• Methods• Structure of models• Case study• Conclusion

2

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Back grounds(1) Why Ports & Harbors ?Back grounds(1) Why Ports & Harbors ?

• Critical  Infrastructure– assets that are essential for the functioning of a society and economy

– e.g., electric power supply,  logistic networks, etc..

• Global Critical  Infrastructure– Its malfunction causes international impacts in societies and economies

• Ports and Harbors– Occupy over 99% of flights share in global trade in weight of cargo

– Global trades are essential for many countries in a globalized world, especially one of national key strategy in eastern Asian countries

• E.g. Shanghai, Pusan, etc.

3

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Backgrounds(2)Backgrounds(2)

4

Malfunction  of a port

Stoppage of  exports from the affected port

Stoppage of  imports

Alternation of ports for exports  Continuous 

usage of the alternative port

Increase  of inland  transportation costs

Increase of consumers price

Decrease  of demand

Decrease of production

Change in logistic networkse.g. Port of Kobe

Recovery Investment 

Demands in Recovery  Activities

What could occur if an international port is malfunctioned by a disaster? 

Natural Disaster

4

Increase  of inland  transportation costs

Increase of consumers price

Decrease  of demand

Decrease of production

Alternation of ports for imports 

Increase in debt

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Backgrounds(3)Backgrounds(3)

• Question– Is an important port in a country really  global critical infrastructure?

– What type of impact to the domestic and other countries market?

5

Huge? Small?

For Companies?

For Government?

For Consumers?

For Industries?

Positive? Negative?

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ObjectivesObjectives

• Estimation of economic impact caused by malfunction of  a harbor– Not only in the affected countries but also in other countries which connected by  global trade networks

– In different economic sectors, e.g., industries and households.

6

Strategies for Disaster Risk Governance of Global Critical Infrastructure

6

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MethodMethod

• International trades are described by SCGE Model• Compare equilibriums between global economies with/without 

disruption of a port • Measure the economic impacts in industries and households in  

each country 

7

International SCGE model

Before a disaster After a disaster

Disaster

comparison

7

International SCGE model

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Structure of the modelStructure of the model

8

Port  selectionPort selection

Firm

demand Transportation cost demand Transportation cost

International Model(SCGE) & National Model

Country BCountry B

County A

trade

Firm Household

Country B

International Model(SCGE)

Firm Household

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Structure of the modelStructure of the model

9

Country BCountry B

Country A

trade

Firm household

Country B

International Model(SCGE)

International Model(SCGE)&National model

Firm household

9

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International Model (SCGE)International Model (SCGE)

• Trade occurs in N countries• International trades  are affected 

by transportation costs• Armington assumption

– Commodities produced in different countries are treated  as different goods

10

Industries household

Labor/Capital Market

Labor/Capital Market

Commodity market

Commodity market

Industries Household

Commoditymarket

Commoditymarket

Labor/capital market

Labor/capital market

Country i

Country j

TradeNational Economy

• Household– Represented by a single 

household– Consumes  Commodities– Provides labor and capital

• Firms– M industries– Supply products in domestic and 

international markets10

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Description of behaviors Description of behaviors 

• Profit Maximization• producing a good with Labor, capital 

and intermediate goods

11

Product

Value added

Intermediate good 1

Intermediate good 2

Labor Capital

Leontief Function

Cobb-Douglas Function

• Consumption of goods are determined to maximize its utility under a constraint of income

• Income of the household is obtained by providing labor and capital to industries

Firms behavior Household behavior

Utility

Good3Good 1

Good 2

CES Function

11

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AssumptionsAssumptions• Price & transportation cost

– Transportation cost is represented by Ice‐burg type TC that  some part of the goods will be decreased like ice burgs.

– Price relations 

• Goods produced in the foreign counties– Stage one:in each industry, a composite foreign good is produced by 

use of goods produced in the foreign countries.– Stage two:a composite good is produced by use of a domestic good 

and the foreign composite good.• Labor……..is not mobile over counties but move in domestic labor 

market• Capital……is mobile over domestic industries and countries 

12

)1( kli

ki

klif pp τ+=

Transportation Margin

FOB Price

CIF Price

12

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Treatment of foreign goods  in the modelTreatment of foreign goods  in the model

1313

Foreign countries

Foreign countries

Domestic Economy

Household Intermediate good

Firm inCountry 1

Firm inCountry 2

Firm

Stage twocomposition sector(virtual)

Stage onecomposition sector(virtual)

Stage onecomposition sector(virtual)

Firm inCountry 1

Firm inCountry 2

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Structure of the modelStructure of the model

14

Domestic transportation

firm

price Trans. Cost price Trans. cost

International model(SCGE)&Domestic model

Country BCountry B

Country A

trade

Country B

International SCGE Model14

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Domestic transportation modelDomestic transportation model

15

Country A

Country B

Country C

• Alternative port will be used in the disaster affected country.

• Inland transportation cost will be increase.

• International shipping cost will also affected.

ljlandτ

'ljlandτ

lkjseaτ

'lkjseaτ

15

Port B

Port A

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Change in conditions for exports Change in conditions for exports 

16

P

QkaiQr

as−1

Demand

Marginal costin ordinary transportation conditions

quantity

price Supply function

kiothersQ

'kip

kip

),( ki

ki PQ

)','( ki

ki PQ

ki

kai

QLoss

kiQ

ki

ki PQ , :production and price

of good i in ordinary condition

',' ki

ki PQ

kaiQ :shipping volume from

port a :shipping volueme from other ports

kiothersQ

Marginal costin transportation conditions with a malfunction of a port

:production and price of good i after the disruption of port a

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Equilibrium condition in disasterEquilibrium condition in disaster

variable in disaster

Exogenous Variables

tariff fixed

transportation cost Changed

Endogenous Variables

capital fixed / variable

labor variable

price(f.o.b) variable

price(c.i.f) Variable

17

• A natural hazard is assumed to bring about disruption of function of a port, and/or stoppage of usability of damaged sea lanes.

• These causes changes of transportation cost within affected countries and/or between countries.

• Allocation of capital is assumed to be fixed at the level of the ordinary condition in the short‐run equilibrium but variable in the long‐run equilibrium.

17

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Case: Port of Nagoya Case: Port of Nagoya 

18

Port of Nagoya(名古屋港)

Total export from Japan is 83.9 trillion JP Yen

引用:名古屋税関貿易統計(2007) 引用:名古屋税関貿易統計(2007)

• Trade Weight Share : No.1 share• Export share in sea ports: No.1 share• Import share in sea ports: No. 2 

share• Metal/ Machinary Industry is high

• Trade Weight Share : No.1 share• Export share in sea ports: No.1 share• Import share in sea ports: No. 2 

share• Metal/ Machinary Industry is high

18

Special goodsMiscellaneousLight industrialChemical Metal/MachinaryMiningForestryAgricultural/fishery

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Case: Data & SettingCase: Data & Setting• International IO table……………… GTAP Database• Economies……………………………… 9 economies• Industries………………………… 9 industries

19

Agriculture and Fisheries

Forestry

Mining

Metal

Chemical

Light Industry

Miscellaneous Industry

Special goods

Not categilozable

Statistics of Port of Nagoya

1 Agriculture and Fisheries

2 Forestry3 Mining4 Metal5 Chemical6 Light Industry

7 Miscellaneous Industry

8 Utility, Construction and Transportation

9 Services

Increase of transportation cost in each 

sector

Increase of transportation cost in each 

sector

Trade volume (in weight)ThroughPort of Nagoya

Trade volume (in weight)ThroughPort of Nagoya

×Increase of 

transportation cost per Ton

×Increase of 

transportation cost per Ton

引用元:名古屋港貿易統計(2007)

GTAP57

sectors

GTAP57

sectors

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Fitting resultsFitting results

20

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Case: SenarioCase: Senario• Inland transportation increase

– Malfunction of Nagoya port stops imports and exports through the port.– Increased share of the other port are assumed 

• Port of Tokyo, Yokohama Port, Osaka Port, Port of Kobe, etc…

– We assume shares of alternative ports based on the Kobe quake  – Inland transportation cost is estimated by the cost for 5ton tracks.

21

Inland transportation costs and share to alternative ports

Alternative ports

distance(km)

Transportation cost(Yen/Ton)

Share(%)

Kobe 194 3,950  10Osaka 183 3,950  15Sakai‐

senboku 208 4,408  2

Tokyo 353 5,485  40Yokohama 331 5,128  25Yokkaichi 34 2,684  5Shimizu 193 3,950  2Hitachi 485 6,207  1

Japan

Inland trans‐portation

Other country

Malfunction Nagoya port

Disruption of Nagoya port and its impact  

注:「自動車貨物運賃料金表」より距離に応じた輸送費用を算出

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Result:ProductionResult:Production• Production in Japan will decrease significantly.• Effect of production in other countries can be positive and negative. 

22

Japanese Production is very much affected

R o

W

Africa

Oth

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Asia

nEUC

hin

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Ta

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iK

ore

a

Ch

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US

A

Jap

an

R o

W

Africa

Oth

er

Asia

nEUC

hin

ese

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a

Ch

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US

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Jap

an

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Result:Effect in Domestic IndustriesResult:Effect in Domestic Industries• Production of Metal/Machinery industry is highly affected.• Subject to the reduction of the production, production reductions in other sectors also are 

reduced

23

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Result:Trade(Metal/Machinery Industries)Result:Trade(Metal/Machinery Industries)

24

Increase in EU is dominating

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Result:Welfare AnalysisResult:Welfare Analysis• Contrasting to the production changes, most of the economy will have negative welfare impacts.• Shorter run impact in Japanese economy is milder than longer‐run impact, because capital 

escape from Japan because of higher inland transportation cost and lower marginal product of industries in Japan.

25

Case (1) Short-run (Capital is fixed) Case (2) Long-run (Capital is also variable)

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ConclusionConclusion

– measurement of economic impact of port disruption– Economic impact to affected country could be significant – In the other country, positive and negative impacts are observed– Welfare analysis tells that all the economy have negative impacts– Long‐ran impact to the affected country could be more severe 

because of reallocation of capital– Urgent recovery of affected port is important

– More Case Studies– Domestic model should incorporate transportation models

26

Summary

Future Studies

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AppendixAppendix

• Alternative port selection during Port of Kobe was not functioning.

27

Alternative portsContainer (Tons/Months)

Ratio

Osaka 468,727 27.0%Sakai-Senboku 21,494 1.2%Tokyo 681,752 39.3%Yokohama 498,938 28.7%Yokkaichi 2,130 0.1%Shimizu 61,513 3.5%Hitachi 2,122 0.1%

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Thank you for your kindness attention!

28The Fifth China Japan Joint Seminar on Risk Management2010 March 25-27th