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∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π∫∏ ∞¡∆∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞™∏ √ ªÔ˘˜, Ë ∆ÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì

ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π ...users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/public/public4.pdf · ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘

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Page 1: ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π ...users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/public/public4.pdf · ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π∫∏ ∞¡∆∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞™∏

√ ªÔ˘˜, Ë ∆ÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì

Page 2: ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π ...users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/public/public4.pdf · ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘
Page 3: ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π ...users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/public/public4.pdf · ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘

¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ∫·ÈÚ›‰Ë˜∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™¯¤ÛˆÓ

¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π∫∏ ∞¡∆∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞™∏

√ ªÔ˘˜, Ë ∆ÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì

∂ ∫ ¢ √ ™ ∂ π ™

π. ™π¢∂ƒ∏™

Page 4: ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π ...users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/public/public4.pdf · ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ ∫∞π ∏ ™À¡∆∏ƒ∏∆π∫∏ ∞¡∆∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞™∏√ ª¶√À™, ∏ ∆ƒ√ª√∫ƒ∞∆π∞, ∆√ πƒ∞∫ ∫∞π ∆√ π™§∞ª

ISBN: 978-960-08-0444-7¶ÚÒÙË ¤Î‰ÔÛË: M¿ÚÙÈÔ˜ 2008

Copyright © 2008 ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ∫·ÈÚ›‰Ë˜

Copyright © 2008 ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ π. ™π¢∂ƒ∏™™fiψÓÔ˜ 116, 106 81 ∞ı‹Ó·∆. 210 3833434, F. 210 3832294∂. [email protected], S. www.isideris.gr

∂È̤ÏÂÈ· ∫ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘: ∞Ï›ÎË ™·Ï›Ì·∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ™ÂÏȉÔÔ›ËÛË: ∂ÏÈÛ¿‚ÂÙ ∫·Ú‚Ô‡Ó˪·Î¤Ù· ∂͈ʇÏÏÔ˘: ŒÏÏË ÃÔÚÙ·Ú¿

∆Ô ·ÚfiÓ ¤ÚÁÔ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ÚÔÛٷهÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ¡fiÌÔ˘ (¡. 2121/1993 fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈËı› Î·È ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈÛ‹ÌÂÚ·) Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ ÂÚ› ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜.∞·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ·Ôχو˜ ¿Ó¢ ÁÚ·Ù‹˜ ·‰Â›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË Ë Î·Ù¿ ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹-ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ ‹ ̤ÛÔ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹, ʈÙÔ·Ó·Ù‡ˆÛË Î·È ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹,ÂÎÌ›ÛıˆÛË ‹ ‰·ÓÂÈÛÌfi˜, ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË, ‰È·Û΢‹ ·Ó·ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÛÂÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÌÔÚÊ‹ (ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋, Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‹ ¿ÏÏË) Î·È Ë ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿Ï-Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ‹ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘.

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ÛÙÔÓ ·Ù¤Ú· ÌÔ˘,ÛÙË ª. Î·È ÙË S.

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¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞

™ÂÏ.¶ÚÔÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ π ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ·: ∆Ô πÚ¿Î Î·È Ô «fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ππ∏ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ πππ√È ÌË ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î: ∏ ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ πV√È ÌË ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î: ∏ ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ V√È ÌË ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î: °È·Ù› fi¯È; . . . . . . 67

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ VI√È ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· . . . . . . 77

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∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ VII∆· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ· «ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ VIII∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ºÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ IX∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¢ÂÍÈ¿ . . . . . . . 113

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ X∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ XI∏ Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿, ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ . . 129

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ XII¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·. √ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜:ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÚÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ XIII¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·: ªÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹ . . . . . . 159

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ XIV√ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, Ô æ˘¯Úfi˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ . . . . . . . . . . 171

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ XV°È· ÌÈ· ıˆڛ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜:Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

10 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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¶ƒ√§∂°√ª∂¡∞

™ ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, Ë ÌÂϤÙË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›-ÍÂˆÓ Ù·Ï·ÈˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌ· Î·È ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘·,

·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÎÏÂÈÛÙÔÊÔ‚ÈÎfi, ÂÛˆÛÙÚÂ-ʤ˜, ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎfi ηÈ, ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜, ·گÈÒÙÈÎÔ. °È· ÙËÛ‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ë ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙˉÈÂıÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó fiÚÔ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘.∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÔÓÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂ-ÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈ-ÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ÂÚ› ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ.

∂ÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯‹ÛÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ‰ÂηÂÙ›· Î·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÙÔÓÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì, ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∆Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ‡ÎÔϘ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡-ÓËÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂȤ‰Ô˘·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÏÔÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÈ-¤‰ˆÓ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜. °È· ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·ÙÚ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ, Ù˘ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓηÈ, ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ·.

∏ ÌÂϤÙË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Î·Úfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ¤‰Ú·∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹ ÛÙÔ Fletcher School ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂ-ÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Tufts Ù˘ µÔÛÙÒÓ˘. √ ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ¤‰Ú· ‰ÂÓ

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‹Ù·Ó ÌfiÓÔ Ì›· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÙÈÌ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì›· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·.ªÔ˘ ¤ÙÚ„ ӷ Û˘Ó‰È·ÏÂÁÒ, ˘fi ÙȘ ηχÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ Û˘Ó-ı‹Î˜, Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÌÔ˘ ÁÈ·Ù· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÈηÈÚfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÁÈ· ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓÛ‹ÌÂÚ·. £ÂˆÚÒ ÙËÓ ÂΛ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹ ÌÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Î·ÈÂÏ›˙ˆ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¢ηÈÚ›· ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÍÈÔÈŒÏÏËÓ˜ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ› ÌÔ˘.

°È· ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ı· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ ÙÔ ÿ‰Ú˘Ì·∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ °. ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Ó·Û˘ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¤‰Ú· Î·È Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÌÔ˘ÂΛ. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ·, ı· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ÛÙ·ıÒ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙԢηÏÔ‡ Ê›ÏÔ˘ ∫ÒÛÙ· ∞. ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÙˆÓ∞¯ÈÏϤ· °. ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹, ¶¤ÙÚÔ˘ ªÔÏ˘‚È¿ÙË, ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘™‚ÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ú‡Ù·ÓË Stephen Bosworth ηÈÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ Robert Pfaltzgraff ÛÙÔ Fletcher. ∂›Û˘, ¢¯·-ÚÈÛÙÒ ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ, ™Ï·‚ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ-ο ·Ó‹Îˆ, Î·È fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÌÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘Ó·ÓÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û‹ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞.

ªÂ ÙË µÔÛÙÒÓË Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÌ·È ·fi Ù· ÊÔÈÙËÙÈο ÌÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.∂Λ, ¤Î·Ó· Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÌÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ‚‹Ì·Ù·, ‰È¢ı‡ÓÔ-ÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ∫fiÎηÏË ÁÈ· ÙË ¡ÔÙÈÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ∫ÂÓÙÚÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Harvard. ∆·¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÔ˘ ÂΛ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Ôχ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο Î·È ÁfiÓÈÌ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÙ› ÙÔ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô. √Ê›ψ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ ÙÔÓ ™ˆÎÚ¿ÙË∫fiÎηÏË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘, ÙË ¡›ÎË ∆˙·‚¤ÏÏ· Î·È ÙÔÓÚ‡Ù·ÓË Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ Kennedy, ηıËÁËÙ‹ Joe Nye, ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜.

∂ÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ Fletcher ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛ· ·ÏȤ˜ ÊÈϛ˜ ηȉËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ· Ӥ˜. ∞Ó Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· Ï¿ıË Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú·Ï›„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘

12 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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·Ó¿ ¯Â›Ú·˜ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Ô Û˘ÁÁÚ·-ʤ·˜, ı· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ fiÏÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ· ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Î·È Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ-¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi, Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜: ™Ù¿ıË ∫·Ï‡‚·, RobertPfaltzgraff, Tony Smith, Stephen Bosworth, Stanley Hof-fmann, Elaine Papoulias, Milan Protic, Brady Kiesling,Charles Perry, Ahmet Evin, ∞ϤÍË ƒfiÓÙÔ, °È¿ÓÓË µ·Ú¿ÎË,ŒÊË µÔ˘Ù˘Ú¿ Î·È ∫ÒÛÙ· ÀÊ·ÓÙ‹. £· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ͯˆÚ›Ûˆ ÙËÛ˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ Sahar Bazzaz, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ı· ÁÚ·ÊfiÙ·ÓÔÙ¤ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi.

∏ fiÔÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ·ÛΛ ÛÙËÓ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ÂÎÏËÊı›ˆ˜ Ì›· ·ÎfiÌ· ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ·ÔÙÂ-Ï› ηÚfi ÔÏ˘ÂÙÔ‡˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜, ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ÛÙË ÊÈÏfiÍÂÓË ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜. ¶ÚfiıÂÛË ‰ÂÓ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·‰›ÎË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Ë Î·Ù·-ÓfiËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÚ›ÏÔ΢ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÚÔ˘-ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÔÓԉȿÛٷٷ. ∞Ó ·˘Ùfi ÂÈÙ‡¯ıËÎÂ, ·˜ ÙÔ ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Ô·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘.

¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ∫·ÈÚ›‰Ë˜£ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË, 15 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2007

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 13

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∂π™∞°ø°∏1

∏ ¤̂·ÛË Î·È Î·Ù¿ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ·fi ÙȘ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍÂÏȯı› ÛÂ

Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ Ù˘ ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿ÎÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÈı› Û ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·-ÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÌÔÓˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ηٿÙÔÓ ªÂÛÔfiÏÂÌÔ, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙËÓ ¤ÎÚËÍË ÙÔ˘¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈfiÏ·ÈË Â¤ÎÙ·ÛËÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ Ù˘ ∫ÔÚ¤·˜ ‚ÔÚ›ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ 38Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘, ËÔÔ›· Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÌÏÔ΋ Ù˘ ∫›Ó·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎÔË·Ú¿Ù·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ‰‡Ô ÂÈϤÔÓ ¯Úfi-ÓÈ·2, ηÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, Ì ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ÙÔ

1. ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›, Ù· ͤӷ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Ì ٷ ÔÔ›· Ô ŒÏÏËÓ·˜ ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô «∆˙ˆÚÙ˙ ªÔ˘˜», ÁÚ¿-ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο. ŸÏ· Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ·ÚÈ· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ӷ Ì ϷÙÈÓÈ-ÎÔ‡˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜ fiˆ˜ ··ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·. ™ÙȘ ˘ÔÛËÌÂÈ-ÒÛÂȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ·Ú·Ô̤˜ ·ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛÙ˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·Ê˘-Ï·¯ı› Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÓfiËÌ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÛÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ΛÌÂÓÔ, ÔÈ·Ú·Ô̤˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÛÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı› Ë ÁψÛÛÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ-̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο. ™Â οÔÈ· ÛËÌ›· ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÔÌÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈ-ÌÔÔÈËı› ·fi ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Ï¿ÁÈ· ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË.∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ô fiÚÔ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ [liberal] ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚfi˜/ÎÂÓÙÚÔ-·ÚÈÛÙÂ-Úfi˜.

2. David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War,Hyperion, ÛÂÏ. 736.

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Ê¿ÓÙ·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ ›ÛÙ„ fiÙÈ Â›¯Â ÁÈ·¿ÓÙ· ÍÔÚΛÛÂÈ, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ó·‚ÈÒÓÂÈ. √È ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÌʇÏÈÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘, ·Ó‹-ÌÔÚ˜ Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË.

∆Ô πÚ¿Î ÊÏ·›ÁÂÙ·È. ∆Ô 2006, 35.000 πÚ·ÎÈÓÔ› ¤¯·Û·Ó ÙË˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.3 ¢Âο‰Â˜ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÙÚ·˘Ì·Ù›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·È ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰Â˜¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„·Ó Ù· Û›ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔıÚ‹ÛÎˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi. ŒÎÙÔÙÂ, ËηٷÛÙ¿ÛË ¯ÂÈÚÔÙÂÚ‡ÂÈ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, 100 πÚ·ÎÈÓÔ› ÛÎÔÙÒÓÔÓÙ·ÈËÌÂÚËÛ›ˆ˜ ηٿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ. ∏ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Ë ÂÙÚÂÏ·˚΋·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ2003.4 ∏ ÂıÓÔ-ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÌÂٷ͇ ™ÈÈÙÒÓ, ™Ô˘ÓÈÙÒÓÎ·È ∫Ô‡Ú‰ˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔÓ ÓÙ ʿÎÙÔ ‰È·ÌÂÏÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î.

ª·˙› Ì ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÚÚ‡ÛÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÁÈ· Ì›·‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, ÂÈÚËÓÈ΋ Î·È ÊÈÏÈ΋, ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙË¢‡ÛË, ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹. ∏ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ ›ÛÙ„ ˆ˜ ÙÔπÚ¿Î ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÚÌËÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·‰È·ÌfiÚ-ʈÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ªÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‰Â›ÓˆÛ·Ó ·ÓÙ› Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ∂›Ó·È‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÚԂϤ„ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú¿-Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÙ˘Ï›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ŸÌˆ˜, ‚¤‚·ÈÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ ËÕÁ΢ڷ, ÙÔ ∞ÌÌ¿Ó, ÙÔ ƒÈ¿ÓÙ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ∆ÂÏ ∞‚›‚, Ô˘ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡ÓÛÊfi‰Ú·. ∆Ô πÚ¿Î ¤¯ÂÈ, ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ¢·›ÛıËÙ˘ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÈÛÔÚ-

16 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

3. Sabrina Tavernise, «Iraqi Death Toll Exceeded 34,000 in ’06, UN Says», NewYork Times, Jan. 17, 2007Ø «Iraqi health minister estimates as many as 150,000Iraqis killed by insurgents», International Herald Tribune, Nov. 6, 2006.

4. Rick Jervis, «Pessimism surrounds falling oil production in Iraq», USAToday, Oct. 10, 2005.

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Úԛ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Î·È ÙȘۯ¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

◊‰Ë ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ-„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÒÏÂÛ·Ó ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ÙÔ˘ ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2006, Î·È ı· ÛÙÔȯ›ÛÂÈ, ηٿ ¿Û· Èı·Ófi-ÙËÙ·, Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ §Â˘ÎÔ‡ √›ÎÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ÂÈΛÌÂÓ˜ ÚÔ-‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2008. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ πڿΤ¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ηٿ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô Ì fi,ÙÈ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë Ì ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ÙÔ ÔÔ›ÔÔ‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·˜ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ·ÔÁfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ New Deal ÙÔ˘ ƒÔ‡˙‚ÂÏÙ.µ¤‚·È·, ·Ó Î·È Ë ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ˘‹ÚÍ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο·ÈÌ·ÙËÚ‹, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ·fi ·¤ÚÔ˜ ·fi ÙË ™·˚ÁÎfiÓ ÙÔÓ ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1975 ‰ÂÓ Ô‰‹ÁËÛÂÛÙÔ ¯¿Ô˜ Ô‡Ù ‰È·Ù¿Ú·Í ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ¡∞ ∞Û›·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ËÙ˘¯fiÓ ·fiÛ˘ÚÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ Ó··ÔÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹.

∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÛÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.ŸÌˆ˜, ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÎÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Âȉ›ӈ-Û˘ ˆ˜ ÁÂÈÙÓÈ¿˙Ô˘Û· ¯ÒÚ·. ◊‰Ë, Ë «ÙÚÔÌÔ¸ÛÙÂÚ›·» ÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛ¤ӷ ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ√Ï˘ÌÈ·ÎÒÓ ∞ÁÒÓˆÓ Ù˘ ∞ı‹Ó·˜ ÙÔ 2004.5 ∏ ‰ÈÔÁÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË·ÓËÛ˘¯›· Ù˘ ÕÁ΢ڷ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÂÚÈϤÎÂÈÙÔÓ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÍÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÛÌfi Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜, ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ Â͈-ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó¿ÊÏÂÍË Ù˘ ª¤Û˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ó¤· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹. °È·ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, ¤Ú· ·fi ‡ÎÔϘ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛÂȘ Î·È·Ó·Î˘ÎÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘·.

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 17

5. Miron Varouhakis, «Unprecedented security network for Olympics», TheAssociated Press, Aug. 10, 2004.

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∂ȉ›ˆÍË Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔÈ‹-ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘.∞Û¯ÔÏ›ٷÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ì ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ηÈÚÔ‡ Ì·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÓԈϛ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂӉȷ-ʤÚÔÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û·˜ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜. ∏ÌÂϤÙË ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È ÙfiÛÔ Ì ٷ ·›ÙÈ· Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÌÂÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÌÊfiÙÂÚ· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆ-ÙÂÚÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ›‰Ô. ªÂ ·Ï¿ ÏfiÁÈ·, ‚·ÛÈ΋ÂÔ›ıËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-Îfi ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ-˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ ÊÈ¿ÛÎÔ˘ ·Ó·‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙË ª¤ÛË∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÎËÓ‹ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

¶Ò˜ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› ÊÙ¿Û·Ì ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î; ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› ·fi Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó ·ÊÂÙËڛ˜: ÙÔÓ fiÏÂ-ÌÔ ÙÔ˘ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔϤÌÔ˘˜ÛÙËÓ ÚÒËÓ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›· Î·È Ù· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù·Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001. ∆Ô Ò˜ Ù· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ·˘Ù¿ ÁÂÁÔ-ÓfiÙ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ·ÈÙȷο Ì ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ı· ·Ó·Ï˘-ı› Î·È ı· ÂÍËÁËı› ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·. ŒÓ· Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ: ÙÔ πÚ¿ÎÌ¿˜ ÚÔÛηÏ› Ó· ÛÙÔ¯·ÛıÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÙԇ̠ÁÈ·ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙȘۇÁ¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈ-Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÙÔ ÕÏÏÔ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì, ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·-„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÊÚ›ÁÔ˜,·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡,ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ıÚË-ÛΛ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘Ì¤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÛˆÚfi ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ı¤Ì·Ù·.

18 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ π

∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ·:∆Ô πÚ¿Î Î·È Ô «fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜»

∆ ÔÓ ª¿ÚÙÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2003 ÔÈ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ÂÈÙ¤ıËηÓÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍ·

ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈο. ™ÙËÛ˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜, ÙËÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ‚›· Î·È ÙȘ‚·ÚȤ˜ ·ÒÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ªÔ˘˜ ‰È‡ڢÓ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÂȉÈÒÎÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Ï·ÓËÙÈÎfiÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi. ™ÙËÓ ÔÌÈÏ›· Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ÔÚΈÌÔÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙÔÓ π·ÓÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2005, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÍÂ: «∞fiÁÂÓÈ¿ Û ÁÂÓÈ¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ÁÈ·Ù› ÛÂ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ê¤ÓÙ˘,Î·È Î·Ó¤Ó·˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÎÏ¿‚Ô˜. ∏ ÚÔÒıËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓÙˆÓ È‰·ÓÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜ Ì·˜.∂›Ó·È ÙÔ ÙÈÌËÙÈÎfi ›Ù¢ÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ Ì·˜. ∆ÒÚ· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ›ÁÔÓ ·›ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Ì·˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ¯Ú¤Ô˜ ÙԢηÈÚÔ‡ Ì·˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ∏ӈ̤ӈӶÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ› Î·È Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍËÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ıÂÛÌÒÓ Û οı ¤ıÓÔ˜ ηÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, Ì ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË Ù˘ Ù˘Ú·ÓÓ›·˜ ÛÙÔÓÎfiÛÌÔ Ì·˜».6 ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ

6. «Across the generations we have proclaimed the imperative of self-government, because no one is fit to be a master, and no one deserves to be

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·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÎˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, ·ÂÈ-ÏÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÓÔ˘ıÂÛ›· ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓÔ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ Ù·Ú·Í›·˜.7

H ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ·Ô‰›-‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘2001. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ô ·Ú¯Èο Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙË̤ÓÔ˜ Î·È ÂÈÊ˘Ï·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ªÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÔÎÙÒ ÌËÓÒÓ Ù˘ ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ··Ú·¯ÒÚËÛ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ «ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi», «ÓÂÔ-Ô˘ÈÏ-ÛÔÓÈÎfi», «ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi ËÁ¤ÙË», Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÈÛÙ¿˙ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈ› ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›· ÁÈ· Ó· Â͢ËÚÂ-Ù› Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È Ó· ˘ËÚÂÙ› ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘.

∏ Ó¤·, ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍË Î·È ÂÂÌ‚·ÙÈ΋ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÙËÁÔÚËı› ÙfiÛÔ ·fi Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜-Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ ·Ó·Ï˘Ù¤˜ ÁÈ·Ù· ̤۷ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·-ÏÈÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∆˙ˆÚÙ˙ ∫¤ÓÓ·Ó Î·È ÙÔ˘ äÓÚ˘∫›ÛÛÈÓÁÎÂÚ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Brend Scowcroft Î·È James Baker, ËÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ªÔ˘˜ ÚÔηÏ› ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÊÔ‡ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ› ÁÈ· ÙȘ‡ıÚ·˘ÛÙ˜ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ¯¿ÚË È‰Â·ÏÈÛÙÈ-ÎÒÓ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÈÒÛÂˆÓ ÂÚ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ªÔ˘˜ ʤÚÂÈ Ù· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ··ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·ÊÔ‡ ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÂÈ ÂˆÊÂÏ›˜ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›Â˜ ηȷӷϷ̂¿ÓÂÈ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ÂΉËÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë ˘ÂÚ-

20 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

a slave. Advancing these ideals is the mission that created our Nation. It isthe honorable achievement of our fathers. Now it is the urgent requirementof our nation’s security, and the calling of our time. So it is the policy of theUnited States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements andinstitutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of endingtyranny in our world», www.whitehouse.gov/inaugural.

7. «America and Iran: the other struggle in the Gulf», The Economist, Sep. 6th,2007.

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‰‡Ó·ÌË ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË, ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ÙËı¤ÏËÛË Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ó· ʤÚÂÈ Û ¤Ú·˜ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›·.

∞Ú¯Èο, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ, fiˆ˜ Ô ª¿ÈÎÏ πÁÎÓ¿ÙÈÂÊ,ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÚËÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙ˘ÁÓÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ¿ÙÔÚ·, fiˆ˜ Ô ™·ÓÙ¿ÌÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ.8 °Ú‹ÁÔÚ·, fï˜, ·ÔÁÔËÙ‡ÙËÎ·Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ·Ôηχ-„ÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ‚·Û·ÓÈÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÛÙȘ Ê˘Ï·Î¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÔ˘ °ÎÚ¤ÈÌÎ·È ÙËÓ ÂÎÙfiÈÛË ÙˆÓ «Â¯ıÚÒÓ» [enemy combatants] Û ÌÈ·ÓÂÎÚ‹ ˙ÒÓË ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘, ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ °ÎÔ˘·-ÓÙ¿Ó·ÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ∫Ô‡‚·. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ÔÈ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ΢‚¤Ú-ÓËÛ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ÂÚ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وӷԉ›¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Î˘ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÊÔ‡ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜Â¯ıÚÔ‡˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ‹ ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ ∏¶∞.

™˘ÓÔÏÈο, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ «ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜» ·Ú¿‰Ô-Û˘ ÙˆÓ ∆˙fiÛÂÊ ¡¿È Î·È ƒfiÌÂÚÙ ∫Ô¯¤ÈÓ, Ë ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·(unilateralism) Î·È Ë ˘ÂÚÛÙÚ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ··Í›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓıÂÛÌÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û·Ù¿ÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰Èψ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘Î·È Ù˘ ‹È·˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ (soft power) ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞.9 ∏ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÛÙÂÚ› ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ÂÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÒÓ· ηٿ Ù˘‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, Ô ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜Â›Ó·È ÚÒÙ· Î·È ¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓÌ·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË Î·È ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂ-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 21

8. Michael Ignatieff, «The Years of Living Dangerously», The New York TimesMagazine, March 14th, 2004.

9. Joseph S. Nye, «American Foreign Policy after Iraq», www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/nye43.

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ÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Ô ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë Ú·Á‰·›··ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. √ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘«Ì˘·ÏÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ηډȿ˜» ÙˆÓ ·fiÎÏËÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ÂÚÈıˆÚ›Ô˘ ηٿ ÙË ÌÂÙ·-„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹, ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜, ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÈ· fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ,ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙËÓ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈ΋ ›ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ʤÚÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘,Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈο, ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ∏ ÚÔ-ηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓË ˙‡ÌˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ÁÂÓÓ¿ ¿ÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ηٿ ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ηȂÔÚÂÈÔ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ˙‡ÌˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Û˘¯Ó¿·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÂÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÒÛÂÈ˜Î·È Ì·˙È΋ ‚›·.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ «ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋»ÌÂÁ·-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, Ù‡Ô˘ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ·, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢-ı› ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. Ÿˆ˜ ı·˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì, ËηÙÔÈÓ‹ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ‚›·˜, ηÈÌ¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi, ·ÎÚ·›Ô ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘, ˆ˜·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·Ô-ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÏÏËϤӉÂÙ· ÂÂÈÛfi‰È· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ô˘‰È·ÚΛ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜. ∫Ú›ÛÈÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·-‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙÂͤÏÈ͢ Ôχ Ï›ÁÔ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙËʇÛË Î·È Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ˆ˜ ıÚËÛΛ-·˜ Î·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èη-ۛ˜ Ô˘ ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ, Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ªÂÏ›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ «ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋» ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ı·Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› fi¯È ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙËÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ‰Ë ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘.

™Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·˘Ù¿, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞

22 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÌfiÓÔ.ŸÙ·Ó Ë ‚›· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ·˘Ù‹ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÂÈ-ÏÂÎÙÈο Î·È «·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈο» ·Ú¿ Ì·˙Èο Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈο. ∏˘ÂÚÛÙÚ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ʤÚÂÈ Ù··ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·‹¯ËÛËÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È Ó· ·ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÎÏÔ ‚›·˜ Î·È fiψÛË˜Ô˘ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·Ì›· ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ Ì˯·Ó‹ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ̉‡Ó·ÌË ˘Úfi˜ ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔȈӯˆÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆Ô 2006 ÔÈ ∏¶∞ Ífi‰Â„·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿Ì˘Ó¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ 25 ¯ÒÚ˜ Ì·˙›.10 ŒÙÛÈ,‹Ù·Ó ‚¤‚·ÈË Ë ‹ÙÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔÈÍË ÙÔ˘ 2003·Ú¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÌ·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈ-ÎÒÓ ÂÎÚÔÛˆÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜. ∆Ô Úfi-‚ÏËÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· Î·È ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚË ÔÏÂÌÈ-΋ Ì˯·Ó‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÚÔ-ÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, Ë Î·Ù·ÔϤÌËÛË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ··ÈÙ› ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÏËÚÔ-ÊÔÚÈÒÓ, Û˘ÌÌ·¯›Â˜ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈ΋¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì›· ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÓÔÔÙÚÔ›·. ∏∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ú·Ù¿ÛÛÂÈ Ì›· ηٷÏËÎÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰·ÌÔÍ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡˜ ˘ÁÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆Ô ¿ıÏËÌ·, fï˜, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·˘Ù‹ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·ÁˆÓÈ-Ûı›, Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓfiÚÁ·ÓË Á˘ÌÓ·ÛÙÈ΋. ¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ̇˜, Ë ÔÌ¿‰·Â›Ó·È ηٷ‰ÈηṲ̂ÓË Ó· ¯¿ÛÂÈ.

™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔ-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 23

10. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ∂ÈÚ‹Ó˘ Ù˘ ™ÙÔίfiÏÌ˘, ÔÈ ∏¶∞η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ 47% ÙˆÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ. ∆Ô 2007 Ô ÚÔ¸Ô-ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ ·Ó‹Ïı Û 439,3 ‰È˜ ‰ÔÏ.

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ÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ë Â¤Ì-‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›Ë-Û·Ó ÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· Ù˘ ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ‰È·‚‚·ÈÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ªÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘, ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ› Ê˘ÙÒÚÈÔ Ó¤ˆÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ·, οÙÈ Ô˘ Ô ™·ÓÙ¿Ì, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÔÏϤ˜ ηÈÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·Ì·Úٛ˜ ÙÔ˘, ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ÔÙ¤ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ. ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜, ÔÈÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ÙÚÈÏ·ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù·¤ÓÙ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ¤ÓÙ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘.11 ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ, ‹ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ-ÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ, Ë ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÒıËηڿ Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÒıËÎÂ.

∞˘Ùfi, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÚÎÔ‡ÓÙˆ˜ ηٷÓÔË-Ùfi, Ô‡Ù ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÂχ-ıÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ˘ÂÚ-‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ô «fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›·˜» Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Ù˘·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Î·È Ó· ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÌˢ¤Ú ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·Í˘, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó Ù˘ ª¤Û˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ı·ÂÍËÁËı› ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ¯¿ÚËÙÔ˘ «ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜». ∆Ô ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ: Ô «fiÏÂ-ÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜» ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔ-ÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.

∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜. ŸÌˆ˜, Ô «fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔ-ÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜» ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ·Ù› ·ÏÔ‡-Ûٷٷ ‰ÂÓ Û¯Â‰È¿ÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·,

24 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

11. «Visions of Osama bin Laden», The Economist, Sep. 13th, 2007.

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Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ ÂȉÂÈÓÒÓÂÈ Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ôχ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘, Ô «fiÏÂÌÔ˜» ·˘Ùfi˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎfiπÛÏ¿Ì Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·.¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, fiÙÈ ·ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÈ-·›Ô˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ¯·ÏÈÊ¿ÙÔ˘. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ Ë Ì¿¯Ë Â›Ó·È ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÔ-Ê·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡.∆¤Ù·ÚÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÌË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔÚfi‚ÏËÌ· ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô¯ˆÚËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ˜ÙÔÓ Ã›ÙÏÂÚ Î·È ÙÔÓ Ó·˙ÈÛÌfi ÙȘ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÔıÚ¿Û˘ÓÛË Î·È fi¯ÈÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÔ-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ.

∏ ›‰È· Ë Ï¤ÍË «fiÏÂÌÔ˜» ÂÚȯ·Ú·ÎÒÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ›ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÙ› Û ϿıÔ˜ ‚¿ÛË. ¶ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈfiÙÈ Ë ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ, ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓfiÎ·È ÂÍ·ÚıÚÒÛÈÌÔ, ÂÓÒ, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ¤¯ÂÈ Ì·ÎÚfiÙ·ÙË ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ηÈ̤ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÌÔÚ› Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı›,‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ›, fï˜, Ó· ÂÍ·ÏÂÈÊı› ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο. ∆Ô ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ,›Ûˆ˜, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó fiÏÂÌÔ ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ·¤Ó·-ÓÙÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·fiÚ·ÙÔ Î·È ËıÂÏË̤ӷ ‰˘Û‰È¿ÎÚÈÙÔ Â¯ıÚfi. ŒÙÛÈ, Ô∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÔÏ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ˘ÂÚÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂ-Í·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÔϤÌÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙË Ï‹ÍË ÌfiÓÔ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÂÍÔ˘-ÛÈÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÎËÚ‡ÍÂÈ. ŸÛÔ Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ‰È·ÚΛ, Î·È Ô¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ıÂ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Ó· ‰È·ÚΤÛÂÈ Â۷›, Ë ÂÎÙÂÏÂ-ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È. √ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ¿ÛÎËÛË ›ÂÛ˘ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÌË ÊÈÏÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ ÂÓ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÈÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· «ÙÛÔ˘‚·-ÏÈ¿˙ÂÈ» fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÊˆÓÔ‡ÓÙ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍËÚ·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ã·Ì¿˜, Ë ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯ Î·È ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó ˆ˜Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ‹ «·Ú·Ê˘¿‰Â˜» ÂÓfi˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ıÚÔ‡, ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ÂÈ‚Ô˘Ï‡ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘.

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ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔÈ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ·Ô-ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÊˆÓ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ ÷̿˜ ·‡ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈο ÂÎÏÂÁ̤ÓË Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓ›ˆÓ Î·È Î·ı›-ÛÙ·Ù·È Ì›· ·ÓÙÈ-ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓ‹ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË. ∏ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯ ·‡ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ï·˚Îfi ΛÓËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙË-ÛË ÙˆÓ ™ÈÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ §È‚¿ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈ-ÓÔ‡ È̤ÚÈÔ˘Ì Î·È ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È Û ̛· ·ÎÚ·›·, ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹,ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË, ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓË Î·È ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓË·fi ÙÔ Î·Îfi πÚ¿Ó.

™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ô-ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜. √È Â¯ıÚÔ› ·ÓÙÈ·-χÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ fi¯È ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ‹ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈ-΋ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿, Ôχ ·Ï¿, ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÏ¢-ıÂÚ›· Ô˘ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ. Ÿ¯È ÁÈ· fi,ÙÈ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋οÓÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· fi,ÙÈ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ›ӷÈ. ∞Ó ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ,ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó,¯ˆÚ›˜ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ó· ÂΤÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Ù˘, ÔÈÔԛ˜ ÙËÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ «ÂÚÈÔ‡ÛÈÔ» Î·È «·Ó·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÙÔ»¤ıÓÔ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ Ù˘ Á˘.12

ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ›¯·Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÓÙȉڿ-ÛÔ˘Ó, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ë πÛ·Ó›· Î·È ¿ÏϘ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·ÓÚfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Ì ̤ÙÚ· ΢ڛˆ˜ ·ÛÙ˘ÓfiÌ¢Û˘, ÂÓÈ-Û¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ, Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘‰È·Û·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘Ë-ÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜

26 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

12. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÚÒËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηӛ‰·˜ YÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ E͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓª¿ÓÙÏÈÓ √ÏÌÚ¿ÈÙ: «If we have to use force, it is because we are America.We are the indispensable nation. We stand tall. We see further into thefuture.», www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/madeleine_albright.html.

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Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿Ú-ıÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÂÚÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó.13

∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ ¿‰Ú·Í ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ô˘ Ë11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ Ù‹˜ ÚfiÛÊÂÚ ÁÈ· Ó· χÛÂÈ Ì›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi,¿Û¯ÂÙ· Ì ÙȘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ, ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿ Ù˘ Î·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ó· ηٷÁ¿ÁÂÈÌ›· ¢Ú›· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ó›ÎË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÛÙÔÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ∏ ·Ú¯È΋ Âȉ›ˆÍË ‹Ù·Ó Ë Ó›ÎË ·˘Ù‹ Ó·ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ·ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. √ ªÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ› ÙÔ˘, Ì ÚÒÙÔ Î·ÈηχÙÂÚÔ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÓ ∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ ¡ÙÈÎ ∆Û¤Ó˘, ÂÎÌÂ-Ù·ÏχÙËÎ·Ó ÙÔ «·Ú¿ı˘ÚÔ» Ô˘ ÙÔ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÛÔÎ Ù˘ 11˘

™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÛÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ÁÈ·Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfiηÈ, ÂÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, Ó· ÍÂÌÂÚ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· Î·È Î·Ï‹ Ì ÙÔ«ªÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·» Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÔ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÈÊÈÏÔ-ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÔ‡˜.

ŒÙÛÈ, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛ ӷ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ«fiÏÂÌÔ Î·Ù¿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜». √ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹-ıËΠˆ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ˘Ô-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 27

13. ª›· ÂÌÂÚÈÛٷو̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË-ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi οÓÂÈ ÔStephen Flynn, America the Vulnerable, How Our Government Is Failing toProtect Us from Terrorism, New York, NY, HarperCollins Publishers, 2004.∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ The 9/11 CommissionReport, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Uponthe United States, New York, NY, W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÌÂÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚›‚·ÛË ÙˆÓÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈο ·ÂÚÔÏ¿Ó·, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÛËÌÂÈÒıË-Î·Ó ÔÈ ·ÂÚÔÂÈÚ·Ù›˜ Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ (ÛÂÏ. 1-10).

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Ù›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·ÂÈÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Ì›· ÔÌ¿‰· Ê·Ó·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÒÓ.√È ∏¶∞, Ô˘ ÁÈ· ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó Ì ۯÂÙÈ΋ „˘¯Ú·È-Ì›· Î·È ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙËÓ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ˘ÚËÓÈ΋˜™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ÙÔ ÔÏÔÛÙ¿ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷÙȘ Û‚‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¯¿ÚÙË Î·È Ó· ηٷÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔÓÏ·Ó‹ÙË, ·Ú·Û‡ÚıËÎ·Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó «Ó¢ÚÈÎfi ÎÏÔÓÈÛÌfi», Ô ÔÔ›-Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈο ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ªÔ˘˜.

∞Ú¯Èο, ÙÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠÔÏÈÙÈο ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ.∆Ô 2002, ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Â·Ó¤ÎÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÛÙË°ÂÚÔ˘Û›·, ¤Ó· ›Ù¢ÁÌ· ÚÒÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ Î·È Û¿ÓÈ· ÂͤÏÈÍËÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÎfiÌÌ· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È‹‰Ë ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·. ∆Ô 2004, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÎϤ¯ıËΠ¶ÚfiÂ-‰ÚÔ˜ Ì ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ 2000, ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·. ∆Ô2005, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ‰ÈfiÚÈÛ ‰‡Ô Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÈÛfi‚ÈÔ˘˜ ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÓÓ·-ÌÂϤ˜ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù¤ÛÙËÛ ÙÔ ÈÔ Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈο ·fi ÙÔÓ ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ Î·ÈÌÂÙ¿. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ¤Î·ÓÂ Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰ˆÓ Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÒÓ ‰ÈηÛÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ ηÙÒÙÂÚ˜ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜,ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÁӈ̛· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ÁÈ· ÔÏϤ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ™ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, Ì›· ÛÂÈÚ¿·fi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ӷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ √˘ÎÚ·Ó›·, ÙË °ÂˆÚÁ›·,ÙÔÓ §›‚·ÓÔ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÊÈÏÔ-‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ηÈÊÈÏÔ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ›ÂÛÂ,·Ú¯Èο, ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, fiˆ˜ Ë ™˘Ú›·Î·È ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, ÂÓÒ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë §È‚‡Ë, ÛÂ Û˘Ì‚È‚·-ÛÌfi.

∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¤‚ÏÂ„Â Ô ªÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘·Ú¿ÙÔÏÌÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ı·ÚÔηÏÔ‡ÛÂ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì fi,ÙÈ Â›¯Â ÈÛÙ¤„ÂÈ, ÔÈ πÚ·ÎÈÓÔ› ‰ÂÓ˘Ô‰¤¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙ¤˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿Ú-Ú¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì··ıÈÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ¤Ó·Ó

28 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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·ÓÂͤÏÂÁÎÙÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ™ÈÈÙÒÓÎ·È ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ˆÚÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ ™Ô˘ÓÈÙÒÓ. ∏ ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·ÍË ·˘Ù‹ ÛÙÔÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ·ÓËÛ˘¯Â› ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜Î·È Á›ÙÔÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, fiˆ˜ Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, Ë πÔÚ‰·Ó›· Î·È Ë™·Ô˘‰È΋ ∞Ú·‚›·, ÂÓÒ ¤‰ˆÛ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó Ó· ÂÂ-ÎÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘. ÿÚË ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó ··ÏÏ¿-¯ÙËΠ·fi ‰‡Ô ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ∆·ÏÈÌ¿Ó ÛÙÔ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó Î·È ÙÔÓ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È΋ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛË ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË.

µ·ÛÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë Ó¤··ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ô˘¤‰ˆÛÂ Ë ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÛÙËÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ›ıÂÛË Ô˘ ‰¤¯ÙËÎÂÛÙȘ 11 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001, Î·È ÂȉÈο Ë Â›ıÂÛË, ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹Î·È Î·ÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈ-Ù·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Ï¿ıÔ˜, ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ηÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Î·Ï¿ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·È ÚÈ„ÔΛӉ˘ÓÔ Ú›ÛÎÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹Ù˘ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜ ªÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ ππ

∏ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË

∏ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË Ó¤· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¤-ÂÈ, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› ÛÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ

ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜. ∂Λ, Â‰Ò Î·È ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ·¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ΢ÔÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË, ·¿-ÓÙËÛË ÛÙË ÊıÔÚ¿, ÙȘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ì›· Ï·˚-ΛÛÙÈÎË ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ «Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜» ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ, ‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Î·È ÙȘ Âϛ٠Ù˘ µÔÚÂÈÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∞ÎÙ‹˜ Î·È Û˘Ì˘ÎÓÒÓÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ˘-ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ·ÙÚ›‰·˜, Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜.14

14. °È· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÛÙ· ∞ÁÁÏÈο. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó·ÛËÌÂȈıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔÈ Ù›ÙÏÔÈ: John Micklethwait, Adrian Wooldridge,The Right Nation, Conservative Power in America, New York, NY, PenguinBooks, 2004, Î·È Thomas Frank, What’s the matter with Kansas? HowConservatives won the heart of America, New York, NY, MetropolitanBooks, 2004. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÚ¿ÊÙËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÚÂÙ·-ÓÈÎÔ‡ Economist ÛÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰˘ÙÈÎfi Ô‰ÔÈÔÚÈ-Îfi ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·ÈÛ ·ʋ Î·È Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÁÓÔÔ‡Ó. ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô, ·Ó Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ„‡¯Ú·ÈÌÔ, Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÂÍËÁ› Ò˜ ¯¿ıË-Π·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ë ÔÏÈÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ∫¿ÓÛ·˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÁˆÁÚ·-ÊÈο ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ªÂÛÔ¢‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ, Î·È ·Ô-ÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ‚·ÚfiÌÂÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋.

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∏ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· Ù˘ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ˘ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ∞Ó·Ù‡¯ıË-Π¯¿ÚË ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡,ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ·fiÙÔÌË Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ-‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Ô˘ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙËÓ ·Ï·˙ÔÓ›· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ηÈ΢ÚÈ¿Ú¯ËÛÂ, ÂÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ·ÍÈfiÌ·¯Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘, fiÙ·Ó ·ÎfiÌ·Î·È ÔÈ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„·Ó ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÊÈÏÂÈÚËÓÈ-ÛÌfi Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó Ì ¿ıÔ˜ ÙȘ ¡∞∆√˚Τ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙË°ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›·.

∏ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙȘ ÍÂοı·Ú˜ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜·Í›Â˜, Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·-ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓˆÓ ‰È·ÓÔ-Ô˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ıˆڋıËΠfiÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Î·È ÚÔ-Û·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÛÙË Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Î·È ÛÙȘ ·ÁˆÓ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡ Ô˘ Ȥ˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ʤÚ-ÓÂÈ Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ŒÍˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-Ô›ËÛË Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË.ŒÙÛÈ, Û˘¯Ó¿, ÏËÛÌÔÓÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·ÈÙ· ·Ú¿ÁˆÁ¿ Ù˘, fiˆ˜ Ë ÎÚ›ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·Ô›ËÛ˘, Ë ·ÒÏÂȷηÏÔÏËÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· Î·È Ë·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰˘Û¿-ÚÂÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔηÏ› ÂÒ‰˘Ó˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜.

√È Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÎÚ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·fi ÙËÓÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÏÈÙ·ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂ͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ. ∏·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙË. ∆Ô ·ÓÙ›ıÂ-ÙÔ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·: ÚÔÈÎÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ¿ÁÚÈ·˜ ¢‡ÛË˜Î·È Ô‡Û· Ì›· ¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¿ÊËΠ·fi ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘˜ÔϤÌÔ˘˜ Ô‡Ù ËÙÙ‹ıËΠÔÙ¤ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈο, ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÛÙÔ ·Î¤-Ú·ÈÔ ÙÔÓ ı·˘Ì·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ·ÚÂÙ‹. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ··Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÔÏÔÊÔÚ›· Â›Ó·È ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Î·È Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈοηÙÔ¯˘ÚˆÌ¤ÓË Î·È ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¤ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Ó·

32 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ ‹, ÂÏÏ›„ÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔȈÓ, ÙȘ ΢ÓËÁÂÙÈΤ˜ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ, ηٿ ÙÚfiÔ ·‰È·ÓfiËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ÔÌÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜.15

∏ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÚˆÙÔ‹Úı ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·Ì ÙÔÓ ƒfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·È Âȯ›ÚËÛ ӷ ËÁÂÌÔÓ‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÎËÓ‹ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯ÔÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ, Ù˘ ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜, ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÛ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ Î·ÈÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ¢ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·˘ÙfiÔ˘ Ô ∞ÓÙfiÓÈÔ °ÎÚ¿ÌÛÈ ÔÓfiÌ·Û ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ¯¿ÚËÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· οÔȘ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ηı›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Ôȷ͛˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ «ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜» ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜. ∏·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·Ó¤ÙÚ„ ÙË ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÔÚ›· Û‡ÁÎÏÈ-Û˘ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÎËÓ‹. ∏¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜, fiÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÂÈʇ-Ï·ÍË ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ·fi ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi ÚÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfiÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ƒÔÎʤÏÂÚ, Â›Ó·È ÊÔÚ¤·˜ ÌÈ·˜Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·ÈÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ Â›Ó·È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈ΋, ۯ‰fiÓ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈ΋. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Î·ÙÂÛÙË-̤ÓÔ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ıÂÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·fi ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿,fiˆ˜ Ô √∏∂, ÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, Ë ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ∆Ú¿Â˙·,

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 33

15. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÈÔ Úfi-ÛÊ·Ù˜ ÚÔ‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2004, Ô ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ∫¤Ú˘, ·fi ÙË ÊÈÏÂχ-ıÂÚË ª·ÛÛ·¯Ô˘Û¤ÙË, ¯·ÈÚ¤ÙËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈο Î·È «·ÚÔ˘-ÛÈ¿ÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ‰Ú¿ÛË» ηٿ ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ. ∫¿ÙÈÙ¤ÙÔÈÔ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ·‰È·ÓfiËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ª¤ÚÎÂÏ, ÙÔÓ ™·ÚÎÔ˙›, ÙÔÓ ¶ÚfiÓÙÈ ‹ ÙÔÓ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹.

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ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÊÔÏÈÛÌfi, ÙÔÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î.Ô.Î. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ··˘Ù‹, Ë Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿, ΢ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÒÓÙ·˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈ΋. ¶ÚfiıÂÛ‹ Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,·ÏÏ¿ Ô Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ηْ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÔÌÔ›ˆÛË Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ·˜. ∆Ô πÚ¿Î Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔ ÂÂÈÛfi-‰ÈÔ Û ̛· ¢ڇÙÂÚË Ì¿¯Ë ÁÈ· Ì›· Ó¤· ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ Ù¿ÍË. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤-Û˘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜, ̤¯ÚÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο ËÁÂÌÔÓÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜, ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ¿ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001, Ì ·ÚÈÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi,ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î.

∞ȯ̋ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜, ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ. ŸÌˆ˜, ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ı· ·Ú¤ÌÂÓ·ÓÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ›Ûˆ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÙ›ıÂ-ÓÙÔ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·Ó·˙ˆÔÁÔÓÓË̤ÓÔ˘, Ì·˙ÈÎÔ‡ ÚÂÔ˘ÌÏÈ-ηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› ·Ï¤˜, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ˜, ÍÂοı·ÚÂ˜Î·È ÚÔ·ÓÙfi˜ ·Ó¤Íԉ˜ χÛÂȘ Û ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. µ¤‚·È·, ÔÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÓÙ· ÌÂÁ¿-ÏÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ·ÊÔ‡ ·ÂÈÏÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Â˘·›ÛıËÙ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-Τ˜ ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜. ŸÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ,Ì ÙË ‰ÈfiÁΈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ¯Ú¤Ô˘˜, ËÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Â›ÔÓÔ˘˜, ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ˘˜ ηȯÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfi-ÓÙˆÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ «Ï‡ÛÂȘ» ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›ӷÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó¤Íԉ˜, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ˜ Î·È ·Ï¤˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂΛ ÙÔ˘Ï¿-¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› „ËÊÔÊfiÚÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Î·È Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Î·È Ë ÂÎÙÂÏÂ-ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ.

ªÂ Û‡ÌÌ·¯Ô ÙË Ó¤· ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ «¤Í˘-ÓˆÓ» fiψÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˘Úfi˜, ÂÓÒ, Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ÙȘ ·ÒÏÂȘÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓÔ˘, ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÛ¯¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÂ-

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ÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË Ì›· ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË, ÛÎÏËÚ‹, ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋,Î·È ÚÔ·ÓÙfi˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù·. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ‰È¢ÎÔχÓıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈÛÔ‚·-ÚÔ‡˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ŒÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÛÙÂϤ¯ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ ·fi Ù· ηÙÒÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù·. ¶·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ·,ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, Ë Ì·˙È΋, ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÛÙÚ¿Ù¢ÛË ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÛÂÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ÌÂÛÔ·ÛÙÔ‡˜ Ó· ‚ÚÂıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ˙Ô‡ÁÎϘ Ù˘¡ÔÙÈÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∞Û›·˜. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˜ ΛӉ˘ÓÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘Ê›ÛٷٷÈÛ‹ÌÂÚ·.

∞Ó Î·È ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ‰È·„‡ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ‰È¿ÁÔ˘Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘, Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÚÈ˙Èο ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∫¿ÔȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ›Ûˆ˜ Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ë ÚËÙÔÚ›·,Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÚÔ˜ Ì›· ÈÔ Û˘ÌÊÈÏȈÙÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË. √È·ÏÈηÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘ ƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘ÓÌ¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.16 ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·Û˷ڷ̤ÓÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Î·È ·¤¯ÂÈ Ôχ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛËÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘ Ù˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÙfiÛÔ Ë ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙ¢ÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔ‡˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ̷Óȯ·˚ο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘«fiÔÈÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ì·˙› Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ì·˜», «ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Â›Ó·È·ÓÙÈ-‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÁÂÓÓ¿ÂÈ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·» ‹ «ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, ÙÔπÚ¿Î Î·È Ë ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜» fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÁfiÌÂÓ˜ «Â‡ÎÔϘ» ÛÙÚ·-ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈο ÂÈÎÂډ›˜. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÌfiÓÔ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÙÔ 2003 ›¯Â ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ.17 ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 35

16. «Rumsfeld: France, Germany are problems in Iraqi conflict»,www.cnn.com/2003/world

17. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο 77 ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ¤˜ „‹ÊÈÛ·Ó ˘¤Ú Î·È 23 ηٿ Ù˘ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿ÎÛÙȘ 12 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2002. ∞fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, 29 ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› „‹ÊÈÛ·Ó ˘¤Ú ηÈ21 ηٿ. www.senate.gov/legislative

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ηÏÔη›ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ 2006, ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘‹ÌÂÚˆÓ Î·Ù·-ÛÙÚÔÊÈÎÒÓ ·ÂÚÔÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓÙÔ˘ §È‚¿ÓÔ˘, ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÒÓ,ÏËÓ ÂÏ·¯›ÛÙˆÓ ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛˆÓ, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó Ì ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi ÙÔπÛÚ·‹Ï ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË Î·È Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË.18

∞fi ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ, ÙÔ πÚ¿ÎıˆڋıËΠÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Î·È ·ÁÓÔ‹ıËΠÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ËÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜Î·ÙÔ¯‹˜ ·Ó·Ù¤ıËΠÛÙÔ ¶ÂÓÙ¿ÁˆÓÔ ˘fi ÙÔÓ ¡ÙfiÓ·ÏÓÙƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ, ÂÓÒ ·Ú·ÌÂÚ›ÛÙËΠÙÔ ™Ù¤ÈÙ ¡ÙÈ¿ÚÙÌÂÓÙ, Ô √∏∂Î·È Î¿ı ˘ËÚÂÛ›·, ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ‹ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜, Ì οÔÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›· ÙÚ·ÁÈ-ÎÒÓ Ï·ıÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂͤÁÂÚÛË Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰Ë-Á‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÛÙÔÓ ÂÌʇÏÈÔ fiÏÂÌÔ. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÊ¿Ï-Ì· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ·fiÙÔÌ˘ ·Ô-Ì··ıÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜,Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È¤Ï˘Û ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È Â¤ÙÚ„ Û ÂÍÙÚÂÌÈ-ÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ó· ÂÈÛ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ηÈÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÚÈ-ÊÚfiÓËÛË Ù˘ ÁÂÈÙÓÈ¿˙Ô˘Û·˜ Ì ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-Û›· ÙˆÓ fiÌÔÚˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È, ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙË-Ù·˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Î·È Ù˘ ƒˆÛ›·˜, ‹Ù·Ó, Î·È ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ, ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.

∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁÒÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÚ›-ÏÔ΢ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È ÛÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛËÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ fiψÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔ‡˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË ÌÔÓÔÒÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰È·-

36 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

18. ™ÙË µÔ˘Ï‹ ÙˆÓ ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ 410 ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜ „‹ÊÈÛ·Ó ˘¤Ú Î·È ÌfiÓÔ 8„‹ÊÈÛ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï, Jim Vandettei, «Congress is Giving Israel Voteof Confidence», Washington Post, July 19, 2006, p. A05.

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ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·fi ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜.19 ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Â͢Ë-ÚÂÙ› ÙÔ˘˜ ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·ÓÙ›-‰Ú·ÛË ÔÏÏÒÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·fi ÌÈ·ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÈÔ ÛÎÏËÚÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘-ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ÚÔ‰ÚÈ΋ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ Î·È ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ÀfiÚ΢ ÛϷÚÈ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ.20 ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-Û›· Â›Ó·È Â˘ÚfiÛ‰ÂÎÙË fiÛÔ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙË-ÁÈ΋, ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÂıÓÈÎfi ‰›Î·ÈÔ ˘ÂÚÎÂÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ηÈÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È fiÔ˘ Á˘, ÂϤˆ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, Ô √∏∂Â›Ó·È ÍÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜, ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ˘ÔÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜Î.Ô.Î.

∏ ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙ¢ÛË, Ë Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Î·È Ô Ì·Óȯ·˚ÛÌfi˜ ÊÙ¿-ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·fiÁÂÈfi ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹,ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ÂΤÌÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ô˘ Ï›ÁËÛ¯¤ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ηχÙÂÚ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÔχÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·Ú¿ Ì ÙË ÌÂÛ·Ó·-ÙÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ Ô ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÔ ÂχıÂÚÔ˜, ÂÈÏÈ-ÎÚÈÓ‹˜ Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞.™ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï, Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ô‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛıÂÓ·Ú¿. ™ÙȘ ∏¶∞, ËÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ù·ÌÔ‡Î·È Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ªÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ‰¤ÛÌÈ· ÙÔ˘ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ÊÈÏÔ-ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÔ‡ ÏfiÌ˘21 Î·È ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ‡ˆÓ

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19. ∂ӉȷʤÚÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ Andrew J. Bacevich, The New AmericanMilitarism, How Americans are seduced by war, Oxford, UK, OxfordUniversity Press, 2005.

20. «Briefing: Hillary Clinton», The Economist, Oct. 6th, 2007, p. 28.21. John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and US Foreign

Policy, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2007.

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Ô˘ ηٷÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

¶·Ú·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ, ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙËÓ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÔÈ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Î·È Ù·Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔÓÙ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ôχ Ï›ÁË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜‰È·ÌÔÚʈ٤˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∞¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ¤Ó· ¿ÌÓËÌÔÓ Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ‡ÎÔÏ· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, «ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·» Î·È «Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜» ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô-ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Ô˘ıÂÓ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ó·Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÎÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·,ÙÔ 80% ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ Â›ÛıËΠfiÙÈ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘÙ˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÎÚ˘‚fiÙ·Ó Ô ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ.22

ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ʈٛÛÂÈÌÈ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú·ÌÂÏË̤ÓË, ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ‰È·-ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜

38 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

22. Danna Milbank, Claudia Deane, «Hussein Link to 9/11 Lingers in ManyMinds», Washington Post, Sep. 6th, 2003, p. A01. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜, ¡ÙÈÎ ∆Û¤Ó˘, ÛÂ Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢͋ ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹Ù˘ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰‹ÏˆÓÂ: «But we also have to address the question ofwhere might these terrorists acquire weapons of mass destruction, chemicalweapons, biological weapons, nuclear weapons? And Saddam Husseinbecomes a prime suspect in that regard because of his past track record andbecause we know he has, in fact, developed these kinds of capabilities,chemical and biological weapons. We know he’s used chemical weapons.We know he’s reconstituted these programs since the Gulf War. We knowhe’s out trying once again to produce nuclear weapons and we know that he hasa long-standing relationship with various terrorist groups, including the al-Qaeda organization.» ™˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË ÛÙÔ NBC, «Meet the Press», ·ÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÔ-ÊÒÓËÛË, 16 ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘, 2003. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈηӛ‰· ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ, ÙfiÙ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ∞ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜, ∫ÔÓÙÔÏ›˙· ƒ¿È˜, ηıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ·Ë ›‰È· ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ‰‹ÏˆÓÂ: «The war on terrorism is a broad war, not anarrow war.[…] And the war on terrorism is well served by the victory in Iraq.»™˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË Ì ÙÔÓ Ed Bradley, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂΉfiıËΠ̠ٛÙÏÔ «Rice LeadsCounterattack, And Defends Her Refusal to Testify Publicly Before The9/11 Panel», www.cbsnews.com, ÛÙȘ 28 ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘, 2004.

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ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ. ™ÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÌÂÙ·-„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈÎfiÎfiÛÌÔ, Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ «ÂÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎÔÔÈ›ٷȻ. ¶·‡ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ·˘Úfi‚ÏËÙÔ, ¿Óˆ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Î·È Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‰›Ô ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË˜Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ¤ÓÙÔÓˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∏·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ı‡Ì· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂ-Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Î·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÂ-·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘. Èڛ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ʇÛ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÂȉÂÚÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ı·Û˘Ó¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÊËÚË̤ÓË ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ Û˘Óˆ-ÌÔÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ù˘ Ì˘ıÔÏ·Û›·˜ ‹ Ù˘ ·Ê¤ÏÂÈ·˜. ¶ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜Ì·ÎÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Î·È ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ˆ˜ ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ‰›Ô ·Ó¿-‰ÂÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜.

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 39

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ πππ

√È ÌË ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î:∏ ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋

∂ ›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ-΋˜ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÒÙ· Ó· ‰È·„‡ÛÂÈ ÌÈ·

ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‹¯ËÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó, fiÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó Û‹ÌÂ-Ú· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ͯ·ÛÙ›, ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ì›· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ Ô˘ ·Ú¯Èο ÚÔ¤‚·ÏÂ Ë ›‰È· Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓË-ÛË ªÔ˘˜, Î·È ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ‰È·„‡ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·ÓËÁ˘-ÚÈο. √È ªÔ˘˜, ∆Û¤Ó˘, ƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ, ƒ¿È˜ Î·È Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ·ÚˆÙÔÎÏ·Û¿Ù· ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈο ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈη-ÓÈ΋ ›ıÂÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ Ì ÙËÓ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔ¯ˆÚË-̤Ó˜ ÊÈÏÔ‰Ô͛˜ ÙÔ˘ πÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ¿ÙÔÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛËfiÏˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜.23 ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ‰È·-

23. ∞ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰È¤„¢Û ÙȘ ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ ÙË˜Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘, Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ¤ÌÂÓÂ: «And I made a decision basedupon that intelligence in the context of the war against terror. In otherwords, we were attacked, and therefore every threat had to be reanalyzed.Every threat had to be looked at. Every potential harm to America had tobe judged in the context of this war on terror. […] [Saddam Hussein] hadused weapons, which meant he had had weapons. We knew the fact that hewas paying for suicide bombers. We knew the fact he was funding terroristgroups. In other words, he was a dangerous man. And that was theintelligence I was using prior to the run up to this war. […] [The weapons of

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΋ڢÍ fiÙÈ, ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÌÂÁ·-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ‰ÈηÈÔ‡-ÓÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÚÔÏËÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ·‰›-ÛÙ·ÎÙˆÓ ·ÓÙȿψÓ, ÔÏÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì ˘ÚËÓÈΤ˜ ‚fiÌ-‚˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ‰fiÁÌ·Ù˘ ·ÔÙÚÔ‹˜. ∏ ·ÔÙÚÔ‹ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÈÛÔ˙‡ÁÈÔÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜-ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋. ŸÌˆ˜, Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ô ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Ó· Âı¿ÓÂÈ Î·È¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·ÓÔ˚΋», «ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋» ÏÔÁÈ΋, Ë ·ÔÙÚÔ‹,Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙË ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ŒÓˆÛË, ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋. ∞¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÚfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë, ·Ú¯‹˜ ÁÂÓÓÔ̤Ó˘ ·fi ÙÔπÚ¿Î.24

42 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

mass destruction] could have been destroyed during the war. Saddam andhis henchmen could have destroyed them as we entered into Iraq. Theycould be hidden. They could have been transported to another country, andwe’ll find out». ™˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË Ì ÙÔÓ Tim Russett, «Meet the Press», NBC,·ÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÔÊÒÓËÛË, 8 ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘, 2004.

24. °È· ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ·ÔÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÚÔÏËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Ô ¡ÙÈÎ∆Û¤Ó˘ ‰‹ÏˆÛÂ: «How do you deter a terrorist when there’s nothing theyvalue that they’re prepared to defend, when they’re prepared even tosacrifice their own lives in the effort to kill Americans and there’s no pieceof real estate that they value highly enough so that a concept of deterrenceworks. We have to think new thoughts about how we deal with that threat,and so when we look at the kind of strategy we want to pursue, we do anumber of things. We, obviously, want to defend the homeland, so we spendan enormous amount of time and effort trying to make it a tougher target,but we know defense isn’t enough. You’ve got to have good offense, andwe’ve gone aggressively after the terrorists wherever we can find them. […]Now, if we simply sit back and operate by 20th century standards withrespect to national security strategy, in terms of how we’re going to dealwith this, we say wait until we are hit by an identifiable attack from Iraq, theconsequences could be devastating for the United States. We have to beprepared to prevent that from happening. I have argued in the past, andwould again, if we had been able to pre-empt the attacks of 9/11 would wehave done it? And I think absolutely. I think the American people wouldhave supported it. We have to be prepared now to take the kind of boldaction that’s being contemplated with respect to Iraq in order to ensure that

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∏ ÚfiÏË„Ë Î·È Ù· ÚÔÏËÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿‚¿ÛË ÂÎÙfi˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÔÈ ∏¶∞, fiˆ˜Î·È ¿ÏϘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ, ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó ÚÔÏËÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚËÂ͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ŸÌˆ˜ ÙÔ 2002, ÁÈ·ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿, Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë ·Ó·ÎËÚ‡¯ıËΠ۠‚·ÛÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ·Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞.25 ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ¤ÎÙÂÈÓ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο Ù· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓÂÓfiÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ·ÚÌfi‰ÈÔ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ··-Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÙË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘, Ó· ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂÈ ¤Ó·ÚÔÏËÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙ›ÌÂÙÚÔ.

∏ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ï›ÁÔ-Ôχ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î, Î·È ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÊÚÂÓ‹ÚÂȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ, ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó Ô˘-ıÂÓ¿ fiÏ· Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÎÔÛÌÈÎfi˜, ·ÓÙÈ-ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ı· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÙ·Ó Ì ÙÔÓÊ·Ó·ÙÈÎfi ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ‹ √Û¿Ì· ªÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ·Ó·fi-‰ÂÈÎÙÔ˜. ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹, Ô‡Ù ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯ËÙ˘ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·fi ÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·,·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÊÈÏÔ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÛÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÏÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ë ™·Ô˘‰È΋

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 43

we don’t get hit with a devastating attack when the terrorists’ organizationgets married up with a rogue state that’s willing to provide it with the kindsof deadly capabilities that Saddam Hussein has developed and used over theyears». ™˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË ÛÙÔ NBC, «Meet the Press», ·ÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÔÊÒÓËÛË, 16ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘, 2003. ∞ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ‰‹ÏˆÓ Ì ¤ÌÊ·-ÛË: «In other words, you can’t rely upon a madman, and he was a madman.You can’t rely upon him making rational decisions when it comes to war andpeace, and it’s too late, in my judgment, when a madman who has got terroristconnections is able to act. […] In other words, the policy of thisadministration is to be — is to be clear and straightforward and to berealistic about the different threats that we face». ™˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË Ì ÙÔÓ TimRussett, «Meet the Press», NBC, ·ÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÔÊÒÓËÛË, 8 ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘, 2004.

25. The National Security Strategy of the United States, September 2002,www.globalsecurity.org/military, ÛÂÏ. 13-16.

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∞Ú·‚›· Î·È Ù· ∏ӈ̤ӷ ∞Ú·‚Èο ∂ÌÈÚ¿Ù· ηÈ, ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fi-ÓÙˆ˜, ·fi ÙȘ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÊÈÏÔ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, πÔÚ‰·Ó›· ηȪ·ÚfiÎÔ. ¶·ÚÂÌÈÙfiÓÙˆ˜, Ô‡Ù ¤Ó· ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ‰ÂÓÂ›Ó·È πÚ·Ófi˜Ø Ò˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ, ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ô ªÈÓ§¿ÓÙÂÓ ıˆÚ› ÙÔ˘˜ ™È›Ù˜ ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ı·Ó¿ÛÈÌÔ˘˜Â¯ıÚÔ‡˜, ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜.

∆Ô πÚ¿Î ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â η̛· Û¯¤ÛË Ì ٷÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. ŸÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi¤ÁÈÓ ·ÛÈÊ·Ó¤˜ ÙËÓ Â·‡ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘, ˘ÔÓÔ̇ıËΠ˷ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙÔ˘ fiÏÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘·ÓÙÈ-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ™Ù· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ù˘, Ë·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË Â›Â „¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÛÎÂÌ̤ӷ ‰È·ÛÙÚ¤-‚ψÛÂ Î·È ˘ÂÚ¤‚·Ï ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤ıÂÙ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ Û ÔÌÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘, ÛÙÔ ¶·-ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ã¿Ú‚·ÚÓÙ, Ô ÚÒËÓ °ÂÚÌ·Ófi˜ ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ∂͈-ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ, °ÈfiÛη º›ÛÂÚ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ›¯Â ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ Ì ÂÓıÔ˘-ÛÈ·ÛÌfi ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆√ ÛÙÔ ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô ÙÔ 1999, ·ÏÏ¿fi¯È ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÙÔ 2003, ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ÂÌ ÂÈÏÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ· ˆ˜ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÂÌÈ-ÛÙ¢ÙÈο Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ™Ú¤ÓÙÂÚ ÁÈ· ӷ›ÛÂÈ ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î,‹Ù·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÛıÂÓ‹ Î·È ÌÂ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔ-ÁÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË.26 √ πÛ·Ófi˜ ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ÃÔÛ¤§Ô˘›˜ £··Ù¤ÚÔ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·Û ӷ ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÏÏÔ›∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ÛΤÙÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ «Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·-ÛÙÚÔÊ‹. ∏ ηÙÔ¯‹ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚ›˜ Ó· ÔÚÁ·-ÓÒÛÂȘ ¤Ó·Ó fiÏÂÌÔ Ì „¤Ì·Ù·».27

44 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

26. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Oct. 28th,2006.

27. Stephen Walt, «Can and Should American Power Be Tamed?», JFK Jr.

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∞Ó, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÔÈ Â›ÛËÌ· ÚÔ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËηӷ‚¿ÛÈÌÔÈ, ÔÈ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î ÙÔ 2003, Ô˘ ÙfiÛ· ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈο Á¤ÓÓËÛ ÁÈ· ÙËÛ¯¤ÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·ÌÂÙ¿ Ù· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘2001, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ‰¤Î· ¯Úfi-ÓÈ· ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·;

¶ÚÔÙ¿ıËÎ·Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤Ì-‚·ÛË. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÎÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ·fi ‰‡Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·ÊÂ-ÙËڛ˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ıˆÚ› ÙȘ ∏¶∞ ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈ΋ ηÈ,·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÓÂÔ-ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ÂÂÓ¤‚Ë ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ. ∆Ô πÚ¿Î ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ù· ÌÂÁ·-χÙÂÚ· ·Ôı¤Ì·Ù· Û ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™·Ô˘‰È΋ ∞Ú·‚›· ηÈÙÔ πÚ¿Ó.28 ∆Ô ÂÙڤϷÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÂÌÔÚ‡ÛÈÌÔ Û ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ· Îϛ̷η Î·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ÌÔÚ›ӷ ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜,·ÛÎÒÓÙ·˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Û ÌË ÊÈÏÈο ηıÂÛÙÒÙ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔπÚ¿Ó Î·È Ë µÂÓÂ˙Ô˘¤Ï·. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈÛ ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· Û½¯Ë‰ˆÓ, ÌÔ˘Ï¿‰ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘Ú¿ÓÓˆÓ Ó· ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È Î¿ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó fiϘÔÈ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓØ ˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ù· Û˘Ìʤ-ÚÔÓÙ¿ Ù˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜.

∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÂÂÓ¤‚Ë ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÁÈ·Ù› ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂϤÁ-¯ÂÈ ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ˘„›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ÛËÌ·Û›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ÚÔίˆÚË̤ÓÔ˜ ı‡Ï·Î·˜Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ Î·È ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ·ÓÂÍ·Ú-ÙËÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· Î·È ÙË ™·Ô˘‰È΋ ∞Ú·‚›·,

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 45

Forum, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Unviersity, Oct.5th, 2005.

28. ∆Ô πÚ¿Î ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ 112 ÁÈÁ·‚·Ú¤ÏÈ· ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÂÙËÛ›ˆ˜ 0,5 ÁÈÁ·-‚·Ú¤ÏÈ·, OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin.

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¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÈ· Ù˘ ·fiÏ˘Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Ù˘ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛËÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ «È̤ÚÈÔ˘Ì» ÛÙÔÓ ¶ÂÚÛÈÎfi ∫fiÏÔ, ÙËÓ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, ÙÔÓ ∫·‡Î·ÛÔ, ÙËÓ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ∞Û›· ηÈÙÔÓ πÓ‰ÈÎfi øηÓfi. ™ÙÔ˘˜ «·ÊÂÏ›˜» Ô˘ Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ«exit strategy» [ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÂÍfi‰Ô˘] ·fi ÙÔ πÚ¿Î, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛËÂ›Ó·È ·Ï‹ Î·È Û‡ÓÙÔÌË: ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ÂÍfi‰Ô˘ fi¯ÈÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ Âȯ›ÚËÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓ Û¯Â‰È¿ÛÙËÎÂÛˆÛÙ¿ Î·È Ì ¿ÚÎÂÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‹Úı·Ó ÁÈ·Ó· Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó.

™ÙËÓ ›‰È· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, ¤Ó·˜ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ¿ıËηÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi-‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Î·È Ù··Ú¿Ï¢ڷ ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·. ∏ ¤̂·ÛËÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¤ÁÈÓ ÁÈ· Ó· Ô˘Ï‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›Â˜Ù· fiÏ· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ Ë Halliburton (ÙÔ˘∞ÓÙÈÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ∆Û¤Ó˘) ÚÔÛÔ‰ÔÊfiÚ· Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·È· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÔÈ-ÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÔÈ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ› ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌÔ› η٤ÛÙÚÂ-„·Ó. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·È· ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó Î·È Ô ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·˘Í‹ıËΠ۠ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹‰ÈfiÁΈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÂÚÈÎÔÒÓ Û ¿ÏÏ·ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ 2007 ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÛıÂÒÚ·ÙÔ ‡„Ô˜ÙˆÓ 450 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ‰ÔÏ·Ú›ˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÙ· ÂÈϤÔÓ 120 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· Ô˘ ‰··ÓÒÓÙ·ÈÂÙËÛ›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÙÔ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó.29

∆¤ÏÔ˜, οÔÈÔÈ ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔÓ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ ªÔ˘˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È,

46 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

29. Susan Cornwell, «Iraq, Afghanistan wars to cost US $190 bln in 2008»,Reuters, Sep. 26th, 2007.

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΢ڛˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·ÔÁÔËÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓ ı· ›¯ÂÛ˘Ì‚Â› ·Ó ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ‰ÂÓ›¯Â ¯Ú‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ, Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯Ó‹ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ¤ÓÙ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ „‹ÊˆÓ, ‰È·ÎfiÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â·Ó·Î·Ù·-̤ÙÚËÛË ÙˆÓ „‹ÊˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›· Ù˘ ºÏfiÚȉ·˜. ∏ ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ªÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙË ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Û ̛· ÈÔÛÎÏËÚ‹, ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚÈÛÙÈ΋ (unilateralist) Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.

™˘¯Ó¿, Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ηٷʇÁÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙÔÓºÚfi˘ÓÙ. §¤ÁÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ô ˘Èfi˜ ªÔ˘˜ ›¯Â ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ·ˆıË-̤ÓÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ‰ÔÏÔ-ÊÔÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·Ù¤Ú· ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ Â›Û΄‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∫Ô˘‚¤ÈÙÙËÓ Â·‡ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ӛ΢ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ fiÏÂÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ1991.30 ŸÌˆ˜, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂΉ›ÎËÛË ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍÔ˘‰ÔÏÔÊfiÓÔ˘, Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ˆ˜ Ô ˘Èfi˜ ªÔ˘˜ ‹ıÂÏ ӷ ÔÏÔ-ÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ¿ÊËÛ ·ÙÂÏ›ˆÙÔ Ô ·Ù¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ò‰Â-η ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÚÓ‹ıËΠӷ ÛÙ›ÏÂÈ Ù· ÓÈÎËÊfiÚ·Î·È ÚÔÂÏ·‡ÓÔÓÙ· Û˘ÌÌ·¯Èο ÛÙÚ·Ù‡̷ٷ Ò˜ ÙË µ·Á‰¿ÙË.∆fiÙÂ, Ë ‰È·ÎÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÓfiÙÈÔ πÚ¿ÎıˆڋıËΠÚfiˆÚË Î·È Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∏ ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÙÔ 2003 ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌÂÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ˘ Ԣ›ÌÔÓ· ˙ËÙÔ‡Û ÙËÓ «ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋ Ó›ÎË» Î·È Â·Ó·‚‚·›ˆÛÂÙËÓ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÈfiªÔ˘˜.

ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfi-ÙÂÚÔ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋. °È· ÙÔÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 47

30. √ ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô ªÔ˘˜ ‰‹ÏˆÛ ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈο: «After all, this is the guy who triedto kill my dad», ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ John King, «Bush Calls Saddam “the guywho tried to kill my dad”», ÛÙȘ 27 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘, 2002, www.cnn.com

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ªÔ˘˜, Ë ·ÓÂÈʇϷÎÙË Î·È Ì·˙È΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô Ï›ıÔ Ù˘ ÂÎÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ÙÔ˘. °È· ÙÔÓ ˘Èfi Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, Ô ·Ù¤Ú·˜ ªÔ˘˜ ¤¯·ÛÂÙËÓ Â·ÓÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ 1992 ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Ó·Úfi ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË ÌÈ·˜·Û‹Ì·ÓÙ˘ ÓfiÙÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜, ÙÔÓ ªÈÏ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ·fi ÙÔ ÕÚηÓ-Û·˜, ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÁÈ·Ù› Úfi‰ˆÛ ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‚¿ÛË.¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ô ªÔ˘˜ Ô ÚÂÛ‚‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·‡ÍËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ÛÙ·Ì¿ÙËÛ ÙË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï ÌÂÊıËÓ¿ ‰¿ÓÂÈ·, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ‚ڷ˚ÎÒÓ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¯fiÌÂÓË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ fi¯ıË ÙÔ˘πÔÚ‰¿ÓË. ¶·Ú¤‚Ë, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ‰‡Ô Ù·ÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÛÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡: ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÛ‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÏËÚfi ÊÈÏÔ-ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓfi ÏfiÌ˘ Ô˘ ΢Úȷگ›ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ Ì ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹.31 ∞Í›˙ÂÈ,›Ûˆ˜, Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ô ªÔ˘˜ Ô ÚÂÛ‚‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ¤¯·ÛÂÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 1992, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ›, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ, ¯Ù›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·È Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ÂÂ-ÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ڷÁ‰·›Ô Ú˘ıÌfi ¤ÎÙÔÙÂ, Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘fi ηÙÔ-¯‹ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ fi¯ı˘.

√ ˘Èfi˜ ªÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÊ·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔÏ¿ıÔ˜ Î·È Ó· ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‚¿ÛËÛ˘Ì·Á‹ Î·È ÂÙÔÈÌÔfiÏÂÌË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ˘˜¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ›ÂÓfi˜ «Û˘ÌÔÓÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡» Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, fiˆ˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛıËΠ̠ÙËÓÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ 2001/2002, Ô ªÔ˘˜Ô ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ô Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. √È ÊfiÚÔÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙ· ˘„ËÏ¿ ÂÈÛÔ-‰‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÚÈÔ˘Û›Â˜, ÌÂÈÒıËηÓ, Ë ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔ-ÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÁηٷÏ›ÊıËΠÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ

48 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

31. Mearsheimer, fi.·.

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ÂÙÚÂÏ·˚ÎÒÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ·ÁÓÔ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ë§·ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ë ∞ÊÚÈ΋, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë ∂˘ÚÒË, ÁÈ· ¯¿ÚËÙ˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÚÈ˙È΋˜ ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·Í˘ Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜.

∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ fiψ-ÛË. ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο, ÔÈ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ. √ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ, Ô ªÏ·ÈÚ, Ô ™Ú¤ÓÙÂÚ Î·ÈÔ ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹˜ ÂÎϤ¯ıËÎ·Ó fiÙ·Ó Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó· ËÁÂÌÔÓ‡ÛÔ˘ÓÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜,›Ù ԢÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ·, ›Ù ʷÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ηÈÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›·. ŸÌˆ˜, ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·Ô¯‹˜, ÛË-Ì·Û›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔÈ ÔÈ „‹ÊÔÈ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÔÊ¿ÛÈÛÙˆÓ, ·ÏÈÓ-‰ÚÔÌÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ, ÎÂÓÙÚÒˆÓ „ËÊÔÊfiÚˆÓ. ™ËÌ·Û›· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔÔÛÔÛÙfi Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜, ÔÈ „ËÊÔÊfi-ÚÔÈ ÛÙ· ‰ÂÍÈ¿ Ù˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎÔ›.

√ ªÔ˘˜ Ô ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ·ÁÓfiËÛ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ.¶ÔÏÈÙ‡ıËΠ̠ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ÓÂÔ-¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡˜ „ËÊÔÊfiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÂÓ‰Ô¯ÒÚ·˜ÁÈ· Ó· „ËÊ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ì·˙Èο ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜,¯¿ÚË ÛÙÔ ˘ÂÚ·ÙÚȈÙÈÎfi Î·È ˘ÂÚÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘Ì‹Ó˘Ì·.

∆Ô πÚ¿Î ˘‹ÚÍ ‚·ÛÈÎfi Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ∏·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ fiÏË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋. √ÈÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ó·‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô Ô˘ Ë ·Ó·¿ÓÙÂ¯Ë ·Ô-Ù˘¯›· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛÂ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÒÊÚÔÓ˜, Ë Ï‡ÛË ‚Ú›-ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ̛· Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤ÓË ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ·fi ÙÔ πÚ¿Î, fiˆ˜ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ·ÙÔ˘ ÚÒËÓ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ ∆˙¤È̘ ª¤ÈÎÂÚ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹ §ËÿÌÈÏÙÔÓ32. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÈ„ÔΛӉ˘ÓÔ˘˜, Ë Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Úfi-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 49

32. James Baker, Lee Hamilton, The Iraq Study Group Report, New York, NY,Vintage Books, 2006.

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‚ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜, Î·È fi¯È, ‚¤‚·È·, ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ª¤Û˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜, Ô˘ Ï›ÁË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ, ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ›ıÂÛË ·Ú¿ ÛÙËÓ ¿Ì˘Ó·. √ ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ÊÏÂÚ-Ù¿ÚÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ È‰¤· ·˘Ù‹ ˆ˜ Ù˙ÔÁ·‰fiÚÔ˜, Ô˘ ÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó·ÔÓÙ¿ÚÂÈ Ù· Ú¤ÛÙ· ÙÔ˘, ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈη-ÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÛÊ›ÁÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· «ÏÔ˘ÚÈ¿»ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ù˘ Ì›·˜ ‹ Ù˘ ¿ÏÏ˘ ¿Ô„˘,ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ, ı· ÂÍ·ÚÙËı› ·Ó ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi ¯Ù‡ËÌ·ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ◊‰Ë, ¿ÓÙˆ˜, Û˘˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ fiÙÈ ÔÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Ì›· ÂÍ¢-ÙÂÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ‹ÙÙ· ÙÔ 2008, Ô˘ ı· ʤÚÂÈ ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ÛÙÔ §Â˘Îfi√›ÎÔ ÙË Ó¤ÌÂÛË Î¿ı ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡, ÙË Ã›Ï·ÚÈ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ, Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÒËÓ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ ªÈÏ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ Û˘˙‡ÁÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· «¯ÂÈ-ÚÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi» ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ·fi ·¤ÚԘϛÁÔ ı· ‚Ï¿„ÂÈ ÙÔ fiÔÈÔ ˘ÚËÓÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó Î·ÈÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ó· ÙÔ ÂÈÛ‡ÛÂÈ. µ¤‚·ÈÔÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ı· ·ÔÛÙ·-ıÂÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙË ÊÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹Î·È ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÏËÚÔ˘ÚËÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÂÚ¿ÓË.ŸÌˆ˜, ›Ûˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› ÔÏÈÙÈο ˆÊÂϤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ ηÈÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·‰fi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘, Â·Ó·Û˘ÛÂÈÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοӈÓ.

∆Ô Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ηÏÏȤÚÁËÛ ηÈÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛÂ, Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈṲ̂ӷ, ηıfiÏË ÙËıËÙ›· ÙÔ˘, ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‚¿ÛË, Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ Ú·-ÎÙÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÓ·-ÓÙ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÙÚÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Á¿ÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔʛψÓ,Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÏÂÈÔ‰ÔÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ-ÎÔ‡ ·ÙÚȈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›, Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÂÍÈÔ›, ÂͤϷ‚·Ó ÙȘÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ˆ˜ ·‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÙË Â›ıÂÛË ÂÓ·-ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ, ÙÔ˘˜

50 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Ì‹Ó˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Â›ıÂÛË, Ë ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ÂÎÙÔ͇ıËΠÛÙ· ÛÙÚ·ÙÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈο ‡„Ë ÙÔ˘ 90%, ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÂÂÈ-‰‹ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛıËΠ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi˜ (ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ÚÒ-Ù˜ ÒÚ˜ ÙȘ ›ıÂÛ˘, fiÙ·Ó ÁÈ· Ï›ÁÔ ÂÍ·Ê·Ó›ÛıËÎÂ Î·È ¤‰ÂÈÍÂÓ· ·ÓÈÎÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È).

∞Ú¯ÈÙ¤ÎÙÔÓ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜˘‹ÚÍ Ô, ÂÍ ·ÔÚÚ‹ÙˆÓ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘Ïfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ∆¤Í·˜, ∫·ÚσfiÔ˘‚. ∆Ô 2004, Ô ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ‰ÚÈÎfi˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ÁÂ-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ∆˙ˆÓ ∫¤Ú˘ ¤Ï·‚ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ „‹ÊÔ˘˜ ԢΤډÈÛ ÔÙ¤ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ∏¶∞. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÎϤ¯ıËΠ̛̠· ¿ÓÂÙË·Ó·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ „‹ÊˆÓ,¯¿ÚË ÛÙË Ì·˙È΋ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ƒÂÔ˘-ÌÏÈοӈÓ. ™Â Ì›· ¯ÒÚ·, fiˆ˜ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ-ÎÔ› „ËÊÔÊfiÚÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·-ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ ÌfiÏȘ ÙÔ ¤Ó· ¤ÌÙÔ, Ë fiψÛË ˆÊÂ-Ï› ÂÎ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô„ËÊ›Ô˘. √ ƒfiÔ˘‚ Âȉ›ˆÍ ÙËÓ fiψÛË Î·ÈÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›, ·Ú·Û˘Ṳ́ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ Ì›ÛÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓªÔ˘˜, ¤ÂÛ·Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÛÙËÓ ·Á›‰·.

∆Ô 2004, ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ ˘¤Ú ¿ÓÙˆÓ·ÁÒÓ·. ∆· ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó fiÏ· Î·È ¤¯·Û·Ó. ™˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ·Ó Ù· ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ ÔÙ¤ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.33 √È ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ-ο ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔÈ. ∂ȉÈο ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË, ·ÌÊÈÙ·Ï·ÓÙ¢fiÌÂÓË ÔÏÈ-Ù›· ÙÔ˘ √¯¿ÈÔ, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤ÎÚÈÓ ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, ·ÚÂÓ¤‚·Ï·Ó ¤Ó·‰ËÌÔ„‹ÊÈÛÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ··ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Á¿ÌÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔÊ›-ψÓ, ÌÈ· ··ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ¿Ó¢ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ·ÊÔ‡ ¤ÙÛÈ ÎÈ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ Ô Á¿ÌÔ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔÊ›ÏˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È, ÙÔÔÔ›Ô, fï˜, ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÓÂÔ-¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 51

33. «Back to basics», The Economist, Nov. 4th, 2004.

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ÓÔ‡˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÊÂÚ ÛÙ· ÂÎÏÔÁÈο ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ¤‰ˆÛ ÙË Ó›ÎËÛÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜.

™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ∫Ô˘‚¤ÈÙ ÙÔ 1991,ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„·Ó ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔÈÛÙ‹ Î·È ·ÎÔ-ÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰ÈÏ‹˜ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛ˘, ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿ÓfiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, Ë ÔÔ›· ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Û ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔ‡˜ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛ˘. ∆Ë ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹ Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¤ÙÚÂ„Â Ô ªÔ˘˜ Ì ̛· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÈ„ÔΛÓ-‰˘ÓË Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.

∏ ÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ·ÓÙÈ-‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÏÔ¤Ó·Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜.34 ¶ÔÙ¤ ÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ Â¯ıÚÈ΋ ÚÔ˜ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ ÂÓfi˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ fiÛÔ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. √ªÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈ·ı‹˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ‹ ÛÙ˧·ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, fiˆ˜ Ë ªÂÁ¿Ï˵ÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ë ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›· Î·È Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜. ∏ ÙÂÍ·Ó‹ ÚÔÊÔÚ¿,ÙÔ ·ÏÏ·˙ÔÓÈÎfi ÌÂȉ›·Ì·, ÔÈ «·ÊÂÏ›˜» ·ÊÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È Ë ÂÚ‹Ê·ÓË ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷ-ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο «ÙÔÍÈÎfi» ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ·Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜.35 ™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ë ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ªÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ÙÔ 35% Î·È Û˘Ó·ÁˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È, ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏ¢-Ù·›· ı¤ÛË, ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ¡›ÍÔÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ ÙȘ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ¤˜ Ù˘·Ô¯ÒÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ §Â˘Îfi √›ÎÔ.

∏ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÙËÓ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÔÛÙÚÔÊ‹. √ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ô ÈÔ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÓÂÓÙ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿.∂˘Ú˘Ì·ı‹˜ Î·È ‰ÂÈÓfi˜ Ú‹ÙÔÚ·˜ ‹ÍÂÚ Ҙ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â˘¯¿ÚÈ-

52 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

34. Marcus Mabry, «The Elephant in the Room», Newsweek, May 8th, 2007.35. «Pew Global Attitude Project», www.pewglobal.org.

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ÛÙÔ˜ Û ÓÙfiÈÔ˘˜ Î·È Í¤ÓÔ˘˜. ŸÙ·Ó ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1999 ÂÈ-ÛΤÊÙËΠÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ¤ÓÙ ̋Ó˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ¡∞∆√˚ÎÔ‡˜‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÒËÓ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›·, ηٿÊÂÚÂ, ̤۷ÛÙȘ ›ÎÔÛÈ ‰‡Ô ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·, Ó· Û˘ÁÎÈÓ‹-ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘, ¯ıÚÈ΋˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙÂ,ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘.36

øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô-ÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ŸÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó Ù· ÚfiÛˆ· ·›˙Ô˘ÓÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È fiÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó Ô ªÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙË-Π¤Ó·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ¿ÛÙ˘ ËÁ¤Ù˘, ÔÏÈÙ‡ıËΠÎÈ·˘Ùfi˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤ӈÓ. ™ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ÙÚÈ·ÎÔÓÙ·ÂÙ›·˜,ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ˜ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ô «fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜».∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ô˘ ÂÌ̤ÓÂÈ ·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎ‹Î·È ÓÂÔ-·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ËÔÔ›· ·Ô-ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈ› ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ù ÁÈ· ¯¿ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·-Û›·˜, ›Ù ÁÈ· ¯¿ÚË ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÈÏÈÙ·ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓÛ˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ, ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·Ófi‰Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÈıÂ-ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙ‹ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘, Â›Ó·È ÌÂÓ Â‡ÎÔÏË, ·Ï‹ ηȇÂÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜,ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔ΢ Î·È ÔÏ˘-›‰˘.

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 53

36. °È¿ÓÓ˘ ª·Ú›ÓÔ˜, «√ Î. ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Â˘ÁÓÒÌˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›· ¶··Ú‹Á·», ∆√µ∏ª∞, 28 ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 1999, ÛÂÏ. ∞72.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ πV

√È ÌË ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î:H ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋

À ¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ¿ÏÏË ¿Ô„Ë-·ÊÂÙËÚ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ΢ÚÈ·Ú-¯Â› ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ‰ËÌÔ-

ÊÈÏ‹˜ Û οÔȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ÚÒËÓÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ Ù˘ ∫ÂÓÙÚÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜Î·È ÙË ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó, ÔÈ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Î·È Ù· ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ Ï¿ıË ÙÔ˘˜,Â›Ó·È Ì›· «‰‡Ó·ÌË Î·ÏÔ‡» Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ ¿Ó·Ú¯Ô, ·ÛÙ·ı‹ ηÈÛ·Ú·ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·fi Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ.

∏ ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ˆ˜ ‰‡Ó·-Ì˘ Ô˘ ·›ÚÂÙ·È ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈ-ˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô›ÎÔ˘˜Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜, ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈΤ˜-ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ¶Ô˘ÚÈÙ·ÓÔ‡˜, Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· Ó¤· ·Ú¯‹, Ë Ó¤· ™ÈÒÓ, Ë «Â› ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈ-Ù›·», Ô Ê¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ì·Úٛ˜ Ù˘∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÔÔ›·ÌfiÏÈ·Û ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ‹Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ·fi Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó·Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÂÙ·È ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ‰›Î·È· Î·È ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙ·.

∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË Ì ÔÈÎÔ˘-ÌÂÓÈÎfi, ·Ó·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì·. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· fiÙÈ Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚË Î·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÛÙÔÓ

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ÎfiÛÌÔ Ì ̷ÎÚ¿ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë fiÙÈ ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ-Ú› ·Ú¿ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÂÙ·È ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙ· Â›Ó·È ·ÊÂÏ‹˜, ·ÓÈÛÙfiÚË-ÙË Î·È Ó·ÚÎÈÛÛÈÛÙÈ΋. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ Ó·‰Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜·˘Ù‹ ˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ù· ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ù˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·, fiˆ˜ οıÂÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰‡Ó·ÌË, Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ηٷ·Ù¿ ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜Ô˘ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÛÛÂÈ. £· ‹Ù·Ó, ›Ûˆ˜, ηÏfi Ó· ÌË ÏËÛÌÔÓÂ›Ù·È Ô£Ô˘Î˘‰›‰Ë˜ Î·È È‰›ˆ˜ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË∞ıËÓ·›ˆÓ Î·È ªËÏ›ˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ì ÁÏ·Ê˘ÚfiÙËÙ· ·ÚÔ˘-ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ¯ÚÂÔÎÔ›· Ù˘ «ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙ˘» ∞ıËÓ·˚΋˜ ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÔ Í¤ÚÔ˘Ó Î·Ï¿ ÔÈ ÂÎÙfi˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Ï·Ô›,ÂȉÈο ÛÙË §·ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔȤ¯Ô˘Ó ȉ›· ›ڷ ·fi ÙË ÓÂÔ-·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÂÈÚ-ÚÔ‹. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ¤Ó·˜ ÙÚÔÌ·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ Á›Á·-ÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¿ ¤Ó·˜ ηÏÔ‹ı˘ ËÁÂÌfiÓ·˜.

√È ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‚·ıȤ˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈΤ˜ Ú›˙˜ ηÈË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ¤¯ÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ‚·ıÌfi ÂËÚ·ÛÙ› ·fi ÙÔÓ ÛÎÏËÚfi ¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌfi37, Ô ÔÔ›-Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈ΋ ÊÚ·ÛÂÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ËıÈÎÔ-Ï·ÁÓ›· Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ˙ˆ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘. √È ∏¶∞‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÍÈÒÓÎ·È È‰ÂÒÓ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠ·fi ÌÈ· ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË. ø˜ ¯ÒÚ· ·-Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋, fiˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë °·ÏÏ›· Î·È Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ƒˆÛ›·, Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓÎfiÛÌÔ Î·Ù’ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÔÌÔ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘. ªÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈο, ÔÈ

56 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

37. Samuel Huntington, Who are we? America’s Great Debate, London, UK,Simon & Schuster, 2005.

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ƒÂ·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜, fiˆ˜ Ô ªfiÚÁÎÂÓı·Ô˘38 Î·È Ô ∫¤ÓÓ·Ó, ÚÔÛ¿ıË-Û·Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ «ÌÂÛÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi» ÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓÔ Û ¤Ó·Ó ‰ÈÔÏÈÎfiÎfiÛÌÔ, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ˘ÂÚ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÏÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ì ˘ÚËÓÈ-ο fiÏ·. ∏ ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ¯·ÏÈÓ·ÁˆÁ‹ıËÎÂ,fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ˆ˜ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË˜Î·È ·ÔÙÚÔ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÚÌÔ˘ÚËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÔϤ-ÌÔ˘.

øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ÌÂÛÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıË-Î·Ó Û ¤Ó· ÚËÙÔÚÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ÁÈ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηٷӿ-ψÛË. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô Ã¿Ú˘ ∆ÚÔ‡Ì·Ó ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÙË‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, Ô˘ ˙‹ÙËÛÂ Î·È¤Ù˘¯Â Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ ÙÔ 1947, fi¯È ˆ˜ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ·È¯Ì‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÒÓ· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜˘¤Ú Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù˘Ú·ÓÓ›··ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜. ŒÎÙÔÙÂ, ÔÏÏÔ› ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ¶Úfi‰ÚÔÈ ÊϤÚÙ·-Ú·Ó ÚËÙÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÌÂÛÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙË-Î·Ó Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙË̤ÓÔÈ Î·È Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜. √ ∆˙›Ì˘ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ Ì›ÏËÛ ÁÈ·Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ˘Ô‰¤¯ÙËΠÙÔÓ ™¿¯Ë ÙÔ˘πÚ¿Ó ˆ˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ËÁ¤ÙË. √ ƒfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·Ù‹ÁÁÂÈÏ Ù˙ԂÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ˆ˜ Ì›· «·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ηÎÔ‡», ·ÏÏ¿ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ˘¤ÁÚ·„ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ËÁ¤ÙË Ù˘,ÙÔÓ ªÈ¯·‹Ï °ÎÔÚÌ·ÙÛÒÊ. √ ªÔ˘˜ Ô ÚÂÛ‚‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘-Í ÌÈ· Ó¤· Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·‰È·ÊfiÚËÛ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÈÔ˘ÁÎÔ-ÛÏ·‚È΋ ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÍÂΛÓËÛ › ÙˆÓ ËÌÂÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ËÔÔ›· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Ó¤· ÂÈÚËÓÈ΋ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ٿÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. √∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÊÏ˘¿ÚËÛ ˘¤Ú ÂÓfi˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡,

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 57

38. Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,New York, NY: Alfred A. Knoph, 1st edition, 1948.

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·ÏÏ¿ ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·‰È·ÊfiÚËÛ ÁÈ· ÙË ™ÔÌ·Ï›·, ÙË ƒÔ˘¿ÓÙ·, ÙËÓ¤ÎÚËÍË ÙÔ˘ AIDS ÛÙËÓ ∞ÊÚÈ΋ Î.Ô.Î.

°È· ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÌÂÈÚÔ˘˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂ-ÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈÊ˘ÛÈÎfi. ™Â ÌÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Î·Ì›· ˘·Ú-Íȷ΋ ·ÂÈÏ‹, Ë ÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÓÂÚ-ÁËÙÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó·ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ·ÏfiÛÙÔÌË ÚËÙÔÚ›·. ∏∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÒÚ· Ô˘ Ë΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë Ù¿ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÔÌÔ-ÓˆÙÈÛÌfi˜. ªfiÓÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÍÂÂÚ·ÛÙ› ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰Ô-ÍÔ Â›Ó·È Ë Â›ÎÏËÛË ˘¤ÚÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ‚ڷÈÔ-¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·-ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ÔÏ›-Ù˜.

√ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ °¿ÏÏÔ˜ ‰È·ÓÔËÙ‹˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹˜ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÏÂÍ›˜ ÓÙ ∆Ô΂›Ï ¤ÁÚ·„ ÛÙ· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·ˆ˜ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï¿ ÂÍÔÏÈ-Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋˜.39 ∆Ô ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· Â›Ó·È ·Ó˘fiÌÔÓÔ Î·È ı¤ÏÂÈ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÂ˜Î·È ÍÂοı·Ú˜ χÛÂȘ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ··ÈÙ›ÏÂÙÔ‡˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi, ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ˘Ô-ÌÔÓ‹ Î·È ·ÌÔÈ‚·›Ô˘˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¿Û¯ÂÈ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ¶Úfi‰ÚÔÈ Â›¯·Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ηÈÙË ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó fiÛÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó, ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋˜ ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ·fi ÙȘ ÔÌÒ‰ÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙfiÛÔ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜,‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi. ŸÌˆ˜, Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ Ô ÓÂfi-ÙÂÚÔ˜ Ê¿ÓËΠ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡-

58 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

39. √ÌÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘ Stephen Bosworth, ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ °. ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹, 29¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2006.

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ÍÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, ‚ÔËıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË ˘Â-ÚÔÏ›·˜ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÂÏÏ›„ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ηȷfi ÙÔ ÛÔÎ Ô˘ ÚÔοÏÂÛ·Ó ÔÈ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001.

∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¿Û¯ÂÈ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÔ‰ˆÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ-ÛÌfi, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÈÙ¢ÙÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Î·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ù˘ ‰È΋˜ Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ·Ú¿ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜,Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠˆÊÂÏ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Û˘Ì-ʤÚÔÓÙ·. °È· ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ «·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ΋» ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ηÏÔ‹ı˘ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÚÔÛ¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ fiÛÔ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÈÛÙ‡ԢÓ. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ïfi Î·È ÂÈÛÙÈÎfi:Ì›· Ù˘¯fiÓ «ÓÂÔ-·ÔÌÔÓˆÙÈ΋» ·fiÛ˘ÚÛË Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ·fiÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ı· ÂÓ›Û¯˘Â ‹ ı· ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ··ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·;

H ·¿ÓÙËÛË Â›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜. ∏ ¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ·fiÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∞Û›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈ-¿ÏÔ˘˜ Û ̛· ͤÊÚÂÓË ÎÔ‡ÚÛ· ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ Ì Èı·Ó‹ ηٿ-ÏËÍË ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ù˘ ∫›Ó·˜ Ì ÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∆·˚‚¿Ó,·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì›· ıÂÚÌ‹ ·Ó·Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ.∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Ë Ù˘¯fiÓ ·fiÛ˘ÚÛË Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ·fi ÙÔ ¡∞∆√ı· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û Û ̛· ÌÂÚÈ΋, ¤ÛÙˆ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ·Ó·Ù·Ú·¯‹, ÌÂÙ¿·fi ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜, Ì ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓË ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·-Û˘ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ì ÙË ƒˆÛ›·, ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙ˪¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, Ì›· Èı·Ó‹ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·fiÛ˘ÚÛË Û‹ÌÂÚ· ı·Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÛÙÔ ¯¿Ô˜, ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰˘ÙÈÎfiÊÈÏˆÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ-ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë πÔÚ‰·Ó›· Î·È Ë ∞›Á˘ÙÔ˜, Û ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË

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·Ó fi¯È Û ηٿÚÚ¢ÛË, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·ÈÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Ó Î·È Û ¤Ó· πÛÚ·‹Ï ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È fi¯È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi.

¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, ÁÈ· ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ›ӷÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ,¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ıÂÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ÂÂÓ¤‚Ë ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÙÚÂȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÙÔ 1917, ÙÔ 1943 Î·È ·fi ÙÔ1947 Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, Î·È ÂËÚ¤·Û fiÛÔ Î·Ó›˜ ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Â˘Úˆ·˚-΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÌÈ·˜ Ë›ÚÔ˘ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙË-ÙˆÓ, ÊÈÏÂÈÚËÓÈÎÒÓ, ¢ËÌÂÚÔ˘ÛÒÓ Î·È ·ÚÌÔÓÈο Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂ-ÓˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÒÓ. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÂÌfi‰ÈÛ ÙËÓ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜∞˘ÛÙÚÔ-°ÂÚÌ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ¶Ôψӛ·,ÙȘ µ·ÏÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ Î·È Ù· ÏÔÈ¿ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ù˘∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ì ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÒÙÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘¶ÔϤÌÔ˘. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰¤¯ÙËΠ›ıÂ-ÛË ·fi ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ÂÌfi‰ÈÛ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ¡·˙› ÛÙËÓ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, ·Ó·¯·›ÙÈ-Û ÙÔÓ ÛÙ·ÏÈÓÈÎfi ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔÓ ÛÙËÓ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ÙË°·ÏÏ›· Î·È ÙËÓ πÙ·Ï›· Ó· ·Óı›ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Î·È Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰Ô-Ì‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.

°È· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ·Ô-‰Â›¯ÙËÎ·Ó Â˘ÂÚÁÂÙÈΤ˜. ∏ ›ÛÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¶ÚÒÙÔ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ ¤ÛˆÛ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎfi ·ÎÚˆ-ÙËÚÈ·ÛÌfi Î·È ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ÙË ª·Î‰ÔÓ›· Î·È ÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ £Ú¿ÎËÛÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÎÔÚÌfi. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔӢ‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË Ù˘∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ·fi ÙË ÛÙ˘ÁÓ‹ ÙÚÈÏ‹ ηÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÒÓ Ó·˙È-ÛÙÒÓ, ÙˆÓ πÙ·ÏÒÓ Î·È µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚˆÓ Ê·ÛÈÛÙÒÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·fi‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ÚÒÙ· ÛÙËÓ πÙ·Ï›· ÙÔ 1943Î·È ¤Ó· ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙË ¡ÔÚÌ·Ó‰›·, ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ·Ó·-

60 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Û¯ÂÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ÚԤϷÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰˘ÙÈο Î·È ÙËÓ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·ÏÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ¯ÒÚ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ë πÙ·Ï›·. ªÂ ÙË ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰fiÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ∆Úԇ̷ÓÙÔÓ ª¿ÚÙÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1947 Î·È ÙË ÁÂÓÓ·Èfi‰ˆÚË ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-ÌÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂ40, Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰·ÚÔÛ‰¤ıËΠÛÙÔÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÔÚ›· ·Ó¿-Ù˘Í˘, Ë ÔÔ›·, Û·Ú¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, ÙËÓ Î·Ù¤ÛÙËÛÂËÁ¤Ùȉ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÛÙ· µ·ÏοÓÈ·.

™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Ë ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ì ·ÍÈÔ˙‹Ï¢ÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ì·ÎÚ¿ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛËÛ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ø˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·, ·ÔÙÂÏ›·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤ÌÓ¢ÛË Î·È Î·Ù·Ê‡ÁÈÔ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁˆÓÈ˙fi-ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÈÔ·ÓÔȯً Î·È ·ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÂηÙÔÌ̇-ÚÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜ οı ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÌÂÔχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ë ∂˘ÚÒË, ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ50% Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÈÛً̘, ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋ ηÈÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·41, ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ì·ÎÚ¿Ó Ù· ηχÙÂÚ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ·˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡.

¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙȘ ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈ-‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ‹È·˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ (softpower), Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ (hard power) Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÎÚ·Ù¿ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·Û·ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ·˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ˘fi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤-ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ √˘ÎÚ·Ó›·, ÙË °ÂˆÚÁ›·, ÙË ªÔω·‚›·, ÙËÓ ¶Ôψӛ·Î·È ÙȘ µ·ÏÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ó¤Ô˘Ó ÈÔ ÂχıÂÚ· ˘fi ÙËÛÎÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚˆÛÈÎÔ‡ Á›Á·ÓÙ· ÛÙ· ‚fiÚÂÈ· Î·È ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈο ÙÔ˘˜. ∏·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ¤ÙÚ„ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ-

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40. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¤Ï·‚ 706,7 ÂÎ. ‰ÔÏ. ·fi ÙÔ ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ª¿ÚÛ·Ï ‹ 4,678 ‰È˜Û ÙÈ̤˜ 1997.

41. Science Watch, published by Thomson Scientific.

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ÎÔ‡ ı·‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ¡fiÙÈ·˜ ∫ÔÚ¤·˜, Ù˘ ∆·˚‚¿Ó, Î·È Ù˘ ›‰È·˜Ù˘ π·ˆÓ›·˜. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ¤ÛˆÛ ÙÔ˘˜ µfiÛÓÈÔ˘˜ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ∞Ï‚·ÓÔ‡˜ ∫ÔÛÔ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈ-ıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂıÓÔοı·ÚÛË ÙÔ˘ ªÈÏfiÛ‚ÈÙ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ηÈÂÈıÒ ·¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ πÌ›ˆÓ ÛÂÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÂÏÏËÓÔ-ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ΋ Û‡ÚÚ·ÍË, fiˆ˜, ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜,ÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛÂ Ô ŒÏÏËÓ·˜ ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ËÌ›Ù˘ ÙËÓÂÔ̤ÓË Ù˘ ÎÚ›Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔ̤ÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ÙÔÓπ·ÓÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1996.42

ŸÛÔ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¿Ó·Ú¯Ô, Ì ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ˘˜ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ «Î·ÏÔ‹ıÔ˘˜ ËÁÂ-ÌfiÓ·» [benevolent hegemon], fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ∏¶∞ Û‹ÌÂÚ·,·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙË ÌfiÓË, ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞Ó Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ËÁÂÌfiÓ· Â›Ó·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÌÈ·˜·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ ‹ °·ÏÏ›·˜, ÌÈ·˜ Ó·˙ÈÛÙÈ΋˜°ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜, ÌÈ·˜ ÛÙ·ÏÈÓÈ΋˜ ƒˆÛ›·˜ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓÂχıÂÚ˘, ÌÂÙ·-Ì·Ô˚΋˜ ∫›Ó·˜, ÙfiÙÂ, ›Ûˆ˜, Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÊÈÏÂ-χıÂÚË ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›·, ·Ú¿ Ù· Ï¿ıË Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÁˆÈÛÌÔ‡˜Ù˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÓÔȯÙfi Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·,ÌÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Î·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ÌÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ‰È¢-Ú˘ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÙËÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡ÓÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ «Î·ÏÔ‹ıË» ·fi ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ÚÔËÁ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi fiÔÈ· Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔ-ÛʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÙÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ.

ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Î·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ È̤ÚÈÔ˘Ì,·ÏÏ¿ Ô ‰ÈÛÙ·ÁÌfi˜, Ë ·Ó·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë Â¯ıÚfi-ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Âϛ٠ӷ ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙÔÓÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜

62 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

42. «Ms Ciller Troubles the Waters», Op-Ed, New York Times, Feb. 17, 1996.

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ÙÔ˘ 21Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, Ì fiϘ ÙȘ ¢ı‡Ó˜ Î·È ÙȘ ı˘Û›Â˜ Ô˘ οÙÈÙ¤ÙÔÈÔ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È. ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· Ù˘«ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋˜» ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔÓÎfiÛÌÔ.43 °È· ÙÔ˘˜ «ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜» Ô˘ ÂÓËÏÈÎÈÒıËηÓÔÏÈÙÈο ·ÓÙȉÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ «·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÛÌfi» Ô˘ ‰È·-ηÙ›¯Â ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Âϛ٠ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘1960 Î·È 1970, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Î·ÏÔ‡. ∏∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÎÔÌÏÂÍ¿ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ‰‡Ó·-Ì‹ Ù˘ Î·È Ó· ·˘ÙÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Ù›ٷÈ. ∏ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ ·Ê‹-ÓÂÈ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ηÎÔ‡ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È. ∏∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Û΋ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È Ó· ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›· Ù˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÂÈ ÙȘ ˘¤ÚÙÂÚ˜·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ Û ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ª¤ÛË∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi, ÂÚ› ÌÈ·˜ ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ΋˜∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ÂÂÓ¤‚Ë ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓËÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ «·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛ˘» ›¯Â ÂÍ·ÓÙÏ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· fiÚÈ¿ Ù˘ Î·È Â›¯ÂÔ‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·ÈÒÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û·ÓÙ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ÙˆÓ ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ πÚ·ÎÈÓÒÓ Ô˘ ˘¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ˘fi ÙËÓ ËÁÂÛ›·ÙÔ˘. ∂›Û˘, ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÌÂÁ·-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ-Îfi ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì fiÏ· Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ηÈÓ· ÛÙÔȯ›ÛÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆ‹ Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ‹ Î·È Û ÌÂÚÈο Âη-ÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·, Ë ¿ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜·Ú¯¤˜ ¤Î·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÂÚÈÛÛfi-ÙÂÚÔ ÈÂÛÙÈ΋. ∏ ·ÚÔÈÌÈ҉˘ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì,fiˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó ÙÔ 1980 Î·È ÛÙÔ ∫Ô˘‚¤ÈÙÙÔ 1990, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÚfiÙÂÚË, ÚˆÙÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓfiÏˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓfi ÛÙÚ·Ùfi ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ πÚ·ÓÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 63

43. William Kristol, Robert Kagan, «National Interest and GlobalResponsibility» in Irwin Stelzer, ed., The NeoCon Reader, New York, NY,Grove Press, 2004.

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∫Ô‡Ú‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ «·ÏÏ·Á‹ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜»[regime change] ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË Î·È ·Ó·Áη›· ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛËÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÂÍÔÌ¿Ï˘ÓÛË ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ ¤ÎÚ˘ıÌ˘ ª¤Û˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜, ÂÍ·Ï›ÊÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ÌfiÓÈÌË ËÁ‹ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ Î·È ·ÛÙ¿-ıÂÈ·˜. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, ÁÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ô ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ˘‹ÚÍ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜‰˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Û‡ÌÌ·¯Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÊıÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡Ù˘ ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋˜ ·ӿÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ¯ËÌÈο fiÏ·,Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1980, ÙÔ˘ Ù· ›¯·Ó ÚÔ-ÌËı‡ÛÂÈ ÔÈ °¿ÏÏÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›, ·ÁÓÔ‹ıËΠÂÈÌÂÏÒ˜.

ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 2001, Ë ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û· ·fi„Ë ÛÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ ‹Ù·ÓfiÙÈ Ë ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ Ì¤Û· ·fiÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-Á›· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘ ·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ‡·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 2001, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Ó¤· «ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈ΋» Î·È «ÊÈÏÔ-ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓ‹» ¿Ô„Ë, Ë ÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂϛ͈ӷÓÙÈÛÙÚ¿ÊËÎÂ: Ë Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÏËÍËÙ˘ «ÔÌ·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘» Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È fi¯È Ë ·ÊÂÙËÚ›·Ù˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ,Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· fiÛÔ ÔÈ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓÈÔÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÊÂ-ÚÂȷο ÛÙËÚ›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ı· ·Ô‰Â¯ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfiÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-ÁËı› ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓÈÔ˘˜ ›Ûˆ ÛÙË «ÁÂÓÓ·Èfi‰ˆÚË» ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂¯Ô‡ÓÙª¿Ú·Î ÙÔ 2000 ÛÙÔ ∫·Ì ¡Ù¤È‚ÈÓÙ Î·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2001ÛÙËÓ ∆¿Ì·.

¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ·ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜, ÁÈ· ¢Û‚‹ fiıÔ Ô˘ ıˆÚ› ·‰È¿Ï-Ï·ÎÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓÈÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ˘˜ πÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÔ‡˜. ∏ ·ÓÙ›-ÏË„Ë ·˘Ù‹ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ Ó· ·ÁÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Û˘ÛÙË-Ì·ÙÈο ÙÔ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·Îfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, fiˆ˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Ë ÈÛÚ·Ë-ÏÈÓ‹ ¢ÂÍÈ¿, Î·È ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓÂÍ¿ÚıÚˆÛË Èı·ÓÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘πÛÚ·‹Ï. Èڛ˜ ÔÏÏ‹ ÂÚ›ÛÎÂ„Ë ·Ó¤ÙÚ„ ‡ıÚ·˘ÛÙ˜ ÙÔÈ-

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Τ˜ ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜, ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯ÒÓÙ·˜·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, Ë πÔÚ‰·Ó›· ηÈË ™·Ô˘‰È΋ ∞Ú·‚›·.

Ÿˆ˜ ı· ·Ó·Ï˘ı› ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ·Ó·‰Â›-¯ıËΠ۠ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ‰›Ô ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÊÈÏfi‰Ô͢, ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙÚÂȘ,ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÂÓÒ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÌÂÁ¿-Ï˘ ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË Ù˘™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘, ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fiÏ˘Ù· ·fi ÙȘ ∏¶∞.∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û ¿ÏϘ ÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ∂˘ÚÒËÎ·È Ë ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∞Û›·, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì·˘Ù‹ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ, ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÁÈ·Ù› Ë 11Ë

™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÈÛÏ·ÌÔÊÔ‚›· Î·È ÙËÓÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ˆ˜ ÂÛÙ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜·‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ËÏËÙËÚÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÛÌÔ‡.∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Ô fiÙÈ ÙÔ ‰fiÁÌ· ÂÚ›ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ÚÔÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ¯Ù˘ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÏË Ë ·Ó·-ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÚËÙÔÚ›· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ Î·È ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔϋηÈ, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÛÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ŒÙÛÈ,ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙË™˘Ú›· Î·È ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, ÙËÓ πÔÚ‰·Ó›·, ÙÔª·ÚfiÎÔ, ÙË ™·Ô˘‰È΋ ∞Ú·‚›· Î·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÙËÓ ∫›Ó· ‹ Ù˵fiÚÂÈ· ∫ÔÚ¤·.

ŸÙ·Ó ‰È·„‡ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ› ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ› ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ›,Ô˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú¤ıË-Î·Ó Ô‡Ù fiÏ· Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Ô‡Ù ·Ô‰Â›ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-ÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì Ì ÙËÓ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ·, Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓË-ÛË ªÔ˘˜ Âȯ›ÚËÛÂ, ηٿ ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï‡ıËΠ·Óˆ-Ù¤Úˆ, Ó· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÚËÙÔÚÈÎfi Ì·Ó‰‡·ÂÚ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹-ıËΠˆ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î Î·È Ù˘ ¢ڇ-ÙÂÚ˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘.

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∞Ó Î·È Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·˘Ù·fi‰ÂÈÎÙ· ÚÔÛ¯ËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜Î·È ÛÙfi¯Ô ›¯Â Ó· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘fiÏ˘ Âȯ›ÚËÛ˘, ·¤ÎÙËÛ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ˘fiÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ-΋ Î·È Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ-ÛÌÔ‡. ∫È ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ·Ù› Û˘ÁΛÓËÛ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘ ηÈÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ÂÏ›Ù. √ ªÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·ÛÂÓ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Âȉ›ˆÍË ·fi ÙËÓÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ °Ô‡ÓÙÚÔÔ˘ °Ô˘›ÏÛÔÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÔÏÈÙÈοÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹. ŸÛÔ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÙ·Ó, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Ôχ ÔªÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¤‚·ÏÏ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÙ‹ Ù˘ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜.

∫¿ÔÈÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ¤ÊÙ·Û·Ó ÛÙÔ ÛËÌ›ÔÓ· ·Ú·ÏÏËÏ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ-΋˜ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ π·ˆÓ›·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„·Ó ÙÔÓ·ÎÚ·›Ô ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi Î·È ÌÈÏÈÙ·ÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËÎ·Ó Û ¢ËÌÂ-ÚÔ‡Û˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜-ÚfiÙ˘· ˘fi ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÙ¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘. ∫·È ÌfiÓÔ Ë ·ÓÈ-ÛÙfiÚËÙË ·˘Ù‹ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ fiÛÔ ·ÚÔÂÙԛ̷ÛÙËÎ·È ÂÈfiÏ·ÈË ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î. ∏ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛËªÔ˘˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ ӷ ·ÁÓÔ› ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·,·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ Â‡ıÚ·˘ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, ηıÒ˜Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙËÓ·Ú¯‹, Ô‰ËÁ› Û˘¯Ó¿ Û ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ ÔÔ›-˜ ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ÙÔ˘ ¡ÙfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ ‰ÂÓ ‹ÍÂÚ·Ó Ò˜ Ó·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó.

66 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ V

√È ÌË ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î: °È·Ù› fi¯È;

Ÿ Ϙ ÔÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Èٛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·›ÍÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ ÚfiÏÔ, ·ÏÏ¿·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi «ÁÈ·Ù›» Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-

ηÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Î·È Î·ÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ŸÏ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÍËÁ‹-ÛÂȘ, ›Ù ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÁˆÈÛÌfi ›Ù ÛÙÔÓ ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÌfi Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Â›Ó·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·ÏËıÈÓ¤˜.

¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ·ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË Î·È ÊıËÓ‹ ÚÔ‹ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ˆ˜ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·. ∆· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈο ηÈÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·-ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. √ ªÔ˘˜, Û ۯ¤ÛË ÌÂÙÔÓ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ù¤Ú· ÙÔ˘, ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÈÔÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË ‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ¶ÂÚÛÈÎfi∫fiÏÔ Â›¯Â, Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÂÍ·ÓÙÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ fiÔÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· ¤‚Ï·Ù ·Ú¿ ˆÊÂÏÔ‡Û ÙËÓ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜. ∏ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÂÚÈfiÚÈÛÂÙËÓ ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÂηıÂÛÙÒÙ· Ì ·Ó·ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ·Úfi-‚ÏÂÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÙ¿ÙÔÚ˜.

∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ˘‹ÚÍ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ «Ê¿ÚÔ˜ ÂÏ¢-ıÂÚ›·˜», fiÙ·Ó Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ·ÂÈÏ‹ıËΠӷ ηٷÏËÊı› ·fi ·ÓÂ-χıÂÚ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ηıÂÛÙÒÙ·. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ÓÎ·Ù¤Ê˘Á·Ó ÔÈ ‰ÈˆÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÙÛ·ÚÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ∂‚Ú·›ÔÈ

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ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔÈ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÔ› ·ÓÙÈ-Ó·˙ÈÛÙ¤˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ªÂÛÔfi-ÏÂÌÔ. ÿÛˆ˜, ‹ÚıÂ Ë ÒÚ· ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ï›ÁË ·fi ÙË ‰‡Ó·Ì‹ Ù˘ ÁÈ· Ó··ÔÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂıÓÔηı¿ÚÛÂȘ, ÙȘ Ì·˙ÈΤ˜ ‰ÔÏÔÊÔӛ˜ Î·È ÙȘÁÂÓÔÎÙÔӛ˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ÂÎÙÒÛÂȘ, ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔڛ˜ οı ›‰Ô˘˜,·ÚΛ ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÌË ‚Ï¿ÙÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, οÙÈ Ô˘‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ¯ÒÚ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ∫›Ó· Î·È Ë ƒˆÛ›·.

ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Â›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. ŸÌˆ˜, ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·Ó Û˘Ó˘-ÔÏÔÁÈÛıÔ‡Ó fiÏ· Ì·˙›, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔηχÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¤̂·Û˘. ∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ˆ˜ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ÂȉÈο ÛÙËÓÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÛÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÏÔ˘, ·ÛΛ ÌÈ· ·Î·Ù·Ì¿¯ËÙË ¤ÏÍË,ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ-·˚΋. ∆Ô «ÂÙڤϷÈÔ» ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ıËΠÛÙÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Û˘ÏÏÔ-ÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ·ÓÔ‡ ¶Úˆı˘-Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ ªÔ¯¿ÌÂÓÙ ªÔÛ·Ó٤ΠÙÔ 1953 ·fi ÙȘ ‚ÚÂÙ·ÓÈΤ˜ ηÈÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ Ì˘ÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔÙÚ·-› Ë ÂıÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·˚΋˜ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜.44

∆Ô 1980, ÌÂÛÔ‡Û˘ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘, Ô∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ∆˙›ÌÈ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘Í fiÙÈ «ÔÔÈ·‰‹-ÔÙ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·fi Ì›· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙËÓÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÛÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÏÔ˘ ı· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ›ıÂÛË ÂÓ¿-ÓÙÈ· ÛÙ· ˙ˆÙÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Î·È ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛ̠ٛfiÏ· Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ̤ÙÚ·, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓ».45 ¶ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, ÙÔ 1990, fiÙ·Ó Ô ™·ÓÙ¿ÌÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ Î·Ù¤Ï·‚ ÙÔ ∫Ô˘‚¤ÈÙ Î·È ·Â›ÏËÛ ÙË ™·Ô˘‰È΋

68 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

44. John Prados, Safe for Democracy, The Secret Wars of the CIA, Chigaco, IL,Ivan R. Dee, 2006, ÛÂÏ. 99-107.

45. «State of the Union Address 1980», www.jimmycarterlibrary.org, Jan. 23,1980.

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∞Ú·‚›·, Ô ÙfiÙ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜, Î·È Ó˘Ó∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜, ¡ÙÈÎ ∆Û¤Ó˘, ÂÓÒÈÔÓ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜, ÂÍËÁÔ‡Û fiÙÈ «Â›Ì·ÛÙ ÛÙË™·Ô˘‰È΋ ∞Ú·‚›· ÁÈ·Ù› ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÂϤÁ¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘».

ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ›ӷÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Î·È Î·Ó›˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó··ÚÓËı› fiÙÈ Ë ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ·Í›· Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈÚÒÙ· Î·È ¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ· Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·,ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ·ÓÙÏ› Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ 50% Ù˘ ·ÁÎfi-ÛÌÈ·˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘, η٤¯ÂÈ, fï˜, ÙÔ 80% ÙˆÓ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Í›· ÛÙÔ Ì¤Ï-ÏÔÓ ı· ·˘ÍËı› ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ηıÒ˜ ÒÚÈÌ· ÎÔÈÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù·ÛÙË µfiÚÂÈ· £¿Ï·ÛÛ·, ÙË §·ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋∞ÊÚÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ŸÌˆ˜, Ô ™·ÓÙ¿Ì Î·È ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘Ï›ÁÔ ÂËÚ¤·˙·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ÙÔ˘ 21Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∏ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î¿ı ¤ÍˆıÂÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ, ·Ó ηÈÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Î·È „˘¯Ú·ÈÌ›·Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· οı ÊÔÚ¿ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ.

ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÙÔ 2003 ›¯Â Ï›ÁËÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛı›fiÙÈ ¤ÊÂÚ ٷ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÙÈÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂ-Ï·›Ô˘ ·˘Í‹ıËÎÂ Î·È Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ÌÂÈÒıËÎÂ. ª¤ÛˆÙ˘ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜, Ô ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜, Ô ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˜ Î·È Ôπ¿ˆÓ·˜ ηٷӷψً˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ·ÓÂχıÂÚ· ηıÂÛÙÒÙ·-·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ∆Û¿‚˜ ÛÙË µÂÓÂ˙Ô˘¤Ï·, ÙˆÓÌÔ˘Ï¿‰ˆÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó Î·È, ÁÈ·Ù› fi¯È, ÙÔ˘ ¶Ô‡ÙÈÓ ÛÙË ƒˆÛ›·.∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ì›· Ù˘¯fiÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ Ì ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó ı· ÚÔ-ηϤÛÂÈ Ó¤· ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜.

∆Ô πÚ¿Î ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÙËÓ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜. ÃÔÓ‰ÚÈο Ù· Û˘ÓÔÏÈο

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¤ÛÔ‰· ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÍÂÂÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ· 30 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÂÙËÛ›ˆ˜, ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ηÙÔ¯‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Ù·Ì›ÔÎ˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 100 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·.46 ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ fiÏÂÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ 1991, fiÙ·Ó Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ∫Ô˘‚¤ÈÙ, ÙËÓπ·ˆÓ›· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜, ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂ-ÚÈÓÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‚·Ú·›ÓÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Ù·Ì›Ô. ◊‰Ë ı‡Ì· Ù˘ ·ÈÌÔÚÚ·Á›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈÔ,Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ηÙÚ·Î˘Ï¿ÂÈ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜, fiˆ˜ ›¯Â Á›ÓÂÈ Î·È·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ªÈ··Ï‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜-ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏ· fiÛÔ·ÓÙÈ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë fiÏË Âȯ›ÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∏¶∞. ÕÚ·, ˤ̂·ÛË Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ¤‚Ï·„ ·Ú¿ ˆÊ¤ÏËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, fiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ë ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, ·˘Ù‹‰ÂÓ ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ÙÔ 3% Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜. ∏ ÙÈÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙË Ú·Á‰·›· ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ∫›Ó· Î·È ÙËÓ πÓ‰›· ·Ú¿ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ 20 ‹ 30% ·‡ÍËÛË ‹ Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘. ∆Ô ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, fÔÙÂÏ› ÂχıÂÚÔ ·Á·ıfi ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÂÌÔÚ‡ÛÈÌÔ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ¤·˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ∏¶∞ Â›Ó·È Ô¯ıÚfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë µÂÓÂ˙Ô˘¤Ï· ÙÔ˘ Ï·˚ÎÈÛÙ‹, ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙ‹, ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈ-ÛÙ‹ √‡ÁÎÔ ∆Û¿‚˜.

∏ ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÂÈ fiÏÂÌÔ Ô˘, ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛËÙÔ˘, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· Î·È ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ÚÔ‹ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘. ∂ΛÓÔ Ô˘ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÂÈ Â›Ó·È Î˘ÚÒ-ÛÂȘ, ÂÌ¿ÚÁÎÔ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ,

70 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

46. Jamie Wilson, «Iraq war could cost US over $2 trillion, says Nobel prize-winning economist», The Guardian, Jan. 7th, 2006.

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ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Ó, ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÈÚ·-ÓÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ ·¤Ù˘¯Â, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÙËÎÂ, fi¯È ·fi ÙËÓ∆¯ÂÚ¿ÓË, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ··ÁfiÚ¢ÛÂÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ πÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Ó, ·Ú¿ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÏfiÌ˘ (‚Ï¤Â Î·È ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔXV).

ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ¤·ÈÍ ¤Ó·Ó, ΢ڛˆ˜, ÚfiÏÔ. ∂¤ÙÚ„ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ-ÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·˘ÙÔ-¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙËıÔ‡Ó Î·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Ù·Ì›Ô, ηٿ ÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ÚÒÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÏÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ÙÔ 1991, ı·Â›Ó·È Ìˉ·ÌÈÓfi ‹ ıÂÙÈÎfi. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ô ÙfiÙ ÀÊ˘Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜°Ô‡ÏÊÔ‚ÈÙ˜, Î·È Î·ÙÔÈÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜∆Ú¿Â˙·˜, ‰‹ÏˆÛ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÛÙȘ 27 ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2007 fiÙÈÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ı· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÙÔ˘πÚ¿Î.47

∆Ô ÂÙڤϷÈÔ, Ì ϛÁ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛËÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛÂ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓηıfiÚÈÛÂ, ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ «ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤ-ÌÔ˘». ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¿ËΠ·fiÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ·Í›· Û ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ·, ·Ó¿-ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÏÏ·, ÁÈ· ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» Î·È ÙËÓÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›· Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ۯ‰›·ÛÂ Î·È ÛıÂÓ·Ú¿ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍÂ. ŒÙÛÈ,ÙÔ «ÂÙڤϷÈÔ» ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓ Î·È ÂÈ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎfi, ·Ú¿Ë ·ÚÈ· ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ fiÏ˘ Âȯ›ÚËÛ˘.

∆ÔÓ π·ÓÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2006, Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ‰‹ÏˆÛ fiÙÈ «Ô·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi˜ Ï·fi˜... ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¤ÓÙÈ̈Ó

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 71

47. Hearing on FY 2004 Defense Request, House Budget Committe transcript,Feb. 27th, 2003.

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ÂÈÎÚÈÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤ-ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÚÔηÙÂÈÏËÌÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÈÎÚÈÙÒÓ Ô˘ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰Ú¿Û·Ì ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ‹ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï ‹ ÂÂȉ‹ ·Ú·Ï·Ó‹Û·Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ-Îfi Ï·fi».48 ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ›¯Â, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, ‰›ÎÈÔ.∆· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ı· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Û ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ.

¶ÔÏÏ¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÁÚ·ÊÙ› Î·È ÂȈı› ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi-‚ÈÔ-Ì˯·ÓÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ, ȉ›ˆ˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Ó·ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ̤۷ ·fi Û˘ÓˆÌÔۛ˜ ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿·ÓÙÔ‰‡Ó·ÌˆÓ ΤÓÙÚˆÓ. ¶ÚÒÙÔ˜ Ô ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜¡ÙÔ˘¿ÈÙ ∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ, ÛÙËÓ ·Ô¯·ÈÚÂÙÈÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÔÌÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ·fiÙÔÓ §Â˘Îfi √›ÎÔ ÙÔ 1961, ÚÔÂȉÔÔ›ËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÔϛ٘ ÙÔ˘ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÏÏÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·Ù›· ·fi ÙË ‰È·Ú΋ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÔ-‚ÈÔÌ˯·-ÓÈÎÔ‡ ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ˘.49 °È· ÙÔÓ ∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ, ÙÔ Î·ÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ڈÙfiÁÓˆÚË ·ÏÏÔ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‹ıÔ˘˜ Ù˘. ∞fi Ù· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ηÈ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔÓ æ˘¯Úfi ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, ÔÈ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÔϘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÛÂηÈÚfi ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘, ‹Ù·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ¤˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û ۯ¤ÛË ÌÂÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜. √ æ˘¯Úfi˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ Î·È Ë ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ¿ÏËÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌfi ¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ¤Ú· ·fiοı ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ô˘ ˆÊÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙˉÈfiÁΈÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ¯ıÚÒÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó··ÔÌ˘˙¿ ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Ù·Ì›Ô. √ ∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ, fiÓÙ·˜ Ô ›‰ÈԘϷÌÚfi˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ‹Úˆ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ı¤ÏËÛ ӷ ÚÔÛٷ٤„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›· ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈÎfi ÂÓ·ÁηÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÏfiÌ˘ Ô˘ ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒ-

72 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

48. The State of the Union Address, Jan. 31st, 2006, www.whitehouse.gov/statoftheunion/2006.

49. Dwight D. Eisenhower, «Military-Industrial Complex Speech, 1961», PublicPapers of the Presidents, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960, p. 1035-1040,www.coursesa.matrix.msn.edu.

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ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ·Û›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ú¿ÏÔÁË Î·È ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ë ÎÔ‡ÚÛ·ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË Ó¤· ˘ÚËÓÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹.

ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÔ-‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ηÙÂÛÙË-̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˘ÂÚÙÈÌ¿Ù·È. √ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi˜ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ¸Ô-ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ù· 450 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·,ÔÛfi ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ Û ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜, ÌÈÎÚfi, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ∞∂¶. °È· ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, Ô·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 3% ÙÔ˘Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È Ôχ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ··Ó·ÏÔÁÈο Ì ÙȘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.50 ∞fi ÙÔ ÔÛfi ·˘Ùfi, ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÌÈÛfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Û˘Ì‚fiÏ·È· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·.51 ∆Ô ÂȉÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ÔÏÂÌÈ΋˜ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-Ì›·˜, ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ ÎÔÏÔÛÛÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ë ªfiÈÓÁÎ (Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÂÚÔÛηÊÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÏÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·),Ë §fiίÈÓÙ Î·È Ë ƒ¤ÈıÔÓ, Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ Ê·ÚÌ·-ÎÔ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜, ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ·ÎfiÌ·›Ûˆ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Î·È ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ Ó·ÚΈÙÈÎÒÓ. ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi-‚ÈÔÌË-¯·ÓÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ, fiˆ˜ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔÈ ÎÏ¿‰ÔÈÙ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô‡ÙÂ Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ·Û›· Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔÌÂÁ¿ÏË fiÛÔ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ô‡Ù ·˘Ùfi ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜˘ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Ï‹ıÔ˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ÚfiÛˆ·, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó·

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50. ŸÙ·Ó Î˘Ì·ÈÓfiÙ·Ó ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ 5%.51. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ÚÔÌ‹ıÂȘ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙÔ 2007 Â›Ó·È Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 85 ‰È˜

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Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· fi¯È ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍÂϤ-ÁË Ì ۇÓıËÌ· ÙÔÓ «Û˘ÌÔÓÂÙÈÎfi Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌfi», ˆ˜ οÔÈÔ˜Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·È‰Â›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘,·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ¤Ï·‚ ÔÏÏ¿ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈο ̤ÙÚ· ÂÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, fiˆ˜ Ô ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜,Î·È ‚¤‚·È· ¿ÓÔÈÍ ÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÂÌ‚·ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ªÔ˘˜, Ì ÙȘ ¡∞∆√˚Τ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÒËÓ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔ-ÛÏ·‚›·. ∆Ô ‰fiÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÏËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔϤÌÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚËÙ¿‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÛÛÂÈ Ë ∂ıÓÈ΋ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ 2002, ÌÔ-Ú› Ó· Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÚËÍÈΤÏ¢ıÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘Î·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛÂ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ÎÈ ·˜ ÌËÓ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÏÔ-ÁÔ‡Û ˆ˜ ›ÛËÌË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Â›¯·Ó ·˘ÍËı› ÔÈ ÊˆÓ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-Îfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÔÏ›Ù¢Û˘, Ô˘ ˙ËÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛËÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ πڿΠ› ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ.ŸÛÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Î·È Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÔÏÏÔ›ÚÈÓ ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›-ÙÂÚË Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ‹ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.

ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ, ·Ó ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ô ∞Ï°ÎÔÚ, Ë ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ Â·‡ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯Ù˘ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘, ı· ‹Ù·Ó ··Ú·›ÙËÙ·ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜,ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚËÙÔÚÈΤ˜, ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔ-Û¯ı› fiÙÈ Ô ˘’ ·ÚÈıÌfiÓ ¤Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ªÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È Ê·Ó·ÙÈÎfi˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ˘¤ÚÌ·¯Ô˜ Ù˘«‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ¿Ù˜» Â›Ó·È Ô Ì¤¯ÚÈ ¯ı˜¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Ó˘Ó ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ∫ÔÓ¤ÎÙÈηÙ, ∆˙fiÛÂÊ §›ÌÂÚÌ·Ó. √ §›ÌÂÚÌ·Ó Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Î·ÈÛ‹ÌÂÚ· Ó· ˘Âڷ̇ÓÂÙ·È Ì ¿ıÔ˜, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi οı¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹, ÙËÓ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÈ·Ù› Ô §›ÌÂÚÌ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó Ô ˘Ô-

74 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ï °ÎÔÚ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ,ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ªÔ˘˜/∆Û¤Ó˘, ÙÔ 2000. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„Ë-Ê›· ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙË °ÂÚÔ˘Û›· ˘ÂÚ„‹ÊÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·fi-Ê·ÛË Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∞Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ „‹ÊÈ-Û·Ó ˘¤Ú Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÚÈο ÚˆÙÔÎÏ·Û¿Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯ËÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ô ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ∆˙ˆÓ ∫¤Ú˘ ·fi Ù˪·ÛÛ·¯Ô˘Û¤ÙË Î·È ÚÔ‰ÚÈÎfi˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ÙÔ 2004 Î·È ËÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ÛϷÚÈ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ·fi ÙË ¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË, Ê·‚ÔÚ› ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ÚÈ΋ ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ÙÔ˘ 2008. ÕÚ·, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÙfiÛÔ ı¤Ì· ÚÔÛÒˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÔÏÏÔ›, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfiÙ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó Â›Ù ·fi ¿ÁÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ Â›Ù Ì ÙËÓ ÂÏ›‰· fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏË Î·ÈÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜.

ŸÌˆ˜, ·Ó Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÛÈ, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ, ÙÔÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi-‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Î·È Ô «Î·Îfi˜» ªÔ˘˜,ÙfiÙ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ó· ÂÈÛ‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î Î·È ÙÈ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, ÙfiÛÔÙ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô·˘Ù‹ ΢Úȷگ›; H ·¿ÓÙËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı›ÛÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Âȯ›ÚËÛË ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÂÓ‰Ô¯ÒÚ·Î·È ÛÙȘ Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌÂÈÒıË-Î·Ó ÂΛ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ·Ó ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÂ-·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË, fiˆ˜ ı· ·Ó·Ï˘ı› ÛÙÔ fiÁ‰ÔÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ. ¶ÚÒÙ·,fï˜, Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Ì›· ÂÎÙÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Î·È ·Ó¿-Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÒÓ:ÙˆÓ «ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ» Ô˘ ۯ‰›·Û·Ó Î·È ›ÂÛ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ «ÁÂÚ·ÎÈÒÓ» Ô˘ ÙËÓ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó Î·È ÙË ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó.

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∆ ËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ πڿΠۯ‰›·Û·Ó Î·È ÛıÂÓ·-Ú¿ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›. ∆Ô Èı·ÓfiÙÂÚÔ

Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ù· ›¯·Ó ηٷʤÚÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘.∆· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔÎϛ̷ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÚÈ„ÔΛÓ-‰˘Ó˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ ›ıÂÛ˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó Û¯ÚÂÔÎÔ›· ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ·ÓÙÈ-‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ªÔ˘˜.¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ÂÍÂϤÁË ÙÔ 2000 ˘ÔÛ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÌÈ· ÌÂÙÚË-̤ÓË Î·È Ù·ÂÈÓfiÊÚÔÓ· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi Ù·ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ·-ȉ·ÏÈÛÙÈο ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ.™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ÂÁηٷÏ›„ÂÈ ÙÔÓÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ¯ˆÚÔʇϷη, ÙÔ˘ ÛˆÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙ˘-¯ËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηÈ-ˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiÔ˘ Á˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆı› ÛÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi Î·È Ì›˙ÔÓ:ÙÔ ÛÙÂÓfi ÂıÓÈÎfi Ù˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Èı·ÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡-ÌÂÓÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓË Î·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ-ÓË ∫›Ó·.

∏ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙË̤ÓË ·˘Ù‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˘‹Úͤӷ ·fi Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘. ∏ ÂÁηٿÏÂÈ„‹ Ù˘‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ¤Ó· ÎÂÓfi ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ËÁÂ-Û›·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Î·È ¤Í˘Ó· Î¿Ï˘„·Ó ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎfifiÚ·Ì· Î·È Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ™ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ·˘Ùfi, Ô˘ ı¤ÏÂÈÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ÈÛ¯‡ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ӷηıÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ‡ÎÔÏ· ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó

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Î·È ÔÈ ÛÎÏËÚÔ› ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜, Ô ∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ ¡ÙÈÎ ∆Û¤Ó˘ Î·È ÔÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ ¡ÙfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ. √ ∆Û¤Ó˘ Î·È Ôƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÏÈfi Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ηÈ, Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ÈÚfi,ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÈÔ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚÈÎfi (unilateral) ηÙÂ-ÛÙË̤ÓÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ıˆÚ› ÙÔÓ √∏∂ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÔÏ˘Ù¤ÏÂÈ·, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛËÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ-ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚¤Ú-ÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÌÈ· ·Ó›-Û¯˘ÚË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›·. ∞Ú¯Èο, Ë Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛÂÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı›˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ˘fi ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ∫fiÏÈÓ ¶¿Ô˘ÂÏ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙËCIA Î·È ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ıˆ-Ú‹ıËÎ·Ó ¿ÓÙÚÔ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÈÛÙÒÓ-‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙÒÓ.

™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ-ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÒÓ Î·ÈÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ÈÔ ·Ú¿ÙÔÏÌË·fiÊ·ÛË Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ „ËÊ›ÛÌ·-ÙÔ˜ ∆fiÎÈÓ ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ ÙÔ 1965. ∆fiÙÂ, Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ·ÂÚ›ÛÎÂÙ· ˙‹ÙËÛÂ Î·È ¤Ù˘¯Â ÙËÓ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌÏÔ΋˜ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Û ÌÈÛfi ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒ-Ù˜. ¶ÚfiÛ¯ËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ „‹ÊÈÛÌ· ˘‹ÚÍ ̛· ‚ÔÚÂÈÔ‚ÈÂÙӷ̤˙ÈÎËÓ·˘ÙÈ΋ ›ıÂÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ∆fiÎÈÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ··Ô‰Â›¯ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÙ¤ ‰ÂÓ ¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ·52, ηْ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·Ó ÌÂÙ· ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ· fiÏ· Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì, Ù·ÔÔ›· ÎÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘‰¤ÔÙ ‚Ú¤ıËηÓ.

¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ٷ ÂÈıÂÙÈο·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘, Ë ÔÔ›·Â‡ÎÔÏ· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤̂·Û˘ Û ÙÚ›Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Â›Ùˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÔÈÓ· ›Ù ÚÔÏËÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ó¤ˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈı¤ÛˆÓ. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÎfiÈÌ· ÂÓ›-Û¯˘Û ÙË Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì Î·È 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘.

78 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

52. Robert McNamara, In Retrospect, Random House Publishing, 1997.

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Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÁÚ·ÊÙ› ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Î·ıfiÚÈÛ·Ó ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÙÔ ‡ÊÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÙÂÙÚ·ÂÙ›·˜ ªÔ˘˜. °È· ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÎfiÛÌÔ, ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË‚›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ ¯ıÚÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÔÏË-ÙÈÎfi fiÏÂÌÔ. √È ··Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜·ÓȯÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ-∂‚Ú·›ˆÓ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÒÓ¤ÚÈÍ ÙÔ˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ City College of New York, fiˆ˜ ÔÈIrving Kristol, Daniel Bell, Irving Howe, Nathan Glazer ηÈDaniel Patrick Moynihan ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘. ∞Ú¯Èο, ÔÈ ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÙÔÔıÂ-ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ÛÙ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ú·˘Ì·-ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙË Ó·˙ÈÛÙÈ΋ ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›·, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô, ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿-ÙˆÓ Î·È, fiÓÙ·˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔÈ Û οı ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈÛÌfi, ÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ·ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡.53

™Ù· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó, ÛÙÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈοÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿, ·ÔÁÔËÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙȘ ηٷ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ-¯ÂÈÚÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘, ÛÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È ÙÔ˘ 1970, ÊÈÏÂχıÂ-ÚÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ŒÙÛÈ, ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚Ë-ÙÔ‡Ó Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÙȘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÂȘ ηÈ, Û˘ÓÔÏÈ-ο, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ [social engineering]. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ë ÚÈÌÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰ËÌfiÛȘ ÚÔÛÏ‹-„ÂȘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô ÛÙ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Ë ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ï¢ÎÒÓÎ·È Ì·‡ÚˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘-Ṳ̂Ó˜ Û˘ÓÔÈ˘ ÙÚ·˘Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤-ÛÂȘ, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÚfiÓÔÈ· ÂȉÔÙ› Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÎÙfi˜

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 79

53. ª›· Ôχ ηϋ Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ·ÓıÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÁÚ·-ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Irwin Stelzer, ed., TheNeocon Reader, New York, NY, Grove Press, 2004.

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Á¿ÌÔ˘ ÁÂÓÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Âı›˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. °È·ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-Ù·˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜·Èٛ˜» Ù˘, fiˆ˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ë ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, ·ÏÏ¿, ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó··Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜. ∏ ‰È·Ú΋˜Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡»·ÂÈÏ› ÙÔÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-Ó›·˜ Î·È ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó· ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·ÈÙ¤ÏÔ˜, η›ÙÔÈ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÎÔÛÌÔÔϛ٘ Î·È ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ› ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ,ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô ·ÙÚȈÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ Î·È ÚfiÔ‰Ô.

™ÙËÓ ÔÚ›·, Ë ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë ÌÔÏÈ¿-ÛÙËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÔ-∂‚Ú·›Ô˘ ηıËÁË-Ù‹ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ™ÈοÁÔ˘, Leo Strauss, Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô Strauss ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ ˆ˜ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÙÔ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ·›ÛıËÌ· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ Î¿ÌÊıËηfi ÙË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û˘Ó˘‹ÚÍÂ, ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›-¯ıËÎÂ Î·È ¿ÓıÈÛ ̷˙› Ù˘.54 √È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Óˆ-ÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ̇ıÔ Ô˘Ó· ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÈÓ› Î·È Ó·ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ› ÔÏÈÙÈο. √ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÁÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿ ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·Í›Â˜ Î·È È‰·-ÓÈο. √ «·ÓÙÈ-ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌfi˜» ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë

80 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

54. ŒÙÛÈ, ηْ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·ÚÓËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘.

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·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿-ÏÔ˘ «Î·ÏÔ‡» Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ «Î·ÎÔ‡» ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿. ∏ ÙÒÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ‡˜ ÛÙ¤-ÚËÛ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ Â›¯·Ó ·Ó¿ÁÎË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙËÛ˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì.

™ÙÔ ÌÂٷ͇, ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ηٷϋÊıËΠ·fi ÙÔ Î‡Ì· Ù˘ÌÂÙ·-ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·Ô-‰ÔÌÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÌÊÈ-Û‚‹ÙËÛ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜. °È·ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·-ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘˜, fiÏ· Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Î·È ˙‹ÙËÌ· Û˘ÌÊÚ·-˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ. √ Strauss Î·È ÔÈ Ô·‰Ô› ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂÁ¤ÚıËÛ·Ó ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ·ÛÙÔÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·-ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈ΋ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¤‚·ÏÂ Î·È ··›ÙËÛ·Ó ÍÂοı·-ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÍÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘.

∏ ‡ÎÔÏË Î·È ·fiÙÔÌË ÙÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ıˆڋıËÎÂfiÙÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂ-Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ∂™™¢. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰Èη›ˆÛ ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛ ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÛÎËÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙËӤ͈ıÂÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·-ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›·˜. √È ·ÏÈÔ› ·ÓÙÈ-ÛÙ·ÏÈÓÈÎÔ› ¤-ÛÙÚÂÊ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ §¤ÓÈÓ Î·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ› ÒıËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔ-Ú›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ô‰Ë: Ë ‰˘ÙÈ΋, ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ›ӷÈÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· «ÛÚÒÍÂÈ» ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·ÚÔ˜ Ù· ’Λ ÁÈ· Ó· ʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ÎÔÓÙ¿.

∏ ÓÂfiÙÂÚË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ CharlesKrauthammer, William Kristol Î·È Robert Kagan, ÂÎÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1990 ·fi ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë Î‡ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ ηÏÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÙÚ›ÙÔÈ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ÙË ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ¤ÙÛÈ. ∫·È

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ÙÚ›ÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÌÔÚ› Î·È Ú¤-ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÒÛÙÂÓ· ÙÔÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ Û˘Ì‚·Ùfi Ì ٷ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ηȷ͛˜, ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌԢ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù· ‰‡Ô Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, fi,ÙÈ Â›Ó·ÈηÏfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Î·Ïfi Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·ÊÂÏ›˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ì·ÎÚ¿Ó ·¤¯Ô˘ÓÙ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·Ó ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ë ÚÒÙË, ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈÛ›ÁÔ˘Ú· Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË. √ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·ÏˆÛfiÚÈÛ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∆Ô ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ÍÂۋΈÛ ı‡ÂÏÏ· ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¤Ó· Úˆ-ÙÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ·̷ ·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙ˪¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ¯ÒÚ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÎÔÓÙ¿ Ì ÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Î·È Ë ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›·.™‹ÌÂÚ·, Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô, Ë ∫›Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋.55 ∫·È ‚¤‚·È· Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Î·È ÚÔηÏ› ·Ï˘ÛȉˆÙ¤˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ,Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ıÔ‡Ó. Ÿˆ˜ ¤ÏÂÁÂ Î·È Ô∆ÛÒÚÙÛÈÏ, fiÙ·Ó ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜, ·‡ÂÈ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Úfi-‚Ï„˘ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ Ó· ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÌÂÙ·Û¯Ë-Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi» ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ó·ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÛÎËÓ‹ ÌÔÚ› ‡ÎÔÏ· Î·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Ó··Ó·ÌÔÚʈı›.

ŸÏ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÓÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÁÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfiÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Î·¯‡ÔÙÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ· ÎÂχÛÌ·Ù·ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ. ∆Ô 2000, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ÂÎϤ¯ıËΠÌÂ Û˘Ó-ı‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Î·È Ì ÌÈ·ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· Ì›· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙË̤ÓË Î·È ÌÂÙÚÈÔ-

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55. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press,www.people press.org.

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·ı‹ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙ· ¯Ó¿ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ù¤Ú· ÙÔ˘. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë 11Ë

™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ¤‰Ú·Û ˆ˜ ηٷχÙ˘. ™Â ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛ˘ Û ¤Ó· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÔªÔ˘˜ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ·ÁοÏÈ·Û ÙË ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ·Á‹. ªÂÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› Úfiı˘Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÛÊÂÚ·Óȉ¤Â˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È ¤Ó· ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙË-ÁÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›·˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ËÛÙÚ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÒÓ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔ-ÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È Ë ÎÏÈ̿Έۋ ÙÔ˘, ¤Ú·Ó οı ÏÔÁÈ΋˜, Û ¤Ó·Ó‰È·Ú΋ fiÏÂÌÔ. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «fiÏÂÌÔ˜» ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂ-ÚË ·Í›· Ù˘. ¶·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Â›Ó·È, ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· «ÙÔÌ˘·Ïfi Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿» ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ª¤Û˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜. ∂›Û˘, ˘ÔÓÓÔ› ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋˜Ó›Î˘ –Ú¿ÁÌ· ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ– ·ÊÔ‡ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰È·Ú΋ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ·fiÎÏËÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÂÚÈıˆÚ›Ô˘.∫˘Ú›ˆ˜, ÂÓÒ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛ ÔÏÈÙÈο ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi,ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ Û ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ «ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi ËÁ¤ÙË», ηÈÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ¤Ú ӷ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ù˘ Ì¿¯Ë˜, ¤ÛÙÂÈÏ fiÏ· Ù·Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ì‹Ó˘Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ ¤Íˆ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ‰ÈηÈÒÓÂÈfiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÓÂÔ-ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ VII

∆· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ· «ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·»

Ÿ ̈˜, ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ-ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ, ˘‹ÚÍÂ Î·È Ì›· ÙÚ›ÙË ÔÌ¿‰· Ô˘ ÂȉÔΛ-

Ì·Û Ì ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·-ÛË. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÔηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ· «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·» (liberal hawks). √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔπÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÛ¯ı› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·ÊÔ‡ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÌÔÓÔ-ÒÏËÛ·Ó ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›. ŸÌˆ˜, Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ÂÍ›-ÛÔ˘, ·Ó fi¯È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜. ¶ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·fi ÙËÓ·ÓÙ›ÂÚ· ÔÏÈÙÈο fi¯ıË, ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔ-Ô›ËÛ·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈο ÙÔ fiÏÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ·, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÔ-ϛ٢ÛË Û ·˘Ùfi ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ˘fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.

O fiÚÔ˜ «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÚÒÙËÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›·˜.56 ∞Ó Î·È ·‰fiÎÈÌÔ˜,ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ì ۯÂÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙË Û˘Û›ڈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜,΢ڛˆ˜ ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ù··ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ˘ÂÚÙÂÚÔ‡Ó ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÁÈ· Ù· «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·», Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÌË Â¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿-

56. °È· ÌÈ· ÂÌÂÚÈÛٷو̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ù˘ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÙˆÓ «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÒÓ ÁÂÚ·ÎÈÒÓ», ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ TonySmith, A Pact with the Devil, Washtington’s Bid for World Supremacy and theBetrayal of the American Promise, New York, NY, Routledge, 2007.

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ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·fiÏ˘ÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· οÌÙÂÙ·È fiÙ·ÓÙ· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì·˙Èο Î·È Û˘ÛÙË-Ì·ÙÈο. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë Í¤ÓË Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ‰Èη›ˆÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÒÓ Ù˘Á˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ηÈ, ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜, ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ·ÎfiÌ·Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ √∏∂. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ·ӷ-ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë, Ô˘ ÎÂ›Ù·È ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰Â‰ÂÁ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔ‡˜ ‰Èη›Ô˘, Ë ÔÔ›·, fï˜, ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜. ∏ÎÚ›ÛË ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ √∏∂ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ·‚¤ÙÔ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ∞ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ‰‡Ô ·ÓÂχıÂ-Ú· ηıÂÛÙÒÙ·, Ë ƒˆÛ›· Î·È Ë ∫›Ó·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó··Ú·‚È¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì·˙Èο Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ∆ÛÂ-ÙÛÂÓ›·, ÙÔ £È‚¤Ù Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡.

∏ ¿Ô„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÁÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ∆Ô‡ÙÛÈ ÛÙË ƒÔ˘¿ÓÙ· ÙÔ 1994 Î·È ÙË ÛÊ·Á‹ Ù˘ ™ÚÂÌÂÚÓ›ÙÛ·˜ÛÙË µÔÛÓ›· –ÛÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘– ÙÔ 1995. ∏ ÁÂÓÔÎÙÔ-Ó›· ÛÙË ƒÔ˘¿ÓÙ· ÙÔ 1994 Ô˘ ÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛ ÙË ˙ˆ‹ Û ¤Ó· ÂηÙÔÌ-̇ÚÈÔ Ôϛ٘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ™ÚÂÌÂÚÓ›ÙÛ·, Ô˘ ÂÁηٷÏ›ÊıËÎÂÛÙÔ Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ™¤Ú‚ˆÓ ·Ú·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ‚¿Ú˘Ó·Ó Ì ه„ÂȘ ÙËÓ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿. ∏ ¤̂·-ÛË ÛÙË µÔÛÓ›· ÙÔ 1995 ηÈ, Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÛÙÔ ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô ÙÔ1999 Â›Ó·È Ë ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ηٿÏËÍË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ù‡„ˆÓ.

∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ ™ÂÚ‚›·˜ ÙÔ 1999ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› Ì›· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË Î·Ì‹. ∆fiÙÂ, ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿, ËÂ˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∫ÂÓÙÚÔ-·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· Ì ÙËÌ·ÎÚ¿ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛÂ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚˆÙÔÛÙ¿ÙËÛ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓªÈÏfiÛ‚ÈÙ˜. ∆ËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô ‰È¤Ù·Í·Ó Î·È ‰ÈÂÍ‹Á·-Á·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÔ-·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¤˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ: ™Ú¤ÓÙÂÚ, ªÏ·ÈÚ,∑ÔÛ¤Ó, ¶ÚfiÓÙÈ Î·È, ‚¤‚·È·, ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ. µ·ÛÈÎfi˜ ˘¤ÚÌ·¯Ô˜ Ù˘fiÏ˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ô °ÂÚÌ·Ófi˜ ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ°ÈfiÛη º›ÛÂÚ, ·Ú¯ËÁfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¶Ú·Û›ÓˆÓ. √ ÚÒËÓ ÙÚÔÙÛÎÈÛÙ‹˜

86 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Î·È ·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙ‹˜ Ù¤ıËΠÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÔÚ›· ÂÓfi˜‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È «Ì˘Ò‰Ô˘˜» ·ӷηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο.

∏ Ó¤· ·˘Ù‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ÈÛÙ¿-˙ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ‚›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ Ì·˙È΋˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿-ʈÚ˘ ·Ú·‚›·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó·ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ Ë Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËίˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ∞ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘ √∏∂ ηÈÌ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜.™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË ÙÔ˘ √∏∂, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÁÚ¿„ÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË·˘ÙÔ¿Ì˘Ó·˜, ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ∞ÛÊ·Ï›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ Ì›· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÔÈ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô ¿ÓÔÈÍ·Ó ÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ·ÎfiÌ·ÎÈ ·Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ °ÂÚÌ·-ÓÒÓ, ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÁηٷÙÂı› Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â¤Ì‚·ÛËÛÙ· µ·ÏοÓÈ· Î·È ÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó, ·ÚÓ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙ¿ÛË ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹.

∏ ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1990, Ë ÚÒÙË ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ÛËÌ·‰Â‡ÙËΠ·fi ÙË ÁÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚È΋ ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›·. ∏·Ú¯Èο ·‰‡Ó·ÌË Î·È ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ‰Ú¿Ì· Ù˘ µÔÛÓ›·˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÏÂÈ„Ë Ù˘ ·Ú·‰Ô-Ûȷ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ η¯˘Ô„›·˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜. ∆· Û¯‹Ì·-Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈÓfiËÛ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛËÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú-¯›·˜ ÍÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË Î·È ‰ÈfiÏÔ˘ ·fiÏ˘ÙË. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÌÔÚ› ÂÓ›ÔÙ ӷ ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓÛ˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘,·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ∞ÛÊ·Ï›·˜,fiÙ·Ó ÌfiÓÔÓ ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ì›· «ÁÂÓÔÎÙÔÓ›·». ™Â·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ Ú·ÏÈ-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 87

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ÛÙ¤˜, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ «ÂȉÈÎÒÓ» ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓÛ¯¤ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ™Ù¿ÓÏ¢ ÃfiÊÌ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ã¿Ú‚·ÚÓÙ, Ô∆›ÌÔıÈ °Î¿ÚÙÔÓ ∞˜ ÛÙËÓ √ÍÊfiÚ‰Ë, Ô ∆fiÓÈ ∆˙Ô˘ÓÙ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂ-ÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ÀfiÚ΢ Î·È ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÏÏÔÈ, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÙËÓ¤̂·ÛË ÛÙÔ ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô.

™ÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ‰›ÛÙ·Û·Ó. ªÂÚÈÎÔ›, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ,¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰‡Ô ∞Ú¿‚ˆÓ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ÙÔ˘ §È‚·Ó¤˙Ô˘ Faoud Adjami, ηıËÁËÙ‹πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ JohnsHopkins Î·È ÙÔ˘ πÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ Kanan Makiya, ηıËÁËÙ‹ ªÂÛ·Ó·-ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Brandeis, ·ÌÊfiÙÂÚˆÓ™ÈÈÙÒÓ Î·È Ê·Ó·ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘¤ÚÌ·¯ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.57

ÕÏÏË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ª¿ÈÎÏ πÁÎÓ¿ÙÈÂÊ ÙÔ˘Ã¿Ú‚·ÚÓÙ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ∫Ú›ÛÙÔÊÂÚ Ã›ÙÛÂÓ˜. √πÁÎÓ¿ÙÈÂÊ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·‰Âȯı› Û ÁÎÔ˘ÚÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈηÈ-ˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ58, ‰È¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘. ŸÓÙ·˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ‰È·-ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜-·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙ‹˜, ÙÔÓ π·ÓÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2006 ÂÎϤ¯ıËΠ‚Ô˘-ÏÂ˘Ù‹˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÔ-·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÔ‡˜ ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÚ›-‰· ÙÔ˘, ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿, Î·È ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ËÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ‹ÙÙ· ÙˆÓ ºÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜. √ ÛÙÛÂÓ˜˘‹ÚÍ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ÙÚÔÙÛÎÈÛÙ‹˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÎÔÈÓfi ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÛıÂÓ·Ú‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ΋ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¯Ô‡ÓÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›· Î·È ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔÙÔ˘ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ ∫·Ú·Ì·ÓÏ‹.

∆fiÛÔ Ô πÁÎÓ¿ÙÈÂÊ fiÛÔ Î·È Ô Ã›ÙÛÂÓ˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ

88 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

57. Dexter Filkins, «Repercussions of the Iraq War: Former supporters hauntedby error», The International Herald Tribune, Oct. 6-7, 2007, p. 1.

58. Michael Ignatieff, Human Rights, As Politics and Idolatry, Princeton, NJ,Princeton University Press, 2001.

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«∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿», Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Î·È Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·fiÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋. ∫·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó Ì ¿ıÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ªÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∫·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô, Ë ÌË ‡·ÚÍË fiψÓÌ·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙÂÛ¯¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Û·ÓÙ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ‰ÂÓÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÔÏÏ¿. ∫·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô, ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘™·ÓÙ¿Ì ‹Ù·Ó Ù˘Ú·ÓÈÎfi Î·È Î·ÏÒ˜ ·Ó·ÙÚ¿ËÎÂ, ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·Ó·˘Ùfi ¤ÁÈÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ï¿ıÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙË˙ˆ‹ ÔÏÏ¿ ηϿ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ï¿ıÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. ¶ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô πÁÎÓ¿ÙÈÂÊ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹Â›Ó·È ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ηÎÔ‡ [the lesser evil approach],Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Î¿ÔÈ· ‚·Û·ÓÈÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁËıÔ‡Ó ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÙ·È Ó· ÛˆıÔ‡Ó ˙ˆ¤˜ ·ıÒˆÓ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ¿Ù˜.59 ∆· «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·»‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·Û·Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÚ¿ÍÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Û¤Ó˘, ƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ,°Ô‡ÏÊÔ‚ÈÙ˜ Î·È ¶ÂÚÏ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ÂÈı˘ÌË-Ùfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ÙÔÓ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÙÚ›Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, Ô˘ ·Ú·‰Ô-Ûȷο ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌfi,·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÏÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ·.

√È Ô·‰Ô› Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ÂÎ ÙˆÓ˘ÛÙ¤ÚˆÓ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ÂÈÙ¤ıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ·Ù› fiϘ ÔÈÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË fiÏˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷ-ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜, Ë ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÔÈ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ı˘Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓÔ‡ Ï·Ô‡ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ «·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛ˘» ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔ‚ÏË-Ì·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Â ·Ú¿ ·Ô‰˘Ó¿-̈Ó ÙÔÓ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∆Ô Î·ıÂ-ÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ Â›¯Â ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘-¯›· ÙËÓ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 89

59. Michael Ignatieff, «Lesser Evils», New York Times Magazine, May 2, 2004.

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ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋. ÕÚ·, ÌfiÓË ‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜ ·¤-ÌÂÓÂ Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË Ì ‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙÔ˘√∏∂, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ °·ÏÏ›·˜, Ù˘ ∫›Ó·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ƒˆÛ›·˜.

∏ ¤̂·ÛË, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÚÔοÏÂÛ ̛· ·Ó·ӿÏËÙË ÎÚ›ÛËÛÙȘ Â˘Úˆ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ∏¶∞ Ì ϋıÔ˜ ‰˘ÙÈÎfiÊÈÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ηȷÏÏÔ‡, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, Î·È Â¤ÊÂÚ ‚·Ú‡Ù·ÙÔ Ï‹ÁÌ·ÛÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ √∏∂ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· «ıÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘»Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞,·‡ÍËÛ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰›¯·ÛÂÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·ÓÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ ÙÔ2004.

√È ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Û‡ÓÙÔ̘ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ·ÒÏÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÈÁÔÛÙÔ‡˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ηÙÔ¯‹ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠ·Ó¤ÏÈÛÙ· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηÈÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÔÏ˘‰¿·ÓË. ∆ËÓ Î·ÙÔ¯‹ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂ Ë ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤-ÓË ÂͤÁÂÚÛË ÙˆÓ ™Ô˘ÓÈÙÒÓ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÔÈÓ· ÛÙË ÛÈÈÙÈ΋ ηٿÏË„ËÙ˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÊÈ¿ÛÎÔ. 3.500 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯¿ÛÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆ‹ÙÔ˘˜, 60.000 ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÛÙ›, ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÙÚ›ÙÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›-Ô˘˜ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿, Ì οÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·ÎÚˆÙËÚÈ·ÛÌfi. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈο, ÔÈπÚ·ÎÈÓÔ› Û‡ÌÌ·¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ, ÔÈ «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ» ÎÔÛÌÈ-ÎÔ› Î·È ‰˘ÙÈÎfiÊÈÏÔÈ, fiˆ˜ Ô ∆ۤϷÌÈ Î·È Ô ÚÒËÓ Úˆı˘-Ô˘ÚÁfi˜ ∞Ï¿Ô˘È, ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ΤډÈ-Û·Ó ÙÔ ÛÈÈÙÈÎfi ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ÌÏÔÎ ˘fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Ó.∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Î·ıËψ̤ÓË Î¿Ùˆ ·fi Ù· ›‰· ÙÔ˘ 2002,ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ™·ÓÙ¿Ì.

∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜

90 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ.60 ∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¿ÁÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·-Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË Ì¤Ú·. √È ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ·Ú·Û‡ÚıË-Î·Ó ·fi Ù· ·Ó‰·ÊÈο ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ‰Ôͷۛ˜ ÙˆÓ πÚ·ÎÈÓÒÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ô ∆ۤϷÌÈ Î·ÈÙÔ πÚ·ÎÈÓfi ∂ıÓÈÎfi ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ Ô˘ ‰È·‚‚·›ˆÓ·Ó, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, fiÔÈÔ˘˜ ‹ıÂÏ·Ó Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó, fiÙÈ ÔÈπÚ·ÎÈÓÔ› ı· ˘Ô‰Â¯ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙ¤˜.

∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÂÚ›ÙÚ·Ó· fiÙÈ Ë ÂÔ¯‹ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ·ÓÂÈÛÙÚÂÙ›. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó·ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ, ÚÈÓ ·fi ÂηÙfi ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, 150 ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ µÚÂÙ·ÓÔ›‹ÏÂÁ¯·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙËÓ πÓ‰›· ÙˆÓ 300 ÙfiÙ ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘-Ú›ˆÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, 165 ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ¿ÓÔÏÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› Î·È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜·ÎfiÌ· ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ˜ ·fi Û˘ÌÌ·¯ÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡ÓÓ· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔȯÂȈ‰Ò˜ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Û ¤Ó· πÚ¿Î ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔÙˆÓ 20 ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ, ·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙÔ ∫Ô˘Ú‰ÈÛÙ¿Ó Ô˘¤¯ÂÈ ÓÙ ʿÎÙÔ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌËı›. Ÿ,ÙÈ ÎÈ ·Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ı·˘Ì·-ÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ï¿ÙÚÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, Ë ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ›ӷÈfiÙÈ, ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ¯ÂÈ-ڷʤÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·˙ÒÓ, Ô ¿ÌÂÛÔ˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜¤¯ÂÈ ˘„ËÏfiÙ·ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔ-ÏÔ˜.

ŒÙÛÈ, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂÁÎψ‚ÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÛÂ¤Ó·Ó Ê·‡ÏÔ Î‡ÎÏÔ. ∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ› ÂÓ

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60. °È· ÌÈ· ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ FrancisFukuyama, ed., Nation-Building, Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq, Baltimore,MD, The John Hopkins University Press, 2006, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ù· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·ÙˆÓ Larry Diamond, «What Went Wrong and Right in Iraq», ÛÂÏ. 173-195,Johanna Mendelson Forman, «Stiking Out in Baghdad: How PostconflictReconstuction Went Awry», ÛÂÏ. 196-217 Î·È James Dobbins, «Learningthe Lessons of Iraq», ÛÂÏ. 218-230.

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̤ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂͤÁÂÚÛË Î·È, ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·, ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ‚›· ηȷÛÙ¿ıÂÈ·. ∏ ‚›· ·˘Ù‹ ·Ú·Ù›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ›-Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ÂÓÙ›ÓÂÈ Ù· ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈο ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÁÂṲ́ӈÓπÚ·ÎÈÓÒÓ. √È ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÌʇÏÈÔ˘ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ™Ô˘ÓÈÙÒÓ Î·È ™ÈÈÙÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤-ÙÚÔ˘˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó. ∏·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì›· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋, ÂÂÌ‚·ÙÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ fiÔÈ·˜ ¤ÍˆıÂÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÂıÓÔ-‰fiÌËÛ˘ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÔ¯‹. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ, fiÔÈ·ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË Ù˘ ÈÚ·ÎÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚȤÙÂÈ·˜, ÔÈ ‰È¿‰Ô¯ÔÈÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÔ ÚÔÛ¯ÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÂÈÊ˘Ï·ÎÙÈÎÔ›ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÏÏÔ‡.

™˘¯Ó¿, ·˘ÙÔ›, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ ÂÚ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÈÏÈÎÚÈÓ›˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›·˜ fiÔ˘ Á˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·Ó¤ÙÚ„ÂÂÎÏÂÁ̤Ó˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ªÔÛ·Ó٤ΠÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó ÙÔ1953 Î·È ÙÔÓ ∞ÏȤÓÙ ÛÙË ÃÈÏ‹ ÙÔ 1973, Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ·ÚÔ-Û¯ËÌ¿ÙÈÛÙ· ‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔÚÈο ηıÂÛÙÒÙ·, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¯Ô‡-ÓÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·Ù·Ú¯ÒÓ. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÙÔ ÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛÂË ›‰È· Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈηӛ‰· ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ∫ÔÓÙÔÏ›˙· ƒ¿È˜fiÙ·Ó ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ «ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ¤ÏÂÍ ÙË ÛÙ·-ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢ÛÂÎ·È ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·».61

ŸÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÂΉ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙˆÓ Â˘ı˘ÓÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ú›¯ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÊÙ·›ÍÈÌÔ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ «Î·Î‹ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹» ÌÈ·˜ «Î·Ï‹˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜», ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Â›Ó·È ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·. ∫·È Ë

92 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

61. «Rice speech promotes democracy in Egypt», www.cnn.com/2005/world,June 21st, 2005.

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·ÔÙ˘¯›· Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, Ô˘ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó·ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎÂ.

∂›Ó·È, fï˜, ÙÒÚ· ηÈÚfi˜ Ó· ÛÙÚ·Êԇ̠ÛÙȘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› fiÛÔ Î·È Ù·«·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÁÂÚ¿ÎÈ·». ∫·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÂÏ›Ù,ÔÈ Ôԛ˜, fiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÎÈ ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó, ı· ·Ú¤ÌÂÓ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒ-ÚÈÔ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÙ›ıÂÓÙÔ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÌÈ·˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÈÓË-ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÔÈ ··Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·ÙÔ˘ 1960.

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 93

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ Vπππ

∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ºÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË

ª ¤¯ÚÈ Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970 ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Û ÛÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, Ë ·ÔηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓË

«ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË» [the liberal consensus] ‹ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ ÔÎÂÓÛ˘·ÓÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜. ∏ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ ıˆÚÔ‡Û fiÙÈ Ë΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·›ÍÔ˘Ó ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∞fiÚÚÔÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›-Û˘ ÙÔ˘ 1929 Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÈÒÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓÚ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ, ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ New Deal [Ë ¡¤· ™˘Ìʈӛ·] ÙÔ˘¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘ ƒÔ‡˙‚ÂÏÙ, Ô˘ ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙËÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÂÈÛ‹Á·Á ÙÔ ÎÚ¿-ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-Ì›·˜. √ ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ·ÎfiÌ·ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ Ë ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›Ë-Û ٷ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·È-ÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ Î.Ï.

™ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‚›ˆÛ ¤Ó· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ «NewDeal» ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ §‡ÓÙÔÓ ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ¤¯Ô-ÓÙ·˜ ·Ó·¿ÓÙ¯· ‰È·‰Â¯ı› ÙÔÓ ∆˙ˆÓ ∫¤ÓÓÂÓÙ˘, Âȉ›ˆÍÂ, ˆ˜ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍÔ˜ ›ÁÔÓÔ˜, Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÚÈ¿Ú¯Ë ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡

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∫fiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙÔ˘ ƒÔ‡˙‚ÂÏÙ. √ ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ ÔÓfiÌ·Û ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙÔ˘ ∆he Great Society [Ë ªÂÁ¿ÏË ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·] Î·È Âȉ›ˆÍ ӷÂÍ·Ï›„ÂÈ ÙË ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛËÛÙËÓ ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚË ¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· Ú·Á-Ì·ÙÈο ÂÓÈ·›·, ·ÏÏËϤÁÁ˘· Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. µ·ÛÈÎfiÛ˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË ÙˆÓÌ·‡ÚˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο, ÂÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÈÔ ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍÔ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ ·Ó¤Ï·‚Â Ë ÔÌÔ-ÛÔӉȷ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ·fi ȉڇÛˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶Ô-ÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ. ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ Â‰›ˆÎ ӷ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› ÛÙÔÓ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960, Ó·ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË Ù˘ Ó¤·˜, ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋˜ Î·È·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Î·È Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ÛÙËÓÚfiÎÏËÛË Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÛÂ Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘.

∞Í›˙ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ó· ÚÔÛ¯ı› Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ı̛ۈÓ. √ æ˘¯Úfi˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó·ÏÒ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙ›·ÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓÛ˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì›· ¿ÏË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-ο ÔÏÈÙÈο, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ™ÙË ÛÔ‚ÈÂ-ÙÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ··ÓÙÔ‡Û fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔ-ÁÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ̛· ÛÂÈÚ¿ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ «ÛÎÈÒÓ» ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎԇηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ-ÎÚ¿ÙËÛË.

¶·Ú¿ ÙË Ì·ÎÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, Ô ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-ÙÒÈÛ ÔÏÏ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. √È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ›‰ÈÔ Û ÚfiˆÚË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÔÛÙÚ¿Ù¢ÛË ÙÔ 1968, fiÙ·Ó ·¤Ê˘-Á ӷ ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Â·ÓÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÔϛ٢ÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ηÈ, ÛÙ·-‰È·Î¿, ÙË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË, Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ÂͤÊÚ·˙Â Î·È ˘Ô-ÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙Â, ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘

96 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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·Ó¤Î˘„ ‹Ù·Ó Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ‰È¤Û·Û ÙÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ ÌÏÔÎ Î·È ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· Û ‰‡Ô ÛÙÚ·-Ùfi‰·, Û ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‹ıÂÏ·Ó ÙË Ó›ÎË¿ÛË ı˘Û›· Î·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙfiÂ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙÒÓ, Ô˘ ˙ËÙÔ‡-Û·Ó Â›ÌÔÓ· ÙËÓ ·Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÒÓ·fi ÙËÓ πÓ‰ÔΛӷ.

Èڛ˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›·, ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù·ÊfiÏ·-η ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ºÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡. ∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ¤ÏËÍ ÙËÓ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Î·È ÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘.º·Ó¤ÚˆÛ ÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈη-ÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ˘ÔÎÚÈÛ›· Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂ-Ú˘ «ªÂÁ¿Ï˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜». ™ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ÔϤÌËÛ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ù·ÊÙˆ¯fi·È‰·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÁfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ‡ÔÚÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ηÙÂ-ÛÙË̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ µÔÚÂÈÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈ˙·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤-ÛÂȘ ‹ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÁÈ· Ó··ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÚ¿Ù¢ÛË. ∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛÂÎ·È ‰›¯·Û ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙfiÛÔ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿fiÛÔ Î·È ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿. ∆Ô ÎÂÓfi Ô˘ ¿ÓÔÈÍ ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ «Î·Ù¿È» ÙË «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂ-ÛË». ∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ‰È¤Û·Û ÙÔÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Û˘Ó·ÛÈ-ÛÌfi Ô˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·fi ÙÔ 1932 Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ (·ÊÔ‡,·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Â› ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘ ∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ,ÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ˘fi ÙÔÓ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ). ªÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÌÂÚ›‰· Ó¤ˆÓ Û ËÏÈΛ· ·ÎÙÈ‚È-ÛÙÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÙ¿¯ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· „¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ÙÔ˘˜. ª›· ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚ›‰·, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÌÂÓË Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ-ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜, ·ÔÛ˘Ó‰¤ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·ÙˆÓ «·¿ÙÚȉˆÓ ¯›Ë‰ˆÓ» Î·È ÙˆÓ «ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏ›ÙÈÎˆÓ Âϛٻ ηÈÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜. ™Â ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤-Ó˘ Û‡Á¯˘Û˘, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ›ÎÏËÛË Ù˘ ·ÙÚ›‰·˜, Ù˘ ıÚË-ÛΛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈ

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ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÔÏÈÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÂÈÙ˘-¯›· ÙË «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË».

ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ÚÔÂÎÏÔÁÈÎfi Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ™ÈοÁÔ ÙÔ 1968 η٤ÚÚ¢Û ̤۷ Û Îϛ̷ ‚›·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÂÁÎÏ‹-ÛˆÓ. ∆¤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ Ù¤Ú˘Á· ÙÔ˘¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤‚·Ï ÙÔÓ ÂÎÏÂÎÙfi Ù˘, ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·-ÛÙ‹ ª·Î°Îfi‚ÂÚÓ, ˆ˜ ÚÔ‰ÚÈÎfi ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·ÙˆÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÒÓ ˘‹ÚÍ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ·Ó ÌfiÓÔ Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÓ‹ÓÙ· ÔÏÈÙ›˜, Ù˪·ÛÛ·¯Ô˘Û¤ÙË. ∆Ô 1976 ‹Ù·Ó Ì›· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ó·Ï·Ì‹ Ì Ùˉ‡ÛÎÔÏË ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∆˙›ÌÈ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ÛηӉ¿ÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ °Ô˘fiÙÂÚÁÎÂ˚Ù, Ô˘ ¤ÏËÍ ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘¡›ÍÔÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ÙÔµÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Û˘Ó¤¯È˙ ӷ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜,ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿. ∏ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÛÙÚÔʋη٤ÛÙËÛ ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÂϤÍÈÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ‡ÔÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÈ˙‹ÌÈÔ.

£· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ, ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ÔϤÌÔ˘». ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÈÂÍ‹Á·Á ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÛÙÔÓ 20fi ·ÈÒÓ·, ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÒÙÔ Î·È ÙÔӢ‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ Ù˘ ∫ÔÚ¤·˜ ηȂ¤‚·È· ÙÔ˘ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. √È ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÂͤÊÚ·Û·Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›·ÙË Ó¤· ‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÂÍÔ‚ÂÏ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÌÔÓˆÙÈÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜. √È¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ηӤӷ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÁÌfi Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó‚›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ô˘ ¤ıÂÙ·Ó. ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜‹Ù·Ó Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ã¿Ú˘ ∆ÚÔ‡Ì·Ó Ô˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÈÛ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ,Î·È ÙÔ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ‰ÈÏfi ˘ÚËÓÈÎfi ¯Ù‡ËÌ·ÛÙË ÃÈÚÔ̷ۛ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¡·ÁηۿÎÈ ÙÔÓ ∞‡ÁÔ˘ÛÙÔ ÙÔ˘ 1945.

∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ¿ÏÏ·Í ¿Ú‰ËÓ ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·-

98 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·. ∆Ô µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ¤ÛÙÚ„ ηÈ, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ÂÁÎÏÒ-‚ÈÛ ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÌÌ· ÛÙË ÊÈÏÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿,Ì·ÎÚ¿Ó ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘. ∆Ô ÎÂÓfi Ô˘‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î¿Ï˘„·ÓÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Î·È Ì ¢ÎÔÏ›· ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ, ˘Ô‚ÔËıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ·fi Ì›· ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÔÁÔËÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ÚÒËÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜. ∞˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ÚÒËÓ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÌfiÏÈ·Û·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ÓÈÎÔ‡˜, ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˘˜, Ú·ÎÙÈ-ÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜ Ì ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË Î·È ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·‹¯ËÛË Î·Ï¿ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÔÈı‹-ÛÂˆÓ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞ˢ‰È-Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ Ì ÙÔ ÚÒËÓ ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÔÎÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó «ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎÔ›» ÁÈ· Ó· ͯˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ™˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜.

¢ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó, fï˜, ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙËÓ ÙÒÛËÙ˘ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋. ∂Í›ÛÔ˘ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì¿ÙÈÛ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓÌ·‡ÚˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙȘ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960, ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ·ÈÒÓ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÂÌʇÏÈÔ fiÏÂÌÔ Ô˘ ›¯Â ηٷÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰Ô˘Ï›·,Ô ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi˜ ¡fiÙÔ˜ Û˘Ó¤¯È˙ ӷ ˙ÂÈ ˘fi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ,Î·È Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô Î›ÓËÌ· ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛ ÙËÓ ÈÛÔÓÔÌ›· Ï¢ÎÒÓ Î·È Ì·‡ÚˆÓ Î·È ·¤ÎÙËÛ‰‡Ó·ÌË fiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ï¢Úfi ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙ¿¯ıËÎÂ Ë ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË ÙˆÓÏ¢ÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿. √È ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›, Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÈÔ ·ÏÈfiÎfiÌÌ· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ›¯·Ó ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ï¢ÎÒÓ Á·ÈÔÎÙËÌfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ·ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοӈÓÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿. ∞Ó Î·È Ô ƒÔ‡˙‚ÂÏ٠›¯Â ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfiÛ˘Ó·ÛÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ Â›¯Â ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÏÈÙÈο ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ÁÈ·

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ÙÔÓ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ÌÈÛfi ·ÈÒÓ·, ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó·Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙȘ ÓfiÙȘ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ¯¿ÚË ÛÙË Ï¢΋ „‹„Ô. ŒÙÛÈ,ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÂٷ͇ 1903 Î·È 1961, ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙ›˜ Ù˘ ÓfiÙÈ·˜Û˘ÓÔÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜ [confederacy] ‰ÂÓ ÂͤÏÂÍ·Ó Ô‡Ù ¤Ó·ÓƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ ÛÙË °ÂÚÔ˘Û›·.62

ŸÙ·Ó, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô ∆ÂÍ·Ófi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ Û˘ÓÙ¿¯ıËÎÂÌ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÛÔ·ÛÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿ Î·È ˘¤ÁÚ·„ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ, ÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·‰È¤ÚÚËÍ ÌÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ï¢-ÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘. °È· ÂηÙfi ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÔÈ Ï¢ÎÔ› ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ ›¯·Ó·ÓÙÈÙ·¯ı› ÛÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·, ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘§›ÓÎÔÏÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›¯·Ó ˘ÚÔÏ‹ÛÂÈÙËÓ ∞ÙÏ¿ÓÙ· Î·È Í¯ÂÚÛÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ÂÌÊ˘Ï›Ô˘. √È ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÓÒÓ Ù˘«·ÓÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘» [reconstruction], Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙÔÓ ÂÌʇ-ÏÈÔ Î·È ˘Ô‰Ô‡ÏˆÛ ÁÈ· ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ ÛÙÔÓ µÔÚÚ¿. ∏·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓ Ï¢ÎÒÓ ÛÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ˘‹ÚÍ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ï˘Û۷Ϥ·, Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¿ÚÁËÛÂÓ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁηÏÈ¿ ÙˆÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοӈÓ. §¤ÁÂÙ·ÈfiÙÈ Ô ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ, fiÓÙ·˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ¡fiÙÈÔ˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜, fiÙ·Ó ˘¤-ÁÚ·Ê ÙÔÓ ÓfiÌÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ ÙÔ 1964 (TheCivil Rights Act) ·Ó·ÊÒÓËÛ ÚÔÊËÙÈο fiÙÈ ‹Ù·Ó Û·Ó Ó· ˘¤-ÁÚ·Ê ÙË ı·Ó·ÙÈ΋ ηٷ‰›ÎË ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ.√ ÔχÂÈÚÔ˜ ∆ÂÍ·Ófi˜ ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠۈÛÙfi˜ ÛÙËÓ Úfi‚Ï„‹ÙÔ˘. ™ÙȘ ÚÔ‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2000 Î·È ÙÔ˘ 2004, ÔÈ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯·Û·Ó Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÓfiÙȘ ÔÏÈÙ›˜, ·ÎfiÌ· ηÈÛÙËÓ ·ÙÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ∞Ï °ÎÔÚ, ÙÔ ∆ÂÓÓÂÛ›.63

¶¤Ú·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ·fi ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘˜, Ë ÊÈÏÂ-

100 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

62. «The art of the possible, the American South», The Economist, May 1st,2007.

63. fi.·.

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χıÂÚË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË Î·È Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¤Ú-Ú¢Û ·fi ÙȘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ÀÔÛ¯¤ıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ ı· ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈÊ·Ó ÙÔÓ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎfi ‰È·-¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi, fï˜, ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ·˘Ùfi˜ ‰È·ÙËÚ›ٷÈ.

∆· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈıˆÚ›Ô˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÙȘ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È ÙÔ˘ 1970 ÛËÌÂÈÒıËΠ¤ÎÚËÍË ÛÙËÓÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ Ë ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈfiÙËÙ· ¤ıÂÛ ÛÂÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, fiˆ˜ Ô Á¿ÌÔ˜, Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤-ÓÂÈ·, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. √È ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ ·ÛÙÔ›, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÒÚ· Ô˘ ‰È·-΋ڢÙÙ·Ó Ù· ηϿ Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜, ¤ÛÙÂÏÓ·Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ȉȈÙÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘˜Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ηÎÔ‡˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ∆Ô ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ¿Ú¯ÈÛÂÛÈÁ¿-ÛÈÁ¿ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÎfiÌÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘,ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏ›ÙÈ΢, ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Âϛ٠·ÔÎÔÌ̤Ó˘ ·fi Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·-Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ·ÁˆÓ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡.

∆ËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÎÌÂÙ·Ïχ-ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤-¯ÂÈ· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ù›ÔÙ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi Ì›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋·ӿÛÙ·ÛË, Ô˘ ¿ÏÏ·Í ÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÎËÓ‹ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο. ÃÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ, ËÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ 1929 ›¯Â ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ‹-ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·. ªÂٷ͇ 1932 Î·È 1968 ÌfiÓÔ Ô∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ Â›¯Â ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÏÂÁ› ÛÙÔÓ §Â˘Îfi √›ÎÔ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∏ ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ1952 ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ë ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË Ô˘ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·Ófi-Ó·. ∫¤Ú‰ÈÛ ˆ˜ Ô ·Ú·ÛËÌÔÊÔÚË̤ÓÔ˜ ‹Úˆ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È ˆ˜ Ô ÌÂÁ·ÏÔÊ˘‹˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁfi˜ ·Ú¿ˆ˜ Ô ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοӈÓ. ∏ ‰Â ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˘‹ÚÍ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹˜ Î·È ÎÂÓÙÚÒ·, Î·È Û η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ÂÓ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∆Ô 1968, Ë ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓÙÈÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘

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∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ, ƒ›ÙÛ·ÚÓÙ ¡›ÍÔÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ· ›¯Â Ó· οÓÂÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙË ‰È¿Û·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ „‹ÊˆÓ ηÈÙËÓ Î¿ıÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ¿ÚÙË Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÛÙ‹ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË Ù˘ ∞Ï·Ì¿Ì·∆˙ˆÚÙ˙ °Ô˘¿Ï·˜ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ÙÔ˘ ¡›ÍÔÓ.

∞ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, ›Ûˆ˜, ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›‹ÏÂÁ¯·Ó ÙË µÔ˘Ï‹ ÙˆÓ ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ 1952 Ò˜ ÙÔ 1994¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È·ÎÔ‹, ÎÂÚ‰›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ Â‰ÚÒÓ Û›ÎÔÛÈ Ì›· Û˘Ó¯›˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, οÙÈ Ô˘, ›Ûˆ˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÂÎfiÚÛÙÔÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÓÔÌÔ-ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ‹ÏÂÁ¯·Ó Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÛÔÓ-‰È·Î‹ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË, ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜. √ȉÈηÛÙ¤˜ ·˘ÙÔ› ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„·Ó ÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Î·È ˘ÈÔ-ı¤ÙËÛ·Ó ÙË ‰È·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™‡ÌʈӷÌ ·˘Ù‹, Ô ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ ÓfiÌÔ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔ-Û·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ηÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ó¤· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·-Ù·, ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·Á-Ì·ÙÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚÂ Ô ƒÔ‡˙‚ÂÏÙ, Ó· ÂϤÁ-ÍÂÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ÙÔ ¤Ù˘¯·Ó ÔÈ ‰È¿‰Ô¯Ô›ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘1950 ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÚÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ›¯Â ÂÓ·ÓÙȈı› ÛÙÔ New Deal, ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ÂΉ›‰ÂÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ, ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î.Ï.Ì ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Î·È ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜.

∏ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ºÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ Â‰Ú·˙fiÙ·Ó ·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÒÓ. ¶ÚÔ¯ˆÚÔ‡Û ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈ-ηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ›¯Â Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙ› Î·È ·Ô‰Â¯Ù› ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÂȘ: ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜,ÙÔÓ ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÛÌfi ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ÙËÓ

102 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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˘„ËÏ‹ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. √ȉ‡Ô ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ¿Ú¯ËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·fi ÙÔÓfiÏÂÌÔ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 1980, Ô ∞˚˙ÂÓ¯¿Ô˘ÂÚ Î·È Ô ¡›ÍÔÓ, ·Ó‹Î·Ó,·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ·, Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. √ ¡›ÍÔÓ, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, fi¯ÈÌfiÓÔ ÂÌ‚¿ı˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙË «ªÂÁ¿ÏË∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·», ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·Û ӷ ·ÁÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤-ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÏËıˆÚÈÛÌfi, ¤Ó· ̤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ-ο ·ÓÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ Ì ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÂχıÂÚ˘·ÁÔÚ¿˜.

∏ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ ¢Ú›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó·›-ÓÂÛ˘ ÚÔ‹Ïı ·fi ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎÔ‡∫fiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÚÂȘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜:ÙÔÓ «·ÓÙ¿ÚÙË» ª¿Ú˘ °ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ, ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹ ·fi ÙËÓ∞ÚÈ˙fiÓ·, ÙÔÓ «ÂÎÔÚıËÙ‹» ƒfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·È ÙÔÓ «Â›ÁÔ-ÓÔ» ∆˙ˆÚÙ˙ ªÔ˘˜ ÙÔÓ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ. ∂ÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ· Ì›· ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛËÏ·˚ΛÛÙÈÎË, Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋. §·˚ΛÛÙÈÎË ÁÈ·Ù›·Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÌÈÎÚÔ·ÛÙfi Ï¢Îfi ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·ÛÙ›ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ÂÓ‰Ô¯ÒÚ·˜ ÌÂ Û˘Óı‹Ì·Ù· ηٿ ÙˆÓ Âϛ٠Ù˘ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ, Ù˘µÔÚÂÈÔ-∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔ-ÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ÁÈ·Ù› ‰›ˆÎ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË ·Ó·‰È·-ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÙˆ¯fiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ Ì›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙˆÓ˘„ËÏÒÓ ÂÈÛÔ‰ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ú¿‰˘ÓÛË ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙËÓηٿÚÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÎÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘1960. ∆Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ¤‰ÈÓ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÂ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÙÚ›‰·, ËÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, Ë ıÚËÛΛ· Î·È Ô ÛÙÚ·Ùfi˜, Ô˘ ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙÔ fiÙÈ ÂÈ-‚Ô˘Ï‡ÔÓÙ·Ó ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ‹Ù·Ó ÚÈ˙Ô-Û·ÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÙÙ ÙË Ú‹ÍË Ì ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ËÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Î·È Â‰›ˆÎ ÙË ÚÈ˙È΋ ·ӷÙÔÔı¤-ÙËÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿.

√ ÚÒÙÔ˜ «Î·ÓÈÔ‚ÔÏÈÛÌfi˜» Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ‹¯ËÛ ÛÙȘ

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ÚÔ‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 1964 Ì ÙËÓ ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÚ·›-Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙ‹ ª¿Ú˘ °ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ‰Èη›ˆ˜,ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÙÚȿگ˘ Î·È Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ªÂ Û‡Ó-ıËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ «ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È fi¯È ·ÓٛϷÏÔ˜» [a choice not an echo],o °ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ ¤Î·Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÎÏËÍË Î·È ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆ-ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÎÚÈÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜,¡¤ÏÛÔÓ ƒÔÎʤÏÂÚ, ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÈÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚È‚·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ÚÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ˘. ŸÛÔ Î·Ïfi˜ ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠ԰ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ ÛÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÛÂÈÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Î·ÈÓ· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÎÚÈÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, ÙfiÛÔ ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ-Îfi˜ Ê¿ÓËΠÛÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ Ì¿˙˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÛ·›ˆÓÛÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ¢ËÌÂÚÔ‡Û·˜ Î·È ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜. ∏·ÎÚ·›· ÔÏÂÌÔηËÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ›¯Â Ù· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·Î·È Ë Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ËÙÙ‹ıËΠ·ÓËÁ˘ÚÈο. √ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ Â·ÓÂÍÂϤÁË Ì ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Ì¤¯ÚÈÙfiÙ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜.

øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô °ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ ¤ÛÂÈÚ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ÛfiÚÔ˘˜ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ΛÓËÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ¯¿ÚË ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ÛÙ·Ï¿ıË ÙˆÓ ºÈÏÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÓ, ÛÙË ‰È¿Û·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ,ÛÙË ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ Î·È ÙȘ Ú·Á‰·›Â˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÌÂÙ·-‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹,ı· ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› ÂÎÏÔÁÈο ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ Î·È ı· ÌÂÙ·-ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋. ™ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 1964 ‰Ú·-ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙfiÂ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ °ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ ¤Ó·˜ËıÔÔÈfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ·, ÚÒËÓ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙ‹˜, ÔÓfiÌ·ÙȃfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¤ËÁηÓ. ¢‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÂÎϤ¯ÙËΠ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹-Ù˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ Î·È ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›-·˜.

∏ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ «ÛȈËÏ‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜» ÛÙȘ «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¤˜·ÎÚfiÙËÙ˜» Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÎÚËÍË ‰ÈηȈ-Ì¿ÙˆÓ «¿Ó¢ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛˆӻ, Ô˘ ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÊÂÚÂ,ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· ηÙËÁÔ-

104 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Ú‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÙË Ú·Á‰·›· ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·˙˘Á›ˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛËÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜. ∆Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚Ë-Ù‹ıËΠÁÈ·Ù› ηÏÏȤÚÁËÛ ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ηÈÙ˘ ·Ó¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ¤ÎÚËÍË ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂÎÙfi˜ Á¿ÌÔ˘·Ô‰fiıËΠÛÙ· ‚ÔËı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ «·Ïfi¯ÂÚ·» ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡Û Ë΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙȘ ·Ó‡·ÓÙÚ˜ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈ-ÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ì ÙË Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÓÒÓ, ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓÂÁÁ˘‹ÛÂˆÓ ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂÙ·-¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÙÔ Î‡Ì· ÂÁÎÏË-Ì·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û¿ÚˆÛ ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ fiÏÂȘ ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÏËÙ˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘1990. √È «·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙ¤˜» ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓˆÙ¿ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈηÛÙËڛԢηÙËÁÔÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ ˘ÂÚ¤‚ËÛ·Ó Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔًوÓÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Âͤ‰ˆÛ·Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿-ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë ·fiÏ˘ÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ì‚ÏÒ-ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ 1973 ¯ˆÚ›˜ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi. ∏ ÚÈÌÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓÌ·‡ÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· Î·È ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ıˆڋıËΠfiÙÈ Î·Ù·Ú-Á› ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‚ÔËı¿ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ-΋ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∏ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂ-Ù›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970 ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û ÌÈ· ÂÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÂÓÙËÎÔÓÙ·ÂÙ‹·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈ΋ ΢ÓÛÈ·ÓÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. ™Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970, ÙfiÛÔ Ë ·ÓÂÚÁ›· fiÛÔ Î·È Ô ÏËıˆÚÈÛÌfi˜·˘Í‹ıËÎ·Ó Û ڈÙÔÊ·Ó‹ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ ÁÂÓȤ˜ ›Â-‰· Î·È Ë ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡›ÍÔÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Î·ÈÙÔÓ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ, ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠ·‰‡Ó·ÌË Ó· ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ-ÛÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ Ï‡ÛË, οÙÈ Ô˘ Ì›ˆÛÂ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔ-ÈÛÙ›· Ù˘. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó Î·È ËÈÚ·ÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ 1979 ¤‚Ï·„·Ó ÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈη-ÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Î·È ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ·Ó ÙÔ «Ê¿ÓÙ·ÛÌ· Ù˘™·˚ÁÎfiÓ», ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÌÈ·˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰È¯·Ṳ̂ÓË ÛÙÔ

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ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È Ù·ÂÈӈ̤ÓË ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ˘Ô¯ˆÚ› ÂÍ·-ÓÙÏË̤ÓË.

ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Îϛ̷ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÌ„È-ÌÔÈÚ›·˜, Ë Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ÚfiÛÊÂÚ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÍÂΛÓËÌ·,«ÌÈ· Ó¤· ·˘Á‹ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋». √ ̤¯ÚÈ ¯ı˜ ·ÎÚ·›Ô˜ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËÎÂ Û˘Ì·ı‹˜ Î·È ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÌÂÛ·›Ô¯ÒÚÔ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·ÔÁÔËÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜Û˘ÓÙ·Á¤˜ ‰È„Ô‡Û ÁÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹. √ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ ÙÔ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎfi Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ÙÔ˘ °ÎÔÏÓÙÁÔ˘fiÙÂÚ ‰Âη¤ÍÈ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·, ̯·ÌfiÁÂÏÔ Î·È Î·ÏÈÊÔÚÓ¤˙ÈÎË ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·. ∂Λ fiÔ˘ Ô ÚˆÙÔ-fiÚÔ˜ ·¤Ù˘¯Â, Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯ÈÛÙ‹˜ ıÚÈ¿Ì‚Â˘ÛÂ. √ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ÂÎϤ¯ÙËΠ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ 1980 Î·È ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ ÛÙË Ì›-ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÊfiÚˆÓ, ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ÛÙÔÓ ÌÂÚÈÎfi Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ·ӷÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfiÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ „˘¯ÚÔÔ-ÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙË ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË. √ ƒ¤ËÁηӂ·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙÔÓ Ì‡ıÔ, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› Û˘ÛÙË-Ì·ÙÈο ηÏÏȤÚÁËÛ·Ó, fiÙÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË Â›¯Â·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›·, ÁÈ· Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈ-ÙÈΤ˜ ‰·¿Ó˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÁηٷÏ›„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‡ÊÂÛË˜Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛ˘.

∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‡ÊÂÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ¤¯·ÈÚ Ù˘‰È·ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ÙfiÛÔ Ô¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ ºÔÚÓ٠ηȡ›ÍÔÓ, ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ıËÎÂ. °È· ÙÔÓ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·È ÙË Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿, ËÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‡ÊÂÛ˘ Â͛ۈÓ ÙÔ ı‡Ì· Ì ÙÔÓ ı‡ÙË Î·È, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ‹Ù·Ó ËıÈο ··Ú¿‰ÂÎÙË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈο ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ë.∫ÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È Ë ÙÂÏÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÛ›ÓÎÈ.√È ÌÂÓ ÚÒÙ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¿Ó¢ ·Í›·˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÂÈ-‚‚·ÈˆıÔ‡Ó, Î·È Â¤ÙÚÂ·Ó ÛÙË ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË Ó· ÎÚ‡‚ÂÈ ÌÂ

106 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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¢ÎÔÏ›· ÂÈϤÔÓ fiÏ· ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· Û˘ÌÂʈÓË̤ӷ fiÚÈ·, ˉ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·Á›ˆÓ ÙË ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ÔÌËÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ-∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÂıÓÒÓ fiˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù˘ ¶Ôψӛ·˜, ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ›¯Â ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜.

°È· ÙÔÓ ƒ¤ËÁηÓ, Ë ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛ˘ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ϤÔÓ ·ÚÎÂÙ‹. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fi-Ù·Ó ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÔÈÛıÔ¯ÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ¯ÒÚ˜, fiˆ˜‹Ù·Ó Ë ¡ÈηڿÁÔ˘·, Ë ∞ÓÁÎfiÏ· Î·È ÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó. ∆Ô Ú·-ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ‰fiÁÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛ˘ [containment],¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‚·Û›ÛÙËÎÂ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋·fi Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 194064, ‹Ù·Ó ηÈÚfi˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈη-Ù·ÛÙ·ı› ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÒıËÛË [roll back], ÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ∆Ú›ÙÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ Î·È ·fi ¯ÒÚ˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛËÛ˘Ó·ÓÙÔ‡Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∞Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ÔÈ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ› ‹Ù·Ó·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ·Ó¤ÍÔ‰· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∆Ú›ÙÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ, ÙÒÚ·, ›Ûˆ˜, ‹Ù·Ó ηÈÚfi˜ Ó· ÏË-ÚˆıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÓfiÌÈÛÌ·. ÿÛˆ˜ ›¯Â ¤ÚıÂÈ Ë ÒÚ· ÁÈ· ¤Ó·ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎfi «µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì» Ô˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÌÔÚÚ·Á›· ÙÔ˘ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Á›Á·ÓÙ· Î·È ı· ÂÈÙ¿¯˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÓıËÎÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.∆Ô ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËÎÂ, ¤Ú· ·fi οı ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ·, ËÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ Î·È Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.

¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜, Ô ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· Û˘Á΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË µÔ˘Ï‹ Î·È ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰È¿-ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ÙË °ÂÚÔ˘Û›·. ∆Ô ‰Â ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‹Ù·ÓÁÂÌ¿ÙÔ ·fi ÈÛfi‚ÈÔ˘˜ ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›¯·Ó ‰ÈÔÚÈÛı› ηٿÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÙÚÈ·ÎÔÓÙ·ÂÙ›· Î·È ·Ú¤ÌÂÓ·Ó Â¯ıÚÈο ‰È·-ΛÌÂÓÔÈ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ƒ¤ËÁηÓ.

∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ¿ÏÏ·˙Â. √È ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ›¯·Ó ·Ô-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 107

64. Ian Shapiro, Containment, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007.

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ϤÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›¯·Ó ¿„ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ-‚Ô˘Ï›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡. ∞fi ÎfiÌÌ·ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·‡ÚÈÔ Â›¯·Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ı˜ ηÈ, Ì ٷ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÙˆÓ ·ÏÈÒÓ, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈË-Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È, ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜, ¯ÚÂÔÎÔËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÒÓ.

∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó Û ¤Ó·ÎfiÌÌ· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·˙ ӷ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÂÈ ı¤ÛÊ·Ù·. ∏ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙ‹-ıËΠ̠ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛˆÚ›·˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ think tanks[‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓÒÓ ÛΤ„˘] fiˆ˜ Ù· Heritage Foundation, HudsonInstitute, American Enterprise Institute, CATO Institute ηÈÔÏÏÒÓ ¿ÏψÓ. √È ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÛÙ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, Ù· Ivy League ȉڇ̷ٷ Ù˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Ã¿Ú‚·ÚÓÙ, ÙÔ °¤ÈÏ Î·È ÙÔ¶Ú›ÓÛÙÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ Âϛ٠ÛÙȘÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ Ô˘‰¤ÔÙ ‹Ù·Ó ȉȷ›-ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ÈÚfi ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÙËΠ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù· ̤۷ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘, ÙÔ Ú·‰ÈfiʈÓÔ, ÙÔ›ÓÙÂÚÓÂÙ Î·È Ë Î·Ïˆ‰È·Î‹ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ó¤Ô Î·Ó¿ÏÈ FOX,¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ÂΤÌÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·ÎÚ·›Ô, Ï·˚ΛÛÙÈÎÔ Î·È ·ÓÙȉڷ-ÛÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ «Î·ÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ», ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ÔÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜ [spreadsheets] Î·È Ù· ÙÚ›· ÂıÓÈο ÙËÏÂ-ÔÙÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ «·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂ-ÓÈÎfiÙËÙ¿» ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÌÂÚ›‰È· ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·Ó.

∏ ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ªÈÏ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÙÔ 1992 ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ËÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË Ô˘ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ· Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ë ·Ó¿Û¯Â-ÛË ‹, ·ÎfiÌ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ, Ë ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋˜ ·ӿ-ÛÙ·Û˘. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó, Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÂÍÂϤÁË Ì ÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔÔÛÔÛÙfi „‹ÊˆÓ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ÔÛÔÛÙfi¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯·Û ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô ª¿ÈÎÏ¢Ô˘Î¿Î˘ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·. √ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÂÍÂϤÁË ¯¿ÚËÛÙË ‰È¿Û·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ·

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ÙÔ˘ ƒÔ˜ ¶ÂÚfi, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‹Ú „‹ÊÔ˘˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔªÔ˘˜.

¶¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ùfi, Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ˘‹ÚÍ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÔÓ·‰Èο ¯·ÚÈ-ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ËÁ¤Ù˘. ¢È¤ıÂÙ ÚÔÛfiÓÙ· Î·È ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹-Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ.¶ÚÒÙ·-ÚÒÙ· ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó·Û˘ÁÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿. ◊Ù·Ó ‰ÂÈÓfi˜Ú‹ÙÔÚ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·ӿÏËÙÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ Ù˘ ÙËÏÂÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfi-Ó·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‚·ı‡˜ ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜. ªÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ì fiÏ· Ù·ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù·: Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÙˆ¯Ô‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·‡-ÚÔ˘˜ (Ë Ì·‡ÚË ÔÈ‹ÙÚÈ· ª¿ÁÈ· ∞ÁÁ¤ÏÔ˘ ‡ÛÙÔ¯· ÙÔÓ ·Ôο-ÏÂÛ ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ Ì·‡ÚÔ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜), Ù· ÌÂÛ·›·ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù·, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȯÂÈÚË̷ٛ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÂÏ›Ù,fiÓÙ·˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈο ÎÂÓÙÚÒÔ˜ Î·È ·fiÊÔÈÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ °¤ÈÏ Î·ÈÙ˘ √ÍÊfiډ˘ (Rhodes Scholar). O ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ·Î·-Ù·Ì¿¯ËÙÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ ӷ ·ӷÙÔÔ-ıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ, Ó· ÙÔÍ·Ó·ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ ÛÙȘ Ì¿˙˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂÛ·›·˜ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈÓ· ÙÔ Â·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·.

∆Ô Â›Ù¢ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi. ∞ÎfiÌ·, fï˜, ÎÈ·˘Ùfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ ӷ ·ӷηıÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á-̤Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ú-ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Âȯ›ÚËÛ ̛· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈο ¢·›ÛıËÙË ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˘Á›·˜ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ·Ó ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÂÈ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙËÓ ·Ó-ÛÂÚÌ›· Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÎÙÔÍÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ı·Ï„Ë˜Î·È ·Ê‹ÓÔ˘Ó ·Î¿Ï˘ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÈο Û·Ú¿ÓÙ· Î·È Ï¤ÔÓÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ËÙÙËı›¿Ú·˘Ù· Î·È Ó· ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó¤„ÂÈ Ë ›‰È· Ë Â·ÓÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ·ÓÙ›-‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÚfiÛηÈÚ˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹˜ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ, ÔȃÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Î¤Ú‰ÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÛÙË µÔ˘Ï‹ ÙˆÓ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÙÔ 1994, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÛÙËÓ

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·ÓÙÈÔϛ٢ÛË, ÂÈÛÊÚ·Á›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· Ì·ÎÚ¿ ÔÚ›· ÂÈÙ˘¯ÈÒÓÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ËÁ¢ÌfiÓ¢ÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÎËÓ‹˜.

µ¤‚·È·, Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ ӷ ·ÓÂÎÏÂÁ› Ì ¿ÓÂÛË ÙÔ1996, ˘Ô‚ÔËıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù·¯¤ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ÔÈÎÔ-ÓÔÌ›·, ÙÔÓ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ¯¿ÚÈÛÌ· ·ÓÙ›·Ïfi ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÚÔ˘-ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹ ªÔÌ ¡ÙÔÏ Î·È Ù· ·Î·Ù·Ì¿¯ËÙ· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÔÏÈÙÈ-ο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛfiÓÙ·. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ›¯Â ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘. √ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Î¤Ú‰È˙ ˆ˜ ·Ó¿¯ˆÌ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎÚ·›-Ô˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ÚfiÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÌÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘. ∫¤Ú‰È˙ ·Ì˘ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜Î·È fi¯È ÂÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓÔ˜. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ‹ ÙÔ˘ ıËÙ›· ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˆ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˜ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ˆ˜¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜. ∫ÔÚ˘Ê·›Ô ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ıËÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ËÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈÔ-ÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÔÈˆÓ ÚÔÓÔÌ›ˆÓ ·ÔÏ¿Ì‚·Ó·Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓÂÚÁÔÈ, ÔÈ ·Ó‡-·ÓÙÚ˜ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÊÙˆ¯¤˜ Î·È Â˘·ı›˜ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ◊Ù·Ó Ê·ÓÂÚfi ˆ˜ Ë ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ηıfiÚÈ˙ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Î·È Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÙÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷοÓÂÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÙËÓ ··Ï‡ÓÂÈ Î·È Ì·˙› Ì ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·-ıÒÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÁÌ·Ù·.

∏ ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ªÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÊÚ¿ÁÈÛ ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜.∆Ô ·ÍÈÔÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‰ÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ 2000 ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·ÓÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ∞Ï °ÎÔÚ Î¤Ú‰ÈÛ Û „‹ÊÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯·Û ÛÂÂÎϤÎÙÔÚ˜. °È· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂ-ÓÔ, ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ› ›¯·Ó ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·ÙÔ˘ 1980, ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ˘Ê¿Ú·Í·Ó ÙË Ï·˚΋ „‹ÊÔ Î·ÈÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ·Ó «Ú·ÍÈÎÔËÌ·ÙÈο» ÙÔÓ ÂÎÏÂÎÙfi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Èfi ªÔ˘˜ÛÙÔÓ §Â˘Îfi √›ÎÔ. ∆Ô ·ÍÈÔÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ‹Ù·Ó Ë Î·Î‹ ›-‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ °ÎÔÚ ·Ó ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË-Û·Ó ÂÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ì›·˜ ÚˆÙÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ηȯÚËÌ·ÙÈÛÙËÚȷ΋˜ ¢ÊÔÚ›·˜.

¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ Â˘Ô›ˆÓÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯·-

110 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Û·Ó ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËµÔ˘Ï‹ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË °ÂÚÔ˘Û›·. ∏ ‰Â ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜ ‰È¢ڇÓıËΠٷ ÂfiÌÂÓ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.∆Ô 2004 Ô ªÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ Ì ÌÈ· ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÚÈÒÓ Âη-ÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ „‹ÊˆÓ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ∆˙ˆÓ ∫¤Ú˘, ÂÓÒ ÛÙË °ÂÚÔ˘Û›· Ë·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·˘Í‹ıËΠ۠ÂÓ‹ÓÙ· ¤ÓÙÂ-Û·Ú¿ÓÙ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ˘¤ÚÙˆÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοӈÓ. ™ÙÔ ÌÂٷ͇, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ηٿÊÂÚ ӷ ‰ÈÔ-Ú›ÛÂÈ ‰‡Ô Ó¤Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÓÓ·ÌÂϤ˜∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ, Á¤ÚÓÔÓÙ·˜ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ Ï¿ÛÙÈÁ-Á· ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿. ŒÙÛÈ, ηÙÂÏ‹ÊıË Î·È ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÊÈÏÂχ-ıÂÚÔ ÚÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ. √È Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛ̘, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔÈ ‰ÈηÛÙ¤˜ ›ӷÈÈÛfi‚ÈÔÈ Î·È, fiÓÙ·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ó¤ÔÈ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÛÂÌÈ· Ì·ÎÚ¿ ıËÙ›·.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ πX

∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¢ÂÍÈ¿

ª ¤¯ÚÈ ÚfiÙÈÓÔ˜, Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Ê¿ÓÙ·˙ÂÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋. ∆Ô˘˜ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘˜ Ì‹Ó˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔ-

Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2006, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi∫fiÌÌ· ·Ó·Î¿ÌÙÂÈ ¯¿ÚË Û ¤Ó· Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ª¤ÓÂÈÓ· ·Ô‰Âȯı› ηٿ fiÛÔÓ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿ÌÙˆÓ ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ú¿ ÙË ÊıÔÚ¿ Ù˘, Ë Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ-΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏËı› Î·È Î˘Úȷگ› ÙfiÛÔÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈԉȿÏÔÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ÙÔÊ·‚ÔÚ› ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ë ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ÛϷÚÈ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ,fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ „‹ÊÈÛ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘-ı› Ó· ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È Ó· ‰ÂÛÌ¢Ù› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ·Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ·fi ÂΛ, ·Ó ÂÎÏÂÁ›, ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ˙ԇ̠ÛÂ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∏ ̤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ ÛÙ· ‰ÂÍÈ¿ ÙÔ˘¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∫fiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓÛ˘Ó˘Ô„ËÊ›ˆÓ Ù˘.65 ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÎÚ›ÛË Ù˘¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿Î·Ì„Ë Ù˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿˜.

∏ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈÛ ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈ-ηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ·ÏÔ·ÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ıÒÓ Ï¢ÎÒÓÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿66. ∆Ô Î˘‚ÂÚÓÒÓ ÎfiÌÌ· ÂϤÁ¯ÂÙ·È

65. «Briefing: Hillary Clinton», The Economist, Oct. 6th, 2007.66. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÙÔ ·Úfi‰ÔÍÔ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2006

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È· ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÓfiÙȈÓ, ˘ÂÚıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓˆÓ ËıÈÎÔÏfi-ÁˆÓ Î·È ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÙÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÙÔ ÎfiÌÌ· Ù˘ Ï¢΋˜,ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈ΋˜, ÌÈÎÚÔ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·ÛÙ›ˆÓÎ·È Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ, ÛÙË ªÂÛÔ‰‡ÛË Î·È ÛÙ·µÚ·¯Ò‰Ë fiÚË. ∆Ô Ó¤Ô ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Âͤ-ÏÂÍ ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ, Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Î·È ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙ‹˜ ÙˆÓÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.

∏ ÚÒÙË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ô-‚ÈÔÌ˯¿ÓÈÛË, ÙË Û˘ÚÚ›-ÎÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó‰È-ηÏÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∆Ô ÌÂÚ›‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·Ô›ËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 10% Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ 75%Ô˘ ηٷϷ̂¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ªÂÍÈÎfi, ÙËÓ ∫›Ó· Î·È ÙÔÓ∆Ú›ÙÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ¤˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ˘ÔηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹.67 ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈ-ÛÙÈο ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ¿ÙË Ì ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ηÈηÏÔÏËڈ̤ÓË ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ·ı› ·fi ÙÔÓ ˘¿ÏÏËÏÔ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙÈο, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ηÈÌfiÓÈÌË ··Û¯fiÏËÛË Î·È ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÚÁÔ‰fiÙË. ÿÚË ÛÙȘ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈΤ˜ ˘ÂÚÁÔÏ·‚›Â˜ (subcontracting), ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·fiÏ˘ÙË, ‰È·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋ «ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË» ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.

114 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı›˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Ï‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÙÔ ‚·Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ù›ÌËÌ· Ù˘·ÓÙÈ-‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘, ·ÊÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ-ÔÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ‚fiÚÂȘ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙ›˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È È‰È-·›ÙÂÚ· ¯ıÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜ ÁÂÓÈο. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ‹Ù·Ó Ô Lincoln Chafee ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›· ÙÔ˘ Rhode Island, ÔÔÔ›Ô˜ ¤¯·Û ÙËÓ ¤‰Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË °ÂÚÔ˘Û›· ·Ó Î·È Â›¯Â ηٷ„ËÊ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‚Ô-Ï‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.

67. ∆Ô ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÙÔ 2006 ‹Ù·Ó 838 ‰È˜ ‰ÔÏ. Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ «AnnualRevision for 2006», p. 1., US Census Bureau, www. census.gov.

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∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÎÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ fiψÓÎ·È ÁÂÓÈο ÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿ ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·ÛÙ›ˆÓ, ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘¢‡Û˘. ∂‰Ò Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ë Ï¢΋ ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„Â ÙȘfiÏÂȘ ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙ· ÚÔ¿ÛÙÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, Ú¿ÛÈ-ÓÔ, ¿ÓÂÛË, ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·Ï¿ Û¯ÔÏ›·¯ˆÚ›˜ ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ˜. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÂÁη٤ÏÂÈ„Â ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ÙÔÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ-ο ·ÚËÎÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ µÔÚÚ¿ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ Ô˘ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ë Ó¤· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ·Ú¯Èο ÛÙË ¢‡ÛË Î·È ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ.68

∏ ÙÚ›ÙË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ıÚËÛΛ·. ∞fi ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘Û‹ Ù˘, Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ˘‹ÚÍ ̛· ‚·ıÈ¿ ıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓË ¯ÒÚ·. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·-ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ·fi ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ӷÛٿ٘ Ô˘·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Û·Ó ‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·›ÂÛË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.69 ∏∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÙÂ-ÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ Î·È·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ. ªÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈο, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë Î·ÈÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ÛËÌÂÈÒıËΠÌÈ· ·Ô-ıÚËÛÎÂÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ˘‹ÚÍ ۇÓÙÔÌÔ Î·È·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1980 ¤‰ˆÛ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¤ӷ ·̷ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ˘, ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ηٿ ηÈ-ÚÔ‡˜ Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ‹˜ Ù˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ˘ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ıÚËÛ΢fi-ÌÂÓ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∆· ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο, ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹ ÚÔ-ÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈο ‰fiÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÛÎÔÂÏÈ·ÓÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ §Ô˘ıË-Ú·ÓÒÓ Êı›ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔ˜ ¯¿ÚË ÙˆÓ ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏÈÛÙÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÂÓÓË-Ì¤ÓˆÓ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ [born-again Christians] Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÎÚ·›ˆÓ,ÂÙÂÚfi‰ÔÍˆÓ Î·È ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ, ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ, fiˆ˜

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 115

68. US Census Bureau, www.factfinder.census.gov.69. £¿ÓÔ˜ µÂÚ¤Ì˘, ∏¶∞: ∞fi ÙÔ 1776 ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ∞ı‹Ó·, ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ π.

™È‰¤Ú˘, 2003, ÛÂÏ. 21.

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Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ªÔÚÌfiÓÔÈ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚ· ·Ó·-Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ Û‹ÌÂÚ·.70

™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÔÈ ıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó¿ÓÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÂÌʇÏÈÔfiÏÂÌÔ, ÔÈ ∫Ô˘¿ÎÂÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ µÔÚÚ¿ ÚˆÙÔÛÙ¿ÙËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓηٿÚÁËÛË Ù˘ ‰Ô˘Ï›·˜ Î·È ÛÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ.™ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960, Ô ª¿ÚÙÈÓ §Ô‡ıÂÚ ∫ÈÓÁÎ, µ·ÙÈÛÙ‹˜¿ÛÙÔÚ·˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜, ÚˆÙÔÛÙ¿ÙËÛ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒ-Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘∂˘·ÁÁÂÏ›Ô˘. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÈÂڈ̤ÓÔÈ, fiˆ˜ Ô °Ô˘›ÏÈ·Ì ™Ïfi·Ó ∫fiÊÈÓ,Ô ¿ÛÙÔÚ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ °¤ÈÏ, ÚˆÙÔÛÙ¿ÙËÛ·ÓÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÔÏÂÌÈÎfi ·ÁÒÓ· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛËÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› Â›Ó·È ÈÛÙÔ›,˘ÂÚÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› Î·È „ËÊ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·.71

ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ «ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜», ÙÔ fiÛÔ Û˘¯Ó¿,‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î¿ÔÈÔ˜, ÚԂϤÂÈ Ì ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙËÓÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ „ËÊÔÊfiÚˆÓ.

∏ ٤ٷÚÙË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ.¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘,ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈο,ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈο Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·ÓÙÈ¿-ÏÔ˘ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛ ÙÔÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÂÁˆÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·˙Ô-

116 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

70. «Mormons Are Fastest Growing Religion», CBN.com/spirituallife; Jeffery L.Sheler, «The Mormon Moment», US News and World Report, May 11th,2000.

71. ™ÙȘ ÚÔ‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2004 ÙÔ 23% ÙˆÓ „ËÊÔÊfiÚˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ï¢Îԛ¢·ÁÁÂÏÈÛÙ¤˜. ∞fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ 78% „‹ÊÈÛ ªÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ 21% ∫¤Ú˘. °ÂÓÈο,ÔÈ „ËÊÔÊfiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â‚‰ÔÌ¿‰· ÛÙËÓÂÎÎÏËÛ›· „‹ÊÈÛ·Ó ªÔ˘˜ Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 61% Î·È ∫¤Ú˘ Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 39%. °È·fiÛÔ˘˜ ËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›· ÛÔÚ·‰Èο, ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜‹Ù·Ó 47% Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∫¤Ú˘ 53%, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· fiÛÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¿Ó ÔÙ¤ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÎÏË-Û›· ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó 36% Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∫¤Ú˘ 62%,www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004.

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Ó›· Î·È ¿ÊËÛ ÂχıÂÚÔ ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈη-ÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜. ∏ Ú·Á‰·›· Î·È ¿Ó¢ fiÚˆÓ Î·Ù¿Ú-Ú¢ÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜˘ÂÚÔ¯‹˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÛÎÏËÚ‹˜·¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÛÙȘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈϤ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ô ∆ÛÒÚÙÛÈÏ ·Ó¤-ÙÚ„ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ‰ÔÙÈÛÌÔ‡ [appeasement] Î·È ÔϤ-ÌËÛ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ Ì fiϘ ÙȘ ‚ÚÂÙ·ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔÓ Ó·˙ÈÛÌfi,¤ÙÛÈ Î·È Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂÈ-ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ¯¿ÚË ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ƒ¤ËÁηÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔοÏÂÛ ·ÓÔȯٿ ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈ-ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓıËÎÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∏ Ó¤·¢ÂÍÈ¿ Ô˘‰¤ÔÙÂ Û˘Ì‚È‚¿ÛÙËΠ̠ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‡ÊÂÛ˘ ηÈÙ˘ Û˘Ó‡·Ú͢ Ì ÙËÓ «·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ηÎÔ‡». ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·,·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ‰›ˆÍ fi¯È ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓÔÈÛıÔ¯ÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜Ø fi¯È ÙËÓ¿Ì˘Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ Â›ıÂÛË. ∏ ÛÎÏËÚ‹ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ù˘ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·ÙÔ˘ 1980 ÈÛÙÒıËΠ̠ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜∂˘ÚÒ˘, ÙËÓ Â·Ó¤ÓˆÛË Ù˘ °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·˜ Ì ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜Î·È ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘.

∏ Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ÔϤÌËÛ ÙÔÓ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÌfi Î·È Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi˜ ηÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛ ˆ˜ Ê·ÏΛ‰Â˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÏ¢-ıÂÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ȉÂÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ηÈÙ·-ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∫ÔÚ˘Ê·›· ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ·fiÏ˘ÛËÎ·È ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÂÓ Ì›· Ó˘ÎÙ› fiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÀËÚÂÛ›·˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÂÚÔÔÚ›·˜, Û˘ÓÔÏÈο11.345 ÂÏÂÁÎÙ¤˜ ÂÓ·¤ÚÈ·˜ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›¯·Ó ·ÂÚ-Á‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ 1981. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËηÓÎ·È ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù· ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ·, ‰˘Ó·ÌÈο Î·È ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈο,ÌÂÛ·›· ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· Ï›ÁÔ Û˘ÁÎÈ-ÓÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚÁ·ÙÔ·Ù¤Ú˜. ∞ˢ-

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‰ÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ô˘Î·ÎÔ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ·Ó ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ fiÏÂȘ ÁÈ· ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈÌÂÛÔ·ÛÙÔ› ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙÂ˘Û·Ó Ì·˙Èο ÛÙ· ÚÔ¿ÛÙÈ·, Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fiÌ·‡ÚÔ˘˜, ÊfiÚÔ˘˜, ÊÂÌÈÓ›ÛÙÚȘ Î·È ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙ¤˜-·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙ¤˜.

∫·È ÔÈ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, Ë ·Ô-‚ÈÔÌ˯¿ÓÈÛË, Ë ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ-΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·ÛÙ›ˆÓ, ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘, Ë ·Ó·-‚›ˆÛË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛËÙ˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜, ¤ÏËÍ·Ó ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi∫fiÌÌ· Î·È ÙÔ ·Ï·Èfi ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Î·ÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û·ÓÙË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¢ÂÍÈ¿. ∆Ô Ó¤Ô ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ˆ-ÊÂÏ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ÂͤÊÚ·Û ÌÈ· Ï·˚ΛÛÙÈÎË Â¿Ó·ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ·ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘˜, ÙÔÓ Î·ıˆÛÚÂÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÔÚıfiÙË-Ù·, ÙÔÓ ÂÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ·-ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÌfi, ÙÔÓ ÎÔÛÌÔÔ-ÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍÈıÚËÛΛ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂ-χıÂÚÔ˘ ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ˘.

∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒˈ˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ù˘ «ÛȈËÏ‹˜ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·˜» ÛÙË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·-ÛË ˘‹ÚÍ ۯÂÙÈο ‹È·, ÛÔÚ·‰È΋, ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓË Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·Â›-ÏËÛ ÙË ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË. ™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ÔÈ ÌӋ̘ ÙÔ˘¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋ ‹ÙÙ· ÙÔ˘Ó·˙ÈÛÌÔ‡/Ê·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡ ηÈ, ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔ‡ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌÔ‡,·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ·Ó¿¯ˆÌ· ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ·›Ô˘ Ô˘ ÔÈ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‰ËÌÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ Î·È ÛÔÛȷωË-ÌÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ Û˘Ó˘¤ÁÚ·„·Ó. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›·, ·ÙÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌÔ‡ οı ÌÔÚÊ‹˜, Ô Ï·˚ÎÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘¶Ô˘˙fiÏ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ÍÂÓÔÊÔ‚›· ÙÔ˘ §Â¤Ó ÂÓ¿-ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜ Û˘ÁΛÓËÛ·Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈ-Ó·Ó ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó· ·ÏÒÛÔ˘ÓÙ· ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÔ-¢ÂÍÈ¿˜, ÙÔ˘˜ °ÎˆÏÈÎÔ‡˜Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜. ™ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ÔÈ ·ÎÚÔ‰ÂÍÈÔ›ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Â›˜. ™ÙËÓ πÙ·Ï›·, ÙÔ

118 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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µ¤ÏÁÈÔ, ÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·, ÙËÓ ∞˘ÛÙÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›· ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·-Ê·Û›ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ º›ÓÈ, ÔÈ ÍÂÓfiÊÔ‚ÔÈ ºÏ·Ì·Ó‰Ô› ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜, Ô ¶È̺ÔÚÙÔ‡ÈÓ, ÙÔ §·˚Îfi ∫fiÌÌ· Î·È ÙÔ ∂ıÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÈ Ùˉ‡Ó·Ì‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi 50 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ›Ù ÛÙË ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ›Ù ÛÙË ¯ÚÈ-ÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂΉԯ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Û η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ÂÓÂÈ‚Ï‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÎËÓÈÎfi. ™ÙË ™Î·Ó‰ÈÓ·‚›·, Ù·µÚÂÙ·ÓÈο ÓËÛÈ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË ÓfiÙÈ· ∂˘ÚÒË Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·-ÛÙÈ΋ ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤· ÔÛfiÙËÙ·.

∏ ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960 ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÔÚfiÛËÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ŸÌˆ˜, ÂÓÒÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ë ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ 1960 ‹ÚıÂ Î·È ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ËıÈ΋72, ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛÂ Ë ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ıÂÒ-ÚËÛ ÙË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ ΛӉ˘ÓÔ Ô˘ ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi. ∏Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ڈÙÔÊ·-Ó‹˜ Û ÛÊÔ‰ÚfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.

ŒÎÙÔÙÂ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ-·˚΋, ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·fi ÙË ‚ÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÙÏ·ÓÙÈ-΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋. ∂ÓÒ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ̤¯ÚÈ Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970 ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ·ÎÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚fiÚÂÈÔ˘ ∞ÙÏ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì-ʈÓÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜, ¤ÎÙÔÙ ·ÔÎÏ›-ÓÔ˘Ó. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, Ë ·fiÎÏÈÛË·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Û˘ÁηχÙÂÙ·È ¤ÓÂη ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ ¯ıÚÔ‡. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, fï˜, οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ. √ÈÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ËÁÂۛ˜ ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜

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72. µ¤‚·È·, ÛÙȘ ÚÔ‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2007, Ô ™·ÚÎÔ˙› ηٷʤÚıËΠ̿ıÔ˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙË «ÓÔÔÙÚÔ›· ÙÔ˘ ª¿Ë ÙÔ˘ 1968». øÛÙfiÛÔ, ¿Ì· ÙË ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·Û ӷ ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÁfi-ÓÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ÙˆÓ 1968¿ÚˉˆÓ, ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘.

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Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ÚÒÓ Û ̛··¤Ïȉ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÍÔÚΛÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜.ŸÌˆ˜, οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÎÚ‡„ÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‚ϤÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈο ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ∂Λ Ô˘ Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ı¤ÏÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘-ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ‹ ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿Ï-ÏÔÓÙÔ˜, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ Ù˘ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ‹ Ó· ı›ÍÂÈ Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·-Ó›·˜ Ù˘. ∫·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÂΛ Ô˘ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ˙ËÙ¿ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Ù¿Í˘ ‹ ÙÔÓ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÛÙÔ ÂχıÂÚÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, Ë∂˘ÚÒË ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿Ì˘Ó¿ Ù˘ ‹ Ó· ‰˘Û·ÚÂ-ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ηϿ ÚÔÛٷ٢fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ·ÁÚfiÙ˜ Ù˘.

√È ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ÚÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ Î¿ÔȘÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿, ÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜, Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÊÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÏ¢ÚÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ƒfiÌÂÚÙ∫¤ÈÁηÓ, ·Ó Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÕÚË, Ë ∂˘ÚÒË Â›Ó·È ·fiÙËÓ ∞ÊÚÔ‰›ÙË.73 ∏ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›-ˆÓ ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ·˘Ù‹ ÙˉȷÊÔÚ¿. √È Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËıÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÂÈ «·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·». ∏·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ›ÁÔÓÔ› Ù˘ ÂÎÌÂÙ·Ï-χÙËÎ·Ó Î·È Î·ÏÏȤÚÁËÛ·Ó ·˘Ù‹Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·.

120 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

73. ƒfiÌÂÚÙ ∫¤ÈÁηÓ, ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÛÔ˜ Î·È ∂ÍÔ˘Û›·, ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ÛÙË¡¤· ∆¿ÍË ¶Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ∞ı‹Ó·, ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∫·ÛÙ·ÓÈÒÙË, 2003.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ X

∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·

∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÓÙ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ∞ÓÎ·È Ë ›‰È· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È, ÂıÓÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο, ·fi

ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È ¿ÚÓËÛ‹ Ù˘. √È ÚÒÙÔÈ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‹Ù·Ó ÂΛÓÔÈ ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ Ô˘ ÙfiÏÌËÛ·Ó Ó·«ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô» Î·È Ó· ʇÁÔ˘Ó, Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Ì ¿ÏÏ·ÏfiÁÈ·, ÛÙË Ú‹ÍË Ì ÙÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.

¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔÈ ‰È·ÓÔËÙ¤˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ô΂›Ï ηÈÌÂÙ¿, ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ·Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·-ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜.74 ™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ËÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ Ù˘ ı¤ÛË Â¤ÙÚ„ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı›¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔÓ Êfi‚Ô Ù‹˜ ¤ÍˆıÂÓ ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο η٤ÙÚÂÍÂÙ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ¤ıÓË. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ·fi ‰‡ÔÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘˜ ˆÎ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ì ‰‡Ô ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔ˘˜ Á›ÙÔ-Ó˜, ÛÙÔÓ µÔÚÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÙÔ ÙÔ ªÂÍÈÎfi. ∏·Ô˘Û›· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹˜ ¤ÙÚ„ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ó· ·ÊÔ-ÛȈı› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ÓÂfiÙÂÚ· Â˘Úˆ-·˚ο ÎÚ¿ÙË, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Û·Ù¿ÏËÛ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÛ˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙÒÓ, ‰ÂÓ ˘¤ÛÙË ÔϤÌÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù·-ÛÙÚÔʤ˜ (Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔÓ ÂÌʇÏÈÔ fiÏÂÌÔ), ‰ÂÓ Ù·Ï·ÈˆÚ‹ıË-Π·fi ÙÔÓ ÌÈÏÈÙ·ÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ, Ô˘ Ì›· ÌÂÁ¿ÏËÔÏÂÌÈ΋ Ì˯·Ó‹ ÚÔηÏ› ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓ›·˜, Î·È ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÔÌ·ÏÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‚›Ô˘, ÙȘ

74. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Penguin Classics, 2003.

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Ôԛ˜ Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ‰ÂÈÏ¿-‰ÂÈÏ¿ ÌfiÏȘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ1945. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ¯¿ÚË ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ Â͈-ÙÂÚÈÎfi, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·¤Ê˘Á ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹˜ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜,ÈηӋ˜ Ó· ·ÔÌ˘˙¿ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÊÔÚÔ-ÏÔÁ›·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡, fiˆ˜Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ù˘ ·ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ Î·È 18Ô˘

·ÈÒÓ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ÂıÓÒÓ-ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘

·ÈÒÓ·.∏ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÙÔÈ ÏÔ˘ÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ-

ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Ù˘·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ™Â ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ÏÔ˘ÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÁË, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰È¤ıÂÙÂ, ¯¿ÚËÎ·È ÛÙË ‰È·Ú΋ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰˘ÙÈο, ‡ÊÔÚË ÁË Û ·ÊıÔ-Ó›·. ∏ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ÁË, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ·Í›· Ô˘ ·Ú‹ÁÂË ‰Ô˘Ï›·, ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÈ΋ Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛËÔ˘, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙË Ú·Á‰·›· Â΂ÈÔÌ˯¿ÓÈÛ‹Ù˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ¿ÊıÔÓË ÁË Ì›ˆÛ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡-ÛÂȘ ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ·fiÎÏËÚÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔÈÙ˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó, ·Ó¿ ¿Û· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, Ó· ÌÂÙ·-Ó·ÛÙ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ‰˘ÙÈο Î·È Ó· ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÔ˘Ó ÂΛ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÌȷηχÙÂÚË Ù‡¯Ë. ŒÙÛÈ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ Â˘Úˆ·˚οÎÚ¿ÙË, ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍ¿ÁÂÈ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÚÔ˜ Ù·‰˘ÙÈο, Ì ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.

∏ «¢‡ÛË» ˆ˜ ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ȉÂ҉˜ ÛÊÚ¿ÁÈÛ ÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋. ∆˘ ¯¿ÚÈÛ ÙËÓ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔۋψۋ Ù˘ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∂¤ÙÂÈÓ ÙÔÓ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌfi Ù˘,·ÊÔ‡ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Â›Ó·È Î‡ÚÈÔÈ Ù˘ Ù‡¯Ë˜ ÙÔ˘˜·ÚΛ Ó· ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰Ô˘Ï¤„Ô˘Ó ÁÈã ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∆Ô ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÁÁ˘Ëı› ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ô‡ÙÂ Î·Ó ÙËÓ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË,

122 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ηÙÔ¯˘ÚˆÌ¤ÓÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÛÙËÓÔÏÔÊÔÚ›·, ÙËÓ ÔÏÔ¯ÚËÛ›· Î·È ÙË Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÔ-Ê˘Ï·ÎÒÓ. ∏ ·ÔÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·È Ë¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ·Ô›ÎˆÓ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·.

∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯ÒÚ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È, Ì ¿ÏÏ·ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ¯ÒÚ· fiÏˆÓ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¿ÊËÛ·Ó ›Ûˆ ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ηχÙÂÚÔ˘ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ‹Â›Ó·È Ë ¯ÒÚ· ÙˆÓ ÙÔÏÌËÚÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÈ„ÔΛӉ˘ÓˆÓ. ∏ ¯ÒÚ··˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚È‚¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÙÂÛÙË̤ÓË Ù¿ÍË. ∏¯ÒÚ· Ù˘ ÌfiÓÈÌ˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛ˘. ∏¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Ó¤·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ·Á΢ÏÒÛÂȘ. °Èã·˘Ùfi, ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÔÏÏÒÓ ∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÈÛ˘¯Ó¿ ˆ˜ Ì›· ¯ÒÚ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÌÓ‹ÌË Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË, ¤Ó·˜ÌfiÓÈÌÔ˜ ¤ÊË‚Ô˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È ÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈΛˆÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔÓ΢ÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ··ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ê‡ÛË Ô˘ Ù·ÁÂÚ¿Ì·Ù· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó. ∞Ó Î·È Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙÂÚ·Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÎÚ¿ÙË Ì ÙÔ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ Û ÈÛ¯‡ ÁÚ·Ùfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ‚ϤÂÈÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ˆ˜ ¤Ó·Ó «¡ÙfiÚÈ·Ó °ÎڤȻ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-Ó›·˜, ¿ÓÙ· Ó¤Ô Î·È ÛÊÚÈÁËÏfi.

∏ Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ÂÈÛÚÔ‹ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ‰ÂÓ Â¤-ÙÚ„ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ‰ÂÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ ‹‰Ë ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÂÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓ›-˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·-ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ·ÊıÔÓ›· Ù˘ Á˘ «‰˘ÙÈο» Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ÊÂÔ˘-‰·Ú¯›·˜, Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙÔ Ó· ÌËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Ì›· Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜. ∏ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋ ·ÚıÚÒıËΠÁ‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓÎ·È Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi fi,ÙÈ ËÂ˘Úˆ·˚΋.

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 123

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ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ʇÛÂÈ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ηÈη¯‡ÔÙË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÂÚÈfiÚÈÛ ÙËÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ·fiıÂÛ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-Ó›· Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∏ ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·Â-Ï¢ı¤ÚˆÛ ÙȘ ∂ÎÎÏËۛ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÂÓ·ÁηÏÈÛÌfi, ÙȘÚÔʇϷÍ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÏËÚÈÎÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¤-ÙÚ„ ӷ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÂχıÂÚ·. Èڛ˜ ÙËÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‡ÓÔÈ·,·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ó·ÁοÛÙËÎ·Ó Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË«·ÁÔÚ¿ ȉÂÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂȉ‹Ûˆӻ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ó· ‰˘Ó·ÌÒ-ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÈ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó. ŒÙÛÈ, ·Ú·‰fi͈˜, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ËÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÛÌÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿, Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Î·È Ë ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓË ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯ÒÚ· Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠӷ ÔÏÂÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ·ÏÈfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚ÈÒÛÂÈ ÛÙÂÓ¿¯ˆÚ· Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÙËΠıÚËÛ΢ÙÈο Î·È ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÛÌÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈοÌ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ 1787. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂÙË °·ÏÏ›·, fiÔ˘ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂ Ë ·ÏÈÓfiÚıˆÛË,ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ë Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÈ‚Ï‹ıËΠÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ηȯˆÚ›˜ ÈÛˆÁ˘Ú›ÛÌ·Ù·. √ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi˜, Á¤ÓÓËÌ· Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜, ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚË ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜,ÂÏÏ›„ÂÈ ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜, ·ÚÈÛÙÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ηÈηıÔÏÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡.75

¶·ÚfiϘ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-ÌÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1930 Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¢Â˘Ù¤ÚÔ˘¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ۇÁÎÏÈÛË Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Ì ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ªÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈο, Ë

124 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

75. Luis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America, Harvest Books, 1991.

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Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·ÂÌÓ‡ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ New Deal ÙÔ˘ ƒÔ‡˙‚ÂÏÙ Î·È ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈο ¢·›ÛıËÙÔ Î·È ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎfi ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ˆ˜·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÛÙË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, Ô˘ Ë ÔÏÂÌÈ-΋ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1940 ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ. ª¤¯ÚÈ Ù·Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970, ÔÈ ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰·¿Ó˜, Ô Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ-Îfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÙÏ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡. ŒÎÙÔÙÂ, ËÔÚ›· Û‡ÁÎÏÈÛ˘ ¤‰ˆÛ ÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ Û ÌÈ· ÔÚ›· ·fiÎÏÈÛ˘,Ì ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Ó· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÚÔÛÎÔÏÏË̤ÓË Ï›ÁÔ-Ôχ ÛÙËÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÙËÓ ·Ó¤ÙÚÂ-Â. ∏ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, ‚¤‚·È·, ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Î¿Ô˘ ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË. ø˜ Ë ¯ÒÚ·Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ì ÙË ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛËÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈο, ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Ë £¿ÙÛÂÚ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ ӷ ·ÌÊÈ-Û‚ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi. ∞ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ÂΛ, fï˜, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜‰·¿Ó˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÈÒıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÌÊÈ-Û‚ËÙ‹ıËηÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-ÚÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÙÏ·ÓÙÈ΋, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì fi,ÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ›∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ÓÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ó.

™ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-Ì›·˜ Ô˘ ¤Ê·ÚÌÔÛÂ Ô ƒ¤ËÁηÓ, ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û˘ÓÔÏÈοÔÏÏ¿ «‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·» Ô˘ ÌfiÏȘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ›¯·Ó ηٷÎÙËı›.∏ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ʇψӿÁˆÛÂ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ΢ÚÒıËΠÔÙ¤, Ë ı·Ó·ÙÈ΋ ÔÈÓ‹, ·ÎfiÌ·Î·È ÁÈ· ·Ó‹ÏÈÎÔ˘˜ ‹ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈο ηı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤ÓÔ˘˜, ·ӋÏıÂÌ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓˆÙ¿ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈηÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ÙË ıÂÒÚËÛÂÛ˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋, ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÔÏÔηÙÔ¯‹˜ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËΠ·Ú¿ÙËÓ ¤Í·ÚÛË Ù˘ ‚›·˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È Û ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÎÙÚˆÛË ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ıËÎÂ, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓËÏÂÔ‡˜ ηÈ, ÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜, ·Î·-

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Ù·ÓfiËÙÔ˘, ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÔϤÌÔ˘ Ô˘ Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È Â‰Ò Î·È ÙÚÂȘ‰ÂηÂٛ˜. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘ÛÙËÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÓÈ-ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ¤ÎÚËÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓÊ˘Ï·ÎÈṲ̂ӈÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·Ó¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û 2,25 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·.76

∞Ó·ÏÔÁÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Ù˘, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ‰¤Î·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Ù˘ ›Ûˆ ·fi Ù· Û›‰ÂÚ· ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË.

°È· ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-ÚÔ ÙË Û˘Ó¯È˙fiÌÂÓË ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÎË-Ó‹˜ ·fi ÙȘ «ÂʈÙÈṲ̂Ó˜» ÂÏ›Ù Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·fi-‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ηÈ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˜, ›Ûˆ˜, Ó· ÌËÓÂ›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ˜ ÛÙË ı·Ó·ÙÈ΋ ÔÈÓ‹ ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÔÈÓÈÎfi ÎÔÏ·ÛÌfi. ∏ ηٿÚÁËÛË, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ù˘ ı·Ó·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈ-Ó‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯·ÈÚÂÙÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ Ì›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ηٿÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔ-ÓÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔȯ›ÔÙ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ¤ÓÙ·-͢ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË Ù˘ ı·Ó·ÙÈ-΋˜ ÔÈÓ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ Ï·˚΋˜ ı¤ÏËÛ˘ fiÛÔ ÙˆÓÂÏ›Ù, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, ̤ۈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ì˯·-ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, Ó· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤Ú· Î·È ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙȘϷ˚Τ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿-‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ›‰È· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ›˜ ·Ó Î·È ·Ú¯Èο ‰ÂÓ‹Ù·Ó.

∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ¢¿ÏˆÙË ÛÙÔÓ Ï·˚ÎÈÛÌfi. √È ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ Âϛٷڷ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·Û·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Î·È ·Û˘ÓÙfiÓÈÛÙ˜ Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂÙȘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜. ∞Ó ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›· Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ·ÛΛٷÈ

126 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

76. ◊ Û 497 ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ 100.000 ηÙÔ›ÎÔ˘˜, Bureau of Justice Statistics,www.ojp.usdoj.gov.

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·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÊÔ›ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∂¡∞ (Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ¢ÈÔ›-ÎËÛ˘), ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ËıÔÔÈÔ›, ‚ÂÙÂÚ¿ÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Î·ÈÂȯÂÈÚË̷ٛ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÂÙÂÚfiÎÏÈÙÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ ÌÏÔÎ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎËÁfiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊÔ›ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ivy League·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜. ∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, ÔÈ ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡-ÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·›˙Ô˘Ó Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÚfiÏÔ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈ-‰È·ÓÔÔ˘ÌÂÓ›ÛÙÈÎË Î·È ·ÓÙÈ-ÂÏÈÙ›ÛÙÈÎË Û‚·ıÌfi ·‰È·ÓfiËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË. ™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ¤Ó·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-Îfi˜ ÂÚËÊ·Ó‡ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· Ô˘ ¤ÁÚ·„Â. ™ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ô¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ÂÎϤ¯ıËΠÂÚËÊ·Ó¢fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ‚È‚Ï›·Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È¿‚·ÛÂ, ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜,ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfi˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ – ÎÈ ·˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ Î·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ XI

∏ Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿, ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

∂ Λ Ô˘ ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡ÓÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ Âϛ٠·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ

Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙ˯ڋÛË Ù˘ ‚›·˜. ™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» ËÙÙ‹-ıËΠηٿ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ Î·È ÙËÓ·Ô-·ÔÈÎÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ô˘‰¤ÔÙ ·Ó¤ÓË„Â ¤ÎÙÔÙÂ. ∆Ô ‰ÈÏfi·˘Ùfi ÙÚ·‡Ì· ¤ÛÙÚ„ ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· Â˘Úˆ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈ-΋, ÌÂÙ·-ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ¤ıÓÔ˘˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ô-ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηÈÙ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‚›·˜ ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓfi˜ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ¢·›ÛıËÙÔ˘ Î·È ·ÏÏËϤÁÁ˘Ô˘. √È ∂˘Úˆ-·›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο η¯‡ÔÙÔÈ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÁÈ·Ù› Â›Ó·È ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈο ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔÈ, fiˆ˜ ÔÏÏÔ› ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÈÛÙ‡ԢÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ ÙÚ·‡Ì· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ-Ô˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‹ÙÙ·˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ‚·ı‡ Î·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi.¶Ô˘ıÂÓ¿ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÌÈÏÈÙ·ÚÈ-ÛÌfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ fiÛÔ ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ·Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ, ÌÂı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂÈ-ÚËÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ Ô˘fiÏÔÈÔ˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ∫Ï·Ô‡Û‚ÈÙ˜ ηÈÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·ÓÙ.

∞Ó ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· Ù˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘» Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Úfi,΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋

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ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‰È·ı¤-ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ˘¤ÛÙË Ô˘‰¤Ô-Ù ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË, ›Ûˆ˜, ÙÔÓ Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ fiÏÂÌÔ ÙÔ˘ 1812 ÌÂÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ô‡Ù ÙÔ ¤‰·Êfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÏ‹ÁË Ì·˙Èο, fiˆ˜ Ù˘∂˘ÚÒ˘. ™Â fiÛÔ˘˜ ÔϤÌÔ˘˜ ÂÓÂÏ¿ÎË, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ıÚÈ¿Ì‚Â˘-ÛÂ Î·È Â¤‚·Ï ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘.

∂Í·›ÚÂÛË, ‚¤‚·È·, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ¯Ú‹˙ÂÈÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·Ó·Ì›¯ıËΠÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÈÔµÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 › ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜∫¤ÓÓÂÓÙ˘, ‰È·‰Â¯fiÌÂÓË ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô¯ˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ πÓ‰ÔΛӷ°¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘. ∏ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û‹ Ù˘ ‹Ú ̷˙ÈÎfi ¯·Ú·Îًڷ› ∆˙fiÓÛÔÓ ÙÔ 1965.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ÙÔÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÛÂÈ ·Ù¤ÏÂȈÙË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔÙÚ·‡Ì· Ù˘ ‹ÙÙ·˜, Û fiϘ ÙȘ Ì¿¯Â˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔϤÌËÛ·Ó ÔÈ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ·˘ÙÔ› Ó›ÎËÛ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∏«‹ÙÙ·» ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÈÛÙ¤˜-ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÂÍÂÁ¤ÚıËÛ·Ó ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηÈÂÌfi‰ÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘‰‡Ó·Ì‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ʤÚÂÈ ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Û ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ Î·È ÓÈÎË-ÊfiÚÔ ¤Ú·˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ËÙÙ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙȘ ˙Ô‡ÁÎϘ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÈÔ˘µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. °È· ÙÔ «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘», ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ·fi ÙÔµÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‚›·˜ ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ-‚¿ÛÂˆÓ fiÙ·Ó Ë ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Î·È΢ڛˆ˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ¿ Ù˘.

µ¤‚·È·, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, Ë ‚ÈÂÙӷ̤˙ÈÎË ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›· ÔÊÂÈÏfi-Ù·Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂıÓÈÎÈ-ÛÌÔ‡, æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È ÓÂÔ-·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÛÙË

130 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÓÂÔ-·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ-¯Ô˘, Ì ÚfiÛ¯ËÌ· ÙËÓ ¿ÏË ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌfi. ŒÙÛÈ,ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ˘¤ÚÙ˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌfi, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ µÈÂÙӷ̤˙Ô˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜ ÂÓ¿-ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ·Ú¯Èο Á·ÏÏÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ··ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Ì ¤Ó· ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ È·ˆÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÂÈÌÌ·.

ŸÌˆ˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·È ÙË Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙÔµÈÂÙÓ¿Ì Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û ¢ı›· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ «ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜», ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ô-·ÔÈÎÈÔÔ›Ë-Û˘, ηٷ‰Èο˙ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙËÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Û ·ÔÙ˘¯›·. ∆Ô Úfi-‚ÏËÌ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ı·¤Ú ӷ ÎÚ·ÙËı› Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓÌ·¯ÒÓ Î·È Ó· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁËı› ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ·. ∆Ô Ì¿ıËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ«ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» ‹Ù·Ó Ô ¿ÛË ı˘Û›· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘fiÔÈÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ.

∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ·ÏÒ˜ ÙË ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁÒÁËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË˜Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ fiÙ·Ó «Ë ·ÙÚ›‰· ÔÏÂÌ¿». ∞ÊÔÚ¿Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË «Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË» Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ÔÏÂÌÈ΋˜ Ì˯·Ó‹˜. ∆Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ì ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì ‹Ù·Ó Ë˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ıËÙ›· ÙˆÓ ÎÏËÚˆÙÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ¤ÊÂÚ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋ ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË ·ÓÙÈÌ¤ÙˆË Ì ÙË ÊÚ›ÎË ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηÈ,‚¤‚·È·, Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÁÂÚÛ‹Ù˘. ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ¤Ú ӷ Í·Ó·Û˘Ì‚Â›. ™ÙÔ ÂÍ‹˜, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ÔÏÂÌ¿ÂÈ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Ì ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ,ÔÈÎÂÈÔıÂÏÒ˜, ηÙÂÙ¿ÁËÛ·Ó Î·È Ì ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ‰È¿-ÏÂÍ·Ó Ó· ˘ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÙÚ›‰· Î·È Ó· ˘ÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ fiÔÈ-˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ.

¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙ· ÔÏÈÎ¿Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘, Ì ٷ

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«¤Í˘Ó· fiÏ·» Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·Îԇ‰›Ô˘, ÔÏÏ·Ï·Û›·Û·Ó ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË ˘Úfi˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛËÌ·˙ÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ Î·È Ì›ˆÛ·Ó ÙȘ ·ÒÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓηٿ ÙȘ ¯ıÚÔڷ͛˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ηٷÙÚfiˆÛ ÙÔπÚ¿Î ‰‡Ô ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÙÔ 1991 Î·È ÙÔ 2003, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ™¤Ú‚Ô˘˜, ›-Û˘, ‰‡Ô ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÙÔ 1995 Î·È ÙÔ 1999, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ·ÒÏÂÈ-˜, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·, ‡ÎÔÏ· Î·È ÚÔ·ÓÙfi˜ ·Ó¤ÍÔ‰·. µ¤‚·È·, Ë Î·ÙÔ-¯‹ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› Ì›· ÈÔ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ˘fiıÂÛË. ŸÌˆ˜, ÎÈ ÂΛ, ÔÈ 3.500 ÓÂÎÚÔ› ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÎÏËÚˆÙÔ› ·ÏÏ¿ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜, Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈ-ÔÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÛ·›· ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÒÙÂÚËÙ¿ÍË. ŸÛÔ ÔÈ ·ÒÏÂȘ ‰ÂÓ Ï‹ÙÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÌÂÛ·›·Ù¿ÍË, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈο ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·,ÔÈ ·ÒÏÂȘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ˘ÔÊÂÚÙ¤˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈ-Ù·È Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ‰È¯·ÛÌfi Ô˘ÚÔοÏÂÛ ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔÓ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2004, ÂÓ Ì¤ÛˆÙˆÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯ÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, Ô ªÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÍÂϤÁË Ì ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓËÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·.

∞Ó ÏÔÈfiÓ Ô ÔÏÂÌÔ¯·Ú‹˜ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ËÙÙ‹-ıËÎÂ Î·È ·Ô-ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ, ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÙÔ›‰ÈÔ. ∆Ô «ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘» ηٿÊÂÚ ӷ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔµÈÂÙÓ¿Ì fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Û˘Ó¤ÊÂÚ ηÈ, ÔÏÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ì ÙË Ó¤· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔ-Á›· ÎÈ ¤Ó·Ó Ó¤Ô Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÚ·Ùfi, ˘ÔÛ¯¤ıËÎÂ Î·È ˘ÏÔ-Ô›ËÛ «·Ó¤Íԉ˜» ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÌÂÛ·›· Ù¿ÍË. ŒÙÛÈ, Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ηÈË ÚÔÛÊ˘Á‹ ÛÙË ‚›· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ, ·ÏϿη٤ÛÙËÛ·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ¿ÍÔÓ˜ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.

∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÈÓ› ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÔ‡˜, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜. ™ÙËÓ∂˘ÚÒË Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ·fiÏ˘ÙË·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÔÈ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ-

132 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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̤Ó˜, ̤¯ÚȘ ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi, Ó· ·Ó¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ οÔÈ·Ú‹ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÙÈÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÔÈÎÙÔ‡ ¯·Ú·-ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È Ù˘ ¢ËÌÂÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ·ÓÂÎÙÈ΋. ∞Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙÔÈ ·fi ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔʤ˜ Î·È ·ÔÌÔ-ӈ̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ‹ÂÈÚÔ-¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› Û˘¯Ó¿ ÊÔ‚Ô‡-ÓÙ·È ÙÔÓ ¤Íˆ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ıˆÚÔ‡Ó Â¯ıÚÈÎfi, ·ÂÈÏËÙÈÎfiÎ·È ‚›·ÈÔ.77 ∏ ÂıÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·‰Âȯı› ÛÙÔ ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·-Îfi ‰›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜Î·È ‚Ô‹ıËÛ ӷ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈο. ∞˘Ùfi ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È, ÂÎÙfi˜ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Ó· ηχÙÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘÔԛ˜ Ì·ÛÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·, Ó· ÂÓÔÔÈ›ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¤Íˆ fiϘ ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ˜ Ù¤Ú˘Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈ, ·Ú¿Ï-ÏËÏ·, Ó· ʤÚÓÂÈ Û ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ Ù¿¯· Â›Ó·È ·ÊÂÏ›˜ ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÂÓ‰ÔÙÈÎÔ›.

¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi‰‡Ô ΢ڛˆ˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜: ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ËıÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜(social conservatives) ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜, ˘¤ÚÌ·¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÂχıÂÚ˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ (libertarians)Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜, Ë Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÈÛÊ·Ï‹˜. √È ‰‡Ô Ï¢-Ú¤˜ ‰È·ÊˆÓÔ‡Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. √È Û˘ÓÙËÚË-ÙÈÎÔ› ËıÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔÓ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· ˙ËÙ‹-Ì·Ù· Ù˘ «ÎÚ‚·ÙÔο̷ڷ˜», Û ı¤Ì·Ù·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÚÔÛˆÈ-ÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ¤ÎÙÚˆÛË, Ë Û˘Ì‚›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔÊ›-ψÓ, ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜-ıÚËÛΛ·˜ Î.Ï. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜78 ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ

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77. ∂›Ó·È, ›Ûˆ˜, ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ ˆ˜ ÔÏÏÔ› ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‰ÈÛÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ó· Ù·Íȉ¤„Ô˘ÓÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ Ë ›‰È· ÙÔ˘˜ Ë ¯ÒÚ· Ì·ÛÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏ‹, ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ ¢˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·.

78. √ fiÚÔ˜ «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ» ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È ÁÈ·Ù› ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù·˘ÙÈÛÙ› ÌÂÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÔ-·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Â‰Ò.

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ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂ-Ú›· Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Û ÙÔÌ›˜ fiԢ΢Úȷگ› Ë ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ̤ÚÈÌÓ·, fiˆ˜ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Î·ÈË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË.

√ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ı· ‹ıÂÏ ӷ ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ Â˘¯·ÚÈÛÙË̤-ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·¤Ù˘¯Â.ÃÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙË Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÊfiÚˆÓ fi¯È ÂÚÈÎfiÙÔÓÙ·˜‰·¿Ó˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰·ÓÂÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ Î·È ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÎÈ·fi ÙÔÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔӉȷ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ∏ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË, ˉÈfiÁΈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏˆÓ ÂÈ-ÏÔÁÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ÁÂÓȤ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÎÏËıÔ‡Ó Ó··ÔÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰¿ÓÂÈ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍ·ÁÚÈÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÚ·ÙÈ-ÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ô ªÔ˘˜ Úfi‰ˆÛ ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌfi.

∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÁÈ· Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈÎÈ-ÛÙ¤˜, Ï›Á· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ÌÔÚ› Ô ªÔ˘˜ Ó· οÓÂÈ, ·ÊÔ‡ ·˘Ù¿·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ Î·ÈÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘. ¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ Úfi-ÛÊ·ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈηÛÙËÚ›Ô˘, ÙÔ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÁȈ̤Ó˘ «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘» ÓÔÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÙÔ ·ÎÚ·›Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÈÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Èη-ÓÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙË. ∞ÎfiÌ·, fï˜, ÎÈ ·Ó Ô ªÔ˘˜ ·Ó·-Ï¿Ì‚·Ó ÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·, ‚¤‚·ÈÔ Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ οı·ڷ¯ÒÚËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜ ı· ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈÔ‡Û ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÒ·ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË.

∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ËıÈÎÈÛÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ï›ÁÔ-Ôχ ·ÓÂ-Ê¿ÚÌÔÛÙË. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÙË ‰È·ÙËÚ› ·ÓÈηÓÔÔ›ËÙË Î·È ‰È·Èˆ-Ó›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ» ηÙÂ-ÛÙË̤ÓÔ. √ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ [culture war], Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¤¯Âȉȯ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ›ÎÔÛÈ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, ı·Û˘Ó¯ÈÛÙ› ÁÈ·Ù› ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ï˘ı› Ì ӛÎË ÙˆÓ ËıÈÎÈÛÙÒÓ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∫·È

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¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Â›Ï˘ÛË, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Âȉ¤¯ÂÙ·È Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ·˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ËıÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ˘¿Ú-ÍÔ˘Ó Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ. ∞Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ıˆÚ›fiÙÈ Ë ˙ˆ‹ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙË Û‡ÏÏË„Ë, ÙfiÙ οı ¤ÎÙÚˆÛË Â›Ó·È ÎȤӷ˜ ÊfiÓÔ˜. ∞Ó ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏÔÊÈÏ›· Â›Ó·È ·Ì·ÚÙ›· ηȷÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÛÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏ›Ô˘, ÙfiÙ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó·È-Ó¤ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ÓÔÌÈ΋ Ù˘ «‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË»79.

ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοӈÓÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ·ÓÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛÙË80. √ ªÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‹-ıËΠÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÙˆÓڿ͈Ó, Ì ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›-ÙÂÚË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›·. ∏ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ù˙¤-ÓÙ· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÓÎȯˆÙÈ΋. ¶ÔÏÂÌ¿ÂÈ ¤Ó· «ÊÈÏÂ-χıÂÚÔ» ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Ô˘ ›Ù ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â›Ù ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó··Ó·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ. ™Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋ڈÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÎÚÔ‡ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓËfiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Êˆ-

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79. ∑ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ‰È¢ıÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ‰È¿ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ Ô‰Ô‡ ÌÂχÛÂȘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈË̤Ó˜, ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÊÂı› Ó· ‰È·Èˆ-Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈ· Ì ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó Â۷› ÔÏÈÙÈο·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÈ̘ ˆ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ·ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÙ˜. ™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ÓÓfiÌÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÎÙÚÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÂ Î·È ˘fi ÔȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÓfiÌÔÈ Ô˘ „ËÊ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ Ï·˚ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈ-ÚÔÛÒˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, Ë ¤ÎÙÚˆÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·Ó·Ê·›ÚÂÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ Á˘Ó·›Î·˜ ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈÒÙ¢ÛË Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ÈÂÓÂÚ-ÁÂ›Ù·È ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ̋ӷ Ù˘ ·ËÛ˘ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ. ∏ «Û˘ÓÙ·Á-Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË» ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÙËÓ fiψÛË Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¿Î·ÌÙÔ Î·È ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ Ì›· Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙÈ΋ χÛË.

80. √ ªÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÙËÁÔÚËı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ·Ú¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ıËÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘, Ô ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi˜ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËı› ˆ˜ ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜,ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ ÂϤÁ-¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Ú·Á‰·›· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ-ÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÍÈÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ÙˆÓ baby boomers.

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Ó› Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÎÔ¤˜ ÊfiÚˆÓ, ¤Ó·˙‹ÙËÌ· ¯ÂÈÚÔÈ·ÛÙfi Î·È ‚·ı‡Ù·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÊÔÚ¿ÙËÓ ·Ó·‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘, Ë Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ›ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿. ⁄ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ›ÎÔÛÈ ¤ÓÙ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÂÚÈ-ÎÔÒÓ Î·È Ú·Á‰·›·˜ Ì›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÒÓÁÈ· Ù· ˘„ËÏ¿ ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·Ù·, Ë ·Ó·‰È·ÓÂÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙ› ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ-ο. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ ÂÎÚËÎÙÈÎfi ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈÙË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓ fiÔÈˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÎÔÒÓÌ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ. √ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙˆÓ‰··ÓÒÓ Û fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈο ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰˘Û¯Â-Ú‹˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰·¿Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ¢ÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÛ·›Â˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÛÙÔ ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·. ∆˘¯fiÓ ÂÚÈÎÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔηϤ-ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂͤÁÂÚÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.

ÕÚ·, ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi, Ë Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û· Û ̛· ÚÈ˙Ô-Û·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚËÙÔÚ›· Ô˘ Ï›ÁÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙÔ˘ÛȈı› Û ڿÍË.¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ì›· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋, Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ÔÔ›·˜ ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓ› Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙÂοÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÂÈÚÔÈ·ÛÙfi. ∫È ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô ¤ÍˆÎfiÛÌÔ˜, Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ô fiÏÂÌԘηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.

∂›‰·Ì ˆ˜ ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›, ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÈÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ¢·›ÛıËÙÔÈ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù··ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ Ó· Ù· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Û·Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù··Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ô˘ ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜. ∞ÓÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜ Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ˙‹ÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ηÈÔÏÈÙÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÚÈÚÚ¤Ô˘Û˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-Τ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÓÓÔ‡Ó, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ Ë·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈÎfi/ÛÙÚ·-ÙȈÙÈÎfi. ∞˘Ùfi˜ Ô ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi˜ Ì·ÍÈÌ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË

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Ù˘ ·fiÏ˘Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, Ô ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿-ÛÙ·Û˘ ˆ˜ ·Ó›ÙÚÂÙ˘ Ù¿¯· ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-ÙÒÓ, Ë ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋ ÔÈÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ˙ËÙË-Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘηٿÏÏËϘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÓıËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ˘,·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡, Ï·˚ΛÛÙÈÎÔ˘, ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÎÚ·›Ô˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÚ› Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.

∏ Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ¤Ó· ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ô˘ ı· ÂÓÒÛÂÈ ÙË‚¿ÛË Ù˘ Î·È ı· ‰È¯¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ «ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ» ÛÙÚ·ÙfiÂ-‰Ô. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ›ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¤Ó· ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·fiÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ófi‰Ô˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹˜«ÊÈÏÂÈÚËÓÈ΋˜», ·ÓÙÈ-ÔÏÂÌÈ΋˜ Ù¿Û˘ ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ∫fiÌÌ·ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ÂıÓÈ΋·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ËıÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜ Û ̛· ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÎÏËÚ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-ÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÂÈÏÒÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·‰È¯¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÌÈ·˜ «Ì·Ïı·Î‹˜» ∞ÚÈ-ÛÙÂÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÒˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ·fi ÂÔ›-ıËÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi, ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ÎfiÌÌ·ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·ÌË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó·¤¯ÂÈ Ì›· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤ÓË Î·È Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÂÚ› ÂıÓÈ΋˜·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘fi ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÔÛÙ·Û›Ô˘.

∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë ÌÔÓÔÒÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·fi˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂˆÊÂÏ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘˜. √È ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ¤¯Ô˘ÓοıÂ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Ó· ÛÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó·Û˘ÛÂÈÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ‰È¯¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜ÙÔ˘˜.

¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›·ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ô ƒ¤ËÁηÓ. ∆fiÙÂ, ÔÈ ·fiÛÙÔÏÔÈ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜

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ÂÈÓfiËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ Ì‡ıÔ Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›·˜. ∂ÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ·¤Ó· ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›Ô „¤Ì·. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓÀËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È·‚‚·›ˆÓ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›-ıÂÙÔ, ÔÈ È‰ÂÔÏfiÁÔÈ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ¿ÙËÛ·ÓÎ·È ¤ÂÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎËÛÎÏËÚ‹˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆ-Û˘, Ë ÔÔ›·, ‚¤‚·È·, ¤Ó ‹‰Ë Ù· ÏÔ›ÛıÈ·. ∆Ô ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘«˘Ú·˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜» [missile gap], Ô˘ ¯ÒÚÈ˙ ٿ¯· Ù˙ԂÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ÙÔ˘ 1970, ¤¯ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ͯ·ÛÙ›. ŸÌˆ˜, ˢÂÓı‡ÌÈÛË Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÊÈÏÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÚ› Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ-΋˜ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹˜ ¤‚Ï·„ ÙË ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ-Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, Ô‰‹ÁË-Û ÛÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ £¿ÙÛÂÚ ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ÙÔ 1979 Î·È ÛÙËÓηٿÚÚ¢ÛË Ù˘ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘Ã¤ÏÌÔ˘Ù ™ÌÈÙ ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· ÙÔ 1982. ∞ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔ ÂÓ·ÚÎÙ‹-ÚÈÔ Ï¿ÎÙÈÛÌ· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Ô˘ ¤ÊÂÚ ÛÙËÓÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÙÔÓ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·È Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙË Ú·Á‰·›· ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ, ›Û˘, Ó· ˘ÂÓı˘ÌÈÛı› fiÙÈÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ ¢ÂÍÈÔ› ÙÔ˘ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÙÔÓ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó ÙÔ˘ ∞ÁÈ·ÙÔÏ¿¯ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó›,ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜ ÌÔ˘Ù˙·¯ÂÓÙ›Ó, ÙÔ˘ √Û¿Ì· ªÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ∆·ÏÈÌ¿Ó ÂÓ¿-ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Î·È ÙË Ã·Ì¿˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ∞Ú·Ê¿ÙÎ·È ÛÙË º·Ù¿¯. ∞ÊÔ‡ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙˆÓÙÚÈÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÚÔÛʤÚıËÎ·Ó Ó· ٷχÛÔ˘Ó, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· Î.Ô.Î. ŒÙÛÈ ÎÈ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, Ë«‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·» ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙË Ó¤·¢ÂÍÈ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Ù˘.

∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ô Ì‡ıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›·˜ ¤ÂÈÛ ÙÔ˘˜Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¢ÂÍÈÔ‡˜ fiÙÈ Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ÌfiÓË Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÈÔχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›·. ŸÙÈ ÔÈ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, Î·È È‰›ˆ˜ Ë·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÏËıÒÚ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁ‹ÛÈ̘. ŸÙÈ Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-

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ÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Û΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÙÔ ‰ÔÎÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Î·È Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂ-Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ∫·ÈfiÙÈ, ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÓÒÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÏË„ËÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘ÏÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi, Ë Â͈-ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÔÈ ·ÂÈϤ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¤Íˆ ÎfiÛÌÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó¤Ó· ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ‰›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ıÚ›·Ì‚Ô Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ.

∏ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÛ˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ‰›Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ˆ˜ «·Ú¯ËÁÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÓfiÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂ-ˆÓ». ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÛÙ·Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ÌfiÓÔ ¤ÌÌÂÛ·, ̤ۈ Ù˘ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ¿ÚÓËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ¯ÚËÌ·-ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ÔÈ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÁÚ‹ÁÔ-Ú˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔ-‚¿‰ÈÛÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·, Ë ÔÔ›·, ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó, ‰È·ı¤-ÙÂÈ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈο Î·È ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ› ÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ-΋. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙfiÛÔ Ë Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÚÔ‚¿‰ÈÛÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ ¢ÂÍÈÔ› ‰ÂÓ ¿ÊË-Û·Ó ·ÓÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÙÔ.

√ ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó ÂÍ·¤Ï˘Û ¤Ó·Ó Ó¤Ô æ˘¯Úfi ¶fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1980, ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ Û ÌÈ· ·ÈÌÔÚÚ·ÁÔ‡Û· ηÈ,·fi Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜, ηٷÚÚ¤Ô˘Û·˜ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆ-Û˘. ∆ÔÓ Ì‡ıÔ Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›·˜ ‰È·‰¤¯ÙËÎÂ Ô Ì‡ıÔ˜fiÙÈ Ô ƒ¤ËÁÎ·Ó Î·È Ë ÛÎÏËÚ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓÙÒÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜81. µ¤‚·È·, ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ

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81. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ Ì‡ıÔ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÂ Î·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô °ÎÔÚÌ·ÙÛÒÊ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙÚfiÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ı̛ۈÓ, Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÂÚ¤‚·ÏÏ ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋›ÂÛË.

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ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È Ù˘ ‡ÛÙÂÚ˘ ÂÚÈfi-‰Ô˘ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ÔÊÂÈÏfiÙ·Ó ÛÙȘ ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙ·-Ù˜ Î·È ·Ó›·Ù˜ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·-ÙÔ˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ›ÂÛË. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfifiÙÈ fiÙ·Ó Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·Ô‰Â›¯ıËΠ·‰‡-Ó·ÌË, ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ „¤Ì· ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ¿ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ, ÙÔÔÔ›Ô, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ·Ú·‰Â¯fiÙ·Ó ÙË ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ÙËÓ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Û ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ›ÂÛ˘ Î·È fi¯ÈÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛˆÓ.

ŒÙÛÈ ‹ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÙÔ1991 ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¤Ó·Ó ÁÏ˘ÎfiÈÎÚÔ ıÚ›·Ì‚Ô ÁÈ· ÙË Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿. ∏ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ηٿÚÚ¢ÛË ÙËÓ Î·Ù¤ÛÙËÛ ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔ-ÁÈÎfi ÓÈÎËÙ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÈÙ¿ÓÈÔ˘ ˘ÂÚÙÂÛÛ·Ú·ÎÔÓÙ·ÂÙÔ‡˜ ·ÁÒÓ·.¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ù˘ ·ÔÛÙÂÚÔ‡Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔχÙÈÌÔ ·ÓÙ›-·ÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌfiÓ¢ÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∆Ô ·Ô-Ù¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÂÓ ¿ÚÁËÛ ӷ Ê·Ó›. ∏ ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜·ÂÈÏ‹˜ ¤ÙÚ„ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜, ¿ÂÈÚÔ˘ ÛÙ· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ-ο ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó·Óˆً ÛÙ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο, Ó¤Ô˘ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ¿ÙË, ÙÔ˘ ªÈÏ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ ÙÔ 1992. º¿ÓËΠfiÙÈ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·-„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› ›¯·Ó ÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÚÔ‰ÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÒÓ, fiÛÔ ·Ú¤ÌÂÓ·Ó ÚÔÛËψ̤-ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ. ∏ ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ªÔ˘˜ ÙÔ 2000, ·Ú¿ ÙËÏ·˚΋ „‹ÊÔ, ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹˜ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ï°ÎÔÚ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ¿ÚÙË ƒ·ÏÊ¡¤ÓÙÂÚ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¤Í˘ÓÔ˘ «Û˘ÌÔÓÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ-ÛÌÔ‡» ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜. ∂ÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÎÏÔÁ‹ ÔÚȷ΋. ∏Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÙ·Ó Ì›· Ó¤· ·ÂÈÏ‹ Ô˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈηıÈÛÙÔ‡ÛÂÙË ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ı· ÂȂ‚·›ˆÓ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔηıÂ-‰Ú›·.

∆Ô Úˆ› Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001, Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÂÌÊ·Ó›-ÛÙËΠ̠ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ı·̷ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ ηٿÚÚ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰›‰˘-ÌˆÓ ‡ÚÁˆÓ Î·È ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤Ú˘Á·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÓÙ·ÁÒÓÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Û ›-

140 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Â‰Ô ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÂÊ¿ÌÈÏÏË ÙÔ˘ ÈÔ ·ÎÚ·›Ô˘ ¯ÔÏÏ˘ÁÔ˘ÓÙÈ·ÓÔ‡ÛÂÓ·Ú›Ô˘. √˘‰¤ÔÙÂ Ë ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ›¯Â οÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ Ù˘ ÙfiÛÔ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο. ™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Ù˘ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·Û˘, Ë ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ͤ-Ú·Û Û ıfiÚ˘‚Ô, ‰‡Ó·ÌË Û˘ÁΛÓËÛ˘ Î·È ‰Ú¿Ì· ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·ÂÈÏ‹. ∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÚÚÂfiÓÙˆÓ ‡ÚÁˆÓÚÔ‚Ï‹ıËÎÂ Î·È Í·Ó·ÚÔ‚Ï‹ıËΠ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÂÁÁÚ¿-ÊËΠ·ÓÂÍ›ÙËÏ· ÛÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ.

∆ÒÚ· ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÒÚ· Ù˘ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ÌÂÙ·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘,Ì ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË, Û ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÂıÓÈÎfi ËÁ¤ÙË-ÂΉÈÎËÙ‹. ∆Ô ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ.ÕÏÏÔÈ, ›Ûˆ˜, ¶Úfi‰ÚÔÈ Ó· ›¯·Ó ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÂΛ. ∏ Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿,ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ‹ÍÂÚ ˆ˜ Ô ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌfi˜ Î·Ï˘‚ÒÓ Î·È ÛËÏÈÒÓ Ì¢ÂÚÛ‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο fiÏ· Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜, ¤ÙÛÈÎÈ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, ÂÚÂÈÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ıÂÓ¿, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÛ˘Ó›‰Ë-ÙÔ ÁÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË. Ÿˆ˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô ƒ¿ÌÛÊÂÏÓÙ ÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛÂ, ÙÔ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó «ÛÙÂÚ›ÙÔ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ» ÚÔ˜ ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌfi·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚË ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ·ÂÚÔÔÚ›·.

∆ËÓ Â·‡ÚÈÔ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ù˘ ›ıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘,·Ó·Û‡ÚıËΠÙÔ πÚ¿Î. Ÿˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜,ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ›ıÂÛ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹ıËÎ·Ó ‰‡Ô „¤Ì·Ù·:ÚÒÙÔÓ fiÙÈ Ô ™·ÓÙ¿Ì Î·Ù›¯Â fiÏ· Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ηÈ,‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, fiÙÈ Ô ™·ÓÙ¿Ì ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘.

∆Ô πÚ¿Î, ÚËÌ·Á̤ÓÔ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÔϤÌÔ˘˜, ÚÒÙ· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔπÚ¿Ó Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ∫Ô˘‚¤ÈÙ,‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ, Ì ÙȘ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÙÂÛÙÚ·Ì̤ÓÂ˜Î·È ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ Ó· ıÚ¤„ÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÂÚÈı¿Ï„ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ ÏË-ı˘ÛÌfi, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÎÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ̤¯ÚÈÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1970, ·Ó·ÁÔÚ‡ıËΠÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋

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˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·ÌË Û ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ·ÂÈÏ‹ Ô˘ ¤¯ÚË˙ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒ-ÈÛ˘. °Ú‹ÁÔÚ· ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎÂ Î·È ˘ÏÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ë Â¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·ÈηٿÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î. °È· Ì›· ·ÎfiÌ· ÊÔÚ¿, Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·‰ÂÓ Ì¤ÙÚËÛÂ, fï˜, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Î·È ·Ó·¿ÓÙ¯· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜·Ó˘Ô„›·ÛÙÔ˘˜, ÂΉÈ΋ıËÎÂ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÙÂÚ¿-ÛÙÈÔ ÊÈ¿ÛÎÔ, ·ÁÈ‰Â˘Ì¤ÓÔ Û ̛· ÂıÓÔ-ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ÂÌʇÏÈ·Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ì ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ı‡Ì·Ù·.

ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Ó¤· ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·Ôı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ πÚ¿Î,ÛÂÈÚ¿ ›Ûˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ fiÏÔ˜ Ô ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÂÓfi˜·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÊÈÏfi‰ÔÍ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ-΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈο, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì··ıÈÎÔ‡πÚ¿Î, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÁÔ‹Ù¢Û ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·,ÙËÓ ÒıËÛ Û ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÊÈÏfi‰Ô͘ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ [fun-damentalism], Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ӷ ÂÍÈÛÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ-΋ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ XII

¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·. √ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜:

ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÚÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ

§ ›Á· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤-ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·-„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹ Î·È Ï›Á· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·

¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤ÛÂÈ ı‡Ì· ÙfiÛˆÓ ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂˆÓ fiÛÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ·‰fiÎÈÌË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÔ‡«religious fundamentalism». √È ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Â·Ó·-Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ηÈ, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó ÂȉÈ΋˜, Û¯ÂÙÈοÂÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˘, ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ·Ó·Û΢‹˜. ∞ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ˘ Û˘¯Ó‹˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ Ù˘ ‰˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓÙ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó, Ì ÂÈÏÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ· Î·È ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙË-Ù·, Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘, ›Ûˆ˜, ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ÓˆÙÂÚÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡.

∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ·ÓÙ› Ù˘ ¿Ì‚Ï˘Ó-Û˘ ¤ÊÂÚ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ«ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜», ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·ÈÔ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÚÌÔ‡ ηȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·¯ı› Û ÌÈ· ‡ÎÔÏË ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰Ú·Â-ÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ›, ·Ó·Ï˘Ù¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ, ÁÈ·Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ. ŸÌˆ˜,ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔÔ˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ú¿ Ó· ηٷʇÁÂÈ, ·ÓÈ-

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ÛÙfiÚËÙ· Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈο, Û ̛· ·Ó·ÏÏÔ›ˆÙË ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. ∏ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ «ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜» ˘ÔÎÚ‡ÙÂÈfi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì›· ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘¯Ó¿·ÔηχÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·˙ÔÓ›·, Ô˘ ıˆÚ›ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÌÔÓÔÒ-ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ «¢˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡» Î·È ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ηٷ‰ÈηṲ̂-ÓË Ó· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÏÏÔ›ˆÙË Î·È ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÛÙÂ-ÚÂfiÙ˘· ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈÂÓÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡.82

√ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛıËΠηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÔÏÏÒÓ ıÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙȘ ÊÈÏÂχ-ıÂÚ˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Ô˘ ¤ÊÂÚÓÂ Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·.™˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌfiÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ·, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂΛ, ›Ûˆ˜, Ë «Â›ıÂÛË» Ù˘ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÊÔ‰ÚfiÙÂÚË. √ fiÚÔ˜ «·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜»ÂÈÓÔ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÛÙÔÚ· ∫¤ÚÙȘ §Ë §Ô˜ [Curtis LeeLaws] ÙÔ 1920 Î·È ·Ú¯Èο ·¤ÎÙËÛ ıÂÙÈ΋ ·Í›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·ÛÙÔ˘˜ µ·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¶ÚÂÛ‚˘ÙÂÚÈ·ÓÔ‡˜, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÊÔ‚Ô‡-ÓÙ·Ó Ó· ‰È·Ï·Ï‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÙÔ˘˜.¢¤Î· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ ¶ÚÂÛ‚˘ÙÂÚÈ·ÓÔ› ÙÔ˘ ¶Ú›ÓÛÙÔÓ Â›¯·Ó·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ê˘ÏÏ·‰›ˆÓ Ì ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ ∆· ∞Ú¯¤ÁÔÓ·£Â̤ÏÈ· [The Fundamentals], Ô˘ ÂÚÈÂÏ¿Ì‚·Ó·Ó Ù· ¤ÓÙ‚·ÛÈο ‰fiÁÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ °Ú·ÊÒÓ.83

µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ, ˆ˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ,·fi ¿ÏϘ ıÚËÛΛ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ù·È Î·È ÛÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì.∞ÓÙÈ̤وԘ Ì ÓÂfiÎÔ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Î·È Ì›··‰È¿ÏÏ·ÎÙË ÎÔÛÌÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·, ·Ú¯Èο, Ô ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔ-ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ··›ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙÂÚË,·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ

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82. Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London, Penguin, 1985, ÛÂÏ. 300-301.83. Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim, America, The Cold War,

and the Roots of Terror, New York, Three Leaves Press, Doubleday, 2005,ÛÂÏ. 38.

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ËÁÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ∫¿ÚÂÓ ÕÚÌÛÙÚÔÓÁÎ, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÚÔ-ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi,·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ̛· ÂÈ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË ÎÔÛÌÈ΋ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfi-ÙËÙ·. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ˘‹Ú¯Â ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· «ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·» ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂ-Ù·È, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› Ë Û‡ÏÏË„ËÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ë ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÔÚÁ¿Óˆ-Û˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜.84 √ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜Í‹‰ËÛ ˆ˜ Ì¿¯Ë ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È fi¯È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛÎÂÈ-ÒÓ Î·È ˆ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙËÓÔÔ›· ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ηًÁÁÂÈÏ·Ó ˆ˜ ÂÓ‰ÔÙÈÛÌfi ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÂÌÈ· ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ ÎÔÛÌÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·.85

°Ú‹ÁÔÚ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÙ·‹-‰ËÛ ·fi ÙÔ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Î·È ·fiÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈο Û ÎÔÛÌÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜, ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜-ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ·ÍËÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ·fi ÙË ıÚËÛΛ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó‹-ıˆ˜ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ̛· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË, fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÈ-ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Û ¤Ó· ȉ·Ùfi ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ÈÔηٿÏÏËÏË ‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜. ™ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜, Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˜ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ·ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌËÎ·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ. ŸÌˆ˜, ·ÎÚÈ‚¤ÛÙÂÚÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂ-Ù·È Î·Ó›˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔÓ ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 145

84. ∏ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÚˆÙÔÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÛÙË BÔÚÂÈÔ-¢˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜Ù˘ ∞Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛËÔ˘ ÎÔÌ›˙ÂÈ Ë Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈÔ˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ Î·È Ô ÎÔÂÚÓ›ÎÂÈÔ˜ ËÏÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÌfi˜, ·fi ÙËÓÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ʤÚÓÂÈ Ë ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ·fi ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘Í·Ó Ô ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi˜,·fi ÙË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î.Ô.Î.

85. Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism, NewYork, Alfred A. Knopf, 2000, ÛÂÏ. 175.

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πÛÏ¿Ì ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÔÓÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi, fiÔ˘ Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔȯ›Ô.

∂Í›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‰È·‰ÚÔ̤˜, ÔÈÔԛ˜ ›¯·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈο ‰fiÁÌ·Ù· ηÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈ-Τ˜ Û˘ÁÎ˘Ú›Â˜.

∫¿ı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÎÈÓ› ·fi ÙËÓ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Á΢ÚÈÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ··Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔÊ¿ÛÌ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂΉԯÒÓ, ·ÏÏÔ‡ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ıÒÓ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘¯Ó¿, ÔÈ ·Ú¯Èο ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı›˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÚÈ˙Ô-Û·ÛÙÈÎÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó fiÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÛÌfi ‹ ÙËÓ ˆÌ‹ ηٷ›ÂÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·‰È¿ÏÏ·ÎÙÔ˘ Î·È ·Ô-Ï˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ∞‰ÂÏÊÔ‡˜ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛˉÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ÛÔ˘ÓÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ÙÔ Ó·Û-ÛÂÚÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜, ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ˘Ùȷ΋ ٷ›ӈÛË ·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï,ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ, fiˆ˜ı· Ê·Ó› ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·.

∂ÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙȘ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜, ÌÂÙ·-ÔÏÂÌÈο ÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ›¯Â ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÊÂÙËڛ˜ Î·È ÛÙfi-¯Ô˘˜. ∆Ô ¤Ó· Ú‡̷ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËÎÂÛÙȘ ·ÊÚÔ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ÂÎÎÏËۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·‡ÚˆÓ [civil rights movement]. ∆Ô¿ÏÏÔ Ú‡̷ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠÛÙȘ Ï¢Τ˜, «·Ó·ÁÂÓÓË̤Ó˜»[born-again] ÂÎÎÏËۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏÈÛÙÒÓ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔ‰‡Û˘ ηÈÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÔ˘ Ì ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ÊÈÏÂÏ¢-

146 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ËıÒÓ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤ÊÂÚÂ Ë ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙ÂÈ Ë ·fiÊ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈηÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ1973, Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ ÙȘ ÂÎÙÚÒÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê·›ÚÂÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ·Á-Ì·ÙÈÎfi ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ.86 ∆fiÛÔ Ô ª¿ÚÙÈÓ §Ô‡ıÂÚ∫ÈÓÁÎ [Martin Luther King] ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960 ·fi Ù··ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ fiÛÔ Î·È Ô ∆˙¤Ú˘ º¿ÏÁÔ˘ÂÏ [Jerry Falwell] ÛÙË ‰Âη-ÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1980 ·fi Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÔÙÂ-ÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ›Ù ÚÔԉ¢-ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ›ÙÂ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜/·ÓÙȉڷÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜.

™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ, ÚÒÙÔÓ, ¿ÏÏÔÚ¿ÁÌ· ›ӷÈ, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, Ô ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ηȿÏÏÔ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ηÈ, ÂÏÏ›„ÂÈ ÈÔ ‰fiÎÈ-ÌÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘, Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤-¯ÂÈ·, Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜» ı· ÂÓÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ, ‰Ë-Ï·‰‹, Ô Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜.¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜,fiˆ˜ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Î·È Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ô˘ ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ‰ÂÓÂ›Ó·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓıÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ Î·È, ÙÚ›ÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ‰ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ·ÓÙȉڷÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi, ·ÏÏ¿Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË.

∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Î·ÈÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ˘ Î·È ÔχÌÔÚÊÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ŸÌˆ˜, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÔʇÁÔ-ÓÙ·È. ŒÙÛÈ, Û˘¯Ó¿ Ô ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÍÈÛÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È ·˘Ùfi Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ªÂÏ›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ΢ڛˆ˜ ˘ÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ, Ô ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÎÔ˘‚·Ï¿ÂÈ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÔÚÈÂÓÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈο

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86. Roe v. Wade.

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ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ÂÚ› ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ê·Ó·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÓÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ «∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹» Û ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙË «¢‡ÛË». ªÂÙ¿ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ «·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ» Ô˘ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ˆ˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÂÂȉ‹ ‰‹ıÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ÙÔȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ÛÙ· ÈÂÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ΛÌÂÓ· ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi ÂÓÁ¤ÓÂÈ Ô˘ ÂȉÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ‚›· ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ·ıÒˆÓ ·Ì¿-¯ˆÓ.87

∞Ó Î·È Ô ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ˘Ô¯ÒÚË-Û ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘ ı¤ÛË ÙËÓ Â·‡ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ¯Ù˘ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚ› Ù˘ ·Ó¿Á΢ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ «ÛÙ·˘ÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜»,ÙfiÛÔ ·˘Ùfi˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÂÌ̤ÓÔ˘ÓÛÙÔÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Û «Î·ÏÔ‡˜», ‰ËÏ·‰‹Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÛÈÌÔ˘˜, Î·È Û «Î·ÎÔ‡˜» Ê·Ó·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÙ¤˜, ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.88 ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ-΋ ·˘Ù‹, ηı‹ÎÔÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó···ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ «Î·ÏÔ‡˜» ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ «Î·-ÎÔ‡˜» Î·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì›· ÛÚˆÍÈ¿ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘,fiˆ˜ ı· ¤ÏÂÁÂ Î·È Ô §¤ÓÈÓ, Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛËÌ›·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›· Û‡Á¯˘-ÛË Î·È ·ÚÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ì ¿ÌÂÛ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ô‰Ë-ÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ʤÚÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ·fiÙ· ÂȉȈÎfiÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ËÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î.

°È· ÙÔÓ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô, ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯Â-

148 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

87. Bernard Lewis, «Roots of Muslim Rage», The Atlantic Monthly, ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔ-ÛÂÏ›‰· www.theatlantic.com/issues/90sep/rage.htm.

88. Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim, America, The Cold War,and the Roots of Terror, New York, Three Leaves Press, Doubleday, 2005,ÛÂÏ. 15.

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ÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÁfiÌÂÓ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ıÚË-ÛΛ·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì›· ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·. ªÂ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ, Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ∂˘ÚÒË Â›Ó·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÎÔÛÌÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ·Ô-ıÚËÛÎÂÈÔÔÈË̤ÓË. ∆Ô ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÒÓ ÈÛÙÒÓÂ›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ οو ·fi ÙÔ 10% ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, ÂÓÒÛ fiϘ ÙȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÌ˘, ÔÈ ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹-ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÎÔÛÌÈΤ˜, Ôχ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Ì¤ÛÔfiÚÔ. ∏ ·Ó·‚›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙË-ÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÁÁ›ÍÂÈȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ÛÙȘ ÚÒËÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰ÂηÂ-ٛ˜ ¿ÓˆıÂÓ ÂȂ‚ÏË̤Ó˘ ·ı½·˜. ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚-΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ·ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÁËÁÂÓ‹˜ Ù˘ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ì ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Û οÔȘ ÌÂÙ·Ó·-ÛÙ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ Û˘ÛÎÔÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛÙÂ-ÚÂfiÙ˘· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÛÛˆÚ¢ı› ·fi ÙÔÓ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË°·ÏÏÈ΋ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ÙÔÓ Û‡Á-¯ÚÔÓÔ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÛÌfi.

À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ-ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡: Ë ÚÔ-ÓˆÙÂ-ÚÈ΋ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈ-ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂΉԯ‹, ÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ù·È Û ÎÔÈÓˆ-ӛ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ηȷڷ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛÎÔÏÏË̤Ó˜ Û ¤Ó· ÚÔ-ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÎ·È Û ̛· ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙË ıÚË΢ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. √È ÎÔÈӈӛ˜·˘Ù¤˜ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÌË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜, ÎÔÛÌÈΤ˜·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-Ù¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÍÈÛÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÂ¤Ó·Ó È‰ÈfiÌÔÚÊÔ ÚˆÙÔÁÔÓÈÛÌfi. ŒÙÛÈ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ

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√ÚÈÂÓÙ·ÏÈÛÙ‹ ª¤ÚÓ·ÚÓÙ §Ô‡È˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Í¤Ó˜.89

¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ηȷÍÈfiÈÛÙË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂΉԯ‹. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó, ·Ó ÌÂÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜» ÓÔ›ٷÈ, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· Ù˘ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Û ÌÈ· ·Ú¯¤ÁÔÓË ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, Ë ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ë ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‚¿Ï-ÏÂÙ·È ‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ·Ú·ÎÌ‹, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓÔ˘ ÚÔηÏ› Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ô ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜. √ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÁÂÓÓÈ¤Ù·È Û ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ÎÚ›-ÛˆÓ, ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ŸÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚËÂ›Ó·È Ë ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ·ÂÈÏ‹˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Èı·Ó‹ Â›Ó·È Ë¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ì›· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ıÚËÛΛ·˜ Û ̛· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ··›ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÌfiÚʈ-ÛË, Ô˘ ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙË ıÚËÛΛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚËÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏfi Ù˘. ∏ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÎÚ›Û˘ Î·È Ù˘·Ú·ÎÌ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ·Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛË Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi ηÈÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜.

∆¤ÙÔȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·Ô-ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÎÚ›Û˘ Î·È ·Ú·Î-Ì‹˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ Ë ·ÔÈ-ÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ∆Ô ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙË ÁËÁÂÓ‹ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎ‹Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Î·È, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ·fiÂÈÚ· ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ùfi¯ıÔÓ˜ Î·È fi¯ÈÍÂÓfiÊÂÚÙ˜ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ¯ÂÈڷʤÙË-Û˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÈÂÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÈÎÈÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó·ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ›ӷÈ, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi,ÎÔÈÓ‹ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡.

∏ ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ͯˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋,

150 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

89. Bernard Lewis, «Roots of Muslim Rage», fiˆ˜ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ Î·È What WentWrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response, New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002, ÛÂÏ. 103, 159.

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ÚÔ-ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ¯¿ÚË ÛÙÔÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÛÌfi Ù˘. ∞ÓÙ› Ó··Ôı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ, ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹, ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÙËÓȉ¤· Ù˘ ·¤Ó·Ë˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘. √ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓ¿Î·È ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜: ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·Ú¯ÂÁÔ-ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∏ Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ·‰È·Ú΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ· ‰È·Ú΋ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Û ¤Ó·ÂÍȉ·ÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∆Ô ¤Ó· ʤÚÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ¤Ó· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ.

√È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·ÛٿوÛË Î·È·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ∂›Û˘, ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÓÈÎËÙ¤˜ Î·È ËÙÙË̤ÓÔ˘˜. ∂›Ó·ÈÂfiÌÂÓÔ, ÛÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‰›Ô ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Ó· ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∞ÎÚÔÁˆÓÈ·›Ô˜Ï›ıÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ıÚËÛΛ· Ù˘.ŒÙÛÈ, Û˘¯Ó¿, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ·ÔÎÙ¿ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ-Τ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘, ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì›· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÌË-Ó›· Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ·ÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ∏ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÔÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ·ӷηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ. ªÔÚ› Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÎ·È ÛÙË ıÚËÛΛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È ÛÙÔ-¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ.

∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎËÙËÓ ÂÎÎÔƯ̂΢ÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜. √È ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÔÈı‹-ÛÂȘ ·‡Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÂχıÂÚ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÂÈ-ÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ËÌÂÙ¿ ı¿Ó·ÙÔÓ ˙ˆ‹ Î·È Ë ÛˆÙËÚ›· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ „˘¯‹˜. √·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Ì›· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ÂΉԯ‹ Û ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË Î·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ë ıÚËÛΛ· ·›ÚÓÂÈı¤ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋

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·ÔÎÙ¿ ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜Î·ı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¿Î·ÌÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈÎfi˜.

∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ Ë ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋ ıÚËÛΛ· ·fi ÙË Á¤Ó-ÓËÛ‹ Ù˘ ›¯Â ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi, ·ÊÔ‡ Ô È‰Ú˘-Ù‹˜ Ù˘, ªˆ¿ÌÂı, ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÚÔÊ‹Ù˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ËÁ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.ŒÙÛÈ, ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÎÏ‹ıËΠӷ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷڷÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ Û ÙÚ¤¯ÔÓÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈ-ο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. √È ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. ™Â ÙÔ‡ÙÔ, ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi, ·ÊÔ‡ Ô ÃÚÈÛÙfi˜ ηٿ ÙË Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘Ô˘‰¤ÔÙ ¿ÛÎËÛ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·. ¶ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ,Ì ÙÔÓ πÔ˘‰·˚ÛÌfi, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ¤Ó· ·ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ›ӷÈÔ ÓÔÌÈÎÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ¡fiÌÔ, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.

∆¤ÙÔȘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂ-Û· ÛÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÌÔÓÔıÂ˚ÛÙÈΤ˜ ıÚËÛΛ˜. ¢‡Ô ÛÙÔȯ›·Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Î·È ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˘ ÌÓ›·˜. √È ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙÂ˜Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘıÚËÛΛ˜ ÂÎÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ·fi Ì›· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ·‚Ú··ÌÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, ËÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ̛۠· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹,·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜. ŸÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔÓÙ·È·fi ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ó·ÏÏÔ›ˆÙ˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘·ÒÙÂÚÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜, Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi ı·Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› ÛÙÔ ÂÁÁ‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ ·ÒÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÂÏ-ıfiÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÔÈ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜, ÂÍÂÏ›Û-ÛÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘÁ‡Úˆ Û˘Óı‹Î˜.

∞Ó·ÎÂʷϷȈÙÈο, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ÔχÏÔÎÔ Î·ÈÔχÌÔÚÊÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, Ì ̷ÎÚ¿ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È Â˘Ú‡Ù·ÙË ·ÚÔ˘-Û›· Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘.

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√È Ú›˙˜ ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËıÔ‡Ó fi¯È ÛÙȘfiÔȘ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ˜ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÌÈ·˜ ‹ Ù˘ ¿ÏÏ˘ ıÚË-ÛΛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔοÏÂÛÂÎ·È Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔηÏ› Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›-‰Ô. √ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó,··ÈÙ› ÙË Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË, ·Ó fi¯È ÙËÓ «ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹», Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋˜ Û «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜», ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ·Í›Â˜. ŸÌˆ˜,Ë «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎfiÙËÙ·» ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ Â›Ó·ÈÊ·ÓÙ·Ûȷ΋, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛËÌÂÚÈ-ÓÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔηÈ, ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜, ÂÊ¢ÚË̤ÓÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. √È ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·˘Ù¤˜¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÛΛ Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ηÈË ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ status ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ.

√ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ›ӷÈÊ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó, ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘-Û›·˜ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. √ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ‰È·ÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ Ì ¿ÏϘÎÔÛÌÈΤ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi˜, ÚÈÌÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓËÁÂÌÔÓ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ Âϛ٠¿Óˆ Û fiϘ ÙȘ¿ÏϘ. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·˜¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ Ó· ˆÊÂÏËı› ·Ó ÛÙÚ·Ê› ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-Ó›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Ù˘ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔ-Ú›·˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ‰ÂÓ ˆÊÂÏ› Ô ÂÁÎψ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Û ̛· ıÂÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË «·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÈÂÚÒÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈӻ. ŸÔÈÔ˜ ÓÔÌ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷϿ‚ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ «ªÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚Ï‹-Ì·ÙÔ˜» ‰È·‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈ, ηϿ ı· οÓÂÈ Ó· ı˘Ì¿Ù·È fiÙÈηÓ›˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË µ›‚ÏÔ.

√ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, ·Ó Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÓÙÏ› ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›-ËÛË ·fi Ì›· ·ÒÙÂÚË, ·ÚÂÏıÔ‡Û· Î·È ÂÍȉ·ÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ıÚË-

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Û΢ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ. Ÿˆ˜ Ô ÂıÓÈ-ÎÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ̛· ·Ú¯¤ÁÔÓË, Ê·ÓÙ·Ûȷ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ··›Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹/Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ÔÔ›· ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯ÂÈÛÙ· ‚¿ıË ÙˆÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ Î·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Á¤ÓÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓÔ˘ ʤÚÓÂÈ Ô 18Ô˜ ·ÈÒÓ·˜ Î·È Ë °·ÏÏÈ΋ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·ÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Û΢¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ.

∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔÓÃÔÌÂ˚Ó›, Â›Ó·È ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· Ï·˚ÎÒÓ ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓÎ·È fi¯È ÎÏËÚÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ Jamal al Din al Afghani,Hassan al Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi Î·È AliShariati, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ›¯Â ӷοÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÔÙ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘-ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ, ›Ù ÂÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, ›Ù ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ Â›Ù ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó, ÛÙË ¢‡ÛË Î·È ÙË ÓˆÙÂÚÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘.

∂Ó ÔÏÏÔ›˜, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ô‡Ù ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜Ô‡Ù ·Ú¯¤ÁÔÓÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ªÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ ›ӷÈ, ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘, ÌÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ-̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌÒÓ Ù˘.

™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ÔÔ›· ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfi-ÙËÙ·˜ [secularization] fiÛÔ Ô ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓÚÔ¯ˆÚ›, Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ·Ô-‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Û‡ÌÊ˘ÙË Ì ÙË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÚÔ˚fiÓ Î·È ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·-ÛË Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. √ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ì¿˜ ÚÔηÏ› Ó· ÂÁηٷÏ›„Ô˘-

154 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ô˘ ηٷÓÔ› ÙË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜Ì›· ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋, ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋, ÙÂÏÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÌÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÙË ‰È·-‰Èηۛ· ηÈ, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ì·˜ ˆı› Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÔÏÏ·-Ϥ˜ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰ÚÔ̤˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÓˆÙÂÚÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ô ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ·Ô-ıÚËÛÎÂÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÏËÚÈηÏÈÛÌfiÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ∫·ıÔÏÈ΋ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.

∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÙÔ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘӤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ‰ÈÂÎ-‰ÈÎÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÎÔÛÌÈ΋. √È ıÚËÛΛ˜¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› ‡ϷÛÙ˜ Î·È Â˘ÚÔÛ¿ÚÌÔÛÙ˜. ªÂ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋¢ÎÔÏ›· ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂÈ·Îfi ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÁÈ· Ó·‰È·‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÔ›·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Â›Ó·È ÙËÏÂ-¢·ÁÁÂÏÈÛÙ¤˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÏÂ-ÔÙÈÎÔ› ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÔ› ·ÛÙ¤Ú˜ Ô˘ ͤÚÔ˘Ó Ò˜ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-Ô‡Ó ÙËÓ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ÎËÚ‡ÙÙÔ˘Ó Û ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜.

Ÿˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍÂ Ô ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ù¤Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎÒÓ, Leo Strauss90, ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÓÓ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÁÁ˘ÒÓÙ·È ÙË Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ ηÈÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ıÚËÛΛ·, Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ‚¿ıË ÙˆÓ·ÈÒÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ ı›Ô, η٤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ı¤ÛË ÛÙÔ Ó· ÈηÓÔ-ÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË. ¶Ô˘ıÂÓ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-ÚÔ ·ÏËıÈÓfi Î·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜. √È ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ·fi„ÂȘ ÙËÓ ÈÔ Î·ı·Ú‹ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Â›Ó·È Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓ˜ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. √È ∏¶∞ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë

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90. Leo Strauss, The City and Man, Chicago, Rand McNally, 1964.

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ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÙËÓ ·Ô-ıÚËÛÎÂÈÔÔ›-ËÛË.91

∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Î·È ‰ÂÓÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, fiˆ˜ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› Ó·ÈÛÙ‡ԢÓ. √ ¢·ÁÁÂÏÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, Ô ÂıÓÈÎÈ-ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÈÓ‰Ô˘ÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ πÓ‰›·, Ô Ú‚È˙ÈÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÛȈÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘§ÈÎÔ‡ÓÙ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï, ÔșțÙ˜ ÌÔ˘Ï¿‰Â˜ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, Ë ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯ ÛÙÔ §›‚·ÓÔ, Ë Ã·Ì¿˜ÛÙËÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓË, ÔÈ ∆·ÏÈÌ¿Ó ÛÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó, ÙÔ ª¤ÙˆÔ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ™ˆÙËÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÏÁÂÚ›·, ÔÈ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ∞‰ÂÏÊÔ›ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, Ô ∂ÚÓÙÔÁ¿Ó ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜·ÊÂÙËڛ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜.

ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜Î·È Â›Ó·È Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó·ÊÔ-Ú¿ ÛÙȘ ȉÈÔÌÔÚʛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÙÔÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË ıÚËÛΛ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Ê·Ó·ÙÈ΋, ÌÈÛ·Ï-Ïfi‰ÔÍË Î·È ‚›·ÈË. ªÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹˜, ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈ-ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋. ∞¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ¤Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈÎfi ηıÂ-

156 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

91. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ªÂ ÙËÛÙÂÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Ë ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙÔÓ¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ∏¶∞ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ·ÎÔÛÌÈ΋, ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ∏ EÏÏ¿‰· (·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·) ‰ÂÓ›ӷÈ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÂΛ ÔÈ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ› ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ˘¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ Î·ÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˘fi ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó. ªÂÙËÓ Â˘Ú›· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ-΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÔÛÌÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ÈÔ ıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘˜. ™Â ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Îϛ̷η, ÔÈ ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË Î·È ÔÈ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. °È·Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙËÓ∫·ıÔÏÈ΋ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·, ÙÔ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ·›ÛıËÌ· Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÛıÂÓ¤˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ë Â˘Úˆ-·˚΋ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË Ó· ÁÂÓÈ·ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

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ÛÙÒ˜, Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ·Ú¯¤ÁÔÓ˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÏÏÔ›ˆÙ˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜·Í›Â˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ fiÏÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·›ÂÛË,fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë Ì ÙËÓ ∫·ıÔÏÈ΋ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈ΋¶Ôψӛ· ÚÈÓ ÙÔ 1989. ∆Ô Î›ÓËÌ· ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·‡-ÚˆÓ [civil rights movement], Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÏfiÓÈÛ ÙȘ ∏¶∞ ÛÙˉÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ¡fiÙÔ, ›¯Â ¤ÓÙÔÓË ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È Ô ËÁ¤Ù˘ ÙÔ˘, Ô ª¿ÚÙÈÓ §Ô‡ıÂÚ ∫ÈÓÁÎ,‹Ù·Ó ¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ¿ÓÙ˘ ¿ÛÙÔÚ·˜. ∏ £ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ∞ÂÏ¢ı¤Úˆ-Û˘ Úfi‚·Ï ÌÈ· ∫·ıÔÏÈ΋ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ¢·›-ÛıËÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÓ Ù˘ §·ÙÈÓÈ΋˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜. ∂ÓÔÏ›ÁÔȘ, ÙÔ ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ı· ÂΉËÏÒÛÂÈ Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ηÈÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿Ï-ÏÔÓÙÔ˜.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ ÃππI

¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·: ªÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹

™ ÙË ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙË ÓÂfiÙÂÚËÂÔ¯‹ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ÛÙ·ıÌÔ›. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο, ı· ·Ó·ÊÂÚ-

ıÒ ÛÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ, ÛÙË ™·Ô˘‰È΋∞Ú·‚›·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹ Ù˘ √ıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜, ÛÙËªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋ ∞‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, ÛÙËÓ πÚ·ÓÈ΋∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÊÁ·ÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹.

ªÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÚˆÙËı› Î·È ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÏÏ· ÁÂÁÔÓfi-Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó ˆ˜ ͯˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Ù˘ πÓ‰›·˜. ∆Ô ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂ-ÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. ∞Ó Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍÂÏȯı›Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÌÔ‡, ȉڇıËΠˆ˜ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ˆ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜.∆fiÛÔ Ô ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ù¤Ú·˜, Ô ÔÈËÙ‹˜ ªÔ¯¿ÌÂÓÙ πÎÌ¿Ï[Muhammad Iqbal] fiÛÔ Î·È Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ù¤Ú·˜ Î·È ËÁ¤-Ù˘ ªÔ¯¿ÌÂÓÙ ∞Ï› ∆˙›Ó· [Mohammed Ali Jinnah] ‹Ù·Ó ·fi-Ï˘Ù· ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ˆÚÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ıÚËÛΛ·˜. ∂›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ÔÈÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ÎÏËÚÈÎÔ›, Ë Ô˘Ï·Ì¿ [ulama], ÚÔ-Ù›ÌËÛ·Ó Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ‡ πÓ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ °Î¿ÓÙÈ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¡Â¯ÚÔ‡ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ËÛ·ÓÌ ÙÔÓ ∆˙›Ó·. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÔÏÏÔ›ÓˆÙÂÚÈÛÙ¤˜, ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ› ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÙËÓ›‰Ú˘ÛË ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ Ù˘ πÓ‰›·˜.

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¶ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ù· ÛÙÚ·Ùfi‰· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÍÂοı·Ú˜ fiÛÔ ı· ı¤Ï·Ì ӷ ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌÂ.¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ fiϘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÓÙÈ-ηıÂÛÙˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¤Û·ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈ-·ÔÈÎÈ·Îfi.

√È ÚÒÙÔÈ ¿ÔÈÎÔÈ ÛÙË µfiÚÂÈ· ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó,ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ› ·ӷÛٿ٘ Ô˘ Âȉ›ˆÎ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛËıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜ÙÔ˘ ·Ï·ÈÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘: ÔÈ ¶Ô˘ÚÈÙ·ÓÔ› ÛÙË ¡¤· ∞ÁÁÏ›·, ÔÈ∫Ô˘¿ÎÂÚÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÓÛ˘Ï‚¿ÓÈ· Î.Ô.Î. √ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌfiÏÈ·Û ÙÔÓ Ó¤Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ·Ú›¯Â ÙË‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ∏¶∞.92 ∞Ó Î·È ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· Î·È ÔÏ›ÙÂ˘Ì· ›ӷȿÌÂÛÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›-˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚfi ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜, Ë·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Â›Ó·È ÁÂÌ¿ÙË ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔ-Ú¤˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi «ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜·Ó·ÁÂÓÓ‹ÛÂȘ» [religious revivals]. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Î‡Ì· ıÚËÛ΢-ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ï‹ÙÙÂÈ ÙȘ ∏¶∞ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1980Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ¿ÏÏ·, ÛÙËÓ«ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈfiÙËÙ·» Î·È ÙÔÓ «·ÓÙÈ-·ÙÚȈÙÈÛÌfi» Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ÙÔ˘ 1960, Ù˘ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·˙˘Á›ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÎÙfi˜ Á¿ÌÔ˘ ÁÂÓÓ‹-ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ·Ì‚ÏÒÛˆÓ, Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ó·ÚΈÙÈÎÒÓ, Ù˘ ÂÁÎÏËÌ·-ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ÔÚÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Î.Ô.Î.

∏ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ™·Ô˘‰È΋˜ ∞Ú·‚›·˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÙfiÙ √ıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·-ÙÔÚ›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¿ÏÏË Ì›· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÂͤÏÈÍË ÛÙË Û‡˙¢ÍËıÚËÛΛ·˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙË ÓÂfiÙÂÚË ÂÔ¯‹. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ

160 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

92. Samuel Huntington, Who Are We: The Challenges to America’s NationalIdentity, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2005.

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™·Ô‡Ó٠ηٿÊÂÚ ӷ ÂÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È¿Û·ÚÙ˜ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÔ-Û·Ú·ÛÛfiÌÂÓ˜ Ê˘Ï¤˜ Ù˘ ∞Ú·‚È΋˜ ÃÂÚÛÔÓ‹ÛÔ˘ Ì ÓÔÌÈÌÔ-ÔÈËÙÈ΋ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ˘ÓÈÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹ °Ô˘·¯¿Ì[Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab (1703-1792)], Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı·ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·Ú·ÏÏËÏÈÛı› Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ‹ ∫·Ï‚›ÓÔ. ∏Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÙˆÓ ™·Ô‡ÓÙ Î·È ÙˆÓ °Ô˘·¯¿ÌÈ ÎÏËÚÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓÔÏÂÌÈÛÙÒÓ/ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÏËÚÈÎÒÓ/ÓÔÌԉȉ·ÛοψÓ,·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ Ï›ıÔ ÙÔ˘ Û·Ô˘‰·Ú·‚ÈÎÔ‡ ‚·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ. √ªÔ¯¿ÌÂÓÙ ÕÏÈ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿ Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰ÔÙˆÓ ™·Ô‡ÓÙ Î·È ÔÈ √ıˆÌ·ÓÔ› ¤‚·Ï·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÷ÛÂ̛٘ ÚÔ‡-¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˆ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÂÚÒÓ ÙfiˆÓ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì, Ù˘ª¤Îη˜ Î·È Ù˘ ªÂ‰›Ó·˜, ηٿ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞Ú·‚È΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜ÛÙËÓ ∂Ú˘ıÚ¿ £¿Ï·ÛÛ·. ŸÌˆ˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÒÙÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, ÔÈ ™·Ô‡ÓÙ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ·Ó Î·È, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ì ÙËÓÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÊıÔÓÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ-΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· Ì ÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛËÌÈ·˜ ˘‚ÚȉÈ΋˜ ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ıÂÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ÁÔ˘·¯·ÌÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.

√ ·ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ˜ ∞ÌÓÙÔ˘Ï¯·Ì›Ù [AbdulHamid II (1876-1909)], Ô˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ ÙËÓ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÚ›Ô‰fi Ù˘ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ Â·-Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¡ÂÔÙÔ‡ÚΈÓ, ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓÎÚ›ÛË Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘,‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È ·Ó·Û‡ÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘¯·Ï›ÊË ˆ˜ ËÁ¤ÙË ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ◊‰Ë ·fiÙÔÓ 18Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ›¯Â ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ËÁÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜Î‡ÎÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜, Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ·Ô-Ù˘¯›Â˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹ Ù˘, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Â›Ù ÂÓfi˜ ÂÎÛ˘Á-¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ ›Ù ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÈ¿«¯Ú˘Û‹ ÂÔ¯‹», fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ √ıˆÌ·ÓÔ› ηٷÙÚfiˆÓ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜Â¯ıÚÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ÔÚ›·, ÔÈ ‰˘ÙÈÎfiÊÈÏÔÈ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ·Ó.

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ŸÌˆ˜, Ô ∞ÌÓÙÔ˘Ï¯·Ì›Ù Âȯ›ÚËÛ ÌÈ· ¿ÎÚˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û·Û‡ÓıÂÛË: ·fi ÙË ¢‡ÛË ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯ÈÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÙÔÓ ·ÂÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ. ªÂ ÙËÓÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ‚·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·-ÙÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, Ë √ıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋ ∞˘ÙÔ-ÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ›¯Â ηٷÛÙ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋ ·fiÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘. √È ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ÂıÓÔÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÔÈ ∆Ô‡ÚÎÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÕÚ·‚˜, ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·ÓÙËÓ ›‰È· ıÚËÛΛ·. ∆Ô πÛÏ¿Ì, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ηٷÛÙ› ÔÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi˜ ÎÚ›ÎÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈ˙ ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË Ù˘·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ηٿ ÙÔÓ ¶ÚÒÙÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, Ë ÂıÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÒÓ ÂÏ›Ù Û˘ÌÌ¿¯ËÛ·Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ µÚÂÙ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÂÓ¿-ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi (ÛÔ˘ÏÙ¿ÓÔ) Î·È ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi (¯·Ï›ÊË)ËÁ¤ÙË ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È πÛÏ¿Ì ÙÔ˘∞ÌÓÙÔ˘Ï¯·Ì›Ù ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËΠıÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ô ∫Â-Ì¿Ï Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ÛÔ˘ÏÙ·Ó¿ÙÔ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¯·ÏÈÊ¿ÙÔ Î·ÈÂÁÁ˘‹ıËΠÙÔÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚfi ÎÔÛÌÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜∆Ô˘ÚÎÈ΋˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.

∆Ô 1928, ÛÙËÓ ˘fi ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙÂÏÔ‡˜,ÔÏÈÁ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÏÏ¿ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÏ¢fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï¢-ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ ∞‰ÂÏÊÒÓ.§fiÁˆ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ı¤Û˘ Ù˘ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ,Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË ·˘Ù‹ ›¯Â ·Ó·Ú·‚ÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ªÔ˘-ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ∞‰ÂÏÊÔ› ·¤ÎÙËÛ·Ó ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ·Ú·-‚ÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ªÂ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙȘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÛÔÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡‰˘ÙÈÎfiÊÈÏÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ Á·ÈÔÎÙËÌfiÓˆÓ Ó·ÂÈχÛÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi ·›ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÔÈ-ÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ·Ó·-‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Á˘, ÔÈ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ∞‰ÂÏÊÔ› Û˘Ó‰‡·˙·Ó ¤Ó·ÏfiÁÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·, ·ÊÔ‡ ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ·Ú·‚È΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜.

162 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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∏ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙÔ˘ Ó·ÛÛÂÚÈÎÔ‡/Ì··ıÈÎÔ‡ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·-ÛÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙËÓ Â·‡ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ú·‚È΋˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘ ‚ڷ˚ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï ÙÔ1948, ·Ó·¯·›ÙÈÛ ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ ∞‰ÂÏÊÒÓ.√ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ Î·È ÙˆÓ·Ó¿ÏÔÁˆÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÏfiÓÈÛ ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙȘ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 1950 Î·È 1960, Á¤ÓÓËÛ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÁÈ·ÂıÓÈ΋ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÔÈÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÔ› ·Ô‰Â›¯ÙËηÓ, Ì ϛÁ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ, ·ÎÚ·ÈÊÓÒ˜ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ› Î·È ·ÓËÏ›˜ ‰ÈÒÎÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È ÙÔ˘·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡. √ ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·ÛÙ ӷ ÂÎÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜πÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜, ÂÓÒ Ô ÕÛÛ·ÓÙ Ù˘ ™˘Ú›·˜ ‚ÔÌ‚¿Ú‰ÈÛ ÙÔӺ‚ÚÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1982 ÙËÓ fiÏË Ã¿Ì· [Hama], ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ÚÔ-‡ÚÁÈÔ, ÛÎÔÙÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚ› ÙÔ˘˜ 20.000 Ôϛ٘. ∆fiÛÔ Ô™·ÓÙ¿Ì ÃÔ˘Û¤ÈÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÕÚ·‚˜ ËÁ¤-Ù˜ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ·ÓÂÏ·ÛÙÈÎÔ›.

øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰ÈÒÍÂȘ, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì ·Ó·˙ˆÔÁÔÓ‹-ıËΠÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ·fi Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÒÓηıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡Ú-ÁËÛ·Ó. √ ∞ÓÔ˘¿Ú ™·ÓÙ¿Ù Ù˘ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛ ÙÔ˘˜ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ πÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ·¤Ïȉ·ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ï·˚΋ Û˘Ì¿ıÂÈ·. ™ÙȘ 6√ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 1981 ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓ‹ıËΠ·fi πÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜, ÂÍ·ÁÚȈ-̤ÓÔ˘˜ Ì ÙË Û˘Óı‹ÎË ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ˘ÔÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ì ÙÔπÛÚ·‹Ï ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ.

√ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÈÔ˜ ™·Á›ÓÙ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ [Sayyid Qutb] ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂٷȈ˜ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ πÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ ÙÔ 1966·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ˙ˆÓÙ·Ó‹ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì ÛÙË Û‡Á-¯ÚÔÓË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹. ø˜ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ˘¿ÏÏËÏÔ˜ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÛÔÔϤÌÔ˘, Ô ∫Ô˘ÙÌ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠÂÓÂÚ-

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Á¿ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ, ·ÓÙÈ-ÌÔÓ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÎfiÌÌ· ÙÔ˘°Ô˘¿ÊÓÙ [Wafd]. ∆Ô 1948 ¤Ê˘Á ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∏¶∞ fiÔ˘ Î·È ·Ú¤-ÌÂÈÓ Ҙ ÙÔ 1951 Û ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹. ∏ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÙ›‰· Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ·ÔͤӈÛÂ Î·È ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¤-ÛÙËÛ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÈÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfi-Ô˘ ˙ˆ‹˜. M ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ ∞‰ÂÏÊÔ‡˜ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó, ÛÙÔ ÌÂٷ͇, ÓÔÌÈ-ÌÔÔÈËı›. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ 1952 ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ηÈÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠ̠ÙÔÓ ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ Î·È ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘, fï˜, ÙÔ1954 ÚˆÙÔÊ˘Ï·Î›ÛÙËΠÁÈ· ÙȘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ȉ¤Â˜. ∞ÔÊ˘-ϷΛÛÙËΠÙÔ 1964 ÁÈ· Ó· Â·Ó·Û˘ÏÏËÊı› Î·È Ó· ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙ›‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Ì ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ.

√ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ ‚Ú¤ıËΠ·ÓÙÈ̤وԘ Ì ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ‹ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜. ∆Ë Ï‡ÛË ‚ڋΠÛÙÔÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÂΉ˘ÙÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, ˘ÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ Î·È ·ÔÚÚ›-ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ. √ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÚÈÓ ·fi·˘ÙfiÓ, ‰È¤ÎÚÈÓ ÙË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›·.°È· ÙÔÓ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ, Ë ˘ÏÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓËÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Â›Ó·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi ηı‹ÎÔÓ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ. ŸÌˆ˜Ë ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·, ›Ù ˆ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ›Ù ˆ˜Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈÎfi˜-ÏÂÓÈÓÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, Â›Ó·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Í¤ÓËÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¯ÚÂÔÎÔË̤ÓË.

√ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ηٿ ÙÔÓ ªÂÛÔfiÏÂÌÔ ˆ˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂ-ÚÔ˜, ·ÓÙÈ-ÌÔÓ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜, ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙˉȷÊıÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÏÈÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜, ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÈÛfi-ÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ¤ÙÂÈÓÂ Ë ·Û˘‰ÔÛ›· Ù˘ Á·ÈÔÎÙËÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÁ·Ú¯›·˜,·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ‚ÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ͤÓÔ˘˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÔηÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ·fiÙËÓ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ıÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜Ô˘ ÁÓÒÚÈÛÂ, ¤Ú·Û ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı›˜ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜

164 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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∞‰ÂÏÊÔ‡˜, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ÙË ¯·Ì¤ÓË ·ÍÈÔÚ¤-ÂÈ· Ù˘ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ‹ÙÙ· ÙÔ˘ 1948 ·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï.ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÈÔÈ, ηψÛfiÚÈÛ ÙÔÓ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·ӷÛٿ٘ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÛÙË-ΠÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘˜, fiÓÙ·˜ Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÌË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ÙÔ˘ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ŸÌˆ˜, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·, Ë ·ÎÚ·›·ÎÔÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ô ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ·˘Ù·Ú¯È-ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó·ÛÛÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔÓ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Û ÛÊÔ‰Ú‹ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔηıÂÛÙÒ˜. Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ‰Ò‰Âη ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙȘ‚¿Ú‚·Ú˜ Ê˘Ï·Î¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡¿ÛÛÂÚ, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ∫Ô˘ÙÌÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ.

∏ Ú‹ÍË ÙÔ˘ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ Ì ÙË Ì·ÎÚ¿ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ÚÂÊÔÚÌÈÛÌÔ‡ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ‚›·˜ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË. °È· ÙÔÓ∫Ô˘ÙÌ Ù˘ ‡ÛÙÂÚ˘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘, Ë ‚›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¿ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛ‹ Ù˘. ∂ÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÏ·-ÌÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜, Ô ∫Ô˘ÙÌ·Ó·Û‡ÚÂÈ Î·È Â·ÓÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù˙ȯ¿ÓÙ [jihaad] ˆ˜ ·ÁÒÓ·ÂÈıÔ‡˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηÛÌÔ‡ ·¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯ıÚÔ‡˜.93

§›Á˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηÎÔÔÈËı› ÙfiÛÔ fiÛÔ Ë Ù˙ȯ¿ÓÙ, ËÔÔ›· ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ˘ÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÙ· ÂÍÈÛˆı› ÌÂÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÈÂÚÔ‡ ÔÏÂÌÔ‡», Ë ÔÔ›·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ›ӷÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋, fiˆ˜ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ™Ù·˘ÚÔ-ÊÔڛ˜, Î·È Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈ,Ù˙ȯ¿ÓÙ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ÙËÓ ¿ÏË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ÁÈ· ‚ÂÏ-Ù›ˆÛË, ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi ·ÔηÏԇ̠«ı¤ˆÛË»,‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙËÓ ·¤Ó·Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ηÏÔ‡ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈηı’ ÔÌÔ›ˆÛÈÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÙÔ˘. ¢Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fiÓÙˆ˜, ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈÙËÓ ¿ÏË ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· Û fiÛÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚Ô˘Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 165

93. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, India, Islamic Book Service, 2006.

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ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·.94 ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙfiÙÂ, Ë ‚›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÔÏ-Ϥ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙË ÌfiÓË. ŸÌˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ, ÌfiÓÔ Ì Ù˯ڋÛË ‚›·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘ÓıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-ο Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÂÌfi‰È· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ-΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜.

∏ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ∞‰ÂÏÊÒÓªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ, Ô˘ ›‰Ú˘ÛÂ Ô Ã·ÛÛ¿Ó ∞Ï ª¿Ó· [Hassan al-Banna] ÙÔÓ ª¿ÚÙÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1928 ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, ·fi ÙË ÌÂÙÚÈÔ¿-ıÂÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌfi. ∂ÓÒ Ô ª¿Ó· ¿Ï¢ ÁÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ú-Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ ÓfiËÌ· ›¯ÂÌfiÓÔ Ë ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ηٿ ·ÓÙ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË Ù˘ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÏfiÓÈÛ ÙËÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·ÈÌÔÏÛ‚›ÎˆÓ. ∏ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ÙÔ˘ ∫Ô˘Ṳ̀¯ÂÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ٷ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰· Ù˘ ·ÈÁ˘Ùȷ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-Ó›·˜ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·›ÂÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈ-ÙÈ΋ ‹ÙÙ· ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi. °È· ÙÔÓ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ, Ë ‚›·ÈË Î·ıÂÛÙˆÙÈ-΋ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÙÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘, ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, Î·È ÌfiÓÔÓ.∞ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿‰Ô¯ÔÈ, ·ÓÙÈ̤وÔÈÌ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¯È˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ‹ÙÙ˜ Î·È Ù·ÂÈÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÔ‡¤ıÓÔ˘˜ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfi-ÙËÙ·˜ [umma] ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘, ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ «ÈÌÂ-ÚÈ·ÏÈÛÙÒÓ» Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ «·Ù˙¤ÓÙˉˆÓ», fiˆ˜ ÙÔ«·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi» πÛÚ·‹Ï, ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó·Ó ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜,ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‚›· ÙÔ˘˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÂ-ÛÙÒÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ∏¶∞ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

™ÙÔ ÌÂٷ͇, Ë ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›ÛÙËΠ·fi Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ. ∆Ô 1979, Ë ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋ ÌÔÓ·Ú¯›· η٤ÚÚ¢ÛÂ Î·È ÛÙËı¤ÛË Ù˘, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰È·¿ÏË, ÂÁηıÈ-

166 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

94. John Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path, Oxford, Oxford University Press,2004, ÛÂÏ. 93.

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‰Ú‡ıËÎÂ Ë πÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ∏ πÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ô, ˘‚ÚȉÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·Ì fi,ÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ÈÛÙ‡ԢÓ, ¤¯ÂÈ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ πÛÏ¿ÌÎ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ËÁ¤ÙË ∞ÁÈÔÙÔÏ¿¯ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó›[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini].

√ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó› ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ ∫Ô˘ÙÌ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜ÁÈ·Ù› Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÎÔÛÌÈÎfi˜ ‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ fiˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔ›,·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ÎÏËÚÈÎfi˜ Ì ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÛÂfiÏÔ ÙÔ ÛÈÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì. ∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Î·È Ì ÙÔÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔ ÛÔ˘ÓÈÙÈÎfi, ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Ô˘Î˘Úȷگ› ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÙÔ ÛÈÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ë›ÛËÌË ıÚËÛΛ· ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Ó, ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ηϿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË·fi ÎÏËÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·. ŸÙ·Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·Ù˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÂ˘Û·Ó ·fi ÙÔ Î·ıÂ-ÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™¿¯Ë, Ë ËÁÂÛ›· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ¤‰Ú·ÛÂ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ηÈ,ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›·, ËÁÂÌÔÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË.

√ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó› ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ì ÙÔπÛÏ¿Ì, ˘ÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ Ï·˚΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú-¯›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ÛÈÈ-ÙÈÎfi ÈÂÚ·ÙÂ›Ô ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂȉȷÈÙËÙ‹ ̤۷ ·fi ÙˉËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ Ó¤Ô˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙˆÓÓÔÌԉȉ·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ ÎÏËÚÈÎÒÓ ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˘ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ËÁ¤ÙË [vilayat-i-faqih]. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ËπÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍÂÏȯı› Û ‰˘ÛÊ‹ÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘πÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·‰ÈÂÍfi‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡‰˘ÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·‚¤‚·ÈÔ. ∏ ÌÂÁ¿ÏËÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ πÚ·ÓÒÓ ‰È¿ÎÂÈÙ·È Â¯ıÚÈο ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜,·Ú¿ ÙË Û˘¯Ó‹ ÚÔÛÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ Ï·˚ÎÈÛÌfi, ÙË ‰ËÌ·ÁˆÁ›·Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi. √È ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÔ› πÚ·ÓÔ› ›ӷÈ, ›Ûˆ˜, ÔÈ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔıÚËÛ΢fiÌÂÓÔÈ ªÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔϛ٘!

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∆ËÓ ›‰È· ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ 1979, ˙ԂÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ÂÈÛ¤‚·Ï ÛÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙÔÂΛ ÊÈÏÈο ÚÔÛΛÌÂÓÔ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ηıÂÛÙÒ˜. ∆· ‰‡Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi-Ù·, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηÈıˆڋıËÎ·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‹ÙÙ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∏¶∞ Î·È ÙË ¢‡ÛË. øÛÙfiÛÔ,Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ ÛÊÔ‰Ú‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜∞ÊÁ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÓÂÏ¿ÎË Û ̛· ‰ÂηÂÙ‹ ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›·, ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·ÌËÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂ-Ù›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1980, ÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ·Ó·‰Â›¯ÙËΠ۠¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ıÂÚ-ÌfiÙÂÚ· ̤و· ÙÔ˘ „˘¯ÚÔ-ÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ì ÙȘ∏¶∞ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜·ÓÙ¿ÚÙ˜ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ ·ÈÌÔÚÚ·ÁÔ‡Û·˜ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘.∆Ô ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ÚÔÛ¤Ï΢Û ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜,΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó, Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›-¯ıËΠ۠ıÂÚÌÔÎÔÈÙ›‰· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜·ÎÚ·›Ô˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, ·¯·Ï›-ÓˆÙÔ˜, ı· ·ÂÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ¿ Ù˘.

∆Ô 1991 Ô ·ÏÁÂÚÈÓfi˜ ÛÙÚ·Ùfi˜ ÂÂÓ¤‚Ë Ú·ÍÈÎÔËÌ·ÙÈοÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ Á‡ÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÏÔ-ÁÒÓ Î·È ÙË ‚¤‚·ÈË Ó›ÎË ÙˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ªÂÙÒÔ˘™ˆÙËÚ›·˜. ∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÔÏ‹ ÚÔοÏÂ-Û·Ó ÙË ‚›·ÈË ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ï¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÒÓ,‚˘ı›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ∞ÏÁÂÚ›· Û ¤Ó·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÈÌ·ÙËÚfi ÂÌʇÏÈÔfiÏÂÌÔ Ô˘ ›¯Â ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· 200.000 ÓÂÎÚÔ‡˜. √È ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜ËÙÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ, fï˜, ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÎÔÛÌÈ-ο ηıÂÛÙÒÙ· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ Â¯ıÚÈο ηȷ‰È¿ÏÏ·ÎÙ· ·¤Ó·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘˜.

∆ÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ηÈ, ›Ûˆ˜, ÈÔ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ÂͤÏÈÍË ÛÙËÓ ·Ï˘Û›‰· Ô˘¤ÊÂÚ ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi ÛÙÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Ù·ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001 ηÈ΢ڛˆ˜ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ·˘Ù¿. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú-¯ÂÈ Î·Ì›· ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· fiÙÈ Ô √Û¿Ì· ªÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ [Osama µin

168 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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Laden] ËÁÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ·˜ Ôχ ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎÚ·›·˜ Î·È ÂÚÈ-ıˆÚȷ΋˜, ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘. ∏ Ì·˙È΋, ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋·¿ÓÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ ÙÔÓ ªÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÚÔ-ÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚ·›Ô ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›-‰Ô. ∏ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ÂÚȤÏÂÍ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÚ› ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚËÙÔÚ›·ÙÔ˘˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÒÓ.ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ÷̿˜ ΤډÈÛ ÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓË,ÔÈ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ∞‰ÂÏÊÔ› ·Ó·‰Â›¯ıËÎ·Ó Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ˆ˜ Ë·ÍȈ̷ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÔϛ٢ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë ÛÈÈÙÈ΋ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍÂÏȯı› ÛÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔ Ù˘ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘, ÏËı˘ÛÌȷο, ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙÔ˘§È‚¿ÓÔ˘.

™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜Â›Ó·È, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÙˆÓ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·ÈÙˆÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯ÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙȘ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜. ™ÙȘ ∏¶∞, Ô Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈÎfi˜ ¢·ÁÁÂÏÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ··ÓÙ¿ ÛÙË ÊıÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ÂÏ›Ù,ÛÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ÁÈ·¤ÓÙ·ÍË Û ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ··Ï¤˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÂÚ›ÏÔη ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘.

™ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì Â›Ó·È Ë ÌfiÓË Â‡Î·È-ÚË ·¿ÓÙËÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù·Â›ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÔ‡ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï Î·È ÙȘ ∏¶∞, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·-ÙÈ΋ ηٷ›ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ, ›Ù ·˘Ù¿ ›ӷÈÊÈÏÔ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ·Ú¯›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ª·ÚfiÎÔ Î·È Ë πÔÚ‰·Ó›·, ›ÙÂÚÒËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔڛ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë∞›Á˘ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ™˘Ú›·. ™Â Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ηٷ›ÂÛ˘, ÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÚÔ-Û‚¿ÛÈÌÔ˜ ‰È¿ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÙˆÓ Ù˙·ÌÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯Ô-

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Ï›ˆÓ, ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ì·˙È-ÎÔ‡ ·fi ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÓÂÈÚ¢Ù› ¤Ó·˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜.

√È ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô ·ÎÚ·›Ô˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔ-ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ¢‰ÔÎÈÌ› Û ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ıÚËÛΛ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÈÂÚ·Ú¯Èο ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ‰È¢ÎÔ-χÓÂÈ ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ·ÓÙÈ-Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ «ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·-ÙÈÒÓ» Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ Î·È ÂÈı·Ú¯Ë̤Ó˜∂ÎÎÏËۛ˜ Û¿ÓÈ· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó. ∏ ∫·ıÔÏÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë√Úıfi‰ÔÍË ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ó· ·ÔÌÔÓÒ-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ËÌ·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜. ∞ÎfiÌ· ηÈÔÈ ¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ∂ÎÎÏËۛ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂıÓÈΤ˜∂ÎÎÏËۛ˜ Î·È ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÙÔπÛÏ¿Ì ÛÙÂÚÂ›Ù·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹˜ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜.

∫¿ı ÈÌ¿Ì˘ Î·È Ï·˚Îfi˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì ÌÈÎÚ‹ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ηٿÚÙÈÛË, fiˆ˜ Ô ªÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÁˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÛ¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤Ï΢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·-ÙÔ‡ Ï‹ıÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÒÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘.™ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘¯Ó¿ ηٷʇÁÂÈ Û ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ÚËÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÎÚÔ‚·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰ËÌ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ·ÎÚfiÙËÙ˜.∂Í·›ÚÂÛË, ‚¤‚·È·, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ∂Λ, ÙÔ ÛÈÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì Â›Ó·È‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Èο. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Ô fiÙÈ ÙËÓ πÛÏ·ÌÈ΋¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘Û fi¯È ¤Ó·˜ ·Ïfi˜ ÎÏËÚÈÎfi˜ ‹ Ï·˚-Îfi˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ÎÏËÚÈÎfi˜, Ô ∞ÁÈ·ÙÔÏ¿¯ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó›. ∆Ô1979 ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÂÙÚ¿Ë Ô ™¿¯Ë˜ Î·È ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹ Ù˘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·,·Í›˙ÂÈ ÂÈϤÔÓ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ, ·Ú¿ Ù· ÚfiÛıÂÙ· ÚÔÓfiÌÈ·Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈ˙·Ó, Ë Î·Ï¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Ô˘ÏÂÌ¿ ‰ÂÓ ˘Ô‰¤-¯ÙËΠ‰›¯ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÛË ÙȘ ηÈÓÔÙƠ̂˜ ÙÔ˘ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó› Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿Ë ·ÓÙÈÔϛ٢ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÃÔÌÂ˚Ó› ÚÔ‹Ïı ·fi ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ÛÈÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÈÂÚ·Ù›Ԣ ·Ú¿ ·fi Ï·˚Τ˜, Â͈-ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·-ÓÒÛÂȘ.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ ÃπV

√ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, Ô æ˘¯Úfi˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ

¶ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙË ıÂÒÚËÛË Ô˘ ı¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi Ó· ›ӷÈÌÈ· ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó·

ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ı› Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ê¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 1989 ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜. ∞fi Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¢ÂÍÈ¿ ıÂÒÚËÛ ÙÔÓ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏÈÎfi ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Û‡ÌÌ·¯Ô ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›-ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞. ∏ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË·¿ÓÙËÛË ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ ÙÔÓ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞ÓÙ› Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ì¿¯ËÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÎÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂ-Ù›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960, ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔÈ Ô¯˘ÚÒıËÎ·Ó ›Ûˆ·fi ‰ÈηÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ. µÚ·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌ·, Ô ‰ÈηÛÙÈÎfi˜·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ˆ˜ ·Ó¿¯ˆÌ·. ÕÊËÛÂ,ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÂχıÂÚÔ ÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ˘ ÁÈ·ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ÈÚfi ηٿÊÂÚ·Ó Ó·ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÎÈ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÎfiÌ· ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓˆÙ¿ÙÔ˘¢ÈηÛÙËÚ›Ô˘, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi «Â›Ù¢ÁÌ·» Ù˘ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ªÔ˘˜. ∆Ô Ì¿ıËÌ·, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ·fi ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÎÔ‡ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ú¤ÂÈ, ηْ ·Ú¯¿˜, Ó·Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fiÓÙˆ˜ ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋.

∆ËÚÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÒÓ, οÙÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È Ì ÙÔ

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ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÏËÛÌÔÓÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ Ô ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏÈÎfi˜ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ fiÛÔ ·ÎÚ·›Ô˜ ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈο, ‰ÚÒÓÙ·˜ÂÓÙfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÔȯÙÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÌÂ Û˘¯Ó¤˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜,‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÙË ‚›· ˆ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋.

∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ê¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË‚ÈÂÙÓ·ÌÈ΋ ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›·, ÔÈ ∏¶∞ Î·È Ë ÓÂÔ-¢ÂÍÈ¿ ıÂÒÚËÛ·Ó ÙÔπÛÏ¿Ì ˆ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi Û‡ÌÌ·¯fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌfi,ÙË ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ù˘ ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛ˘ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. √È ∏¶∞ fiÏÈ-Û·Ó Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û·Ó Ì οı ̤ÛÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ∞ÊÁ·ÓÔ-ÕÚ·‚˜ ÌÔ˘Ù˙·¯ÂÓÙ›Ó ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÁÔÓ·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∏ ∂™™¢ η٤ÚÚ¢ÛÂ, fï˜, ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜·Ú¿Ï¢Ú˜ ·ÒÏÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ô-ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÔÏfiÎÏË-Ú˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜, ·Ú¯‹˜ ÁÂÓÔ̤Ó˘ ·fi ÙÔ ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó. ∆ËÓ ›‰È·ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï ·Ó¤¯ıËÎÂ, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛÂ, ÙË ÓÂÔ-È‰Ú˘ı›-Û· ÷̿˜ ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ·ÓÙ›‚·ÚÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙË º·Ù¿¯ Î·È ÙËÓ√ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ÎÔÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙ‹ °È·Û¤Ú ∞Ú·Ê¿Ù.

∞˘Ù‹ Ë Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË Ù˘ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·˙ÔÓÈ΋ ÌÔÓÔÎÚ·ÙÔ-Ú›· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 1991, Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÌÂÙ¿Ï-Ï·ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÚ·›Ô˘ πÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌÔ‡, ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹-ÛÂÈ fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ÙË ‚›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ˆ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ-΋ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒËÓ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜,ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜.

∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ô ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ËÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ·Í‹ ÙÔ˘ Û ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· ‚›·˜ Î·È ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ‰ÂÓÂ›Ó·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙË ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ·˘ÙÔ-ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ›

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Û ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ fi͢ÓÛË Î·È ‚›·. ∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓË˜Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ: fiÛÔ ‰È·ÈÓˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÓÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Î·Ù·›ÂÛËÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Èη›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓ›ˆÓ, ÙfiÛÔ ı· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ-ÎÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓȷ΋ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË Û ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Û ϛÁ·¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë Ã·Ì¿˜, ›Ûˆ˜, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ı‹˜.

ºÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈÔ˘ ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·È-ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·ÈÙ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÌfiÓÔ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜. ªÈ·˜ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ Ô˘ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÚÔ‚·Ù›, ·Ú·Î¿ÌÙÔ-ÓÙ·˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ Î·È ¯ÈÏÈÂٛ˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ Ù¿¯· ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂ-ÙÈο ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜,̤۷ ·fi «ÈÂÚ¿ ΛÌÂÓ·». ∞Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ÌÔÓÔÒÏÈÔ ÙˆÓÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÒÓ, ÙfiÙ ÁÈ· ¯¿ÚË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ì fiÏÔÈ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈ-ÛÙ¤˜. ¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ó· ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔȘ ÌÂÙÚËÙÔ›˜ ÙȘ‰Ôͷۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ̤ÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÙÈ Ï¤ÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ ÙÈ ÂÓÓÔ› Î·È Ì¤Û· ÛÂÔÈÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ï¤ÂÈ fi,ÙÈ Ï¤ÂÈ. ™˘¯Ó¿ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ˘ÈÔıÂÙԇ̠·ÓÂ-ÂͤÚÁ·ÛÙ· ÙȘ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁԇ̷ÛÙ Û ·›-Û٢٘ ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ. ∫Ú›ÛÈÌË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ ·fi ÙÔÓ ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÙÔ˘ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ‚›·˜ ηÈ, ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·,·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ·fi οÔÈ· ·Ú·ÎÏ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘.ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ÛÂıÂÚÌÔÎÔÈÙ›‰· Ù˘ ÓÂÔ-ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋˜ Ù˙ȯ¿ÓÙ, ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Â˘ı‡ÓË ¤¯ÂÈÎ·È Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.

ŸÏ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÛΤ„ÂȘ ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Î·È Ì›· Èı·Ó‹ ‰È¤ÍÔ-‰Ô ·fi Ù· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰·. ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ ·Ú¯ÂÁÔÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Î·È fiÏÔÈÔÈ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ›‰ÈÔÈ. ªÂÚÈÎÔ›, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔÈ

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Û‡ÌÌ·¯ÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¿-ÊÔÚ˜, ÎÔÛÌÈΤ˜ ‹ ıÂÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ·ÙÔڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ-ÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó, ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔÓ ªÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ ˆÊÂÏ›. ŒÙÛÈ,‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚ϤÔÓÙ·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Ï·˚-΋˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ô∆·Á› ∂ÚÓÙÔÁ¿Ó ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, Ô πÌÚ·¯›Ì ∞ÓÔ˘¿Ú [IbrahimAnwar] ÛÙË ª·Ï·ÈÛ›· Î·È Ô ªÔ¯¿ÌÂÓ٠÷ٷ̛ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó.∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Ã·Ì¿˜ Î·È Ë ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯, ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ, Ë Ì›· ÛÔ˘ÓÈÙÈ΋, Ë ¿ÏÏË ÛÈÈÙÈ΋, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈΤ˜95. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ËÁ‹Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Í¤ÓË ÂÈ-‚Ô˘Ï‹ ·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. √ÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ô˘ ·ÁÓÔ› ·˘Ù‹ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ Â›Ó·È ÂÎ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓËÚÔ‡ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› Û ϷÓı·Ṳ̂-Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·96.

174 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

95. Amr Hamzawy, The Key to Arab Reform: Moderate Islamists, CarnegieEndowment for International Peace, Policy Brief, No 40, July 2005.

96. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ æ˘¯Úfi ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, Ë ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÙËΠӷηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ modus operandi ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÙÒÛËÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÙ›‰· ÙÔ˘, ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË, ·¤Ù˘¯Â ·Ù·Áˆ‰Ò˜ Ó· ÚԂϤ-„ÂÈ. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÛÙË ¢‡ÛË ·ÁÓfiËÛÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ù· Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ· Î·È ‹Ú ÙÔȘÌÂÙÚËÙÔ›˜ fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ËÁ¤Ù˜ Ì ¢ÎÔÏ›· Ù‹˜ Ï¿Û·Ú·Ó. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, Ë ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛÙËÓÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ·fi ȉڇÛˆ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.√ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ÙˆÓ µÈÂÙÎfiÓÁÎ ‹Ù·Ó ΢ڛˆ˜ ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈÎfi˜, ·ÓÙÈ-·ÔÈÎÈ·Îfi˜Î·È ÂıÓÈÎfi˜. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜ ÂÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ· ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ¤̂·ÛË Û‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛÙÔ˘ ¡fiÙÈÔ˘ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì. √È ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ·ÚÂÍ‹ÁËÛ·Ó,ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜, ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ù˘¯Ò˜ ÂÓÂÏ¿ÎËÛ·Ó, ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤-ÂÈ· Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÙÚ·ÁÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. °È· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ› ‰ÂÓÛ˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÔ‡Û·Ó ÙȘ Ôχ ηΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ¶ÂΛÓÔ˘ Î·È ∞ÓfiÈ, Û¯¤-ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙÔ fiÙÈ ¤Ú ӷ Â›Ó·È ÊÈÏÈΤ˜,fï˜, ÏfiÁˆ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ô-

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ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓÛ¯¤ÛˆÓ, ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÂÓ‹ÌÂÚË Î·È ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ¢·›ÛıËÙË, ‰ÂÓı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÊÂı› ·fi ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ù˘ ηı‹ÎÔÓ. ¡·ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ηٿÏÔÈ· ηÈÚ·ÙÛÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘·, ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛÂÈ˜Î·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜, ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›·ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi.

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¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó Û ۇÚÚ·ÍË. ∂Ó ÔÏ›ÁÔȘ, ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ›˘ÂÚÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚËÙÔÚ›· Î·È ˘ÔÙ›ÌËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ù˘ ‚ÈÂÙӷ̤˙È΢ ÂͤÁÂÚÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ‹Úı·Ó Û ۇÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ‚ÈÂÙӷ̤˙ÈÎÔ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi˜ ÛÙȘ Ì¿˙˜ ÙˆÓµÈÂÙӷ̤˙ˆÓ ·ÁÚÔÙÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔ-ÓÙ·È Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ˆ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì. ∏ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘2001 Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈ› Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓ Î¿ı ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· ˆ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ÂÓfiψ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ›. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Î·È fiÛÔ Ë √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ ÙËÓ ·ÚÓ›ٷÈ, ı· ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿-ÓÂÈ. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈηӋ Ó··ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌfi. ∞˘Ù‹Â›Ó·È Ì›· ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Ã·Ì¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓË, ÙË ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯ÛÙÔÓ §›‚·ÓÔ ‹ ÙÔÓ ∞¯ÌÂÙÈÓÂ˙¿ÓÙ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο Ë√˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ·ÁÓÔ›, ·ӷϷ̂¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù·.

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∫∂º∞§∞π√ ÃV

°È· ÌÈ· ıˆڛ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜: Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜

ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹

√ È ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfi˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘

æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂ. √È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ÛÙÔÓ 20fi ·ÈÒÓ· ›¯·Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ó¤ˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓfiˆ˜ Ë °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ƒˆÛ›· Î·È ÔÈ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜, Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î·Ù¿Ù·ÍË Ô˘ Ë ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔο-ÏÂÛ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË. ◊Ù·Ó ÂfiÌÂÓÔÎ·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Ë ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ó· ÛÙÚ·Ê› ÛÙËÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÏÂÁ-¯ıÔ‡Ó, fiÛÔ ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, ÔÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ. ™ÙÔÏ·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÚÔ‚¿‰ÈÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ȉ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡,΢ÚÈ¿Ú¯ËÛÂ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚfiÛÊÂÚ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·, ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, ‰È‰·¯¤˜ Î·È ÚÔÙÚÔ¤˜.ªÂÙ¿ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Kenneth N.Waltz, Man, the State and War, ÙÔ 1959, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ·Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ «ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘» [thelevel of analysis problem]. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Waltz, Ë ·ÈÙ›· ÙˆÓÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› Û ÙÚ›· ›‰·: ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈ-ÓË Ê‡ÛË, ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ «ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘» ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÙfiˆÓ ÁÈ·

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ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈ̈ÓÊ·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ.

∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·Ó¤Î˘„ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›·ÙÔ˘ 1950, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Âȯ›ÚËÛ·Ó Ó· ÂÈÛ·-Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ ÂÈı·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈ-ÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ. ∏·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Waltz, ˆ˜ ÂÓfi˜·˘ÙÔÙÂÏÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘, ‰È¤ıÂÙ ÙÔ ÏÂÔÓ¤-ÎÙËÌ· fiÙÈ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Â ÙË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ˆ˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ó¤Ô˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘.

∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ÙˆÓ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ê·È-ÓÔ̤ӈÓ: ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÛÙÈ΋, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ· ̤ÚË Ô˘ ÙÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋,‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ fiÏÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ-ÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó.97 ∏ ÚÔ-Û¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Waltz ˘‹ÚÍ ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ıÂÒÚËÛÂfiÙÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ, ÙÔÔÔ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó.

ŒÎÙÔÙÂ, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆı› ÛÙËÓ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ˘·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ-·ÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎÔ‡, Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ·˘Ù¿ ›-‰· Û˘Ó‰È·Ï¤ÁÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·Ì‹˜˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Theory of International

178 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

97. Barry Buzan, «The Level of Analysis Problem in International RelationsReconsidered», ÛÙÔ Ken Booth and Steve Smith, eds., InternationalRelations Theory Today, Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania State UniversityPress, 1995, ÛÂÏ. 212-213.

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Politics ·fi ÙÔÓ Waltz ÙÔ 1979, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔ ÎÔÚ˘-Ê·›Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ›Â-‰Ô. √ Waltz ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒıËΠÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈ-¤‰Ô˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË, Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙÚfiÔ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ, ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ fiϘ ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Û·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÚÈÊÚÔÓËÙÈο ÔÓfiÌ·˙ reductionism, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙÔ˘. °Ú‹ÁÔÚ· ÂÈÎÚ›ıËÎÂ98 ÛÙË‚¿ÛË fiÙÈ ·fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË «‰ÔÌ‹» Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜99, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ·Ú¿ Ó· ·ˆı‹ÛÂȤӷ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·ÈÙ›ˆÓ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو ÛÙÔ Â›-Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ-ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. Ÿˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó Ô RobertKeohane Î·È Ô Joseph Nye «ÙÔ Ó· ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ (-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜) Ë ¯ˆÌ·ÙÂÚ‹ ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ·ÓÂÍ‹ÁËÙ˜ ‰È·-ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜».100

∏ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·¤¯ÂÈ Ôχ ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆ-ı›. ∆Ô ÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘, ÔÈÔ˜ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È Ò˜ ·˘Ùfi/·˘Ùfi˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ٷ ˘fiÏÔȷ›‰· Î·È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Î¿ı ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘. ∏ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÈÛÙ‡ÂÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ·›ÎÙ˜ ÎÏÂȉȿ Â›Ó·È Ù· ¤ıÓË-ÎÚ¿ÙË, fiÙÈ Ù·ÎÚ¿ÙË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÛfiÙÈÌË ÓÔÌÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 179

98. ªÈ· ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔÓ Waltz ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ RobertKeohane, ed., Neorealism and its Critics, New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1987.

99. «∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ fi,ÙÈ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷ‰Â›ÍÂÈ Ò˜ ٷ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔÔıÂÙË̤ӷ. √Ùȉ‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú·Ï›Â-Ù·È», Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979, ÛÂÏ. 82.

100. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence, Glenview,Ill.: Scott Foresman, 1989, ÛÂÏ. 17.

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‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘˜ Î·È ·‰È¿Û·-ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·›ÎÙ˜, fiÙÈ Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ›·fi ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋, Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Â›Ó·È ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ·›ÎÙÂ˜Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌʤÚÔ-ÓÙÔ˜.101 ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Hans J. Morgenthau, ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ›ËÁ¤Ù˜ «ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È Î·È ‰ÚÔ˘Ó Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÔÚÈṲ̂-ÓÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜».102 ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ ÙÔ˘, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ÂıÓÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔ-ÓÙ· ηÙÔ¯˘ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ‹ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ‰Èψ̷-Ù›·˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘.103 ∞fi ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ Ù· ¤ıÓË Û˘Ó‰È·Ï¤ÁÔ-ÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈο ̤۷ Û ¤Ó·, ηٿ ‚¿ÛË, ¿Ó·Ú-¯Ô, ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó Ôχ. √ ‰ÔÌÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘Kenneth Waltz Â͢„ÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÌÂÚÈÛÌfi ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ, Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÂÈ Û ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹, ÂÓÒ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈÙ· ÎÚ¿ÙË-ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ˆ˜ ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘˜, ·‰È¿Û·ÛÙÔ˘˜ ηÈÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÙÔ˘˜ ·›ÎÙ˜.104

¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÈÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·fi ηÈÚfi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Ê‡ÛËÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔًوÓ, ·ÏÏ¿Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È Ù˘ «ÌÔÓÔʈÓÈ΋˜» Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. ¶ÚÈÓ ·fi Û·Ú¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ô RaymondAron ÂÈÙ¤ıËΠ̠ÛÊÔ‰ÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ·Û¿ÊÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «ÂıÓÈ-Îfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ» Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚˆÓ Â›ÎÏËÛ‹ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Ù˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ Î·Ì›· ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ó· ÚԂϤÂÈ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜: «...ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ë ‰Èψ̷ٛ· ÂÓfi˜

180 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

101. James E. Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theoriesof International Relations, New York: Longman, 1997, ÛÂÏ. 58.

102. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 5th ed. Rev., New York:Knopf, 1978, ÛÂÏ. 4.

103. Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, ÛÂÏ. 71.104. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, ÛÂÏ. 93-101.

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ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, Ù›ÔÙ· ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔÓ Ó· ÂÈ, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Û˘Ì‚¿Ó,fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ıËΠ·fi ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ “ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜”,fiÛÔ ÙÔ “ÂıÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ” ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚÒ˜ Î·È Â·ÚÎÒ˜ÔÚÈÛı›. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ıˆڛ· ÂÚ›“ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜” ›Ù ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È ·‰È¿-„¢ÛÙÔ Î·È ·Û·Ê¤˜, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ οı ·›ÎÙ˘ ÛΤÊÙÂÙ·ÈÚÒÙ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘, ›Ù ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÙ·¯ı› Û „¢ÙÔ-ıˆڛ˜, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ‹ ËıÈΤ˜·Ú¯¤˜. ∫¿ı ̛· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ „¢ÙÔ-ıˆڛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· ÌfiÓÔÛÂ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ¿ÏϘ. ∆Ô Ó· ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ fiÙÈ, ÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ“ÂıÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ” Ù˘, ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·Ï¿ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ·˙fiÙ·Ó·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ·fi ÙË ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›· Ù˘ Ó· ‰È·‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈ-ÛÌfi. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÓÂÈηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ËÁ¤Ù˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÌË-ÎÔÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ƒˆÛ›·˜ ı· ·ÛÎÔ‡-Û·Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ‰Èψ̷ٛ· ...Â›Ó·È ·Ï¿ ·ÛÙ›Ô. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÔηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ».105 °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ «Û˘Ìʤ-ÚÔÓ» ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, Ì ÙËÓ¢Ú›· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Î·È Î·Ì›· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË ‰ÂÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ·ÂÎÙfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÓÔË-Ì·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó Î¿ı ڿÍË. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ‡ ÙÈοı ÊÔÚ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ «ÂıÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ» ÙÔ˘ οı Í¯ˆÚÈ-ÛÙÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, Û οıÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰Â‰Ô̤-ÓÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 181

105. Raymond Aron, «What Is a Theory of International Relations», Journalof International Affairs, 21, 1967, ÛÂÏ. 192.

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Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-Îfi ›‰Ô.

ªÂ ÙËÓ ‡ÊÂÛË ÙÔ˘ „˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¤¯·Û ÙËÓ Î‡ÚÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘,‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ›‰Ô. ∞˘Ùfi ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛ ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔÓ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈÎfi ÂÓ·ÁηÏÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·,ÚÔοÏÂÛ ۇÁ¯˘ÛË, ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋. ¡¤· ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Ó¤Â˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ. √ÈÂÌʇÏȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ, Ë ·Ó·˙ˆ‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷ-ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ηÈ, ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÙÚÔ-ÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, Ù· ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ӷ ÎÚ¿ÙË, Ë ··Í›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ-ÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-ÌÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, Â›Ó·È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹-ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ÛÙȘ ÔÔ›-˜ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¿‰Ô¯Ô› ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó Â·ÚÎÒ˜.

∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ-΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ηÈ, ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, ÙÔÓ «fiÏÂÌÔηٿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜», Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘·Ó¿ ¯Â›Ú·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘. ∏ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ÂÈϤ¯ıËÎÂÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓÛ¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· [paradigm].∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ÙÔÓ ‰È¿‰Ô¯fiÙÔ˘, ÙÔÓ ‰ÔÌÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi ‹ Ó¤Ô-Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘ÓÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ‰›Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfi Î·È ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔ ·fi ÙËÓÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÎËÓ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ106, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋,·ÊÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ-

182 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

106. Robert Jackson, Georg Sorensen, Introduction to International Relations:Theories and Approaches, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006,ÛÂÏ. 133-134.

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΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓȉÂÒÓ, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ·ÔηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓÂ͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ¿Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ∆·‰‡Ô ›‰·, ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÔÂ-ȉÚÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔ ¤Ó· ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ô˘ÙÔ ·ÏÈfi, ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ‰ÈÔÏÈÎfi „˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯ÂȉÒÛÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ô Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂ-ÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ107, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ‰ÂÓ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘¤·È˙·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.

∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÛÙ˪¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, Ù· ÔÔ›· ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ˘ÂÚ·Û›ÛÂÈ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÌÂÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ·ÛÙ›, fiˆ˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜. ŒÓ·Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ, Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ Ì›˙ÔÓ, Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË ÚÔ‹ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¶ÂÚÛÈÎfi ∫fiÏÔ, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÍ·Ú-Ù¿Ù·È Ë ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋ ¿ÚÎÂÈ·. ŸÌˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ‹‰ËÛ˘˙ËÙ‹ıËÎÂ, Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ·˘Ù¿ ‰È·ÛÙ·˘ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È,Û˘¯Ó¿, ·Ú·Î¿ÌÙÔÓÙ·È ‹ ˘Ô·ÙÔ˘Ó Û ¿ÏϘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜. ∆Ș ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜Î¿ÓÂÈ Ï¿ıÔ˜, Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰ÈfiÏÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi, Ó· ÙȘ ·ÁÓÔ› ÔÚ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜.

∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙȘ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÔÏϤ˜ÊÔÚ¤˜, Ù· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ı· Â͢ËÚÂ-ÙÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ∫·È Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË ÛÂ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·, fiÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó ÔÏÏÔ›ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Ù· ‰·ÈÌÔÓÔÔÈÔ‡Ó, ›Ûˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û Û ¤ÓÙÈÌÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì-‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ·fifi,ÙÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ŸÌˆ˜, ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ, ÙÔ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÙÈ fi¯È·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜, ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿-

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 183

107. Joseph Nye, The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s OnlySuperpower Can’t Go It Alone, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,2002.

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ıÂÛ˘ Î·È ÙÂÏ› ˘fi Û˘Ó¯‹ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË, ȉ›ˆ˜ Û ¤Ó··ÓÔȯÙfi, ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ·ÚÎÔ‡ÓÙˆ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÎfiÛ‡ÛÙËÌ· fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÎÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ›·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Î·È, ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓοı ¯ÒÚ·˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÁÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ‹¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ˘. ∏·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿·fi ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ΤÓÙÚ· ‰È·ÌfiÚ-ʈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ ›ӷÈ, ηٿ ÚÒÙÔÏfiÁÔ, Ô §Â˘Îfi˜ √›ÎÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ.

ŒÓ· ηÏfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· fiÏˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ë ˘fiıÂÛËÙ˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›·˜ÂÙÚÂÏ·›ˆÓ Conoco Ì ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ∆Ô 1995, Ë ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛˤÏÂÍ ÙËÓ Conoco ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍfiÚ˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÙ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ™›ÚÈ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜, ˆ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›· ηϋ˜ı¤ÏËÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ∏¶∞. ŸÌˆ˜, ÛÙȘ 15 ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘, ˘fi ÙËÓ ›ÂÛËÙˆÓ Ê›ÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ fiˆ˜ÙÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ∂‚Ú·˚Îfi ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ AIPAC [AmericanIsrael Public Affairs Committee], Ô ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Âͤ‰ˆ-Û ‰È¿Ù·ÁÌ· Ô˘ ··ÁfiÚ¢ ÛÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ Ó·Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÈÚ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·ÈÔ‚ÈÔÌ˯·-Ó›·˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ô ∫Ï›ÓÙÔÓ Â¤ÎÙÂÈÓ ÙËÓ ··ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ÛÂοı ›‰Ô˘˜ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ¤Ӊ˘ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ¶·Ú¿ Ù·‡Ù·, Ù·ÚÔ‰ÚÈο ‰È·Ù¿ÁÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ıˆڋıËÎ·Ó Â·Ú΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ‡ÎÔÏ·ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Î˘ÚˆıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ Úfi‰ÚÔ, ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ ÛÙËÓ „‹ÊÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÌÔ˘ ÙˆÓ∫˘ÚÒÛÂˆÓ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Ó Î·È Ù˘ §È‚‡Ë˜ (Iran-LibyaSanctions Act), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ··ÁÔÚ‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Î˘ÚÒÛÂȘ Û οı ͤÓË ÂÙ·È-Ú›· Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ

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∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ, Ë µÔ˘Ï‹ ÙˆÓ ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î‡ÚˆÛ ÙÔÓ ÓfiÌÔ·˘Ùfi Ì 415 „‹ÊÔ˘˜ ˘¤Ú Î·È 0 ηٿ, ÂÓÒ Ë °ÂÚÔ˘Û›· Û˘Ó·›-ÓÂÛ ÔÌÔÊÒÓˆ˜.108

∏ ˘fiıÂÛË Ù˘ Conoco ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÙڤϷÈÔ Î·È ÙÔÂÙÚÂÏ·˚Îfi ÏfiÌ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹. ∏ ÂÙÚÂÏ·˚΋ ‚ÈÔ-Ì˯·Ó›· ‹ıÂÏÂ Î·È ›ÂÛ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó.∞¤Ù˘¯Â Î·È ˘¤Î˘„ ÛÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÔ‡ ÏfiÌ˘ ηÈÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔ‰ÔÈfiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ. ∏ ˘fi-ıÂÛË Ù˘ Conoco ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê› ÙȘ ÂÏÏ›„ÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂ-ÚÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜ ˘ÂÚÎ¤Ú·Û·Ó ÌÈ·ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ë ÔÔ›· ‹Ù·Ó, ηٿ Ù· ¿ÏÏ·, ˆÊÂÏ‹˜Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔ-Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÈ··Ó›Û¯˘ÚË ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈ΋ ËÙÙ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, fi¯È ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÚÈ-ÙÔÎÔÛÌÈ΋, ·ÓÙÈ-·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ô˘ ÙËÓ Î¿ÏÂÛ ÛÂÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ √˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ. ∫·ÓÔÓÈο,Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ÓÂÔÌ·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘, Ë√˘¿ÛÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ÂȉÔÎÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈÌ ı¤ÚÌË ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È›ۉ˘ÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Ó.

∞Ó Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Â·ÚΛ, ÙfiÙ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿-˙ÂÙ·È; √ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜, Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·-ÏÈÛÌfi ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ‰ÈοÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∫È ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ·Ó·-Ù˘ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ıÂÛÌÒÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ ·ÚÔÛ¤-Ï·ÛÙË ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÓÙÈ·Ófi ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi Î·È fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂΉԯÒÓÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜, Ô ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi˜ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜, Ô ıÂÛÌÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î.Ô.Î. ™ÙË ª¤ÛË∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Ù· ‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·Ù· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù·

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108. Mearsheimer and Walt, ÛÂÏ. 288-289.

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ÙÔÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË-·›ÎÙ˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÔÍ˘Ì¤Ó· Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹Î·È Ë ÁˆÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙȘ·ÁÔÚ¤˜. √ ÃÔ̘ Î·È Ô ∫Ï·Ô‡Û‚ÈÙ˜ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÔ ·ÛÊ·Ï›˜Ô‰ËÁÔ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜,·fi fi,ÙÈ Ô ∫·ÓÙ, Ô √˘›ÏÛÔÓ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¿‰Ô¯Ô› ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔÙ˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ.

∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÈ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÛ˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›-ÍÂˆÓ ˆ˜ fiÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. √ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ıÂÛÌÈÛÌfi˜ [institutionalism], Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ÁÈ· ÔÏ-ÏÔ‡˜, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓÔ «˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ·» [paradigm] ÙÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ «Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎfi˜» Ì ÙÔÓ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi. ∆fiÛÔÔ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ô ıÂÛÌÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍËÂÓÈ·›ˆÓ, ·‰È¿Û·ÛÙˆÓ Î·È ÌÔÓÔʈÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ·-ÙÒÓ Ì ηıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜, Î·È ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ·Ó·ÏÏÔ›ˆÙ˜, ÚÔÙÈÌ‹-ÛÂȘ Î·È ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ·ÈÙ›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. °È·ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÌÂÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡ÓÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÌÂÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ.

¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÂÌÌÔÓ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ«ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ» [preferences] ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-·ÈÎÙÒÓ ¤Ú· ·fiÙȘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ «‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜» [capabilities] Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈ-ÌË. ∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛˆÓ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ù·ÎÚ¿ÙË Û˘Ó‰È·ÏϤÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈο ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ˘ÔÓÔ› fiÙÈ ËÛ˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂ-ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋.109 ŒÙÛÈ ÎÈ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ÓÔËÌ·ÙÈο Ù˘ ÂͤٷÛË˜ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ (‰ÔÌ‹

186 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

109. ªÈ· ÂÌÂÚÈÛٷو̤ÓË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism andNeoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1993.

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ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜-‰ÈÔÏÈÎfi, ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·Î.Ï.). ŒÓ· ·Ïfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜fiÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi:‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ·Ó Ô ∞ ÂËÚ¤·Û ÙÔÓ µ Ó· οÓÂÈοÙÈ (ÈÛ¯‡˜) ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ͤÚÔ˘Ì ÙÈ ı· ¤Î·Ó Ե ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο (ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ).110 ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛˆÓ,Î·È ÙÂÏÈο ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-·ÈÎÙÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ›·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ Î·È, Î·Ù¿Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ,ηٿ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÚÈ-ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË [comparative politics].111

™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì fi,ÙÈ Ú¤Û‚Â˘Â Ô ·ÙÚȿگ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Hans Morgenthau, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ, ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ.112 ™ÙÔ Ï·›-ÛÈÔ Ì›·˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ,ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ οı ¯ÒÚ·˜. ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘«Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜» Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ¯ÂÈÚÔÈ·ÛÙ‹ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÈÌË. °È·ÙÔÓ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi, Ù· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓٷȉȷÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·fi Ù· ·˘Ù·Ú¯Èο.113 ŒÙÛÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·-ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÍËÁ› ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ

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110. Andrew Moravcsik, «From the Outside In: International Relations andthe “Obsolescence” of Comparative Politics», APSA ComparativePolitics Newsletter, 7:2 (Summer), 1996, ÛÂÏ. 9.

111. ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ∫·ÈÚ›‰Ë˜, «∂͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ∫Ô˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·. ∏∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ŒÓ·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·˜ ™‹ÌÂÚ·» ÛÙÔ Ã. °È·ÏÏÔ˘Ú›‰Ë˜& ¶. ∆ۿΈӷ˜, Â., ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ∆Ô˘ÚΛ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ∞ı‹Ó·: π. ™È‰¤Ú˘, 1999, ÛÂÏ. 87.

112. Baldwin, ÛÂÏ. 7.113. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace, Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 1994.

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Bruce Russett, Ë «‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘», Ë ¿Ô„ˉËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÔÏÂÌÔ‡Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ›ӷÈfi,ÙÈ ÏËÛȤÛÙÂÚÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ ÓfiÌÔ ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ.∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ÔÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘Ó·-ÓÙ¿Ù·È Î·È ÛÙȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÚ› ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Graham Allison Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ˘Ú·˘ÏÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË Ù˘ ∫Ô‡‚·˜114, ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Jack Snyder¿Óˆ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi, Ù˘ Helen Milner ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰·ÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ-Τ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, Ù˘ Lisa Martin ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛËÙ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙÔ˘ James Fearon ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛËÙ˘ ·ÔÙÚÔ‹˜ ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ,ÙÔ˘ Jeffry Legro Î·È ÙÔ˘ David Lumsdaine Ô˘ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›-˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-Îfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋. √ Peter Haas,Ô Robert Keohane Î·È Ô Marc Levy ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ηÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·‡ÍËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ.115 ŸÏÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ›ÔÈ ‰È·ÓÔËÙ¤˜ ÂÈÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Morgenthau, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ›ÛÙ¢ fiÙÈÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ΛÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ‚ÔË-ı¿ÂÈ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.116

∞Ó Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «Û‡ÛÙËÌ·» ÂÓÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ‰ÔÌ‹, ¤Ó· ·ÏÏË-ϤӉÂÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·» ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ-ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Í›Â˜, ÔÈ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰Ô-ÙÔ‡Ó, ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂ-Úfi fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜» Â›Ó·È Ê¢Á·Ï¤·, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂȉ‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÈÌË Î·È ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁ‹ÛÈÌË, ηÈ, ÂÎ ÙˆÓ Ú·Á-Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÌÈ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ‹, ηχÙÂÚ·, Û ÌÈ·ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂÙ·ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË.

188 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

114. Peter Gourevitch, «On the Interaction of Comparative andInternational Politics». APSA-CP Newsletter, 7:2 (Summer), 1996.

115. Moravcsik, ÛÂÏ. 18.116. Baldwin, ÛÂÏ. 7.

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ŒÙÛÈ ÎÈ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, Ë «ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·» ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Úfi-‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜,fiˆ˜ Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο, ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙËÓ ÔÛÔÙÈÎÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, ÎȤÙÛÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÈÛ·Ó Ó· ÙËÓ ·ÁÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜. ™¿ÓÈ· Ë ÔÈÎÔ-ÓÔÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Î·È Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë Ù˘ ÙËÓ «ÎÔ˘Ï-ÙÔ‡Ú·» Î·È ÙȘ «ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜» ˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙˉȷÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ.∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ¿ÏϘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘, fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁ›·,Û˘¯Ó¿ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ «ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·» ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·fiÏ˘ÙË ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË.¶ÚÔÛ·ıÒÓÙ·˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ¿ÓÙ· ̤۷ ·fiÌÈ·, ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ¯·Ï·Ú¿ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓˤÓÓÔÈ·, ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó Ù›ÔÙ·. ™ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÌÂÙ·-ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ·Ú·¤-Ú·, ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ «ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜», ¯ˆÚ›˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ó· Ù· ··-ÓÙÔ‡Ó.

∂›Ó·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ۇÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ ÚÔ-ÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ-·ÈÎÙÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·˘Ù‹˜Ù˘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ Ó· ‰Ôı›˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔ-ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ «ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜» [rational choice]. ∞ÓÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰ÚÔ˘Ó, ·ÊÔ‡ ˙˘Á›ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜Î·È ÙÔ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ú¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ «Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡»ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈÂ›Ó·È ÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÔÈÔ˜ ÙÔηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ. ¶ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Î·È fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈÛÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È Ù· ˘ÏÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·; ∫·È ‚¤‚·È·,ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ «ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜», Ë ÔÔ›·ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË

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ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ÔÈÎÔ-ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜;

™‹ÌÂÚ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È È· ¢ڤˆ˜ ·Ú·‰ÂÎÙfi fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘Ï-ÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È ÙÔ Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ» Â›Ó·È ÎÚ›-ÛÈÌ· ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ.117 ∏ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ·¤-Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜/Ù·ÍÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ «ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ÂÈÏÔÁ‹» ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ Ù˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ «ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·» Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔ-Á‹˜ ·˘Ù‹˜.

√ ·ÓÙ›ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ¤¯ÂÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Û ‰‡Ô ›‰· Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·fi ‰‡Ô΢ڛˆ˜ «ÛÙÚ·Ùfi‰·». ∆Ô ¤Ó· ·Ó¤Î˘„ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960fiÙ·Ó ÚÈ˙ÔÛ¿ÛÙ˜ ‰È·ÓÔËÙ¤˜ ÔϤÌËÛ·Ó ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜. √È ‰È·ÓÔËÙ¤˜ ·˘ÙÔ›, Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì·ÚÍÈ-ÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÓÂÔ-Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙ¤˜, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë Û οıÂÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο Ë ·ÓÙ·Ó¿-ÎÏ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÙÂÏÒÓÙ˘ ٿ͈Ó. ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÂÈÎÚ›ıËÎÂ,ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·, «ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ‡ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÒ˜ ÔÈ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ù·ÍÈÎÔ‡ ηÈÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‹, ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, Â›Ó·È Ë „¢‰‹˜ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË Ô˘ ÂÈ-‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ıÂÛÌÔ› fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙÔ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Î·È Ù· ̤۷ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘».118

«∂›Û˘, ÌÈ· ·ÎfiÌ· ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ·Ó¤Î˘„ Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔ-

190 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

117. µÏ¤Â ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù· ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ Sidney Verba ηÈ, ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, ÙÔ˘Robert Putnam.

118. Gabriel Almond, «Foreword: The Return to Political Culture», ÛÙÔLarry Jay Diamond, ed., Political Culture and Democracy in DevelopingCountries, Boulder, ColoradÔ: L. Riener Publishers, 1993, ÛÂÏ. ix-xii.

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ÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜... ¶ÂÚ› Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960, ÌÔÓÙ¤-Ï· ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ, ›¯·Ó ηٷÛÙ› ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË.∏ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ “ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜”, Ù˘ “‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ÂÈÏÔ-Á‹˜” Î·È Ù˘ “ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜” ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ·Ó ÙȘ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜.ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ıˆڋıËΠÂÈfi-Ï·ÈË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÈÛÙ¢fiÙ·Ó fiÙÈ “˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ” ‚·ÛÈ-Ṳ̂Ó˜ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔÓ È‰ÈÔÙÂÏ‹, ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌÔÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ-·ÈÎÙÒÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó·ÚΛ˜ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·».119

∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈȉ¤Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙË Ì¿Ûη ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·ÎÚ‡‚ÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Î·ı·Úfi·ÈÌÔÈ «˘ÏÈÛÙ¤˜» ›Ûˆ˜ÈÛÙ‡ԢÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÛÙÔÓηıÔÚÈÛÌfi Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È Ú¿ÍˆÓ. ∏ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ÂÈÛً̘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ «˘ÏÈÛÌfi» Î·È ÙÔÓ «È‰Â·ÏÈÛÌfi». ÿÛˆ˜Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛı› ÌÈ· ̤ÛË Ô‰fi˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó «·Í›Â˜», ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Î·È È‰ÔÙÂÏ›˜ «˘ÔÏÔÁÈ-ÛÙ¤˜». ∆· ¿ÙÔÌ· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ˘ÏÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο fiÓÙ· Ì¢ÏÈΤ˜ Î·È È‰Â·Ù¤˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·. ⁄ÏË Î·È È‰¤Â˜·ÏÏËÏÔÂÈÛ¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈο ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ë Ì›· ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ.

∞ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ, ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠ÙȘ «È‰¤Â˜»·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÊËÚË̤ÓË, ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘ÌÂÓ›ÛÙÈ΋ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹. √ ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ «È‰ÂÒÓ» Â›Ó·È Ë‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜» ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·» Î·È ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 191

119. Karen Dawisha, «Research concepts and methodologies», ÛÙÔ KarenDawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds., Politics, Power and the Struggle forDemocracy in South-East Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1997, ÛÂÏ. 51.

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Â›Ó·È Ô˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ··Û¯ÔÏ› Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È fi¯È ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ·ÊËÚË-̤ӷ ‰fiÁÌ·Ù·. ∏ «ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË» ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÎÈ ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ. ∏ ›‰È· Ë ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, ˆ˜ Ë ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈ-Ô˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÔÂÌÊ·Ó‹ Î·È ¯ÂÈÚÔÈ·ÛÙ‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜: Ú¤ÂÈÚÒÙ· Ó· ÂÁηıÈ‰Ú˘ı› ÙÔ «ÂÌ›˜» ÚÈÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÙÔ Û˘Ì-ʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘120, ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙfiÙÂ, ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ı··ÚıÚˆı› Î·È ı· ÂÎÊÚ·Ûı›, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ̤۷ ·fi ηÈÛ‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ηÙÂÛÙË̤Ó˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Û˘ÓÔÏÈο, ËÌÂϤÙË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ·ÏÏ¿, Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ·, Ë ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈÓ· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Î·È ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÙˆÓÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔًوÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ, Ôχ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜.

∂›Ó·È, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ ηÈ, ÔÏÔ¤Ó·Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·ÓÌÂÛ·›Ô ‰ÚfiÌÔ. ¢¤¯ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ·›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-Îfi ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ò˜ ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂ-Ù·È Î·È Ò˜ οı ÊÔÚ¿ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·.¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·Ú·ÎÈÓ‰˘ÓÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· Ô˘·¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Ôχ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·, ·ÊÔ‡ ·ÎÚÔ‚·Ù› ÌÂٷ͇ÂÓfi˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ-ÛÌÔ‡.

∆Ô‡ÙˆÓ ‰Ôı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ›Ûˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ, ÛÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛıÔ‡ÓÌ ÙÔÓ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi. ∞˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜,fiÛÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ ÎÈ ·Ó ›ӷÈ, ÎÈ fiÛË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ÎÈ ·Ó

192 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

120. John A. Hall, «Ideas and the Social Sciences», ÛÙÔ Judith Goldstein ηÈRobert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy, Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press, 1993.

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Û˘¯Ó¿ ÚÔηÏ›, Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈ͢ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿-ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È, Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛËÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË, ÌÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÚÔ-Û¤ÁÁÈÛË, ›Ù Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ›Ù ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË, ·fi ÌfiÓË Ù˘, Ê·›-ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·Ú΋˜.121

∞Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÔ‰‡Ó·ÌÔ, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi, ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi Û˘Ì-ʤÚÔÓ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ˘ÔÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ¿ÏϘ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜, ÎÈ·Ó Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜˘ÂÚÂÎÙÈÌ¿, Û˘¯Ó¿, Ï›ÁÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ122,ÙfiÙÂ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÌÂÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ˘ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ¤̂·Û˘ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ªÈ· ÌÂÚÈ΋‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô ›Ûˆ˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ¯·Ï·Ú‹, fi¯È Ôχ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ Î·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ·, «ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÙÈ΋» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ∞Ó Î·È ÛÙÂÚÂ›Ù·È Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜, Ù˘ ÏÈÙfiÙËÙ·˜,Ù˘ ηı·ÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ, ÁÈ·Ù› fi¯È, Ù˘ «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» ÙÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Í·Ó·‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ÛËÌ·-Û›· ÙˆÓ (ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ) ȉÂÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ (ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ) Ù·˘ÙÔًوÓÛÙËÓ ÚfiÛÏË„Ë Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ӈÓÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ.123 ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ù·˘-ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ηÈÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·,Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó.124

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 193

121. Jackson & Sorensen, ÛÂÏ. 423-424.122. Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence: World

Politics in Transition, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1977. 123. Jackson & Sorensen, ÛÂÏ. 370.124. John Hall, «Ideas and the Social Sciences», ÛÙÔ J. Goldstein & R.

Keohane, eds, Ideas and Foreign Policy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell UniversityPress, 1993, ÛÂÏ. 31-54.

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™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Ú·ÏÈ-ÛÌfi ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ıÂfiÛÙ·ÏÙË Î·È‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÁÈ· οı ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔ˚fiÓ ¤ÓÙÔÓˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÓÙÈ-ÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ.125 ™ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘,ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ÂıÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÙËÎÂ, fi¯ÈÌfiÓÔ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓÎ·È ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜Ô˘ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ, ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ·ÓÙȉڿÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙÔÓηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌfi ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜126, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Î·È Ù·˘-ÙfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘.

ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi, Ë ÈÛ¯‡˜ ·›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ,·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÈfiÏÔ˘ Â˘Î·Ù·ÊÚfiÓËÙÔ, ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ¤Î‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ. ŸÛÔ ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ·, ÙfiÛÔ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È, Î·È ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfi-ÙÂÚÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∏ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ˆ˜Ë ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·ÌË Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘Ù¤ÏÂÈ· Ó· ›ӷÈÂÛˆÛÙÚÂÊ‹˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈ΋, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÁÈ· ¿ÏϘ, ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂ-Ú˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Â›Ó·È ·‰È·ÓfiËÙÔ Î·È Ô˘, ·ÎfiÌ·, Ë ›‰È· Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Â›Ó·È ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, fiÙ·Ó ¤Ú ӷ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë Ù˘ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓÙÔÓ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ. ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÈÛ¯‡˜ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂ-ÚÈÓ‹˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ Â͈-ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·fi ÙÔ ™Ù¤ÈÙ ¡ÙÈ¿ÚÙÌÂÓÙ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÌÔ-ÛÔӉȷΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ

194 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

125. Peter Katzensetein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms andIdentity in World Politics, New York, NY: Columbia University Press,1996.

126. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics.

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∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ, Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÈ΋ Î·È fi¯È ‰ÈÂıÓ‹·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ı› Î·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ıÂ›Ë Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘, ÌÂÙ·-„˘¯ÚÔÔÏÂÌÈ΋˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Ì Ù˪¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ-Á·Û›Â˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì Ù˪¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó.

∞fi ÙÔ 1967 Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÔÈ ∏¶∞‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï.127 ∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹-ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∏¶∞, ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó ÙË ‰È¯ÔÙfiÌËÛËÙ˘ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›Ó˘ Î·È ÚÒÙ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÓÂÔÛ‡ÛÙ·ÙÔ‚ڷ˚Îfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ 1948. ŸÌˆ˜, ÙÔ 1956 ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ™Ô˘¤˙,ÔÈ ∏¶∞ ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·Û·Ó Ó· ·ÓÙȉڿÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘πÛÚ·‹Ï Î·È ÙˆÓ ∞ÁÁÏÔ-°¿ÏÏˆÓ Ó· ÂÈ‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ.™ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï, Ë °·ÏÏ›·, ηÈfi¯È Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ‹Ù·Ó Ë Î‡ÚÈ· ÚÔÌËı‡ÙÚÈ· fiÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÚ·Ë-ÏÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡.128 ∆· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ¿ÏÏ·Í·Ó Ì ÙË Ó›ÎË ÙÔ˘πÛÚ·‹Ï ÛÙÔÓ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ ÙˆÓ ŒÍÈ ∏ÌÂÚÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÙÔπÛÚ·‹Ï Û ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Û‡ÌÌ·¯Ô ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÎˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹.¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÚ·ËÏÈÓÔ‡ ÏfiÌ˘ Î·È Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·ÙÔ˘, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈ, ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ, ÛÙÔӧ¢Îfi √›ÎÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ÛÙÚ¤‚ÏˆÛ·Ó ÙËÓÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ¯ÒÚÔÙ˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜.

∂›Ó·È ÔÏÏ¿ ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÁÚ·ÊÙ› Î·È ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó

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127. ∆Ô Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-ÚÔ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ·Ó ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ Ì›· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· Ì ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ·Ó,‰ËÏ·‰‹, ¤‚ÏÂÂ Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÌÔÓԉȿÛٷٷ ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ·Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¯ÒÚ·, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙËÓ ¶Ôψӛ·, ÙËÓ √˘ÁÁ·Ú›· ‹ ÙÔµ¤ÏÁÈÔ.

128. Dimitris Keridis, Europe and Israel: What Went Wrong?, Tel Aviv, Israel:The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2004.

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Â‰Ò Ó· ÂȈıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ËÁÂ-ÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÚ› ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜·˘Ùfi˜ ‰ڿ˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ‰ÈÏ‹ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÚ› Û˘ÌÊÂ-ÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ.129 ∆Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·-Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ Ô˘˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ∏¶∞ Î·È ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ∆Ô ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÂÚ› ÌÈ·˜ «Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜» ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÎÔ-ÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì fi,ÙÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ›, ÔÈ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ÎÚ˘Ê¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·ÎÔÈÓfi ΤÓÙÚÔ. ∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ›ӷÈ, ÛÙÔÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi,·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ Î·È ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔȯ›ÔÙ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È Î¿ı ۇÁ¯ÚÔÓ˘‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-ÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, Ô˘ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔηÏ›, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ›·Ú¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·.

ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓÛ˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘, Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÎÔÈÌÔًوÓ. √È ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÓ· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰ÔÎ·È ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӈӷfi„ÂÒÓ Ù˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÔÈo Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì›˙ÔÓ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ª¤Û˘∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ›.

™ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÔÏÏÔ›, ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÂÓÙ·ÏÈ-ÛÙ‹ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ª¤ÚÓ·ÚÓÙ §Ô‡È˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ-ÎÔ‡˜, Ô˘ ÂÈÓfiËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ Î·Ù¿ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ηÈÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÔ-Ê·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡! ¶·ÚÂÍËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÌÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ Ú·Á-Ì·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘: ·) Ó· ·ÔÛÔ‚‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ¢ı‡Ó˜ ÙÔ˘πÛÚ·‹Ï Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ

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129. Mearsheimer & Walt.

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‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ, ‚) Ó· ÍÔÚΛÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔ ÙÔ˘ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔÓ «·ÓÙÈ-·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÛÌfi» ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓÂϛ٠Ù˘ ‚ÔÚÂÈÔ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÙ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, Á) Ó· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒ-ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÏÏ·˙ÔÓÈο ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Ì·ÎÚÈ¿·fi Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ·ÓÈηÓÔÔ›ËÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔÈ-ÎÔ‡˜ ٷڷ͛˜ ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ‰) Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔÏ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·ÌÔÚ-ÊÒÛÂÈ ÂÎ ‚¿ıÚˆÓ Î·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÌÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎfiÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË. ŒÓ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ÛÙȘ 11™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001 ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·ÚÎÂÙfi ÁÈ· Ó·ËÙÙËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÔÏÈÙÈο ÔÈ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜·ÓÙ›·ÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Scowcroft, BakerÎ·È Schlesinger.

ŸÙ·Ó ÙÔÓ ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2006 Ë ‰È·ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÁÈ·ÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ˘fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ ∆˙¤È̘ ª¤ÈÎÂÚ, ÂÓfi˜ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔ˘ ÚÔ‡¯ÔÓÙ· Ì ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ÂÚÁ·ÌËÓ¤˜, Î·È ÙÔ˘ §Ë ÿÌÈÏÙÔÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿¯ÚfiÓÈ· Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜, Û˘Ó¤ÛÙËÛ ÙÔÓ ÂÍÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ÚfiÙÂÈÓ ¤Ó·Ó‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ıÚÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ∏¶∞ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, Ë ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ‹Ù·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏËØÔ ª¤ÈÎÂÚ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ‹ıËΠˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛËÌ›Ù˘ ¯ıÚfi˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹ÏÎ·È Ë Ôχ¯ÚÔÓË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯Ï¢¿ÛÙËΠˆ˜ ÁÂÚÔÓÙÈοÍÂÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ı˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔ› ÙË Ó¤·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ô ÚÒËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓfi˜ Úfi‰ÚÔ˜∆˙›ÌÈ ∫¿ÚÙÂÚ, Ô ·Ú¯ÈÙ¤ÎÙÔÓ·˜ Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈ΋˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï Ì ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ ÙÔ 1979 ÛÙÔ ∫·Ì ¡Ù¤È‚ÈÓÙ, ηٷ-Û˘ÎÔÊ·ÓÙ‹ıËΠˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛËÌ›Ù˘ fiÙ·Ó ÙfiÏÌËÛ ӷ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ·

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ÈÔ ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓË Î·È Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘.130

™‹ÌÂÚ·, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚ‹ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.131 ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ËÁÂÛ›·, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÔȃÂÔ˘ÌÏÈοÓÔÈ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÏÔ› ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ›, ·ÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó··ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÔÚ›·. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ ‰È·‰fi-¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· ÙÔ˘, ·Ó Î·È ‰È·-ʈÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘.ªÂÚÈÎÔ›, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ô ÚÒËÓ ‰‹Ì·Ú¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ÀfiÚ΢,ƒÔ‡ÓÙÔÏÊ ∆˙Ô˘ÏÈ¿ÓÈ132, Î·È Ô ÁÂÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ∞ÚÈ˙fiÓ·˜,

198 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

130. Jimmy Carter, Palestine-Peace not Apartheid, New York, NY: Simon &Schuster, 2006.

131. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·fi ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ 2007 Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌÂȈı› ÌÈ·ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î. ∏ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙË Ó¤· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ËÁÂÛ›·Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ˘fi ÙÔÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁfi David Petraeus, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙÂ-ÏÂÛı›۷ ÂıÓÔοı·ÚÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î. √È ÙÚÂȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿-‰Â˜, ™È›Ù˜, ™Ô˘Ó›Ù˜ Î·È ∫Ô‡Ú‰ÔÈ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆ-ı› ÛÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ Ù· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ·ʋ˜ Î·È ÂÓÙ¿Ûˆ˜ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÌÂȈı›. ∏ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ™Ô˘ÓÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î Ì ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈ-ηÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ηÙÔ¯‹˜. √È ™Ô˘Ó›Ù˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ¯ÚÂÈ-¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ˆ˜ ÙËÛÈÈÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙÔ ÌÂÙ·-Û·ÓÙ·ÌÈÎfi πÚ¿Î. °È· ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi ¤·„·ÓÓ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌ¿¯Ô˘˜,Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ‚›·˜ Ô˘ Ì¿ÛÙÈ˙ ÙÔ ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ ÛÔ˘ÓÈÙÈÎfiÙÚ›ÁˆÓÔ ÛÙ· ‚fiÚÂÈ· Ù˘ µ·Á‰¿Ù˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÔ‡Ù ÌfiÓÈÌË Ô‡Ù ÌË ·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤„ÈÌË. ¶·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Â‡ıÚ·ÛÙË Î·È ÙÔ πÚ¿ÎÛ˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ôχ Ó· ·¤¯ÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ‡ڢıÌË Î·È Á·Ï‹ÓÈ· ¯ÒÚ·, ÂÓÒ ÙÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÏÔÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ·‚¤‚·ÈÔ.

132. Rudolph W. Guiliani, «Toward a Realistic Peace-Defending Civilizationand Defeating Terrorists by Making the International System Work»,Foreign Affairs, September/October 2007. ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ∆˙Ô˘ÏÈ¿ÓÈ Â›Ó·ÈÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ‡ˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÙfiÛ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∏ ·Ú¯‹ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ Â›Ó·È ·Ôη-Ï˘ÙÈ΋:

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∆˙ˆÓ ª·Î¤ÈÓ133, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÂÌÔ¯·Ú›˜ Û ‚·ıÌfi ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚÔ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ ªÔ˘˜.

∂ȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó·˜ ÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÚÔ‚·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿,Ù¿¯·, Ë ÏËÌÌÂÏ‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ‰ÚfiÌÔ ·ÓÔȯÙfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ Ï·ıÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ì¤Ï-ÏÔÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Ô fiÙÈ, ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÒÚ·, Ë ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ‰È·ÎËÚ˘Á̤ÓÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ËÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜. ∏ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ Ù˘ ÚÔ˜ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔ˘Ù˙·¯ÂÓÙ›Ó ÙÔ˘ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó Á¤ÓÓËÛ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ∆·ÏÈÌ¿Ó Î·È Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∞Ï ∫¿ÈÓÙ· ηÈÛÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÎÈÛÙ¿Ó, Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿ÎÂÓ›Û¯˘Û ÙÔ πÚ¿Ó, Ô ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ §È‚¿ÓÔ˘ ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛÂÙË ÊÈÏÔ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ú›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ÃÂ˙ÌÔÏ¿¯ Î.Ô.Î. £· ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯ÈÒÓ, Ë ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ı· ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Û οÔȘ Ӥ˜ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ª¤ÈÎÂÚ-ÿÌÈÏÙÔÓ ¤Î·Ó ‰ÂÈÏ¿ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ·ÔÚÚ›-ÊıËÎ·Ó Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓ Î·È ¿Ú·˘Ù·. ∏ ÂÌÌÔÓ‹ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÂÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È Ô «·˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜» Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ›ӷ ÂÍËÁËıÔ‡Ó Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹.∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·

∏ ∞ª∂ƒπ∫∞¡π∫∏ ∂•ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ¶√§π∆π∫∏ 199

«We are all members of the 9/11 generation...Civilization itself, and theinternational system, had come under attack by a ruthless and radicalislamist enemy...America and its allies have made progress since thatterrible day. We have responded forcefully to the Terrorists’ War on theUS...But this war will be long, and we are still in its early stages. Muchlike at the beginning of the Cold War, we are at the dawn of a new erain global affairs».

133. John McCain, «An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom-SecuringAmerica’s Future», Foreign Affairs, November/December 2007.

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ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‰¤ÛÌÈ· ›ӷÈÎ·È Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋.

¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ô˘ ‰È¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Ë Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·-ÛË Î·È ÔÈ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ôͷۛ˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ¢ÂÍÈ¿˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·ÏfiÁˆ πÚ¿Î, ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿ıÔ˜ Î·È ÚÒÈÌÔ Ó· ıˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤Ó˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û˘Ó¯›-˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔ ƒÂÔ˘ÌÏÈηÓÈÎfi ÎfiÌÌ· Î·È Û ÌÈ·ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂÚ›‰· ÙˆÓ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·.¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹, ÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi Ï‹ÁÌ·,ÈηÓfi Ó· ·ӷηıÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ-¯‹, ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Ë ÌfiÓË ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·-ÌË Ì ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ fiÔ˘ Á˘. ∏·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Ô ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈÎfi˜¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ‚·ıÌfi, ÂÌ‚ÔÏÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÚÂÓ¤Ú-ÁÂȘ ÙÔ˘ πÚ¿Î. ŒÓ· Ó¤Ô ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¯Ù‡ËÌ· ÌÔÚ› ‡ÎÔ-Ï· Ó· ·ӷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌfi ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ.

200 ¢∏ª∏∆ƒ∏™ ∫∞πƒπ¢∏™

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∂¶π§√°√™

¢ ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ Î·Ì›· ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Úfi-‚ÏËÌ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·-

ÛÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Ì·˙È΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÍfiÓÙˆÛ˘ ¯ÈÏÈ¿-‰ˆÓ ‹ Î·È ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ·Ì¿¯ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› È· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ-Îfi ÚÔÓfiÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈȉȈÙÈÎÔÔÈËı› ηÈ, ¤ÙÛÈ, ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Î·Îfi.

øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÚÔ-ÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· fiˆ˜ Ù· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ë΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ Â‰Ò Î·È ¤ÍÈ Î·È Ï¤ÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ¶Ôχ ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ ÂÈÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ú¿ ÙÔ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¤ÏÏÔ˘Ó. ∏ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÌÂÁ·-ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ì¿˜ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÂÈ Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ-ÛÙԇ̠ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘.™Â ¤Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓÔÔÏÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ∏¶∞ ËÁÂÌÔÓÂ‡Ô˘Û· ‰‡Ó·ÌË. ŸÌˆ˜, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜, Û ¤Ó·¿ÏÏÔ Â›Â‰Ô, ¯¿ÚË ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿Î·È ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ·Ú¿ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË.

™ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·˘Ùfi, Ë ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ Î‡ÚÈÔ,·Ó fi¯È ÙÔÓ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi, ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆӷԉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·Ó·Ú΋˜. ¡¤ÔÈ ·›ÎÙ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Ó¤Â˜

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Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·-ÛÙ Ӥ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ. √È ıˆڋÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙÈ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë «·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·» Î·È Ë«ÈÛ¯‡˜», ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÛÙ·Ï› Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-Ú˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∏ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌfiÓËÔ˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô‡ÙÂ Â›Ó·È ÈηӋӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜. ∆· Ó¤· ·˘Ù¿ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓӤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏ˘Ù¤ÏÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·ÌË, ·ÏÏ¿ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.

∏ Ì·˙È΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ÛÙ· ¯Ù˘‹Ì·-Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ˆÊ¤ÏËÛ·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈο ÙÔÓ √Û¿Ì· ªÈÓ§¿ÓÙÂÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó‡„ˆÛ·Ó, ¤Ú·Ó οı ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ·˜, ·ÎfiÌ·Î·È ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘, Û ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚ-‰‡Ó·Ì˘. ∫‡ÚÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë·¿ÓÙËÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤ÏÂÍ ӷ ‰ÒÛÂÈ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ªÔ˘˜ÛÙ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ¯Ù˘‹Ì·Ù·, ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â Ó· οÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂ-ıÓ‹ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘. ™Â ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ËÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ô˘ ÂÈϤ¯ıËÎÂ, Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹, ‰ËÏ·‰‹,ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î, ›¯Â Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÈÛÔÚÚԛ˜ ηÈÚÈ„ÔΛӉ˘ÓÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ·ÛÊ¿-ÏÂÈ·˜. ¢ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÌÈ· ηϋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·¤Ù˘¯Â ÛÙËÓÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ô˘ ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ÂÎÎÈÓÔ‡Û ·fiÏ¿ıÔ˜ ‚¿ÛË, ·ÊÔ‡ ›¯Â ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‹ ÙË ÌÂÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ڷÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·.

∏ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·fi ÙȘ

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ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ Ù˘ Ó· ·Ó·-‰Â›ÍÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔÛ‡ÛÙ·ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ-ÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ ·fi ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ηÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹ıËΠ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ›ӷÈ, ÛÙË Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ·fi ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηÈË ¤ÓÙ·ÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈΤ˜Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ηÈ, ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, Ë ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡-Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô ·˘ÛÙËÚfi˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-Τ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó‰·ÊÈÎfi˜. ªfiÓÔ Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·-ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û·ÛÊ·Ï‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·.

∞ÓÙ›, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚȯ·Ú¿ÎˆÛ˘, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙Ô-ÓÙ·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈÂ-ıÓ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·,ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁ›· Î.Ï. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ›Û˘, ËÛ ‚¿ıÔ˜ ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î¿ı ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë fi͢ÓÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Ì·˜ «Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›·˜», ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÛÙ· ∞ÁÁÏÈο ·Ôη-ÏÔ‡Ó empathy, ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ¤Íˆ·fi ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, Ù· ÔÔ›·, fï˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ‹Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË. ™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜Î·È Ù˘ ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓfiÚˆÓ, Ë ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ «ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜» Â›Ó·È ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ·¤Ó·Ó ÈÔ ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ Î·È ÂÈÚËÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.

∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î ‰ÂÓÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÌÔÚÊË ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÔ‡ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ Ô‡Ù ‚¤‚·È· ÛÂÛ˘ÓˆÌÔۛ˜ ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓÒÓ Î¤ÓÙÚˆÓ. ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Â›Ó·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋, Ó· ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÙ·È, ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ·fi ·Ô‰Â›-

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ÍÂȘ Î·È ÏÔÁÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù·. ∂›Û˘, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋, Î·È Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ·Ï·Èfi-ÙÂÚÔ˘˜, ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈ-ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÂϤÙË·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Î·È Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È.

™¯ËÌ·ÙÈο, ÔÈ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ: ÙÔ µÈÂÙÓ¿Ì, ÙÔ ÔÔ›ÔÎ·Ù¤Ï˘Û ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Î·È ‰›¯·Û ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÂχıÂ-ÚÔ˘˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜Ø ÙËÓ ÙÒÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔ-Ú›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÙËΠˆ˜ ıÚ›·Ì‚Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ-ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ƒfiÓ·ÏÓÙ ƒ¤ËÁηÓØ ÙË ‚›·ÈË‰È¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›·˜ ÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1990, Ë ÔÔ›·‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ ¤Ó· ÈÛ¯˘Úfi Ú‡̷ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‚›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÔ-·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿˜, Î·È ÙÔÔÔ›Ô ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÚfiÛÊÂÚ ÌÂÚÈ΋, ¤ÛÙˆ, ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÛÙËÓ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘˜Ø Î·È ‚¤‚·È·, Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ÙÚÔ-ÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ̄ Ù˘‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ 11˘ ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 2001, Ù· ÔÔ›·ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi ˘ÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ,ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›¯Â ·fi ηÈÚfi ÂıÈÛÙ› Û ̛· ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈ΋, ·ÓÈÛÙfi-ÚËÙË, ·ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Û˘¯Ó¿ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ˘ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È Ù˘ ª¤Û˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜.ª¤Û· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÔÈ ÓÂÔ-Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ›,ÊÔÚ›˜ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÌÈ·˜ ȉÈfiÌÔÚÊ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· fi¯ÈÌfiÓÔ ·Ô‰Â¯fiÙ·Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ‹Ú ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·,ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ Î¿Ï˘Ù Ì ·Ï¤˜Î·È ‡ÎÔϘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ ÎÂÓfi ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Û ÙÔÛ˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· Î·È ÂȂ‚·›ˆÓ ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙË-ÚËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ·ӿÛÙ·Û˘.

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∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Ë ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡, Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ‚›·È-Ô˘, ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂηÂ-ÙÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË Ù˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙË-Ù·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜. √ ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÛ·-Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙˆÓ, Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘ÓÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ,ÚÒÙË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÛȈÓÈÛÙÈ΋, Ë ÊıÔÚ¿ fiψÓÙˆÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ∏¶∞ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÈÔ Ê·Ó·-ÙÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ê¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ æ˘¯ÚÔ‡¶ÔϤÌÔ˘, ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÎÚ›Û˘.

ŒÙÛÈ, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘πÛÏ¿Ì ‹ ηχÙÂÚ· ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈ-·ÔÈÎÈ·ÎÔ‡ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛ fi¯ÈÌfiÓÔ Ó· ·ÁÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ πÛÏ¿Ì, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ó· ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‚›·ÈÔ ÈÛÏ·-ÌÈÛÌfi Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·ÂÎÚËÎÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ·ÂÈÏÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷ΋fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂ-Ú· ¢¿ÏˆÙË ÛÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚ· ÁÂÈÙÓÈ¿˙Ô˘Û· Ì Ù˪¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È Ì ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÙ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ Ì ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú›-ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÏÒ˜ ‰›Ï·, ·ÏÏ¿ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·.

∞ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·Ú-ÌÔÁ‹ οı ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ™ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, Ë ‰ËÌfi-ÛÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÓÔˆÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-΋˜ ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜.∞Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ô ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜, ÁÈ·

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¢ڇÙÂÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ÂÚÈÛÛÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ˘Â-Ú·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘·. ™ÙÔÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ·ÏÏËÏÔ-ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ë ÂÛˆÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ó¿ÎÚÈ‚Ë ÔÏ˘-Ù¤ÏÂÈ·, ȉ›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹, ·ÓÔȯً ¯ÒÚ· Û·Ó ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÚËÎÙÈ΋ ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË ·˘Ù‹, ·fiÙÔ-ÎÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ì·ÎÚ¿˜ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛÔ˘‰‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ˘, ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ηÈÛ˘¯Ó¿ ›ÎÈÓ‰˘ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ˙Ô‡ÌÂ.

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∏ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋. ¶ÂÚÈÂ-Ï‹ÊıËÛ·Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÚıÚ· Î·È ‚È‚Ï›· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘, ›ӷÈ, fï˜, ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙËÔ˘ ı· ‹ıÂÏ ӷ ÂÌ‚·ı‡ÓÂÈ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì·. ∂›Ó·È ÚÔ-Ê·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÛÙ· ∞ÁÁÏÈο Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÎÙÂ-ٷ̤ÓË Î·È ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Î¿ı ̤ڷ Ô˘ ÂÚÓ¿. ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÒÓÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È ÔÈΛÏÏÂÈ. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ΛÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È ÔÏÂÌÈÎ¿Î·È Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Û˘Ì¿ıÂÈ· ‹ ·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ·, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ùԉ‡ÙÂÚÔ, ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ ªÔ˘˜. ∞ÚÎÂÙ¿, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ›ӷÈÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο, ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÁÁÂÏÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÂȯÂÈ-ÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÓËÊ·ÏÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰˘ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ·ÌÂ-ÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÌÔ‡.

∞. ÕÚıÚ·

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