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Kcg`tmjydrso

;9;> Duhkpnst

H`jtb u. 1>-8>.

Xroy< Kcg`tmjyl`ob pkjksz bjhtvjyoyszm< BU /;251-;/49;8.

Xbsztnct Kcg`tmjydrso!

Kcucr`tt . (..) kckttb ckg`s bjhtvjy`z (tkrtzg`hbg< .. kcktt) kz Kcg`tmjydrsorc szc 49;;.vb ACB. trvjy Kdtv. 45. -k 4) dngnzhsn kckplj kz kcddb

kcg`tmjyl`ob pkjksz bjhtvjyt

tnrlnsztntnm nc.-j gnctnzntt cnvncdnj fbjyptcsrk fvtk enc kz

bjhtvjy`zt k tngbjtntdnj, f`oy kz nclrs encttncnbjng k enjjccst bokz`clk, kz bjhtvjydkj

e`ockctkgkt bokz`clk, vkckmbjt bokz`clk, f`oy l`osrncmn gzvntcnjc drb hjtst jcgc gvntgnzntt

dn. Nznj gvc kz Kcg`tmjydrso kz bjhtvjy`zt jybcktg`zktrk fvtk enc, f`oy k sznmcyns khktkb

jybcvj`ssork f`zktkcf`z f`zzlruc-n. K fbjyptcsjkg k pkjksszkc noysons sznrgnzntdnj,

ncnont tnszng k lncnj dnkhvjy`mmkc.

Kz bjhtvjy`z sznmcyns khktkb jybcvj`ssork f zktkcf`z jnm lruc f`zz.

;

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; K\ NCLTQ ENCXXNCNBJNG BOK\@CQK

Kz bjhtvjy`z, . khsskc sznmdnj k .. Dkjg \rt. vornfkltst gr grncmrn, hr. gzlnoyz .

s`rszm kcktt vornfkltsb zrkhg gbcctsvkc bjht`ttk mno k drsob vornfkltsb nclrst, 49;;.

`gtdnr f ... jkplj, mncy oydnj . ./49;; szm`j e`okjkt`st`ttk k vornfkltst.

Kz khs k vornfklts mnoszjtntsn brjt pnrt bjht`tt, grtn k . Lrsdrso`t, f`oy k szjtnssn

mno k vornfkltst< ncshcnonsnj, s nsfntcnonsnjkzrt mnrt encng gzttb pnrdncb sznrzhs jnm ltt

ctrn. K encng kz ctkcug kcrt sznrzhssnc tkrts l`ovbsz`jyt gvjtkg ctrnf`zjb. Kz khs sznrzhsb

kgkrktk gcasjjnc vnoyns fbtncsznrzhs mnogtsrn brjyuct, mo k dkjg gcasjsznrzhssnc vnoyns

dnengtntsb sznrzhst gttt (ktbpbgus fbdrbh sznrzhst), kmncy utddb l`ovbsz`jy-ncnm ctrnf`zsrk

kz khsjkg jnm v`ct sznrzhsb kgkrktk, mnrt jnm bs tuh`tt rck. oy k tkrts l`ovbsz`jy ctrnf`zsrk

jnm v`ct k encngjng, gcasjs s noydnfkjoz gbenlnzsvnc ctrnltt sznrzhsb kgkrktk. (Ytg. 49>..

(;-8) dng.) K dkjg kz kcrt sznrzhsdnj kjjkg fbdrbh dnengtntsb tkrtkcmt, s kjjkg mbjhnj

gvntgnzmjyt szjhg`skj nctbtg`ctk kz khs ncc, kz ctkck e`okjkt`stkjh sznrzhs tkrtkcmt

bccntnj mnotvnsztnttn, tvnhsdnj tkrt`ttk, s nzznc kz khsjkg grt `g`z`tt, k fbdrbh-sznrzhsrnv`jktg`z nurpkb s mkoykr l`oszkdcy`gkt mnosrtvn, s k dkjgjkg encrfktkj.

Kz bjhtvjy`z encpnrns grtn k Lrsdrso`t, f`oy k vornfkltst szjtnssn mno ms`hcko`skj, s

vkoycko`skj kzrt, mnrt kmnjjybdnj k sznrzhs ctrn bs ltt v`cjk, k sznrzhs rvjytncnj.

Nzt gvntnj k . Lrsdrso nctt ncse`g`j k 1.Y.. szm`j, mklh k encpnrnsng enccnddnzsn e`cytj

k Xrvjyszg 4.Ye.. szm 49;1. `gtdnr ;. jkplj f`z`tt l`onrs tcntn k vornfkltsb nclrst

mnoszjtnttn.

K l`onrs tcnttnc sznmdnj kz kcpnrns tnrlnsztntt dn enccvbzsocktb grncmnt, kmncy enccvbzsocktb

nclrs lncnjcno k Grbk nctt vkj e`cykmktdkj Yev.B. szm kcktt.

Kz nclrs encttncnbjng enjjccsjkg bokz`csrk k gvntgnzgnt askt`clug

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Nzng s`rj k Grbk l`onoysob hjtsnbjng sszneoosdnj, mnolncctg

ccsp`jtujgkt, k hnvbzk kckp fbtncngrn v`jktg`z l`onoysob hjtsng, kz Nurpkb

l`onoysont okrkjtc l`o`g, s kz Nurpkb Drso l`onoysont tnrnmt, s gtncnz

rvjy hjtsnb tgrdnj. K e`oyksztsb sznrzhs nsntj kcgkcmkzkjh Nurpkb

^jbs l`o`t s k Cuxnmdurob Drso prnanhnjsnbdnj trtj mnocckpts`gkt s

tcntb rnjhncgnzsngnt k jnmzntb drso`gjkg gtncnz l`ortncmnzsgjt, s nclrsb

szkdcy`ggjt gncc kcgkcmkzjbug. (asktckg`zsb Qznrzhs s k Cbsszkd`jb Qznrzhs

kckplj.)

^oykjaskg kcgkcmkzkjh kz N^ ctkc szkdcy`z`tt fbdrbh sznrzhsrn< k szbjtntbgus

hnvbzkoycnttnc (dnengtntssnc) nccnjttncnzntt fbtncvbsz`jyrk v`jktg`z N^ l`o, s k

Cuxnmdurob Drso, nznj pjzoyb tnrmgrn v`jktg`z fktr`zktkb.

K mkoykr l`o k Fpt-dnj s g`rddkj k Xgnpbkab Xv-dnj gsdd k dnengtntsngrn

v`jktg`z tv-dnj, szkdcy`ztk mbjh k fbtnc, mbjh k dnengtntsng s`rj encmnrc

l`o`gkt s gtncnznttsongnt.

K encpnrns bjhtvjy`z s kz kcpnrns gztt ctrnltt, Mkoykr`rszo`j hnvbzk-

jybcvjtkrts fbtncjng jnvnzntt sszntntt pjzoyb tnrmg rtgnstsn s`rj, `cykj

tkrts l`ovbsz`jy ltt ctrn, kmncyjng s`rj n l`ovbsz`jyjkg mbjh k fbtncvbsz`jy`grk

(Fpt.), k fbtncgnrnt kckplj jylt`tt gcasj v`jktg`zsdkj k gcasj l`ovbsz`jyrk

(Ytg.), mbjh k dnengtntsrn v`jktg`z l`ovbsz`jyrk (Xgnpbkab tv. Dnengtntsb tv.) l`ob

encttncnbjng, s l`oszkdcykbjkg k l`o`g s gtncnssong v`jktg`zsdkj noysznrrn

s noybhnlcno mno gncc encncjbn. Nzt snm kz kckpoydnj, snm ms oydnj k drso`g,

fbvktg`zs s dbz`jyts flj, nhhbo eboyncmnj gvc fkoytg, oy k Xbsztnct Grbk

l`onoysob hjtsnb bs.K pkjksz-bjhtvjyujgdkj nckh`ttkg kzt k act sz`coclg, f`oy kz bjhtvjy mbjhnj cctsjkg

e`rrst (tkjucmjy, ncnmzs `chkc s dngnzhsszm) mnolncclg. K pjzpbka stkdbcbtsrt encncs

MJD fbvktkc`s ncnmzsnb, s tkjucmjykb, k dkjgszvntso tkjucmjykb, s encncs sznmcyng

mnojybcktg`zskb 4998. nctt mo jnm tkokhlg njjng k pjzoyb tnrmgjng k g`agzktkbt, s

mbdnjctt< fbdrbhjng jnvnzbg.

Gsdd mbjh k tkjucmjy`gdkj k e`cykmktcnrs`gdkj mr mbjh tnrmbj`cobldkj, mbjh

e`cykmktcnrskbdkj kz khsg`agzkt`gkt ncfkccoktlg, s k fbdrbh vkcsot, mbjt rnjhns dkjgb

mghst tkockclg, ncnmzbg. Nzrt snm k gzdnszhdnj, snm kz Q\E-ngdnj, snm kz khsg`agzkt

enctrsdkj, snm kz khs tlg`ztktsdkj, k vbco`j noynhc, k dnengtntssnc vnoyns fbdrbh lnccnotnjjng k l`ovbsz`jydkj k dkjg`g jnm lncnjtnttg mno, s njjng k tnrmgjng k trskhkc`mrk, cckmrk,

s kz khs`g, oy k pnrdncb khs gtncnznttsonbrn oykg`r`ct fktskbt snm. Nzrt grlg k Xbsztnct

Kcg`tmjydrso`t, f`oy k pkjksz rhnmb vbzsocktk s`rj cctskbjgkt k dbz`jytg`g tgrdnj

vbzsoclk mno. Fbvktg`zskbjg tnclns tkrtkcmk k Fbdrbh am dnkhvjydkj tkccfkt mno, lncnj

dnkhvjydkj gbzrcko kz kckpvntsrn tr gb, mbvnc k Xbsztnct Kcg`tmjydrsojkg jnm kz oy

rhnmdnj gncc hjtnjbn.

K dkjg`g, dkjgr`g, pjzoyb gutktg jybcktg`zktkb, MJD tkjucmjy`g, fbvktkc`s gzcnmjyng s

enctrt jybcvj`s khkt`g, kz kcddb p`jt`g mbjhnoybgt tkrtkcmkzzg rszcntnbdnj. K m`zkbg`gdc

1

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sszncc k hnvbzk-fbtncnzs nctbtg`ct vkcsok. K mnccgnct dbz`jytg`g; kckplj jnm mb cctlug

mbjhnzngnt, nzrt jnm encttncnzsng. Mkok k dkjgrnjhsznr cnpcnzb cn jmkot

;) K hnvbzkfbtncng, vkoy hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts, hnvbzk kckp fbtncjng jnvnzntt, k vkcsodkj

fbdrbh-sznrzhsng (e`rbjtfbtnccnc vnoyns dnengtntsb sznrzhsng) mrfnt, s mrfntntcnj

gr`gkt `g`ztkg k mkoykr khs`gjkg (tnrmszntns sznmcyngjng, vcckcg`zs`gjkg,jg`rmjyzkt`gjkg, s kz nosz mkoykr cckmjkg).

4) Nz k gr`g`zs k dkjgrnjhsznrjng (kz kjykdkjglkbggkc, s rnebjkjszr`z dkjglkbggkc gkrctvn)

gbenlnzntt szjhgk v`ct, s jnm muckszts`g nrnhmjyn.

1) Nzng k rnltntt hnrbvktvggkc (szrmkztkt`tt bjj`vktv dkjgb oycntnggnc) nccnjttncnzntt e`rbjt

fbtncng jnm kz khs`gjkg tnrnmtnttng hnvbzke`rrsdc gbgcasjzfnt e`rbjt`t, fkjnm

ppnj nccnjgnzcno, kz khs`g szmjkg s kz khsso`g ssznojng nxp`jnjabcbs

jvngnhsvnc, nxp`jnjabcbskj jvngv szbjtntbgus hnvbzf`z, s hnvbzkmvncntb

cnfntsongfnz luttkttg k dkjgrnjhsznrt. Nzrt gjctg k hnvbzkfbtnct mbjc tdd khsjkg,

gnt k gcasjdc trtj e`oyksztsrk duzhtvk, szjhg`skj ncfkccoktvk k fbdrbh ctfkt, srnltntt gnttssot, s nctbtg`cvk k rnltntt dnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jyjkg k g`agzktkbt, s k vrfkt

gvntgnzmjynbt.

8) K vkcsodkj jnm trtjbg ms, mbjt kz, f`oy k dkjg g`agzkt`s s spngucktv ac pjzpbkab

oycntngnt fklt vorn, EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s kcgkcmkzsvkc, kz khs`ggkc

gttt fbtncsznrzhs royj, k eutkmbh kcktt s kz oyec pjznszgznbvnc - k sklt fkszjrk.

Nzngnt k dkjg szbjtntbgus e`rrstnrnmtsjng rtncmnzb, hn k vkcsodkj, kz khs jnvj

jybcvjtkrt`tt e`rbjtfbtnct, kz khs jnvj jybcvjtkrt`tt hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb nszgzznc

vozntt, hnrbvktv mvncntnggnc nccnjttncnztn. Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k

vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt

; Qafnpp \`ctj< Jfjy o`jh`ckt k vct`z gkmkt`zs hnvbzkebjkjszr`zs g`agzktkbrc7 Xkrh`s ojns< Kpjzoyb bjstrumnjtum`g ncszm`csk BKQ ^Q OKKY mkoykr szkdcy`zs7 YQ\E/4 - K mkojszngt`rhnvbzkfbtncnzsjng m`zoktruob7 Asvs Askdk - Qzkd Tnzs< K e`rbjt/hnvbzk EV-swkp szprnhng m`zoktruobk Cnfmkj-ash utjb bhszkgdkj7 Mg BstvjYcns Luhbt< Kz EV-swkp pbka sznrnpn k fkzkb pjzoyb

rnjhsznrdnj7Ycns LuhbtGutb \s`ctAsvs Askdk < K hnvbzkswkp`g sznrnpn k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznrdnj s kswkppbka vcso kckttb mghsjng vbzsocktk7Dkcs XkmsJkoy Mrt`j< K hnvbzkfbtncng e`rbjtfbtncngrntrtj tvctsk7 Gbss M.J`rdnrtM`cjr \`ctj< F`oykj fktjkg k hnvbzkpbkab sznrnpcg k e`rbjtre`cykmrk7Y`re`cb`.fu< Kmb k hnvbzkfbtncng mott vkj Grhnzzn kz MJD szkgrtbt!7 Kz @rszooycs E`oyksztvhncmbdbz`ttsojkg 49;1. endrur 4>-j, ftej ;9 rk 1 pnrag`r k Gpvbsncb Br`hkfz >54. szm tkjastnrmdnjmnotkrt`tt csrc lnoyzgjyv7Ksztkc`s Od`r - O`c`d`g`v Qznronl - Gurkcb \`ctj - _`ce \`ctj< K pbka, kmncymklhjnm mghbg7A-598/;; sz. Nurpkb Drsob tcnt7Hroddkg cnfntjng k hnvbzkfbtncng ( Y`rtecb`.fu abgg4996. j`v.;9.)7Gnccnmns mnocnpntst `g`z`tt k Tkbeenbsnj (Bjvnst`r.fu abgg 49;1. j`vnmdnr 4?.)7Yuckb Oyroy -Tnppk \`ctj< K votrcnsztsngfnz gkpas`chkj dnvnzntntt lnoydkjgb nur`nckhsb pr`orkm gbkckgtsk smnovkcstsk7AQUQ AQKDK - GA\J ONTONCR - UKTOK CTJX< K edd fkzkb pjzoyb pbka`g mnofktr`zsznrnpcb s lnccnmz gnrnsgnhsb strktobb7 Mkoykr Dkjgszvntso 4998. vb dnszm`c7 DMN zcntbXuh`mjy`g Bjtzntn - Mkgr`okzhksob pjzoyng (DMNOX1>MJ94) Gpzs< Mszkgb mnjnhzsnrmnstnrszkgMQa, Mszkgb mnjnhzsnr mnstnrszkg - Yjzoyb spnabkcbzab, Yjzoy MK, Unznts s sznrvnzs MK Nckhs. Ybka`g s kz bjstkdbcbts - K fkzkb hnvbzkfbtncng dkjgb ebjkjszr`zsjkg gvntgnztntsnb 7Qbm`r Kjhrs (v`ct MJD lnoydkjgncjg)< Jnm v`ct kctnrjktvlk k hnvbzkfbtncjng

8

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fbtnc-sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. K vkcso`s gtncnmrc k fbtncsznrzhsng, s k dkjg`g bs

fkccokttkg.

>) Njjng gvntgnztdnj k hnvbzkfbtncng tnrvsznr, s k fbdrbhsznrzhsdc szrmkz, hn kz

khs`ggkc gttt fbtncsznrzhsngdc cn jnm vnzntfnt, mobs kzzkc sznrvnsnj sszntkrt`z

dnengtntsngnj gnrnsztc, k dkjg`g encbsmnrfnt s gbenlnzntt szjhgk, k e`rbjt nccnjbszjtncnj spngucabs p`zab encptsn - s k swkp`gkt rnebjkjszr`z dkjg`ggkc - k

hnrbvktvgdkj rbjtntt hnvbzg re`cykmjkg oy`rsuc mrtg, s dbzt`s hroucsjkg kz

ncbhzsn, re`cykmjynrnso nccctsk v`ct.

5)

Kz khsjkg, s k dkjgjkg nrrn k fbdrbhrn jnm v`ct noydnfkjoz, s noynz kgkrktjybcvjtsk,

mnrt kz khs, k gtncnm dnengtnts-lnccnorc, s kjjkg vkchb g`agzktrc, mo e`rmcbskj

snm tuhfkt`tt s k dkjg szjhgk ncttn rnltvn v`ct.

?) K dkjg kz khst, k fbdrbh sznrzhs mnogtsng`r mnotvnsztnttn, tvnhsdnj tkrt`ttk, s

nzznc gr`gkt `g`z`tt. K hnvbzkfbtnc-sznrzhs jnm f`oy rvjytncnj, hn ctrn snm ltt

sznrzhs. K jylt`tt sz`coctkts`gkt nc gncc k encng gztt szm`cjb j`mbjcbs rtgnj, s Ytg.sznrbjtb gkmkt`ggkc.

6)

Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj, kz khs tuhtk s

dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn. K dkjg

nznj dnengtntsng gctsonbt rtnrfnctn kz khsrk, mo kz nddc szrmkz pr`ebt`t k dkjg

skltljkg tngbjtb.

Mbrt tbtg`s k hnvbzkfbtncnzs fbdrbh lnccnon, k vkcsot k dkjg`g mbrt tbtg`clg0 Mnrt k tnrmg

dnvnzntsjng aclkb, szjhgkb, s k gvntgnzmjyngrt vkc noy`chkc encncssog cncnpcnzhjn. K

mbjhnj hnvbzk-khsrk gbtnrlnh mno`chs, k vkcso`s tnrmg, vkcso`s gvntgnzmjynbjng

bsmnrntdnj cnfntsons. Kzt gvntnj, f`oy k dkjg`ggkc nc gncc bsmnrtntjb jybcvj`skj, kz ctkcug gtttsznrzhsng royj ncgvntntt asncngmjynbgnt, s jnm tjtntbg enc kzt bjj`vktv, grnktv, s rnjhns

dkjgb mghsjng.K fbdrbh cykj pjzoyb tnrmg, kmncy noysznrrn tkrtkcmkz fbtnckhsb, s dnengtntb

g`agzkt`gkt kz khsrk jzvn. K dkjg askg n gt khs-g`agzkt ncnmzsn, nrrc kz khs tlg`ztktsk

mnccntt jyltfkt`tt v`cjk bcynj fbtnct. K pjzoyb tnrmg l`oszkdcy`g sznrbjtb rtgnstsn nsntj, k

tnrmgjng k e rbjtfbtncngfnz gpnstlncnjtsndd -- khsg`agzktk mnccntt, askg dnengtntb p`zabrk

kcgkcmks khs`g szmrk jyltfkttk v`cjk k fbtnct, khfkt`tt v`cjk njjng tnrfrn gcasjt. Mbvnc kz

khs g`agzktk vkcso`s, k dkjg g`agzktk vbrtucbskj bs lncnjtgtncnj, nzrt kz khs ncc ncfkccokttk

k dkjg k tkrts gtncnm cjynot, mnrt ;. kz khs(`g) bcynj l`ovbsz`jydk jnm cptng v`cjk dn, 4.

l`oszkdcy srncmn jcgc k fbdrbh rtgnstsn, szm`jgrfnt cnjjn, kjjkg jybcvjvkc tkrtkcmk

kckplj k dkjg`j!

Dbz`jyts

Dntfcnjhb Kjhrs - Azntb Xkms - Grng Luhbt - Jkoy Mrt`j - Ykc`tkb Hjbnc - MJD fttrtkjucmjy`g

499>/4 - K mkojszngt`r hnvbzkfbtncnzsjng m`zoktruob

fttp94/ft499>P4v.phe

X`vddbkgdkj< ;. sz. dbz`jytg

Asvs Askdk - Qzkd Tnsz< K e`rbjt/hnvbzk EV-swkp szprnhng m`zoktruob k Cnfmkj-ash utjbbhszkgdkj (MJD)

>

http://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdf

8/10/2019 AB hinyptls

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fttp55P>69PaskvksP;9999161.phe

X`vddbkgdkj< 4. sz. dbz`jytg

Mg BstvjYcns Luhbt< Kz EV-swkp pbka sznrnpn k fkzkb pjzoyb rnjhsznrdnj (MJD)

fttp/mkg-pkcns.phe

X`vddbkgdkj< 1. sz. dbz`jytg

Ycns LuhbtGutb \s`ctAsvs Askdk < K hnvbzkswkp`g sznrnpn k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznrdnj s k swkppbka

vcso kckttb mghsjng vbzsocktk MJD tkjucmjy`g

fttp-j, ftej ;9 rk 1 pnrag`r k

Gpvbsncb Br`hkfz >54. szm tkjastnrmdnj mnotkrt`tt csrc lnoyzgjyvfttp;.phe

X`vddbkgdkj< >. sz. dbz`jytg

Qafnpp \`ctj< Jfjy o`jh`ckt k vct`z gkmkt`zs hnvbzkebjkjszr`zs g`agzktkbrc

fttp

8/10/2019 AB hinyptls

7/55

X`vddbkgdkj< ;;. sz. dbz`jytg

Ksztkc`s Od`r - O`c`d`g`v Qznronl - Gurkcb \`ctj - _`ce \`ctj< K pbka, kmncy mklhjnm mghbg

(Dkjgszvntso)

www.dkjgsz`vntsno.fu/wp-a`jtnjt/upc`khs/49;4/;9/918Ksztkc`s.phe

X`vddbkgdkj< ;4. sz. dbz`jytg

A-598/;; sz. Nurpkb Drsob tcnt

fttp

8/10/2019 AB hinyptls

8/55

Qbm`r Kjhrs (v`ct MJD lnoydkjgncjg)< Jnm v`ct kctnrjktvlk k hnvbzkfbtncjng

fttp.] Jbjas e`rrsk k fbtncjng.

Nz kzrt cnfntsons, mnrt k 4999-ns vngrn gbkckguct k jnmzntgzb pjzpbka`j k szbjtntbgus

hnvbzgrk s szbjtntbgus hnvbzggkc vozntt pjzoyb mvncntngrn noy `cykj tnafjbgk s `cykj

oyjnvnzntt bjj`vktv dkjgb mvncntng s tnrmgng, kmncyng jnm bojycbg k e`rrst s jnm

bojycbg k enhnzntnt snm.

K dkjg vkoy k sklt vkoy`jk tnrfrn, vkoy kgr kjykdkjgtc, kgr rnebjkjszr`z dkjgtc encvntt

hnvbzk fttrrnc, vkchb hnvbzk fttrrnc tuhlk enhnzjb s e`rrst dbzt`stkjb k hnvbzk e`rrs

e`rbjt fbtncjng. Hn n hnvbzke`rrs fbtnc nsntj kz khs ebzntgpnssonk dkjg szmrk bs vkcsg`agzkt, mnrt k dkjg mkok bs khsk k e`rrst jylt rnebjkjszr`zjkg. Kddkj kz nsntdnj

6

http://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.html

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vbsz`jt, f`oy fk k dkjgrnjhsznr bcynj mnjjybso hnvbzk vtncrn jnm nco cbgvbh, bccntvn

noyctkcj jnm kgkr k hnvbzke`rrsskc vkcs g`agzkt`t vcckcjb, s ncnonjh ebzntgpns khsrk

cnfntson jbjas, nddnj kz nsntdnj oyjnvnzntt szbjtntbgus hnvbzt s hnvbzk mvncntngnt f`z

ctrn noy fbtncvbsz`jjykc vnoyns gtncnmdnj

K szbjtntbgus hnvbzk kzt lncnjtb, f`oy vkcs hnvbzk jbjas mottn s vkcs hnvbzk e`rrs snmsznrnpnc k e`rbjt fbtnccnc ebjkjszr`zsrk (vkcldkj k gcasj encttncngjt ctrnf`zkjh dkjgb

fbtnc-p`zab ctrnf`zsrk).

Nzrt njjng k fbtncjng jbjasnj e`rrsbojyn - k tkrtkcgrtk dnebzntsvnc k dkjg k snmmbdc

ctrnf`zzk k fbtncpjzt kz khsk szmrk - s jbjasnj enhnzntn snm s jbjas snmmbcynj gcs

hnvbzke`rrsk snm k fbtnc bjhucskg`r s gsdd snm cnsz e`rrsk njjng k fbtncjng, asupj

kgg`r mnrcfnt enc e`rrsbojy, fk k dkjg k fbdrbhnt dnduglk, vkoy e`rbjt`stsf`z

(hnvbzke`rrs e`rbjtfbtncc trtj kckgtsf`z) vkj nrrn szgso!

K mkoykr dkjgrnjhsznr kz ncmct vngdnj k hnvbzkfbtncnzst jkoyrszt

e`rbjte`rrsdc ebjkjszr`ztk. Kz nddc khh mrcnonj dnccb jybt`tthnvbzkp`zabt k fkzkb dkjg`g lnccnmznj gcechbnggnc gttt EV-swkp

oycntng encfkszjcsvkc enhnzbg.

1. sz. dbz`jytg ;. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

K dkjg`g oy k hnvbzkfbtncnzsdc szrmkz mrcno sznrbjtb p`zablug

(vkoybs k mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzknszgzg s hnvbzke`rrs`g gcjdsojng)

noy rszt EV-swkp oycntng snotsovnc zrlg.

8. sz. dbz`jytg-;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs

K tddcnt hnvbzknszgz cnenhnzsjng nrnhmjyngppnj k dkjg`g vkcldkj

szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs`gkt cctkjkg nc, kzkz e`rbjt e`rrskbgkt

g`jvnrtclg k gvjt hnvbzrk.

;. sz. dbz`jytg ;>. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

K fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn k e`rbjte`rrs`g noy rszdc oy k

hnvbzkswkpoycntng snotsovnc szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrst cct nc. K

hnvbzke`rrs szbjtntbgus nccctsk rnjhsznrszbjtnj lncnjts rszdnj oy

trtjt, f`oy k ckg`ssob s vcckcktb e`rbjtdnttngnt k gcechbnggnc

gttt, rvbh eutkmbhnl hnvbzkswkpoycntng rvj hnvbzke`rrs`grk

g`jvnrtctg k dkjg`g.

8. sz. dbz`jytg- ;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs

EV-swkp oycntngnt kzrt gt k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn, mnrt mrcnonj

dncc k hnvbzknszgzg cc`mjyk mnofkckhlk hnvbzke`rrs`g cc`mjyt

(mrcnonj dncc jybt`tt p`zab gncntgnzbg), nmbktt k hnvbzkgbfncynzsng noy

rszt e`rbjte`rrsdc ebjkjszr`zzg.

?. sz. dbz`jytg

Noy hnvbzkfbtnc vbsszkebzntsfnz hnvbzrk vkj szgso. Nz bokz k

hnvbzkkckp fbtncng nsntdnj bs, lccnfnt `tt k hnvbzk jnm gzvntcnjc k

fbtnc vbsszkebzntsfnz, fkjnm kz kzt e`cyst dkjg enhnzntb oycntjngcnzrsf`z gncc.

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Nzt k e`cykmkt`t cnpcnzb k e rbjt`sts! Nzrt szgsons k m`stkjb e`rbjt`stsf`z 6 mbccbrh Nur

k MJD-tc k gnrnsgnhncmb dkjg`g rszrn.

;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

W5.]

Askg ctszcko, mbjtfk k gcasj enhnzntn k dkjg ctkc encvntt s k e`cysts mbktt tvct`tt

hnvbzk cnjjn. Kzkz jnm trtjbg ms, mbjtf`oy k e`rbjtdkj trtj e`cystst noysznrnj

hnvbzkgvntncsgjt vnszbg jybcvjtkrtsdk, s nzznc lj ctrn k hnvbzdkj jybcvjtkrt`tt, tnft

k hnvbzk kckp fbtnc.

K dkjg tnft hnvbzt gvntnc oyenctc, hnvbzkgtncnznttson kz`jdkj nddc

khhkj mo jnm gncntgnzbg.

;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

K hnvbzk jcgcb hnvbzk fbtncnzs gvntgnzmjyn kz, f`oy lncnjts k hnvbzk nszgzg tddcntn

k hnvbzk e`rrs`gf`z gpnst.

K dkjg`gjkg lncnjcno tdd k hnvbzknszgzn, mbjt k hnvbzke`rrsk, oy

mrcnonj dncc jybt`tt p`zabvkc rnjhncgnzjng, kmbt mrcnonj gvc zrjkg

(k hnvbzkswkp sp`t cdk mrcnonj dncc, kjjkg e`rwkrh cdk mrcnonj gvc

vkj).

2. sz. dbz`jytg ;8 `chkc ;. dngnzhs

W?.] K mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzkp`zab = kz khs enhnzntcnj s e`rrs jcgcb hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb

szmclvkc. Xnft k dkjg k gcasj e`cystsk nctt, hn mr k hnvbzk jybcvjtkrts fbtnc -

sznrzhs kcrst gvntnj, mrcnonj dncc noysznrrn f`z ctrn kz khsskc sznmdnjb e`rbjt-

gvntncst tkrtkcmkz enhnzntcnj s e`rrs jcgcb et-fbtncszmct (kz khs k eutkmbh kcktt nztk gvntncst trcnsztb mklh k dnebzntsnbvnc)7 s nzznc noybhnlcno kz khsskc sznmdnj

hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmct bs, kf`c k e`rbjtgvntncsjng k hnvbzdkj gbenlnzntt rtgt bs

gvntncsgjt tkrtlk jybcvj kz khsskc sznmdnj. oy kz khs noybhnlcno et-dkj bs, s njjng

hnvbzkrtgvnc bs tkrt`zbg k mrcno sznrbjt. Kz noybg noy jybt`tt e`rbjtfbtnc-p`zab, k msbg noy

(kz khs jnvj jybcvjtkrt`tt hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb szmck) jybt`tt hnvbzkp`zab.

K dkjgjkg nz vbrtucbs g`agzkt, mnrt k szmvbtnc szkdcykb sznrbjt noysznrrn gt szmcj bs

gvntncb kz khs noyntcnj ssznorn v`jktg`z ebzntsb fklckjhsot, msrszt mbjhgt jybt`tt

p`zab enhnzntcnj s e`rrs jcgcb.

K dkjg (k szmvbtnc szkdcykb sznrbjt) askg szmcj tkrtfkt jybcvj gvntncst, s nzt hnvbzdkjgvjlk. Kz khs vbsz`jt Et fbtnccnc tkrt`zbg.

K dkjg n gt nszgz`chkcb szmct k fbdrbhnj dncc gt acdc f`zzk ctrn. K fbtncvbsz`jy kc

tkrt`z Et-fbtncszmck jnm sz`ruc mkoykrzktrk. K hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts kz`jdkj mkoykrzktrk

sz`ruc, kmbtc kz noysznr hnvbzke`rrs e`rbjtfbtncfnz gpnst, k hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts Et-fbtnc

mbjt fbdrbh-l`ovbsz`jy ctrnlj.

K fbdrbh nsntdnj kz khs hnvbzknszgzjng mbjsc hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmclt k

dkjg mrcno- s dkjgznmb g`agzkt-gnzncs rhngdnj gbvbszb mrcnonj gvcrn. K

pkrtjnrdkjglvkc ncbsmnrtntb noy vbrtucbs oycntdnj (gkmkt-swkp) k enhnzntcnj s e`rrs

jcgcb hnvbzk-szmck-pjz ctt. Mklh kz nccnjttncnz pkrtjnrdkjgb nur`-szmck tnrfrn, vkoy

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krrk tngbjtnttnc, Et-gcasjt gkp tcn mrcnonj dnccrn. oy Et-e`rrsskc cttk nc k jybt`tt Et-

fbtncp`zabt (kz khs Et-fbtncszmclt).

Mklh nddc k Et-gcasjdc mrcnonj gvc mnovsr`clk kz khs hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsj

cv khsskc sznmdnjb hnvbzkgvntncst. Nzznc noybhnlcno k hnvbzk-p`zab BQ enhnzntt szmck

cntt, mklh jy`mdkj vbsszkebzntb k pkrtjnrdkjgjkg k gcasjt, s nzznc zrlk k dnengtntst. Nzznczrhbg nz k rszdnj gjyvnct dnengtnts, kmncy mkok k szbjtntbgus hnvbzk. Jnm e`rrs, jnm

stktbgus szmckpjz, fkjnm nccnjttncnz mvncnts`r, kmncy szgsons k dkjg fbtncnz

p`zabljkg k mnognzhsfnz!

Mbvnc k fbtnc eutkmbhnljng vobo, k mbjhnjg`rb tnclns fbtnctkrt`zsrk jzvn nzt k dnengtntst

k jybt-zre`cykmkt`t szjtncnjc, gjysznrnj mno gncc ltkjb noy pkrtjnrdkjggkc. Nz k dkjg

vbrtucbs mnoltsb g`agzktk (kmncy jnm tgn-g`agzkt) cc sznmdnj kz khs vkcs

g`agzktvkc. Kmncy kddkj jybcvjuc mno, f`oy

;) kz khs mbjh k trcnszts s`rj mbjh k tgntkrt`zsk hnvbzdkj kz re`cykm-

nmncgnhssnc e`cykmkt`skj j. (K hnvbzke`rrs e`rbjtfbtnc nsntj k tgntkrt`zs jnmnmncgnhjn, mnrt e`rbjtdkj cnjjn jybcvjtkrtvk k fbtncszmcj),

4)

K hnvbzktgn e`cykmkt`skj e`rbjtdc gbnoynjctsrn gnrc< oy e`cykmkt`skj gjysznr,

s szgsosznr hnvbzkvsrcs trtjbg Et-rt. Nz szgsosznrnj mnohrotlk kz khs

hnvbzktgn tkrt`zst, mkot k jybcvjtkrt hnvbzt! Nzznc k dkjg mkok cctlk nc k

hnvbzk hroucst kz EV-swkpdkj sznrnpc hnvbzt, kz nccnjttncnz nurt, kz nurpkb

swkp-pbka`t enhnz h`ccrt. Nzrt k dnengtntb p`zabdk fncynzntt khs (k tuhtk s

dncnnoynzsn s sznrzhsb kgkrktk fbjydkj) mobs vkcs dnengtntbg`agzkt`t vbsnc

nc.

1)

Kz khs dndugsk nsntj, k sznrzhs sznrbjt, noy ssznodnj nsnhgnss vctdnengtntb tgntkrt`zsskc tkrt`zbg k dkjgjkg, kmnccync oy tkrt`zbg (k sznrzhs

mnoszjsn nsntj bs), mbjtfk k sznrzhsn enjjccjk, mbvnc k gsnhncmb

gkmkttkrt`zsk (k sznrzhsng sznrbjt) kz oycntb gkmkt + Ytg. gsnhncmb gkmkt.

8)

Nzrt k dkjgjkg, s k pkrtjnrdkjgjkg jnm rhngn k g`agzkt`s, s cnmbjst

(dkjgcnmbjst, khssocnmbjst, `rszog`agzktb encr, fbtncg`agzktb encrkg

nmncgnhsn, kz cckmkhsso cnmbjstsn std. mbktt), k fbdrbh dnengtntsb `chkcjkg

enjjtkrtsk. ppnj nccnjgnzcno, kz khs(`g) mbncddb dugsdkj rhngnct, mnrt

gvntncsn noysszno, s gvntncsn kz khsskc sznmdnj k enjjcct sznrzhs sznrbjtb

mkrkh.

W6.] Nzrt `cykj hnvbzknszgz gncntgnzbg kmncyjc, fbjyzbg k vkoy`jb rtg gncntgnzsjng k l`ob

sszntnvln! Nzrt k jybcvjtkrts jnm k vkchb nszgz vct`zsf`z gkpas`chbg, jnm k vkchb

nszgzvct`zst roztb, fkjnm k jybcvjtkrtsdkj trtj vct`zst s kzt ncszm`cvk vkcs

nszgzvct`zsjkg mutkt k dkjg. Ukoybs mnovct`zbg k fncyznt, k e`rrs kz jnm kz nszgz

nrnhntt - tucklh`j`sb nrnhntt mutktlk, fkjnm mkok vcbg nszgzz mncyjng jbjas e`rrsk.

K hnvbzkfbtncnzs ncmct vdnj tkpksztkct oy`rs enceutsk jnm fkoytk

rbjtntcnjc k dkjgrnjhsznr mrcnostrugtrlt< k hnvbzknszgzg

hnvbzke`rrs`gf`z mrt tddcntn 4998. vorn g`rddkj s`fk jnm ct`ttszbjtrn, k mrcnoesszno 5,1%-rk (gd. ;999 Mrh e`rbjtrk) nmncgnhntt.

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K mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzkp`zab encpcst kz utddb bhszkgdkj e`g`zkt`skj

k hnvbzke`rrs jcgcb hnvbzkfbtnzs mkoykrzzk.

;. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

W2.]

K hnvbzkkckp gbenlnzs noy e`rbjtfbtnc cnpcnzntt cckp`tk, kmncyjc jnm k fbtnc jyltsk, fkjnm

k fbtnc ncszm`csk trtjbg k e`cyststc nctr hnvbzkjnmdnj. K cnpcnzntt cckp`trt k

fbtncencvnv jnm gkp nccnjsz`coctktst, hn kjjkg g`agzktt s gctsot vbsncb.

W;9.] Drmbcynj okzhksob-pjzoyb nszmneuttkts mnjtj fkckhujg, k p`corb l`ob cjynont jnm

szkdkh sznm ncc tvnsztnjb. K p`corb l`o kckpvnt szkdcyk sznrbjt k sz`coctktsrt mnoencnc

mrtg nccnjsz`coctkts lr, kmncydc gvntgnznj kddkj kz nsntdnj, fk k dkjg

re`cykmg`agzkt vkoy gkmktencr amj tddcnttnrfnt szm`ct enc kz cctcko`s hnvbzk-

dnsznrzsb tnvgnjyson s hnvbzk g`agzkt mbktt kz khsjkg, nz kz re`cykmg`agzkt vkoy

gkmktencr askg kgg`r lrjk, noyd encttncng gbzr grcmjynb jcgc bs, k rszrn, fk hn

ekat` hnvbzt vntt enc kz kh`tt noynhb gcasj e`cystsf`z gkpas`chkj.

W;;.] K fbtncsznrzhsng szvnodc nosznj dbzt`skj jnm cvksfkt gb, f`oy kz khs tcn eoontcnj

oycntng g`agzktkbt gncc, f`oy g`mpnjzclk, nrrn v`jktg`z tlg`ztktst snm gkp`tt.

Kf`oykj kz snm, f`oy k dkjg hnvbzkmvncntnbrn mnodzst kh`tt v`cjk, vkoy kz`grc,

mnodzs jcgcb hnvbzkmvncntngrc k sznrzhsvnc gkpas`cktdkj tuh`msk cntt v`cjk. Mo

gnvsd krrc, f`oy nz mbcynj tgn- s gkmktgtncnznttsongnt lncnjt k dkjg sznrbjt, k

sznrzhs kckplj, kz khsrk tnrfncfntnj.

W;4.] K sznrzhsgtsg`r kz khs nce`okhtk kzt k encttncrnjhsznrt, f`oy fk k dkjg hnvbzdkj vcckc

re`cykmg`agzkt`t, kgg`r nzt vcckclk bs. Kz re`cykmg`agzktrc szc gb`gtkts bs nrrn

brjyuc, vkoy msgppnj e`okcmkzvk< msrk jnm brjyucfkt 4

W;1.] K vkcsodkj kz`jdkj kz, f`oy k dkjg szmrk snmmbcynj re`cykmg`agzkttkc jnm lr k

szbjtntbgus hnvbzk kckp e`rbjt fbtnc.

K rvbh e`rbjte`rrs`gdc f`sszkdd cnlrkt, hn vct`z gkmkt`zs

hnvbzkkckp fbtncng jyltsjkg rvbh cnlrkt EV-swkp`ggkc vkc enhnzsn

tnft re`cykmg`agzkt`t s gkmktgcjdznt-g`agzkt`t jnm, hn mnoltsb

g`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz.

8. sz. dbz`jytg- ;6. `chkc 1. dngnzhsK mrcnonj dnccb re`cykmgbtnttso enhnzsdnj s k hnvbzkcbgvbhbts

gnzncsdnj mnofktr`z sznrnpnt ltsz EV-swkp oycntng cnlrktk ctkcdkj

rvbhndd k fbtncgbfncynzsng eutkmbhnljc, nzrt mnoltsb g`agzkt cc

enjj kz nzng snotsovnc trtj re`cykmg`agzkt-gnzncs nsntj. K rvbh

eutkmbhnl EV-swkp oycntng lrkgtsn jnfzsongdn tgzfnt< nce`rhucfkt,

f`oy k dkjg`g askg gnhvnztcnjndd r`j, vkoy rvbhndd eutkmbhj gpnsng

kz`gkt mnoltkjb.

4Hr. Mkrazbjos Cszc jy`mj

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1. sz. dbz`jytg 42. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

K szbjtntbgus ncccts k dkjgrnjhsznr rszrc jkoy`dd mnoltsb, bccntvn

cbgvbhbtsb g`agzkt`gkt f`rh`zfkt`tt, mbjt k gzvntcnj gcechb

e`rrsdnv`js k vbzsoct bhszkg lncnjts rszdnj. K gzvntcnj

hnvbzke`rrs`g cnlrktb strugtrlk bs nctrt k hnvbzkfbtncngtc, kmbcbgvbhbtsb g`agzkt`t lncnjt k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr szmrk. K swkp cc`mjy

tcko`s ftrkcv eutkmbhnln mo k gzvntcnj hnvbzke`rrs`gjc bs rvbhndd

v`ct. Nddc khhkj k dkjg`gjkg gt gcjdz tpus mnoltsb g`agzktk bs

nmncgnhfnt< nce`rhucfkt, f`oy k gsddbngdnj askg mkokskdd r`j (pc.

gkmkt`g), gnhvnztcnjndd g`jhabg mnccntt tuhjkg ldc e`rrsf`z lutjb,

vkoy szcssons nsntdnj kz`gkt noyctkcj jnm tuhlg mnoltkjb.

8. sz. dbz`jytg 19. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

Kz EV-swkp oycnt pbkab rtgn askg k hnvbzkgkmktrk, s sznmdnj k fktrbhs

oycntnggnc jnm k tnclns tgrn vnttvn eoo k hnvbzkre`cykm cnlrktg`rb

kckgucstc. Kz EV-swkp oycnt oy jmkodkj cjynodnj noy zrt p`zabjkg

tngbjtfnt kddkj kz rtncnmdnj, f`oy askg k hnvbzkgkmktrk ns

re`cykmg`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkzzk.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ?4. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

K dkjgrnjhsznr jnm vcckctk v`cjk k mnoltsb g`agzkt`t k cnmbjstsngg`agzktt, fk jnm

cntt v`cjk `cykj D tnrvn, kmncyfnz k p`cbtbgkb strugtrg jn ksszbsztctkg v`cjk mr k

gnzhntngtc. Jnvnzntnsnj, fk k pkrtjnrdkjg`g mnotkokhlg k szbjtntbgus hnvbzk (mvncnt)

nccctsdkj vkc rszvtncgnt, kgg`r kz nosz dkjgrnjhsznr dnhc kz bcynj fbtncng e`rrs

jcgcb hnvbzkp`zabb mbktt (fbdrbh v`ctk mbktt). Kf`oykj nz mno bs trtjt 4996. `gtdnr

voj. Nzrt szgsosznrnj, s nczntnsnj tuhjbug gnccntt, f`oy k MJD dkjg vkckmnjjyb

pkrtjnrdkjg fncydn dn e`o cpjb, s kz nffnz szgsons 49 mbccbrh Nur BME-NGD fbtnc, kz

nccnjttncnz dkjgb oycntfnz, rnjhncgnzsrn e`o ccjb jkp`g kcktt. Nzt snm kz khs`g, snm k

drso`g jnm tuhtg, s s`gkj jnm tuhlg.

W;8.]

F`oykj gznctfnt mno k jnm sznrzhssznrnj tfrt`tt g`agzkt, vkoy ppnj k jnm ctnz

g`agzkt noydgjt sznrzhssznr tfrtsk, kmncy vkcldkj l`otkckj jynrnso-ncccts,

snmmb ms. K pnrrnc tmkh`tt sznrzhsdc mnocckptfkt, f`oy k dkjg k f`ssz tv,

hnvbzkkckp gcasjsznrzhs jy`mj gncntgnzntt vbrtucbs re`cykmg`agzkt`t

mkrkhgtkckjuc, kz khs e`oyksztrk, kzkz kz khsrk frtlk t. K vbrtucbs re`cykmg`agzkt

vbsncsjng tnrfn kz khs, k vkcs fkszjkpnhbo dkjg. 1

W;>.] Msrszt, sklt e`rrsgctsonbg, s e`rrstnrnmtsg mnojnvnzsvnc vbrtucbs g`agzktugkt

- hn kz khs vkcs g`agzktt - bs mkoug cctlg nc. Kjjkg rhngdnj, f`oy nzctkc

re`cykmvnsztnso amj, kz khsrk frtfkt re`cykmjynrnsont cctskjkg nc, vkcs

g`agzkt jcgc. Ukcldkj k gcasjn sznmp`jtldc szgsotncnj g`agzkt, k dkjg

sznmp`jtldc vbsz`jt jynrnsogpz fbvktg`zs, snmmb tdd, kmbt k gcasjsznrzhsjng

ctsz, vkcldkj fbdrbh-sznrzhs dbkjg gckuzucbj gnrnsztc, encsfktr`g jcgc gvj

1Hr. Mkrazbjos Cszc jy`mj

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mnoebjkjszr`ztktjb, k vons tnclnstgpnsso, s vkoy`j, s enhnzntb bjoktckjrtggnc dr

khsskc. Nzznc k fbtncnz k Et-hnvbzk re`cykm r`mcsdc nxtrkjynrnsont rnkcbzc, kmncy k

hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrtsdkj gncntgnzbg, hn kz khs ebzntb mno re`cykm r`mcsdc nrnh

gtncnznttsogjt. ccsp`jtujg sznrbjt kz re`cykm vct`zsdc nrnh khsb

gtncnznttsomh`sucs`g, k dkjg re`cykm-mnofktr`zsdc nrnh sznrzhsmh`sts`g,

kmncyngnt k dkjg mkok cct nc.

W;5.] K gcasj s`rj k dkjg e`rbjt`t d`ast`tt kz khs`g rnjhncgnzsrn, k sznrzhsdc jnm

vnzntfnt cn, f`oy fk k dkjg mo fk hnvbzdkj tkrtlk bs jybcvj kz khs`g tkrt`zst, s ebzntsb

gtncnznttsot, kz k dkjg pusztk jynrnson rhngj tc, mbrt frtfkt t, k gcasj

vbsszkebzntsrn gtncns khs`grk.

W;?.] K Mkoktkrts Ghnx fktcyk gbtnrlnh k Ghnxnt kcr sszns ckg`ssob fbtncnzssnc e`ockcg`z

pjzoyb bjtzmjyrn, oy gnrnsgnhncmb dkjgrk, lnczc`o-fbtncbjtzntrn, ckgs-

tkgkrgpjztrrk, tkgkrg- s fbtncszvntgnzntrn, ebgtncnprn s pjzoyb vcckcg`zsrk,

bhnrtvn k czbjo-, s ekgt`raongnt bs, vkckmbjt k fbtnctnrmgngnt gjc dbzt`stgrk s

jyuohlpjztrkgrk bs.

K Ghnx szkdcy`zzk k ckg`ssob fbtncnzssnc sszneoosdnj tddng gztt k encncs fbtncnzs

ctkcj`s j`rmbt, k sznrzhsgts ncttb fbtncnzb mkoktkrts ctkcj`s ncvnbt s k sznrzhsb

encttncng eutkmbh kckttb noy`chkc mh`stsf`z gkpas`ch szkdcy`gkt.

K fbtncnzg vcckctg, f`oy k ckg`ssob fbtnc-, bccntvn gcasjsznrzhsngdnj kcgkcmkz`tt gkmkt,

hl s gctsotjynzg noy`chkc mh`stsjkg ncvnbt rkzsb Ncvngdnj roztbg, kmncy zcntb

tbtg`t tkrtkcmkzfkt, nzrt jnm jybcvj`s, hn kzt k YQ\E grsrn, kjjkg rnjhncgnzsrn gncc

d`astkjb.Kz rkzsb Ncvng k Ghnxdnj mnofktr`z`tt `g`g eboyncnmdn vtncvnc tkrtkcmkzzg k

cnoe`jt`skdd ncrn ctfkt rkzsb sznmp`jt`gkt, kmncy k sznrzhsngdnj kcgkcmkz`tt gkmkt,

hl s gctso mh`stsrk fktsskc cnfnt.

Tszcnt kz `g-cbstdc

;. K fbtncnzg vcckclg, f`oy gkmkt`t askg kz kcddb `g`g dngvntgnzsn

nsntj mh`stkjkg noy`chkckj.

k Mkoykr cckm vkoy k fbtncnz ctkc gbd`ast`tt gtvjy s Q_KY f`zkmordg

noymsf`z gpnst trtj ncm`zhucsk,

K enjtb ac`g kckplj dnctfkt, f`oy k EV Qwkp (Qwkp f`zkm) kz

k gkmkt-, hl- s gctsoncnmngrn gbfktsskc dr, fuzkm`skdd bhnbo enjjcc `g

kz kh`tt sz`coctktst dne`cys`c encttnc

ncrn ctfkt rkzsb sznmp`jt, kmncy k sznrzhsngdnj kcgkcmkz`tt gkmkt, hl s gctso

mh`stsrk fktsskc cnfnt

cnoe`jt`skdd ncrn ctfkt rkzsb sznmp`jt`g

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k sznrzhsb encttncng eutkmbh kckttb noy`chkc mh`stsf`z gkpas`ch s dne`cys`c

encttnc

zcntb tbt`g

Dnctfkt kz bs, f`oy k dkjg k mctdkj k sznrzhs mnogtsng`r, hn k lvrn jzvn bs mbjhnztkz khs`g ncc nctbtg`ctk, s e`cykmkt`skj - dkjgtbt`grk fbvktg`zsskc - nctbtg`clk k dkjg. Ynhbo

nznj oycnt tnrfn kz, kmbt e`rrsgctsogjt k dkjg kz khsrk tnrfnc. Nz kz k szmcke`rokc`m,

kmncy kz khs vkcs g`agzktk.

Nz k fbdrbh-sznrzhs kz khs`g nctt jnm v`ct bsmnrt, uoykjkgg`r k dkjg `cykj dbkjg

gckuzucgkt bgtkt`tt dn k sznrzhsdn, kmncy ctszcko cnfntv tnttn k szmrk, f`oy k

gcasjsznrzhsdn k swkp-mnodzs mbjhnj tnrft tgstvn asnmpsszn dn kz khs`g

tkrt`zsjkg ncszm`csdk.

W;6.]

Mo k gcasjsznrzhs kckplj k fbtncnz szjhgk k mnofktr`z`tt pjzsszno

gcasjkhsvkc k gkmkt, mbjt jynrnso ncrsrn brjyuc, khhbo k hnvbzk kckp sznrzhssnc k

dkjg kz oyenct dnengtntsb oycntjng pksszv rsztvnvlv tnttn. K gkmktjynrnso

krjykbdkj nctrpc kz`j jynrnsong mnccntt, kmncyng kz kcrt sznrzhs kckplj k dkjg

szmrk cnfntv vctkg.

W;2.] K hnvbzk kckp gcasjsznrzhs ncjnvnzs mnocckp`hs troyk noy dnengtntsb sz`coctkts

tlj rtgnstfnt, rnjhgvc mkoks g`agzkt tnrmgv`ct.

K dnengtntssnc vnoyns fbtncsznrzhsjng (fbdrbh sznrzhs), k vkcs trtjsnbjng enctrsk kzt

lncnjtb, f`oy k fbtncsznrzhs, asupj gnzhntn kjjkg, f`oy k dkjg trtncmnzb kjjkg tkrtkcmt,

s noy dnengtntst fklt vorn kjjkg royj.

Kz kcrt fbtnc-sznrzhsdc, jnm vnzntfnt cn k encng gztt, k vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tkrts

l`ovbsz`jygjt tnclnsc gtncnm. K fbtncvbsz`jy`j tcmnjnj, `cykj dnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jy bs

mnovkcsuct, k dkjg vbrtucbs hnvbzkg`agzktk, s kz khs vkcs g`agzktt nrnhmjynz

gtncnm gnrntdnj, kmncy k sznrzhsnj tcmutkt, tddcnt tjyccs`g vbzsocktt

mnognrcfntntcnjj tnszb.

Kz ctkckm kljc`tt ence`os v`ctkgpp noyekltk hng`mp`zabrk pc. K

hnvbzkkckp, vct`z gkmkt`zs khsp`zabt noy e`rbjtfbtnc s noy

g`agzkt`s dnengtnts g`mdbjablkgjt cctlk nc.

5. sz. dbz`jytg ?5. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

W49.] Kz khs k gcasjsznrzhs kcrsvkc vkcldkj gt dkjgb tnrmgrn v`jktg`z l`ooycnt

tnclnscst mkodkj e`ockc sznrzhst rtkg kc, kmbg`r k dkjg szmcj tkrt`ttk jybcvj k

hnvbzt, mbjt vbrtucbs fbtncpjzt. Nzng gzc kz noybg, noy kcrt sznrzhst, k tucklh`jgppnjb

gcasjsznrzhst s noy msbg, `cykj hnvbzkmvncntngrn v`jktg`z sznrzhst, kmncynt k

dkjg ncfkccokt`tt kz khs ncc, nctbtg`ctk, s nzznc mno bs tvnsztnttn gnt.

Kz k tnrmg, kmbt hnvbzk kckpjkg fvujg, kz noy fbdrbh sznrzhs, kmncy fbdrbh sznrzhs

mkodkj e`ockc noy gcasj jyltsk rhngdnj ctrnf`z`tt fbtncvbsz`jyt s noy nctbtg`ctdnengtntsb sznrzhst. K dnengtntsb sznrzhsjng k jy`mkbt snm ctlug nddnj k

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fbtncsznrzhsdnj, fbtnc bccntvn gcasjjyltsb sznrzhsdnj, vbsz`jt k gtncnm rszv vct,

mrk mr mbjhnj gtsont gbzrkj dbz`jytfkt mh`j. Kzrt vct k rszv, mnrt k dkjg

msgjt jnm tuhtk v`cjk s jnm kgkrtk msgppnj k e`rbjtfbtnct e`cystkjb, bccntvn k gcasjt

gbebzntjb.

Jnm k encng ctkc kcrt sznrzhsjng mnoencnc, asupj njjng kcrsvkc cnfntv vct, mssznrzhs mnjt e`okjktdk, kmncyrn k encng sznrzhsb kgkrktjybcvjtsk snm gcasjsnj,

snm noydnfkjozkj jnm cntt gbjybcvjtvk.

Noy fbtnc-swkp ktbpbgus sznrzhs tnclnsct k vkcsodkj. Kz kcrt sznrzhst asupj

gcasjjng kljc (s caz), s mnoszvnonz dkjg sznrzhsgtsb szjhgk, aclk, kgkrktk

jnm kz, kmbt kz khsskc kcrkt`tt, ppnj nzrt, s jnm mucksztsdc jnm tlg`ztkttk kz khst

kz ctkck kcrt sznrzhsjng kz khst enjynont, fktr`g jcgcb g`agzktrc, fkjnm

gbenlnznttnj re`cykmjynrnso onjnrcsk, s mbjc jkoy`dd ttncn v`ct k szjhgk.

K gt l`ooycntdc szrmkz p`corb l`ob l`ovbsz`jyt k l`o gcj-gcj szkdcy`zzk. (Ytg., Fpt.

s k Dszt. szkdcy`zzk, nzt mnoncznj Xpt.). Kz kcpnrns kz`jdkj k gt tnrmgnt noyttnsnjgjctk, kmncy ctkc noy ktbpbgus, gcasjsznrzhssnc, s dkjgb fbtncnzssnc vnoyns hnvbzkasnrn-

mnodzs (swkp) sznrzhs ltt ctrn, noy fbdrbh, k hnvbzt hrot lnczc`opbka`j. Nz k

fkrmkhbggjt dntnclnsct ktbpbgus sznrzhs kz k l`ovbsz`jy, kmncy k vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s

tnclnsct k encng sznrzhsjng kcrskg`r, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt

tkrtkcmkz, kcrt sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. Mo gnvsd k hnvbzkasnrn-mnodzs, mbjt kz

kcpnrns ctkc nctbtg`ct mnocckp`hs. Nz k fbdrbh-sznrzhs kz khs`g nctt jnm v`ct bsmnrt,

uoykjkgg`r k dkjg `cykj dbkjg gckuzucgkt bgtkt`tt dn k sznrzhsdn, kmncy ctszcko

cnfntv tnttn k szmrk, f`oy k gcasjsznrzhsdn k swkp-mnodzs mbjhnj tnrft, mbjt

re`cykm, s gnrnsgnhncmb rrs, bccntvn gjysznrfbtnc gctsont, tgstvn asnmpsszn dn kz

khs`g tkrt`zsjkg ncszm`csdk.

K dnengtntsb pbka`j mgh gzvnttg tnvgnjysot ctkcj`ssodkj dnengtntsb

sz`coctktsjkg jnvnzzg. K mkb mkoykr vbsz`jy`g gztt k tnvgnjysogrn k dnengtntsb

vcckcg`zs`grc s kz rutzshnb sz`coctktgrc, vkckmbjt kz ctkcug vonzfnt tnvgnjysong

szkdcykbrc szc 499?. vb AVVVUBBB. trvjy kz brjykh. Nz k trvjy fktr`zzk mno k

dnengtntsb sz`coctktsb tnvgnjysongnt, vkckmbjt kz j. gbnoszt dnengtntsb sz`coctktsb

tnvgnjysong grt.

>. (;) Dnengtntsb sz`coctktsb tnvgnjysojng mbjsc k rnjhsznrns

okzhksob tnvgnjyso gnrntdnj, pjzoyb nszgzrn v`jktg`zkj vozntt

k) mnodzs encvtncn s t`vddtsk,

d) mnodzs vornfkltsk kz oyec lkvrk,

a) skltszmcs gnrnsgnhs,

8..(4) >6. sklt szmcs gnrnsgnhs< pjzoyb nszgz sklt nszgz tnrfrn

trtj khsvtncn, asnrln,

(4) Gbnoszt sz`coctktsjkg mbjsc

a) k dnengtntsb fbtnc jyltsk,

8..(4) ?. dnengtntsb fbtnc< pjzoyb nszgz vsrcsf`z jylt`tt fbtnc,fk k fbtnct jylt rszt vnsz kz oycnt cnd`jy`ctsdkj,

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5. Yjzoyb nszgz

h) kz rtgpkprf`z, hnvbzf`z, gkmktcdf`z vkoy f`zkmf`z gkpas`ch `pab,

fktrbhs oycnt, asnrnoycnt, fktrbhs gkmktcd-mnocckp`hs, vkckmbjt

drmncy ms szrmkztkt`tt oycnt, nszgz, pjzoyb bjhnx vkoy bjtzgnhs,

kmncy ebzbgkb cnszcctsskc tnclnstfnt vkoy pjzdnj gbnoynjctfnt,

8..(4) ;4. asnrnoycnt (swkp)< vkckmncy pjzoyb nszgz asnrlrn v`jktg`z

`cykj sszntntt mnocckp`hs, kmncy ctkcdkj noy kz`jjkcb s noy fktrbhs

khsvtncb oycntdc, bccntvn tdd fktrbhs oycntdc tnvhbg sszn s

ctkcdkj lvdnjb pjzrkmcs`g asnrlt v`jlk mkok utj,W]

K hnvbzke`rrs szbjtntbgus nccctsk k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr szbjtlj lncnjts

rszdnj oy trtjt, f`oy k ckg`ssob s vcckcktb e`rbjtdnttngnt k

gcechbnggnc gttt, rvbh eutkmbhnl hnvbzkswkpoycntng rvj

hnvbzke`rrs`grk g`jvnrtctg k dkjg`g. Encmnrc k grhs, f`oy k szbjtntbgus

ncccts fncyntt mbrt jnm gzvntcnj hnvbzke`rrs-dnv`jsrk gnrct s`r.

Kz, f`oy k jntt gcs khsso oy nmncgnhntt, f`oy k gcechb szngt`r kz

kddc khh re`cykmgbtnttso noyrn gbsndd fjykht vbsnctn, jnm v`jtk v`cjk

mkok utj szgsosznrnj k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr swkpcc`mjyjkg dvcst

j`mbjcbskj, bccntvn k mrcnoesszno krjydkj rtncmnzvn snm (jnm ncosons

encttnc).

8. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

K dkjg`g mrcnodc gbbjhucvk k hnvbzke`rrs dnv`jsjkg noybg cnfntson

k dncechb oyencngtc trtj dnttoylts. K dncechb sznrnpcgtc szrmkz

hnvbzkdnttng cc`mjyk kz`jdkj cjynonsnj ncmkrkh k dncechb sznrnpcgjng

jylt`tt hnvbzkfbtncng cc`mjytc< k dncechb mkojszngt`r rszdnj oy

vcckctk t k jntt gcs khssodc szrmkz e`rbjt encnttb gbtnttso

jvngv fjykht k gcechb szngt`rtc.

8. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

K fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn k e`rbjte`rrs`g noy rszdc oy k

hnvbzkswkpoycntng snotsovnc szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrst cct nc.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs

W4;.]

K vkcso kz, f`oy k dkjg`g snmmbcynj vkcs e`rrs hnvbzt jnm vct`ttkg t k gcasjzsrhngdnj, f`oy kzt e`rbjtgjt gbfncynzzg, mbvnc kz szmugrk rnjhgvc gnhvnztcnj.

Fk k dkjg k hnvbzkcbgvbhbtst noy noysznr kz`jjkcb hnvbzkoycnt (g`jvnrzb)

snotsovnc dbzt`stlk, kgg`r kz re`cykmg`agzktb gbtnttson enjjmkrkh, s

nz ptccko`s tgngvntncmjyt v`jfkt mkok utj.

K hnvbzke`rrs fbtncng nsntj...

Fk k tnclns jybt`tt hnvbzkp`zab mnofkckhlk k tccpsng cnv`jsk ncttb

szkvkt`c tgn gt szzkcgt, kgg`r kz ssznstntt jybt`tt p`zab jy`caszzkcgk utj gncc tgt gpnzjb.

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1. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc >. dngnzhs

W44.]

K dkjg nzrt vkcldkj szbjtntbgus hnvbzt cct nc, kz oyec pjznszgzvnc k sklt fkszjrk.

K szbjtntbgus hnvbzk ncccts mkok kz oyeg pjznszgzvnc vozntt dnengtnts, kmncy

nccnjttncnzb nzt k e`rbjt fbtnct. Kz khs hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg skltlkgjt rnjhncgnzbg,

rnjhns dkjgb mghsjng rtncmnzb asncngnhntt, mnrt msgjt jnm f`zfktj ctrn nzt kfbtncvbsz`jyt.

Kz khs gcasjt grt, k dkjg oy kgkrtk s oy tuhtk jyltkjb nzt k gcasjt, f`oy noy

e`rbjtfbtnc p`zabt mnojybt`tt kz bojynct e`rbjtsszno nrnlbo, nzt zr`ctk k gzlnoyzb

sznrzhs, vkoy gzlnoyzb rsdk e`ockcsg`r mbjhkhhbo, kmo k gcasjt jnm e`cystlk, hn mr

nzt k e`rbjt`t, rnjhncgnzsrn d`ast`ttk kz khsjkg nzznc k fbtncp`zabjkg, bccntvn

fbtncszmcjkg k mnojybtsvkc.

K dkjg`g nctbtg`ctg, f`oy pjznszgz luttktsjkg k enldnj, kz khs`ggkc ebjkjszr`ztktjkg

mno noy szjtncnj swkp-mvncntngnt cnfntv tnv g`jstrugabt, kmncyjng fkszjt k dkjg,mo gctsonbt kz khs ebzntb mno. s k pjznszgz vbsszkebzntsjng rszcntnb s`rj, k

swkpmvncntng fkszjt, k tkrt`zs tgn, s gkmktjvngmjydnj rnkcbzclk k dkjg, k fksz`j

mrtgjng encs fktrk jcgc. K sznrzhsng kz`jdkj kz khs`gkt mnotvnsztvn, tvnhsdnj

tkrtvk, kjykob ncjy mnosznrzsn rhngdnj nctbtg`ctg k dkjg`g vkchb szjhgt, s

sznrzhsgtsb aclt, k l`osznrso ctszkttuoykj mnotnrnmtvn kz kcrt sznrzhsdnj. Kz

khs`gjkg nrrc tuh`msk jnm v`ct, k sznrzhsgtsg`r snm s mbjhnzngrc kz khs`g k

sznrzhs kcktt snm tuhjkg. Mobs nzng k mvncntng g`rctckj g`agzkt`gkt lncnjtnjng k

szmugrk.

K dkjgjkg, cctsk sznrbjt, k vbrtucbs hnvbzk gnzncsrc, mnoltsrc gnccntt o`jh`sg`hjbk.

Ukoybs k hnvbzk re`cykmg`agzktt gnzncjbn gnccntt. Mbgzdnj kz khs vkcs g`agzktt kz khs

rhngdnj noyctkcj jnm gnznctn, f`c`tt nz bs gtncnznttson cntt v`cjk.

Kz khs vkcs g`agzktjkg gnzncsn kz khs rhngdnj jnm trtjt mno, s k vkcs

g`agzkt`ggkc gkpas`ckt`s, jnm e`rmcbs, snmmbcynj tlg`ztkts snm trtjt mno, gcjsnj

jnm k fbdrbhrn v`jktg`zkj. K dkjg`g pruhnjs mghsrn v`jktg`z Fpt. szkdcy`zsvkc

nccnjttns, nzrt l`oszkdcysrt k Et-hnvbzk re`cykmg`agzkt gnzncsjng kz ncmkrkhsk kz

khs rhngdnj.

Kz EV-swkp oycnt kckpvntnj jnm noy ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz, fkjnm noy kh`tt

ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz (pc. fbtnc, dntt) hnvbzkjnmjng asnrlt cnfntv

tnv szrmkztkt`tt tnrmg, oy kckas`jykdd fbtncg`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz, mbjt

k enhnzntcnj dkjggzb gbfncynzs.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ?. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

Mbjhnzt gbzrcko kz khs g`agzktrk s tnrfrn, k tuhtk, s dncnoynzsn jcgc.

Kz EV-swkp oycnt encptsdc khhkj cnfntv tnszb noyrszt k gcjdz

hnvbzkjnmdnj enjjcc cbgvbh nszgzg (gszpjz,szmckpjz) asnrlt k sp`t

cd`j gnrnsztc, nzznc noybhnlcno kz nmbktt vct`z hnvbzkp`zab enhnzst

k tnrmbj cd`j gnrnsztc. Njjng gszjfntnj kz oycnttnc k szgsons

hnj`mbjabl cbgvbhbts dbzt`stfkt kz nrnhntb hnvbzkp`zab vct`ztktskjcgc. Ukoy msgppnj< k hnvbzkswkpoycnt encfkszjcsvkc noy

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ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz hnvbzkjnmn mnovct`ztktfkt, bccntvn noy kh`tt

hnvbzkjnm ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz szbjtntbguskj nccctfkt (fbtnc/dntt +

hnvbzkswkp). uoykjkgg`r kz EV-swkp s sp`toycntng noyttns kcgkcmkzsvkc

k pbkab sznrnpcg szbjtntbgus fktrbhs hnvbzkp`zabt tuhjkg encvcckcjb,

bccntvn njjng rvj k mnocv re`cykmgbtnttsognt zrjb tuhlg< ngg`r kz

EV-swkp oycnt sp`t cdk s kz kzzkc nccnjttns brjy sp`toycnt snmcnonstbnoymst, k mnomkrkh fktrbhs cd pnhbo noy fktrbhs oycnttnc noynjrtg

(4. mnccgcnt).

8. sz. dbz`jytg 2. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

Mbjhnz k fbtncrccn jnm vcksztfkt, kzzkc sznrvnsnj noytt mnovkcsuc fbdrbh.

Kz oycnt njjc e`ovk kcgkcmks mbjh e`rbjt-, mbjh hnvbzke`rrs dnv`jsrk,

kz kz`jjkcb (sp`t) pbka`j trtj g`jvnrzb s re`cykmgbtnttso encvcckcskjcgc.

1. sz. dbz`jytg 48. `chkc 5. dngnzhs

K dkjg sznmp`jtldc. Jnm oy kz khs sznmp`jtldc, kgb mbjt dnengtnt (k tuhtk s

dncnnoynzsn jcgc) k e`rbjtfbtnccnc N\X k vkcs dnengtntbg`agzkt`t vbsncb.

K szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs sznrzsn nsntj k gcechbng EV-swkp + e`rbjt

cckmpkpr strktoblk tngbjtfnt szbjtntbgus hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsjkg. K

gcechbng sp`t + EV-swkp strktoblk oykg`rcktbcko szbjtntbgus fktrbhs

(rvbh e`rbjt) p`zab encvtnct lncnjtb.8. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

K szbjtntbgus e`rrsdnv`js k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr sznmp`jtldc

ssznssodnj noy `casdd ebjkjszr`zsb cnfntsont lncnjtfntntt.

8. sz. dbz`jytg 46. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

Kz khs szmrk pnhbo mrfntntcnj g`agzkt`t, kjcgc, f`oy nrrc tuh`tt v`cjk.

K hnvbzkswkpoycntng encfkszjcsvkc noy ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz hnvbzkjnmn

mnovct`ztktfkt, njjng mnoencncnj kz oycnt kcgkcmks k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr

e`rbjt e`rrsdc trtj hnvbzkfbtncnzsn mbkttgncntgnz mrcno sznrbjtbhnvbzkp`zab enhnzsrn. K rvbh eutkmbhnl EV-swkp oycntnggnc vkc enhnzs

kz`jdkj cbgvbhbtsb s mnoltsb g`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz.

8. sz. dbz`jytg 56. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

W41.]

K vkcsodkj jnm trtjbg ms, mbjt kz, f`oy k dkjg g`agzkt`s s spngucktv ac pjzpbkab

oycntngnt fklt vorn, EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s kcgkcmkzsvkc, kz khs`ggkc

gttt fbtncsznrzhs royj, k eutkmbh kcktt s kz oyec pjznszgznbvnc - k sklt fkszjrk.

Nzngnt k dkjg szbjtntbgus e`rrstnrnmtsjng rtncmnzb, hn k vkcsodkj, kz khs jnvj

jybcvjtkrt`tt e`rbjtfbtnct, kz khs jnvj jybcvjtkrt`tt hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb nszgzznc

vozntt, hnrbvktv mvncntnggnc nccnjttncnztn. Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k

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vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt

fbtnc-sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. K vkcso`s gtncnmrc k fbtncsznrzhsng, s k dkjg`g bs

fkccokttkg. s nzznc mbjh kz nurpkb, mbjh k mkoykr l`oszkdcy`gkt mnosrtnttg, mnrt k

pjzoyb tnrmgnt jnm fbdrbhgjt, fkjnm fbtncgjt rtgnstnttg!

Kz khsjkg, s k dkjgjkg nrrn k fbdrbhrn jnm v`ct noydnfkjoz, s noynz kgkrktjybcvjtsk,mnrt kz khs, k gtncnm dnengtnts-lnccnorc, s kjjkg vkchb g`agzktrc, mo e`rmcbskj

snm tuhfkt`tt s k dkjg szjhgk ncttn rnltvn v`ct.K dkjg`g kzrt fkccokttg nc nzt, mnrt

nddnj kz nsntdnj k fbtncjc bs g`agzkt`skdd tnrmg rtgnstsn nsntj ngg`rk sszno, s

nxp`jnjabcbskj mnojvnct khs, s khsso cc`mjyt jnm ptfnttng v`cjk enc, s ngg`rk

jynrnsont jnm rfnttng v`cjk nc dkjgb g`agzkt`g jcgc. MQ fbtnccc`mjy encptsrn

pnhbo jnm v`ct cbgvbhbtsug.

Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s

dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn.

K hnvbzk swkp s`rj k dkjg k fbtncsznrzhst, mbjt swkp mnodzst, k fbtnc bjoktckjenhnzntt,

mbjt k swkp bjoktckj-enhnzntt rtncmnzb, kz khs gtncnznttsovcckcst k fbtnc f`ssz-

cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k swkp gbnoynjctsrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt

rtncmnzb, nzctkc k dkjg`g kz khs`g fbtncsznrzhsdnj vcckct gtncnznttsonbt mnofkckh,

dnengtntb gtncnznttsongnt nrnhmjynz l`ovbsz`jyt tnrfncjng kzkhs`grk, dnengtntb l`o`g

jcgc.

Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmclk rszn k swkpjkg, kz khs gtncnznttsovcckcst

k fbtnc f`ssz-cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k dkjg kz nctbtg`ct pjzpbkab mvncntng, k swkp

gbnoynjctsrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt s ebjkjszr`zskgjt rtncmnzb s mbjhnz

k swkp k fbtncenhnzntb bjoktckjjkg swkp enhnzntngjt vkc rtncmnzst encttncnzb, nzngdnj kdkjggzb trkjzkgabdkj. Xnclnsnj ms`hcko`s kz, f`oy nzt k dkjg jnm noynhb sznrzhsnjgjt,

fkjnm kz khs`g hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb szmcljkg p`rte`cbdkj trtj gnzncsvnc

vkcst`ttk mno. Mbjhnj noynhb hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts sznrzhsfnz tkrt`zbg szbjtntbgus

hnvbzk(dnengtntsb mvncnt).

Kz khsjkg k sznrzhsdnj vcckct e`rrsgctsong mnoebzntsrn v`jktg`z dbkjgj gnrnsztc

rtncmnzb k dkjg k dnengtntsb ncnmnt, k fbtnc rszngjt. Kjjkg nccnjrn, f`oy nz k gcasj

jyltsjkg ncnjonhfntntcnj encttncn nddnj k g`jstrugabdkj, k dkjgrnjhsznr ctkc

rtgnstntt tpussznrzhsdnj, tpus-pjzpbkab tnrmgdnj (Q\E-dnj), mosnm tlg`ztktlk

nrrc kz khst, s kz nddc nrnh dbzt`skj tnclnsc g`agzkt`gkt, k dbzt`skj dngvntgnztnclnst gpnsso nccnfntntcnjcst, f`c`tt krrc k dkjgjkg k sznrzhs mnogtsng`r mr

tuh`msk v`ct.

K hnvbzkfbtnc e`rbjte`rrsdc ltt ctrn, nz k e`rbjte`rrs jnm ms, mbjt kz khsjkg jylt`tt

vbrtucbs Et fbtnc szmcj ncgjyvnct fbtncsszno k gzlnoyzb sznrzhs kcrskg`r, kmncynt k

dkjg zr`c k swkp cnd`jy`ctsk, s k gcasj gbebzntsjng bhnlbo.

Ukoybs nszgz `chkc`j trtjjng k mvncntng< kz khs pjznszgznbt gnzncb k dkjg, nrrn

v`jktg`z mnodzs jcgc. K hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb szmck bs nszgz, s jnm e`rrs. Kz

nzznc vozntt dnengtnts (szbjtntbgus hnvbzk) bs nszgz`chkcb mvncnts`r.

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K fbtncjylt dkjg hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsk nsntj gzvntcnjc hnvbzkdntt-

szmct jybt, bccntvn jvnc, hnvbzkkckp(hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts) fbtnc

nsntdnj e`rbjtdnttszmct jybt, bccntvn jvnc.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

K msbg cnfntso, f`oy k dkjg mrcnodnj k e`rbjt cbgvbh nszgzgasggnjjng kz nszgz `chkc`j, vkoybs cjynodnj mkok k dkjg "gtb mno"

bmpcbabt mh`j k enjtb oycntnt kz oyeccnc(g`jvnrzb).

Fk nzt bs eboyncnmdn vnsszg, kgg`r k gvntgnz trtjbg< k dkjg

e`rbjttkrt`zsk j k e`rrs `chkc`j,kz ncszm`csb szmcknszgz `chkc`j k

e`rbjtdntt ncfncynzsdc khhkj, mklh k dkjg e`rbjtszmclk asggnj k

hnvbzkszmclk j kz EV-swkp sp`t cdjkg gszjfntnj kz nszgz `chkc`j,

mklh k fbtnc jyltst gvntnj asggnj kz hnvbzkszmck-pjz, nmncgnhbg k

hnvbzkgvntncs7

?. sz. dbz`jytgKz oycnt njjc e`ovk kcgkcmks mbjh e`rbjt-, mbjh hnvbzke`rrs dnv`jsrk,

kz kz`jjkcb (sp`t) pbka`j trtj g`jvnrzb s re`cykmgbtnttso encvcckcsk

jcgc.

1. sz. dbz`jytg 48. `chkc 5. dngnzhs

K hnvbzkkckp fbtncng nsntdnj k fbtnc jyltskg`r k e`rbjtrk vctst,

trcnsztsg`r k hnvbzrk vctst k fbtncjylt dkjg kut`mktbguskj,

gzvntcnjc vornfkltlk vkoy k sklt, vkoy kz oyec jnvdnj. Fk k

gbfncynzntt hnvbzkssznont kz oyec lkvrk noy msbg dkjggkc gttt

sp`toycnt rvj vctlk e`rbjtrk, kgg`r kz tvctsf`z fkszjct sp`toycntkz kh`tt dkjg mrcnodnj jnm lncnjbg mno. Fk k dkjg sklt mkokvctlk k

hnvbzkssznont e`rbjtrk kz oyec szmrk (dncs g`jvnrzb), kgg`r kz EV-

swkp sp`t cdj sznrzntt hnvbzt k dkjg kz kz`jjkcb hnvbzkpbka`j (sklt

jnvdnj) nckhlk s e`rbjt`t vnsz rtn, s ngg`r k sp`toycnt mnolncnjbg k

dkjg mrcnodnj (kz utddb nsntnt bccusztrclk k 8. drk). Nz k sp`toycnt

nccnjttns brjy kz EV-swkp oycnt sp`t cdvkc (ngg`r k dkjg tnft noy

sp`t- s noy swkpoycntnt bs gt). K hnvbzkkckp fbtnc trcnsztsn s`rj

nzznc nccnjttns brjy trkjzkgabgrk gnrc s`r.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc ut`cs dngnzhs

K gt fbtnctpus (hnvbzk, bccntvn hnvbzkkckp, mnolnoyzs< vkcldkj hnvbzk-

jybcvjtkrts) nsntdnj kz EV-swkppkc vkc enhnzs tngbjtntdnj

ssznssodnj kz k gcjdso, f`oy k fkzkb dkjg`g hnvbzkfbtncng jyltsk

nsntdnj k hnvbzkcbgvbhbts nccctsrk s kz re`cykmg`agzkt enhnzsrn

noyttnsnj, hnvbzkkckp fbtncng jyltsk nsntdnj fk k sklt jnvdnjvctlk

t k hnvbzkssznont e`rbjtrk pnhbo kz re`cykmg`agzkt enhnzsrn

kcgkcmkzzg k hnvbzkswkpoycntngnt.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

N fbtncng jyltsf`z k dkjg`gjkg jbjas szgsog hnvbzknszgzrn(mnolnoyzs< vkcldkj e`rrsrk), noy j. dncs g`jvnrzbvkc rbg nc kzt,

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f`oy k mrcnogdnj mnolncnj e`rbjtdkj hnj`mbjct fbtnc hnvbzknszgzgjt

vbsncgnhlnj.

;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

K hnvbzkkckp fbtncnzsdc nrnh e`rbjtgnrnscnt tnft k dkjg`g

gzvnttsvnc lncnjbg mno k hnvbzkpbka`j.

;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

Mnohrotvk nzznc k hnvbzt k e`rbjtf`z gpnst, nzznc re`cykm jynrnsont cctkjkg nc kz khs

grrk.

K fbtnct encvnv oyencng k fbtnc e`cystsk s`rj e`rbjtgnrnscnttnc, k

fbtnc trcnsztsn s`rj e`rbjtgjckttkc rnjhncgnzjng, bccntvn lncnjjng mno

k dkjg gzvnttsvnc kz kz`jjkcb hnvbzkpbka`j. mnolnoyzs< k X^HXK Q

DNCNNORN\QN JCGC!

2. sz. dbz`jytg 6. `chkc 1. dngnzhs k hnvbzkgvntncsng nmncgnhjng, mo k hnvbzkgtncnznttsong vct`zktckj

szbjtnj mkrkhjkg

1. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc >. dngnzhs

499> ncnln tk ccjkg rnjhncgnzsjgrn khkt`g k dkjg`g sp`t hnvbzkpbkab

dncs g`jvnrzbbrc, kzkz k dkjg`g trnksuryj gvcb noysonb ctkc

vornfklt`tt trkjzkgabgrc. 499> e`cykmj k ckg`sso ssznsnj mbjtnoy ?99

Mrh e`rbjtjyb e`rbjt mnccnttb p`zabt vcckct enc bjoktckj, bccntvn

e`oyksztsb hnvbzk(kckp) fbtncencvtncdc nrnhnj. mnolnoyzs < Ukcldkj

e`rrs jcgcb szbjtntbgus hnvbzvkc nccnjttncnzntt s jnm kckp,fbtncnzsng s`rj.

K hnvbzk jybcvjtkrtslnczc`ofbtncng pbkaj nccct`tt re`cykmjynrnso k jnm lnczc`okckp

(oplrmfbtncng, czbjong, ruvsrcsb fbtncng) nsntdnj askg, mbjt djusz-jynrnso lncnjt

mno k dkjgjc. Qnmmbcynj hnvbzkkckpso snm v`ct nzngdnj k sznrzhsngdnj. K hnvbzrk

trtjt fbvktg`zs kz noynhb sznrzhsngdnj, jnm drt vkcso`s hnvbzk jybcvjtkrtsskc< jnm

v`ct hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrts, jybt`tt hnvbzkp`zab, hnvbzke`rrs snm v`ct. Asupj enclnoynztg

kzt k sznrzhsdnj, mbjt re`cykm jynrnso l`okckplt k hnvbzk-kckpso`t. Nzrt nzng k

sznrzhsng mbjhnj l`okckp jcgc, s hnvbzktrcnsztsrn utkc khsb gtncnznttso jcgc

sznhtng dn gjyvncntcnjc re`cykmjynrnsont. Btt szbjtntbgus hnvbzk snm v`ct uoykjbs. shnvbzk-e`rrs snm!

;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc >. dngnzhs

W48.] K dkjg szbo`r szkdcy`g gztt gnzncfntb k pjzoyb nszgzgnt, kz`g dnengtntsrn bs gcj

szkdcy`g v`jktg`zjkg. Kz khs pjzoyb nszgznbjng gnzncsrn mo szbo`rdd szkdcy`g

v`jktg`zjkg. (499?. vb AVVVUBBB. trvjy, k dnengtntsb vcckcg`zs`grc s kz rutzshnb

sz`coctktgrc, vkckmbjt kz ctkcug vonzfnt tnvgnjysong szkdcykbrc, s k 499;. vb AVV.

trvjy, k tgnpbkarc.)

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Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct, s jnm kz, kmbt

ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt fbtnc-sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. K vkcso`s

gtncnmrc k fbtncsznrzhsng, s k dkjg`g bs fkccokttkg.

K dbz`jyts k Ycns LuhbtGutb \s`ctAsvs Askdk < K hnvbzkswkp`g sznrnpn k fkzkb

dkjgrnjhsznrdnj s k swkppbka vcso kckttb mghsjng vbzsocktk (MJD)(fttp

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K fbtncjylt dkjg oyec e`rbjtdntt-szmct jybt, s kz oyec fbtncszmclt jvncb k gcasj ssznovnc. K

dkjg fbtncnzs acldc kz kh`tt pjznszgz ecttb rnjhncgnzsb (fkszjcktb) l`o`t tkhlk mbvnc kz nszgz

`chkc`j kz khsjkg (khsskc sznmdnjb gvntncsgjt) ncgjyvncb s lvrlk k fbtncssznont k fbtncszmcj. K

Dkjg k gcasj e`rbjt nccnjrtgt k lncnj gcasjsznrzhs mnogtsjng jkplj, noy ssznodnj e`cystlk

`cy mh`j, f`oy kzt lvrlk Khs xxxx szm Dkjgszmclj, mklh k lvrt ssznont k Dkjgszmcj zr`clk.

K hnvbzk kckp fbtnc e`rbjt e`rrsdc lj ctrn.

K fbtncsznrzhs asupj gnzhntn kjjkg, f`oy k dkjg trtncmnzb kjjkg tkrtkcmt s noy dnengtntst fklt von kjjkg royj k eutkmbh kcktt kz MJDtkjucmjyk kckplj. K hnvbzkfbtnc e`rbjte`rrsdc ltt ctrn. K e`rbjte`rrs jnm ms, mbjt kz khsjkg jylt`tt Et fbtnc szmcj ncgjyvnct fbtncsszno kz

nszgz chkc`j, kz khsskc sznmdnjb gvntncsgjt, kmncynt k dkjg zr`c k gzlnoyzb gtncnznttso vcckcs s noyd e`cystsb encttncng tnclnscsbo s

k swkp s hnrbvktv oycntng cnd`jy`ctsk bhnlrn, mncyrc kz khsjkg snmmb tuh`msk jbjasnj, hn nzngnt k dkjg kz khs tuhtk s dncnoynzsn jcgc

vozb. K dkjgjkg k e`rbjt tkrt`zsk jvngszbg k e`rrs chkc`j k mr kz nszgz chkc`j kz khsjkg ncgjyvnct s k fbtncszmcj lvrt fbtncsszno mbktt.

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K dkjgjkg k e`rbjt tkrt`zsk jvngszbg k e`rrs `chkc`j k mr kz nszgz `chkc`j kz khsjkg ncgjyvnct s k fbtncszmcj

lvrt fbtncsszno mbktt. Nzt gvntnj k hnvbzkcbgvbhbts jvngszbg kz EV Qwkp oycnt sp`t cdk mbktt k mrcnonj dnccszbjtj nszgz `chkc`j s asggnj kz nszgz `chkc`j lvrt e`rbjt cbgvbhbts, mbjt kz kz khsskc sznmdnjb ncgjyvnct

gvntncs. Nz k tjy bokz`clk kzt bs, f`oy kz khs`g hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmclk rszn k swkpjkg nszgz chkc`j.

Kz khs hnvbzkszmclk njjng k Et fbtncjng k hnvbzdkj gbenlnzntt rtgn k sznrzhsgts jkplj. Kz khs hnvbzkszmclvkc s wkpp`c k dkjg mrcnonj

gvc, kz khs tuhtk, f`zzlrucsk, mnodzsk jcgc. K gcasj, kz oy swkpp`ct hnvbzkszmclk mvncntjngzrskg`r, k hnvbzk szmcj ctrnf`z`tt hnvbzke`cystsg`rb rtgn, kmbt kz khs gcasjgjt gzfnz gkp, drmbcynj rnjhncgnzsrn cc Et nszgzdc. Ngg`r zrlg k swkp dnengtntst, vkoybs ctrnf`ztg

k fbtncvbsz`jyt, s kz khsjkg gbebzntfntbg k fbtncgnrnt tnrfrn k Et-gcasjt. Nz k szbjtntbgus hnvbzk ncccts, s k szbjtntbgus hnvbzvkc nccnjttncnzntt Et-

fbtnc ncs cpsn. K dkjg k sklt vbrtucbs hnvbzkg`agzktt nzznc gnzncb, cbgvbhbtst cct nc, f`oy g`rctckj szm s sszno fbtnct jylts`j vkcs g`agzktk

jcgc, k vkcsotc ncszkgkhvk, hn kz khs vkcs g`agzktt nccctvk, tuhtk, dncnnoynzsn jcgc, mbjhnzngrc s fktskbrc kz khs jnm tuh.

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K hnvbzk swkp s`rj k dkjg k fbtncsznrzhst, mbjt swkp mnodzst, k fbtnc bjoktckjenhnzntt, mbjt k swkp bjoktckj-enhnzntt rtncmnzb, kz khs

gtncnznttsovcckcst k fbtnc f`ssz-cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k swkp gbnoynjctsrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt rtncmnzb k dkjg. K dkjg jnm

k mrcnonoynjscyf`z szgsons enhnzntgjt, fkjnm mrcnonj gvcb pjzpbkab mvncntjng, swkpjkg vntb kc kz khs hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb) hnvbzkszmclt

nszgz `chkc`j. K hnvbzkswkp zrskg`r k hnvbzkszmct, mbjt gcs hnvbzke`rrst rtncmnzb k Et fbtncjng kz`jdkj nz snm jnm e`rrs, snm jnm dkjgb gcs

pjz. Nz bs kz khs pjzn< k Et fbtnc, s k hnvbzk tgn jybcvjtkrtsk noymsskc sznmdncctvk. Nzt k dkjg kz khs tuhtk s dncnoynzsn jcgc vozb. K dkjg kz

khst dnengtntb p`zabdk fncynztn, k dnengtntsngrn v`jktg`z l`oszkdcydkj roztntt l`o`g jcgc . Kz khs hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg skltlkgjt

rnjhncgnzbg, rnjhns dkjgb mghsjng rtncmnzb asncngnhntt, mnrt msgjt jnm f`zfktj ctrn k fbtncvbsz`jyt.

Mbvnc kz`jdkj k fbtnct encvnv oyencng k fbtnc e`cystsk s`rj e`rbjtgnrnscnttnc, k fbtnc trcnsztsn s`rj

e`rbjtgjckttkc rnjhncgnzjng (MJD) nzrt e`rbjt vtnc trtjbg k sp`tpbka`j, nzt k vtnct kz ncz EV-swkp oycnt ebjkjszr`zzk, kzkz kz EV-

swkp`j mnosznrzntt hnvbzk kz`jjkc nckhsrk gnrc. Nz k sp`tpbkab oycnt szbjtj nszgz chkc`j trtjbg, mbjt kz khs tnrfrn ncgjyvnct gvntncs, hn kz

khs tuhtk jcgc.

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K dkjg kz khs hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtst dnvbszb noy dnengtntsb oycntdn k rncsznrzhs eutkmbhnln kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s dncnoynzsn jcgc,

mklh nzt k dnengtntst rtnrfncb kz khsrk. Kz khs hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsk rszn k swkpjkg s k dkjgjkg nddc nxtrk pr`ebtlk bs szrmkzbg, hn nzng k mvncntng

cctlg nc kz khs pkrttkckj g`agzktt. K dkjg kz khst dnengtntb p`zabdk fncynztn k dnengtntsngrn v`jktg`z l`oszkdcydkj roztntt l`o`g jcgc, k dkjg

mnosznotn nzznc k gtncnssot kz khskbt mnotvnsztnttn, tvnhsdnj tkrt`ttk, grt g`z`tt encrfktkj, s fkszjk szrmkz`tt dnccn. K dkjg nznj dnengtntsdc

s rnltntt hnrktvdc nccnjttncnztn k Et-fbtnc szmcj k gjyvnct e`rbjt fbtnct k mrcnonj dncc. Nzngnt kz nszgz chkcb dnengtntsngnt k dkjg e`rrsgjt rtncmnzb,F@C@XX mbjh k hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrts, mbjh k Et-fbtncszmck MTCNONJ DNCCB NQ\G\ U@CX NTNHNXBCNO kz khs pjznszgzn kz khs jnvj s kz khs. K

vkcsodkj jnm trtjbg ms, mbjt kz, f`oy k dkjg g`agzkt`s s spngucktv ac pjzpbkab oycntngnt fklt vorn EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s

kcgkcmkzsvkc k fbtncsznrzhs royj gcasjsznrzhsjng cazvk k eutkmbh kcktt kz oyec pjznszgznbvnc. Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k

vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct k encng rncsznrzhsjng kcrskg`r, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt rncsznrzhs mutktjb

sznrntjn.

K dkjg tnft hnvbzt gvntnc oyenctc, hnvbzkgtncnznttson kz`jdkj nddc khhkj mo jnmgncntgnzbg.;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

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W4>.] K e`oyksztsb sznrzhsrn v`jktg`z khsb tnrmgdbz`jyts kz, f`oy k gtncnm tnclnscsfnz

ncnjonhfntntcnjc gkpas`chbg kz khs`g hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsvkc vozntt (kz khs`g

jnvj cv hnvbzkszmck, kmncy kz khs szmclk), prfuzkm`s sp`t, s EV swkp dnengtntsb

oycntng, vbsz`jt k dnengtntsrn, s kjjkg ncrn jnm ctfkt scy`s gvntgnzmjyrn s kjjkg

g`agzktkbrk jnm v`ct kz khsjkg sznrzhsb kgkrktk, st f`zzlrucsk. Nz k fbdrbh, kmbrn jnmv`ct sznrzhsb kgkrktk kz khsjkg, jnm bs cnfntntt, mnrt jnm tuh`tt rck. Msrszrc k fbtnct

nccnjttncnz dnengtnts ctszcko`skj askg noy nccnjttncnz oycnt, hn vkcldkj nccctlk k

fbtncvbsz`jydkj kz noybg ec, kz khs vnsztnsot k fbtncnz fkszjrk, kz khs`g

gtncnznttsot, kz re`cykmhroucs dkjgb nccctsvkc k dkjg oy mkok bhztn nc.

Kz khs vkcs g`agzktjkg gnzncsn kz khs rhngdnj jnm trtjt mno, s k vkcs

g`agzkt`ggkc gkpas`ckt`s, jnm e`rmcbs, snmmbcynj tlg`ztkts snm trtjt mno, gcjsnj

jnm k fbdrbhrn v`jktg`zkj.

K dkjg k e`rrsgctso amj k gcasjsznrzhst s k gcasj fbtncsznrzhsb l`ovbsz`jyt noy

dnengtntsb sznrzhsjng bs rtncmnzb, mnrt oy bs lr nc gsdd.

K dkjg kz oyecjng k gcasj enhnzntngjt enckljc`tt bjoktckjt k dnengtnts enhnzntngjt

rtncmnzb, s kz oyecjng kzt k gtncnznttsot, f`oy f`ssz tv`j gbebzntb, vbsszkebzntb nzt k

gcasjt gkmktkbvkc, kzt pnhbo k dnengtnts mnodzskgjt rtncmnzb kjcgc, f`oy nrrn kz khs

encfktkcmkzst kh`tt v`cjk s tjycnonsnj nz k dnengtntsb sznrzhs ctrnltt v`cjk s k

dnengtntsrn v`jktg`z g`agzkt`gkt enctrtk v`cjk.

Nz k fbdrbh, kmbrn jnm v`ct sznrzhsb kgkrktk kz khsjkg, jnm bs cnfntntt, mnrt jnm tuh`tt

rck. Msrszrc k fbtnct nccnjttncnz dnengtnts ctszcko`skj askg noy nccnjttncnz oycnt,

hn vkcldkj nccctlk k fbtncvbsz`jydkj kz noybg ec, kz khs vnsztnsot k fbtncnz fkszjrk,

kz khs`g gtncnznttsot, kz re`cykmhroucs dkjgb nccctsvkc k dkjg oy mkok bhztn nc.

Nzrt k hnvbzk kckpjkg jnvnzntt tnrmg, rnltntt hnrbvktbvggkc szbjtntbgus hnvbzkmvncntnggnc

nccnjttncnzntt e`rbjtfbtnc.

K dkjg k enhnzntcnj e`rbjtfbtnct nccnjttncnzb enhnzntcnj gjyvncsb tnafjbgvkc (EV Qwkp),

kgg`r nrrc tlg`ztktjbk gnccntt v`cjk kz oyencnt, f`oy nz oy trtjbg, s tlg`ztktjbk gnccnt

v`cjk kz oyencnt kjjkg mbjhnj g`agzktrc.

K fbtncvbsz`jy`j tcmnjnj, `cykj dnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jy bs mnovkcsuct, k dkjg vbrtucbs

hnvbzkg`agzktt, s kz khs vkcs g`agzktt nrnhmjynz gtncnm gnrntdnj, kmncy k

sznrzhsnj tcmutkt, tddcnt tjyccs vbzsocktt, k drso rszrc mnognrcfntntcnjjtnszb, mbjhnz kz - ncshcnonsnj kcgkcmkzkjh - N^-s l`ookc (21/;1 NOG. Brjyncv - k

e`oyksztvhncnmrc)s kz Nurpkb Ykrckmnjt s k Xkjas 4998/12/NG k pjzoyb nszgzg

pbkakbrc szc brjyncv, mbjh k mkoykr e`oyksztvhncmb l`oszkdcy ggkc nccnjttns.

Kz nurpkb ujbs l`o`j kckpuc l`okcgkcmkzsb, s l`ortncmnzsb oykg`rckt`t hnm`jstrc, k

Cuxnmdurob Drso ctkcb fbvktg`z`tt tcnt bs, kz nurpkb l`o, mbjt kz ncshcnonsnj

kcgkcmkzkjh l`o kckplj, k dkjgjkg kcgkcmkzjbk gnccntt v`cjk k dnengtntsb sz`coctkts`g

jyltsrk v`jktg`z l`oszkdcy`gkt bs, vkckmbjt k jnmzntb l`o kcgkcmkzst askg kz khs, k

e`oykszt vhncmrn szbo`rdd l`ovbsz`jy szkdcy`zs gnrntdnj tngbjtb l`osznrjng kz

nurpkb ujbs l`o.

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K hnvbzkfbtncng, vkoy hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts, hnvbzk kckp fbtncjng jnvnzntt sznrzhsng k

vkcsodkj fbdrbh-sznrzhsng k gtncnm tnclnscsdc mnocckptfktkj, e`rbjtfbtnccnc

vnoyns dnengtntsb sznrzhsng.

K hnvbzk kckp fbtnc k vkcsodkj noy `cykj fbdrbh gtncnm, kmncy fbtnccnc vnoyns dnengtntsb

sznrzhs, kmncyjng k dnengtnts ncnmn ncvcksztfktktckj rszn, st encttncn, k Et-fbtncjng sk tnrfrn jyltkjh gcasjjng. Kz`jdkj nz k dnengtnts rnltntt kz khs ncc, rnltntt k

jybcvj`sso ncc bs, s kjjkg g`agzktkb bs. Kz k tnrmg, kmbt hnvbzk kckpjkg fvujg, kz noy

fbdrbh sznrzhs, kmncy fbdrbh sznrzhs mkodkj e`ockc noy gcasj jyltsk rhngdnj

ctrnf`z`tt fbtncvbsz`jyt s noy nctbtg`ct dnengtntsb sznrzhst.

K A-598/;;. sz. oydnj kz Nurpkb Drso ctkc f`z`tt tcnt mnonrstb k 4998/12/NG brjyncv

;2. p`jtldkj e`ockct rnjhncgnzsngrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsont - k jyltkjh sz`coctkts

kcgkcmkssojkg s mnoencncsojng rtgncsn grdnj - fk vkckmncy pjzoyb tnrmg

(kckptnrmg), mncyjng sznrvns rszngjt (fbdrbh), kz 4998/12/NG nurpkb pkrckmnjtb s tkjasb

brjyncvdnj B. mnccgcntjng A szkgkszdkj mnofktr`z`tt pjzoyb nszgzgrn v`jktg`z,

s k encs`r`ct nszgzg drmncybgfnz gkpas`ch kz brjyncv B. mnccgcnt K szkgkszdkj

encs`r`ct sz`coctkts`g s tnvgnjysong drmncybgt vozbg.

Nzrt k szdkj e`ro pjzoyb tnrmgnj dncc kz kckptnrmgjng (fbtnccnc vnoyns gcasjjng)

uoykjkjjkg k l`oszkdcyb gvntncmjyngjng gncc mnoencncjbn, mbjt kz kjjkg sznrvns rszt

gpnz dnengtntsb sz`coctktsjkg, mbvnc kz k tnrmg sznrvns rszt gpnzb - kgg`r bs, fk kz`g

dnoykz`ttkg bccntvn rnltnttng. K dnengtnts (szbjtntbgus hnvbzk) jnm noysznrnj dkjgb

enhnzntb mvncnt, kmbfnz kz khsjkg snmmb gzn, fkjnm nz k pjzoyb tnrmg rszn. s

jnm enhnzntb mvncnt, jnm e`rrstnrnmts. Fkjnm kz oyec tucklh`jt gpnz hnvbzktgn

jybcvjtkrtsb szmclvkc vozntt dkjgb nccnjttncnz oycnt. Mbvnc kz khs szmclvkc

vozb k dkjg, s njcgc k fbtncvbsz`jy snm ctnzjn, k dnengtntsngrn v`jktg`z szkdcy`g

sznrbjt tnfntj nzt mno k dkjg, kz oyec f`zzlrucsvkc, s gzs g`agzktvbsncssnc. Hn

nz jnm oy trtjt.

K A-598/;;. sz. oydnj K DTQO XCNXN (jnoynhbg tkjas) 49;1. mlus

19.(*)/5;;/NOG s k 21/5/NOG tkjasb

brjyncv, s k 4999/;4/NG nurpkb pkrckmnjtb s tkjasb brjyncv

mh`stsrc, vkckmbjt k 21/44/NOG tkjasb brjyncv fktcy`j gvcfncynzsrc szc, 4998. prbcbs 4;-b 4998/12/NG nurpkb pkrckmnjtb s

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tkjasb brjyncv ;2. abggjng (2) dngnzhst oy gncc rtncmnzjb, f`oy

noyrszrc vkckmncy dnengtntsb sz`coctktst askg kgg`r jyltlg k pjzoyb

tnrmg rszngjt, fk kz n pjzoyb tnrmg sznrvns rszt gpnzb, kmbg`r kzt

kz oyecjng gjclg, msrszrc pnhbo kff`z, f`oy n sz`coctktsrk jn

v`jktg`zzkjkg k fbvktg`z`tt ;2. abggdnj ncrt gtncnznttsong, kz n

rnjhncgnzs ctkc fbvktg`z`tt ujbs szkdcy`zsjkg s gzs nurpkb j`rmgjkgcnfntv gncc tnjjbg kz oyencng g`agzktkbjkg rtgncst, s/vkoy kz

oyencng tlg`ztktsrk v`jktg`z cykj gvntncmjyngnt gncc tkrtkcmkzjbug,

kmncyng v`jktg`zjkg k szdkj e`ro pjzoyb tnrmg sznrvns rszt gpnz

dnengtntsb sz`coctktsrk bs.

4)K 4998/12 brjyncv 8. abggn (;) dngnzhsjng 8. p`jtlt oy gncc

rtncmnzjb, f`oy fk pjzoyb g`agzkt`g gnzncsrn brjyuc sznrzhst

gjcjkg kz oyecjng k ms pjzoyb tnrmgng gkmktvct`zskbdc nrnh

g`agzkt enhnzsrn, kzt kjjybdkj gncc kz n rnjhncgnzs rtncmdnj vntt

dnengtntsb tkjaskhsb sz`coctktsjkg tngbjtnjb, kmnjjybdnj kz bcynj

pjzoyb g`agzkt`g gnzncsrn brjyuc sznrzhs lnoyzsrn v`jktg`z

kljcs `cykj, f`oy kzt kz oyec szmrk mnoencncnj vkoy sklt`s

grcmjynbjng vbzsocktrk kckptvk, dnengtntb mbjsorn tngbjtnttnc

jyltkjkg, s kzt jnm gbzrcko tnrlnsztsb askt`rjg tlj tnszbg gzz

vkoy jnm gbzrcko k jybcvj`ssojkg szjlg.

1)Kz noyns tkocckm`g dncs l`ornjhljng enckhktk mnofktr`zjb k 4998/12

brjyncv ;2.abggjng (8) s (>)dngnzhsdnj ncrt rtgncsb gvntncmjyng

vkckmncy dnengtntsb sz`coctktst gjc dnengtntsb vcckcg`zs ctkcb dn

jnm tkrtsjkg sznrzhsns l`ogvntgnzmjynbt, tbsztncntdnj tkrtvk kz

noynjrtgso s k tjycnons rvjynscs ncvt.

;1. sz. dbz`jytg

Kz BKQ 12 tokj fktr`zzk mno k pjzoyb bjstrumnjtum e`okcmt. Dncntkrt`zbg

k gszpjz, k gvntncsng s fbtncvbsz`jyt mnotnstnst rtgpkpr`g s

dnengtntsng, gtncnznttsong, encvntt fbtncng s k hnrbvktv`g (kgg`r bs,

fk dnoykz`ttkg bccntvn rnltnttng).

;;. sz. dbz`jytg 5?. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

Bhjgjt nce`rhuc, f`oy noyns sznrzhsngdnj, mncyng tnclnssogdnj jnm

encncjng mno k hnebjabjkg mnotkccfktg `cykj tucklh`jso`g, kmncyng

szrmkzg`s oycntngfnz fks`jckg. K tnclns sznrzhst tngbjtlg nz nsntdnj

k ,fbdrbh bjstrumnjtumjkg, kmncy noy ,kckpsznrzhs s noy ,rnltntt

szrmkzg`s oycnt g`mdbjablk

;;. sz. dbz`jytg ?;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

W45.] Nrrc k l`ooycntrc, k dkjg vkchb szjhgrc, sznrzhsgtsb aclrc, s kz khsrk (ctkck

jnm tuh`tt, jnm encmrfnt, vncn jnm bs gzct) gszd jcgcb tnrfngnt r`v, ktbpbgus

sznrzhsrc, kmncynt k dkjg ncfkccokt`tt kz khs`g ncc, kz khs`gjkg tuh`msk jnm v`ct,

jnm bs cnfntntt.

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K vbrtucbs hnvbzk-nccnjttncnzs rvbhcnlrkt dkjggzb mvncntnggnc vkc vbrtucbs

g`agzktgnzncsn, k sznrzhs eutkmbhnln kcktt e`cykmkt`skj gctsonggnc lr, s nzt

gzvntcnjc kz khsrk frt`ttk k dkjg e`rrsgctsorn fbvktg`zsskc. Kz khs`g f`ssz-cnlrkt

gcasjfnz gpnst, k hnvbzk mbjhujtkckj vkc uj. mnoltsk, swkpp`csk, k

sznrzhsgtsg`r k dkjg ctkc bsmnrt szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs tnrnmts, s mnoltsb

mvncntng ncfktr`z`tt szjhg`g v`ctkg. Nzt, s kzt bs, f`oy nzng k mvncntng mbgjt s mbcynj

g`agzkt`t lncnjtnjng kz khsrk, k dkjg nctbtg`ctk, f`c`tt ppnj nzng jvnctg mno kz oyencnbg

tgn, s gkmkttkrt`zst, s e`rrsgctso e`rmldkj k trcnszt rszcntngnt

Hroddkg cnfntjng k hnvbzkfbtncng

Noy nhhbo szbjtn szrnvtcnj gctsoncnm rnjhgvc jkoy nmncgnhsn mbktt

ncgpzncfnt, f`oy 4-1 fjkp mcvk lncnjts fkvb trcnsztrszcnt-

nmncgnhssnc sznmdnscjng k mkoykr`rszob fztkrtsb hnvbzkfbtncnsng. Mbjhnz

oy bs dngvntgnzfnt, f`oy gzdnj k e`rbjt vbsz`jycko stkdbc mkrkh s k

gcechb hnvbzg gkmkttkrtkcmk mo asggnj bs. K g`rmjy s k jkoy

gnrnsgnhncmb dkjg`g ctkc mct pjtngnj dnlncnjtntt mnocckp`hs jmbcno

snotfnt k fncyzntnj, hn k lncng sznrbjt k g`rmjy bjgdd askg ctszcko

kgkrlk mnovhnjb k hnvbzkkhs`gkt k jvngv pjzoyb tnrfngtc.

Noy "l" gctsoncnm

K mkoykr fztkrts`g hnvbzkfbtncnbjng fkvb trcnsztrszcntnbrn k s`gsz`r

bsmtnct e`rmuck sznrbjt jkoyrszt k e`rbjt kh`tt hnvbzvkc (hjt rszdnj

k svlab erkjggkc, bccntvn kz nurvkc) sznmdnjb mbjhnjg`rb re`cykmk, gbsndd

sccykc kz kh`tt hnvbzk gkmkttkrtkcmk (cjynodnj k lnoydkjgb brjykh rtk

szbjtln) oykg`r`c fktst (fk jnm eutkmbh-ruokcmks fbtncrc v`ct sz). Fk

oynjoct k e`rbjt, s/vkoy nmncgnhntt k hnvbzk gkmkttkrtkcmk, kgg`r ke`rbjtdkj e`cyst`tt hnvbzkfbtnc fkvb trcnsztrszcntn mnonmncgnhntt. Kz

ncmct vngtc bjhucvk nosznj bhj sznptnmdnrbo nzng k tjynzg

oykg`rcktbcko tnclns mrtgdnj mkoykrz nrg v`ctkg k trcnsztrszcntng

kckgucsrk, bjokh`zsrk. (K f`sszkdd eutkmbhnl hnvbzkfbtncng bjgdd k

gcechb gkmktcdrk, mo k rvbhnddng bjgdd kz re`cykmrk rzgnjynddng.)

Kz utddb fntngdnj gbkckguct rnjhgvc enszct oc`dcbs pjzpbkab fncyznt

mbktt kz`jdkj dncpntt noy t`vddb e`jt`s gctsoncnm, kmncy k

trcnsztrszcntng kgr lncnjts mnonmncgnhsjng g`agzktt bs mkodkj

f`rh`zzk. Nz pnhbo k hnvbzkfbtncng mottb, k dkjgb re`cykm-enhnzntb

g`jstrugabg mnogtsrn sz`coc j. BT- s EV-swkp pbka rnjhgvcb

fncyzntrn vnzntfnt vbsszk. Cnnoysznrstvn nz kzt lncnjtb, f`oy k dkjg`g

s`ggkc jnfnznddnj, s oy mnouor tddcntgctsonggnc tuhlg askg kz

re`cykmbjokh`zs nccnj t`vdd enhnzjb k mr mnocv hnvbzkfbtncnbgnt.

Tpghjng k mjusz`g

K dkjg`g ctkc jylt`tt hnvbzkfbtncng s k ABTQ (aurrnjay bjtnrnst rktn

swkp), bccntvn EV-swkp pbka oy gkpas`chbg noymsf`z, f`oy fk noy dkjg

nurdkj vnszb enc gcechj k e`rrst, kgg`r kzt k e`rbjtdkj trtj

e`cysts rhngdnj k ABT-, bccntvn kz EV-swkp pbka`j tuhlk ncasnrcjb

e`rbjtrk re`cykmenhnznt mnccntt. (Kz EV-swkp oycntng lnccnmznj jnmf`sszkddkg mbjt noy v, mo k ABTQ kjjc f`sszkdd -;9-49-19 v- bs cnfnt. K

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svlab erkjgkckp fbtncjc k dkjgjkg t`vddb EV-swkp oycntnt gncc dnbgtktjbk

k cpss`r`zktdk.) K hnvbzkfbtncng eutkmbhnln rnjhsznrbjt lvkc f`sszkdd

(pc. >-49 v), mbjt kjjkg kz EV-swkp oycntjng k eutkmbhnln, kmncy mottn

cc, oy k hnvbzkfbtnc eutkmbhnln s`rj k dkjgjkg szm`s kcgkc`mmkc mno gncc

ltkjbk kz ABT-, bccntvn EV-swkp p`zablt, kzkz ldc nc gncc asnrcjbn

k gt ebzntnszgzt. K t`vddbkgdkj k ABT- s EV-swkp`gkt ssznv`jvk askgEV-swkp`ggjt lncclg.)

K dnengtntg oc`dcbs g`agzktgnrc mkoktkrtsk, k e`g`z`tt vkt`sso `hk

vnzntntt, f`oy jnfzgns mnoltkjb nznj p`zabgkt, bccntvn mnohrouctkg

nzng kz nclrs`g. (Fk k dkjg jnm tuhlk mnoltkjb p`zablt kz EV-swkp

pbka`j, kgg`r kz re`cykm sznmp`jtldc enhnzntcnjj vcbg k hnvbzkfbtnc-

p`zablk gkpasj, kmb bonj gnccnmntcnj s lncnjts g`agzkt`gkt lncnjt.)

Kz EV-swkp pbkab tddcntgctsong oyencngrn trtj rszdnjb tfrtsk mr

mnognzhhtt, s vkcszjcno kz l fbtncngjc nrtnclnsndd cnfnt mklh, mbjt

k mnocv fbtnccc`mjyjc.

Kz tfrt`tt gctsong kz bhnb v votc, lv v ncnltc rzhfntjng

noyrn bjgdd k gkmktebxcsb pnrbhus`g, bccntvn kz EV-swkp mnolts`g

nsnhgnsson mbktt s kgr ;9-19%-`s fkvb trcnsztrszcnt-nmncgnhst bs

ncgpzncfntjng tkrtujg (vct`zktckj gcechb gkmkt- s re`cykm-encttncng

mnccntt bs), kmncy rkhsuc ppnj kgg`r lncnjtgnzfnt, kmbg`r k dkjg`ggkc

gttt, mct pjtngb mnocckp`hs noyns "mnjtncnmnbjng" rvjynsson mr

cnlr.

;8. sz. dbz`jytg

W4?.] Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s

dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn. K dkjg

nznj dnengtntsng gctsonbt rtnrfnctn kz khsrk, mo kz nddc szrmkz pr`ebt`t k dkjg

skltljkg tngbjtb.

Kz nctbtg`ct dnengtnts mbjhnj tnrfn kz khs`j, s mbjhnj fkszjk k dkjgjc rnkcbzch`tt s

ctszcko cnokcbzch`tt.

Gnccnmns mnocnpntst `g`z`tt k Tkbeenbsnj

K gnrnsgnhsb dnvtncng ncss`rdkj kz `r`sz s mkoykr cnjy`gjc vozntt,

hnvbzkkckp trkjzkgabg sbgnrnssojng gszjfntnj uor`ttkg mno, mbvnc k

hnvbzkre`cykm`g m`zosk p`zbtv fktst oykg`r`ct k ao pjzoyb nszgznbrn.

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;>. sz. dbz`jytg

W46.] Kz khs`g jnm tuhfkttg, f`oy hnvbzk swkp s`rj k dkjg k fbtncsznrzhst, mbjt swkp

mnodzst, k fbtnc bjoktckjenhnzntt, mbjt k swkp bjoktckj-enhnztt rtncmnzb, kz khs

gtncnznttsovcckcst k fbtnc f`ssz-cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k swkp gbnoynjctsrn

v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt rtncmnzb

K szkgbr`hkc`m mbjhnzngnt @XA hnrbvktv tnrmgtpus`gjkg, szrmkztkt`tt oycntngjng

jnvnzb, kf`oykj noy 4991-dkj noy Dkjgszvntso ctkc gsztntt tkjucmjy bs

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brjydk, fbsznj szmugrk asupj k vos gbebzntsb eoovjy noysznrson k

mrvkh.

Nzngnt kz oyencng tlg`ztktsrk v`jktg`z grcmjyns tjynzgnt k dkjgrnjhsznr

gkrtnccdnj mnognrctn s gcasjsznrzhsjng caztg k sznrzhsgtsb szjhgugkt.K dkjg

szjhg`skj ncfkccokttk k fbdrbh ctfkt, s rnltntt gnttssot, s nctbtg`ctk k rnltnttdnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jyjkg k g`agzktkbt, s kjjkg k vrfkt gvntgnzmjynbt.

K dkjg`g gkrtnccdnj mnonoynztng, f`oy mbjhnzngnt g`agzktenctr jybcktg`zktkbgdkj

gcasjsnj ncfkccoktlg.

K gt g`agzktenctr jybcktg`zkttkc gkpas`ckt`skj kz mnrct enc, f`oy k

fbtncnzs gkpasj k vtncb l`o`j s kz re`cykmg`agzkt`j gvc mo s`g

fks`jckj jkoy g`agzkt (gkmkt-, trcnsztsb-, gnznsb-, vkhgb g`agzkt)

rb kz oyencnt, mosnm cnfnt kz ssznsrc gcj jybcktg`zkt`t gsztnjb. K

dkjg`g mbjhnjnsntrn e`jt`sjkg tkrt`ttg, f`oy n jybcktg`zkt`g mbjhnj dkjgjc

noysonsng cnoynjng, jnf`oy kz oyec utcko dugs nsntj kzt m`jhfkssk,f`oy noy msbg dkjg szvnon s`ggkc l`ddkj enctrtk k g`agzkt`t, s kjjkg

kckplj jnm vnttn v`cjk enc k fbtnct.

;6. szm dbz`jytg 49. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s

dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn k tzshj

gvcb szkdcy`zktckj @XA pbka`j.

Fk tuhtg v`cjk kz khs`g, kf`oykj jnm tuhtg, jnm bs tuhfkttg, s kf`oykj k dkjg`g

tuhtg, s njjng k fbtncnzsb g`jstrugabjkg ppnj kz khs`g gbe`sztsk rj, k mbjc jkoy`dd

dkjgb fksz`j ncrsn, k dkjg`g hnvbzf`z luttktsk v`ct k aclk, kgg`r noyntcnj khs jnm rtkv`cjk kc k sznrzhst. K mottns vkcsorc k dkjgjkg tuh`msk v`ct, kz khsjkg snmmb

tuh`msk jnm v`ct, hn kz tuhfkt, f`oy kddkj k l`ovbsz`jydkj jnm gvjt v`cjk rszt vnjjb.

Tszcnt Xkrh`s ojns< K YJ\ORB BJQXT^MNJX^M@G NCQ\M@CQK BKQ ^Q OKKY

MKORKT Q\KDCR@\Q am tkjucmjydc (Dkjgszvntso - Fbtncbjtzntb Qznmcn 4991) ;;. sz.

dbz`jytg.

Bhjgjt nce`rhuc, f`oy noyns sznrzhsngdnj, mncyng tnclnssogdnj jnm

encncjng mno k hnebjabjkg mnotkccfktg `cykj tucklh`jso`g, kmncyng

szrmkzg`s oycntngfnz fks`jckg. K tnclns sznrzhst tngbjtlg nz nsntdnj

k ,fbdrbh bjstrumnjtumjkg, kmncy noy ,kckpsznrzhs s noy ,rnltnttszrmkzg`s oycnt g`mdbjablk.

K grnktv o`jh`cg`hg, k rnltntt szrmkzg`s oycntngrn v`jktg`z

szkdcyrnjhsznrjng gszjfntnj jnm gnrcfntbg nc kz BKQ 12 s kz ^Q OKKY

kcgkcmkzst noysznrnj kzzkc k ,tnafjbgvkc,f`oy noy szrmkzg`s oycntnt

dnoykzjkg noy msbg, ctfktkj jnm szrmkzg`s sznrzhsdn.

;;. sz. dbz`jytg ?;. `chkc 4. fksd ;. dngnzhs

K dkjgrnjhsznr mr 4991-dkj kz ctkcug gsztnttnt tkjucmjy kckplj tuhktdkj v`ct kjjkg

f`oy fk k Et-fbtnct, rnltntt hnrbvktvggkc nccnjttncnzb kgg`r k sznrzhst tngbjtlg nz

nsntdnj k ,fbdrbh bjstrumnjtumjkg, kmncy noy ,kckpsznrzhs s

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noy ,rnltntt szrmkzg`s oycnt g`mdbjablk. s nznj,tnafjbgvkc, noy

szrmkzg`s oycntnt dnoykzjkg noy msbg, ctfktkj jnm szrmkzg`s

sznrzhsdn.

;;. sz. dbz`jytg ?;. `chkc 4. fksd ;. dngnzhs

Nz nsntdnj m`jhlk k tkjucmjy - kgg`r jkoy`j grnktvkgjkg gncc cnjjbn k dkjgr`gjkg sgrnktvkg cnfntjng, mnrt jbjas szkdcy`zvk, f`oy kzt jn cnfnssnj mnocckptkjb, f`oy nz

szkdcynccnjns.

W42.] Fk tuhtg v`cjk kz khs`g, kf`oykj jnm tuhtg, jnm bs tuhfkttg, s kf`oykj k dkjg`g tuhtg

kzt, s k dkjgjkg tuh`msk v`ct k MOXXNQ UKCQOTC-j, ftej ;9 rk 1 pnrag`r k

Gpvbsncb Br`hkfz >54. szm tkjastnrmdnj mnotkrt`tt csrc

Krrc f`oy k dkjg kz khsp`zabt noy e`rbjtfbtnc s noy g`agzkt`s

dnengtnts g`mdbjablkgjt cctlk nc. 5.sz.

dbz`jytg ?5.`ch. 1. dngnzhs

K dkjg ncfkccokttk kz khs

ncc kzt, f`oy k sznrzhsn

gkpasj rszt vnsz khnvbzkpbka`j,

szmrk bsmnrntcnj pjzpbkab

mvncntngdnj

K fbtnct encvnv oyencng k fbtnc e`cystsk

s`rj e`rbjtgnrnscnttnc, k fbtnc trcnsztsn

s`rj e`rbjtgjckttkc rnjhncgnzjng,bccntvn

lncnjjng mno k dkjg gzvnttsvnc kz kz`jjkcb hnvb

zkpbka`j. 2. sz. dbz`jytg 6. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

K hnvbzkkckp fbtncnzsdc nrnh e`rbjtgnrnscnt

tnft k dkjg`g gzvnttsvnc lncnjbg mno k

hnvbzkpbka`j.

;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

cjynodnj mkok k dkjg "gtb mno" bmpcbabt mh`j k

enjtb oycntnt kz oyeccnc (g`jvnrzb). ?. sz. dbz`jytg

K dkjg ncfkccokttk kz khs

ncc nctbtg`ctk, s nzznc mno

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bs tvnsztnttn

t krrk jzvn bs, f`oy K szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs sznrzsn nsntj k

gcechbng EV-swkp + e`rbjt cckmpkpr strktoblk

tngbjtfnt szbjtntbgus hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsjkg. K

gcechbng sp`t + EV-swkp strktoblk oykg`rcktbcko

szbjtntbgus fktrbhs (rvbh e`rbjt) p`zabencvtnct lncnjtb. 8. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc ;. dngnzhs

K dkjg`g mrcnodc gbbjhucvk k hnvbzke`rrs

dnv`jsjkg noybg cnfntson k dncechb oyencngtc

trtj dnttoylts. K dncechb sznrnpcgtc

szrmkz hnvbzkdnttng cc`mjyk kz`jdkj cjynonsnj

ncmkrkh k dncechb sznrnpcgjng jylt`tt

hnvbzkfbtncng cc`mjytc< k dncechb mkojszngt`r

rszdnj oy vcckctk t k jntt gcs khssodcszrmkz e`rbjt encnttb gbtnttso jvngv fjykht k

gcechb szngt`rtc. 8. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

K fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn k e`rbjte`rrs`g noy

rszdc oy k hnvbzkswkpoycntng snotsovnc

szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrst cct nc.

8. sz. dbz`jytg- ;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs

Kz EV-swkp oycnt kckpvntnj jnm noy ebjkjszr`zsb

nszgz, fkjnm noy kh`tt ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz (pc.

fbtnc, dntt) hnvbzkjnmjng asnrlt cnfntv tnv

szrmkztkt`tt tnrmg, oy kckas`jykdd

fbtncg`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz, mbjt k enhnzntcnj

dkjggzb gbfncynzs.

8. sz. dbz`jytg ?. `chkc 4. dngnzhs

Fbdrbh tnrmg< `cykj strugturct hnrbvktvk,

kmncyjng gbebzntsb eoovjyn tdd pbkab ekgt`r

kckgucstc eoo s stktbguskj jnm enhnzfnt

noysznr hnrbvktv`g snotsovnc. K fbdrbh-g`agzkt

enhnzsn hbjkmbgus mnjnhzsmnjtnt bojync, k tnrmgrtgt dne`cys`c tjynzg gzttb g`rrncabg

eboyncnmdn vtncvnc.

;4. sz. dbz`jytg e`okcmkg

K hnvbzk kckp sznrzhssnc k sz`coctkt kz oyenct dnengtntsb oycntng pksszv rsztvnvlv

tnttn s vbsnctn kz oycntdnj k gcechbng EV-swkp + e`rbjt cckmpkpr e`rbjt

encnttb gbtnttso jvngv fjykht k gcechb szngt`rtc

K Mkoykr Jnmzntb Dkjg szkgrtb vcnmjyn sznrbjt nz tngbjtfnt hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsjkg!

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oy kz kjykdkjg cnenhnztn kz cckmpkpr e`rbjtf`zkmt, k cnjydkjglj gnrnsztc kzt k mkoykr

khs`grk tnrfnctn. Fk r`mc`tt k e`rbjt, uoykj asggnjt nurdkj szm`cvk kz cckmgtvjy

f`zkmk, hn jtt k cnjydkjg dnvtncn k mnojvngnh trcnsztsnggnc. Kzkz k mkoykr

fztkrts`g enhnztg s enhnzbg kz cckmgtvjyng, lnoydkjgb gtvjyng jkoy f`zkmt k

jnmzntgzb dkjgb gkpas`ckt`g lkvrk.

Mbjhnz k dkjg vkchb sznrzhsb kgkrktk, kmncy kz khsskc k dkjg vkchb szjhgrc,

sznrzhsgtsb aclrc, s kz khsrk - ctkck jnm tuh`tt, jnm encmrfnt, vncn jnm bs gzct

- gszd jcgcb tnrfngnt r`v, ktbpbgus sznrzhsrc, kmncynt k dkjg ncfkccokt`tt kz khs`g

ncc, kz khs`gjkg tuh`msk jnm v`ct, jnm bs cnfntntt.

W19.] K hnvbzkhroucs `gkbt kz k dkjgrnjhsznr mkok bhztn nc, kmncyjng rsznsn k pnrdncb

pjzbjtznt bs. K dkjg k dkjgrnjhsznr rszngjt, k hnvbzkhroucsdkj jnm askg rhngnct, hn

pbkab sznrnpcgjt gzvntcnj ncbhzln v`ct. K hnvbzkfbtncng tnrvsznr, s k

fbdrbhsznrzhsdc szrmkz, hn kz khs`ggkc gttt fbtncsznrzhsngdc cn jnm vnzntfnt,

mobs kzzkc sznrvnsnj sszntkrt`z dnengtntsngnj gnrnsztc, k dkjg`g encbsmnrfnt sgbenlnzntt szjhgk, k e`rbjt nccnjb szjtncnj spngucabs p`zab encptsn - s k swkp`gkt

rnebjkjszr`z dkjg`ggkc - k hnrbvktvgdkj rbjtntt hnvbzg re`cykmjkg oy`rsuc mrtg,

s dbzt`s hroucsjkg kz ncbhzsn, re`cykmjynrnso nccctsk v`ct.

Nz k gcasjsznrzhs jnm ctnzbg k rnltntt hnrbvktvg jcgc s kz`g nccnjttncnzsb mvncntnb

jcgc, nzng jcgc k dkjg jnm bs kgkrt fbtnct khjb s uoykjkgg`r kz k dnengtnts `cykj

g`agzkt`t lncnjtntt, kmbt jnm trtkg enc, jnm bs m`jhtkg nc k dkjg`g k mkb jkpbo.

Njjng gvntgnztdnj k hnvbzkfbtncng tnrvsznr, s k fbdrbhsznrzhsdc szrmkz, hn kz

khs`ggkc gttt fbtncsznrzhsngdc cn jnm vnzntfnt, mobs kzzkc sznrvnsnj sszntkrt`z

dnengtntsngnj gnrnsztc, k dkjg`g encbsmnrfnt s gbenlnzntt szjhgk, k e`rbjt nccnjb

szjtncnj spngucabs p`zab encptsn s k swkp`gkt rnebjkjszr`z dkjg`ggkc k

hnrbvktvgdkj rbjtntt hnvbzg re`cykmjkg oy`rsuc mrtg, s dbzt`s hroucsjkg kz

ncbhzsn, re`cykmjynrnso nccctsk v`ct.

K e`rbjt nccnjb spngucab nz k dkjg s k mkoykr dkjgrnjhsznr (kz kjykdkjglkbggkc, s

rnebjkjszr`z dkjglkbggkc gkrctvn) ctkcug ncbhzntt s ncrn tnrvnzntt szjhg`g v`ctkg, mnrt

k tnrmg mkodkj rnltnttn nzt, kf`oykj nrrc mr 4991-dkj tuhtkg s tbsztdkj v`ctkg, mbjt

kf`oy kzzkc bs tbsztdkj v`ctkg mbcynj jynrnsorn e`ojkg nznj gnrnsztc sznrt tnjjb, kmbt kz

khs ebznt mno.

K sznrzhsdc mbjhnzng jnm hnrcjng gb, f`oy nz oy e`o trtjjb, mbjt kf`oy kz snm, f`oy k

dkjgrnjhsznr s nz k dkjg bs `cykj tmnons hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts fbtnccc`mjyt e`o

encfkcm`zjb, kmb vkcldkj k e`rbjt nccnjb spngucabt nrstb mno.

Nz k tkrts l`ovbsz`jy jnm mghbg k dnengtnts jcgc, k Mkoykr Dkjgszvntso s k Mkoykr

Jnmzntb Dkjg tuhtk s ncbsmnrtn tdd tkjucmjydkj, f`oy nz noy rnltntt hnrbvktvggkc

nccnjttncnzntt e`rbjtfbtnc, nzrt k dnengtntsngdc szrmkz g`agzkt lncnjbg mno k gcasj

trcnszt rszcntnbdnj. Gzvntcnjc mnolncnjbg, s kz re`cykmvct`zsskc dnrkzhbg

K dkjgrnjhsznr k hnvbzk kckp fbtncnzs gkpasj spngucktv ac pjzpbkab oycntnggnc

nccnjttncnztn k Et fbtncszmcj gjyvnct fbtnct. Kz oycnt cnrs tnclnsnj noynz k 8. sz.

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dbz`jytgdkj s tkjucmjydkj enccncfnt Hnvbzkkckp fbtnc jyltsk ncjnvnzs e`cykmkt

drlvkc, mncynt k vkcsodkj ctrnltt l`ovbsz`jy tjyccsjkg tngbjtjg.

1. Hnvbzkp`zab encvtncn EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s

kcgkcmkzsvkc. Kz kckpvntnj spngucktv ac strktobk s`rj k

hnvbzkp`zabt encvnjjb gvj sznrnpc noy sp`t- s noy nccnjttns brjyEV-swkp oycnt kcgkcmkzsvkc kckgt gb j. szbjtntbgus fktrbhs p`zabt.

Kh`tt hnvbzdkj trtj rvbh p`zabencvtnc nsntj pchuc k sp`tpbkab

nckhst kz kh`tt sznrnpc (bjhuc cd`j) nccnjttns brjyEV-swkp oycntdc

ebjkjszr`zzk, kzkz kz EV-swkp`j mnosznrzntt hnvbzk kz`jjkc nckhsrk gnrc

k sp`t hnvbzkpbka`j. Bcy mh`j kz bjhuc cd`j jbjas jntt pjzrkmcs, k

tnclns jntt hnvbzkp`zab kz EV-swkp fktrbhs cdrk g`rct`zhbg, kmncyjng

brjyk kz`j`s k sp`toycntvnc. K gvjt p`zabvcckcs brjyt tnft k

sp`toycnt khlk mno.

;9. sz. dbz`jytg 1. `chkc 4. fksd

Nznj dbz`jytg s MJD tkjucmjy gzp`jtb tmlk F`oykj fktjkg k hnvbzkpbkab sznrnpcg k

e`rbjtre`cykmrk (MJD). Kz khs`g mrfntntcnj g`agzktk cjynotncnj, szgsosznr

vnsztnso, szcjb snm rhnmns nrrc!!!

K tkjucmjy kzzkc e`cytkthbg, f`oy k dkjg ctkc k fbdrbh e`cystsk s enjjtkrtsk rhngdnj

gttt spngucktv oycntnggnc k gcechbng e`rbjt nccnjb p`zabt vnszjng enc. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

K mctdncb khkt`g kzt mutktlg, f`oy k jkoy gcechb sznrnpcg (dkjgfzkg,dnengtntsb s enhnzntb kckp`g std.) e`rbjt oynjocsn brjydk encvntt

spngucktv p`zabb rnjhsznrbjt jkoymrtg e`rbjtoynjocssnc lrjkg

noytt.

;5. sz. dbz`jytg 11. `chkc 1. dngnzhs

K fbtncnzs enceutsk k e`rbjt nrshsfnz, k trcnsztsng k e`rbjt

oynjocsfnz vnzntjng. mnolnoyzs

;2. sz. dbz`jytg ;6. `chkc

W1;.]

K mnjngc hnvbzdkj jybcvjtkrt`tt MBJHNJ mkoykr hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts (jg`rmjyzktb,vcckcg`zsb, ckg`ssob) fbtnc, mbjhnjg`rb XNCLNQ ssznot, Et/hnvbzk g`jvnrzbjkg vntb kc k

dkjgrnjhsznr, nzznc k fbdrbhtnrmggnc. Ukoybs mbjhnj pbcckjktdkj Et-rt mnjngc hnvbzt gncc

vbrtucbskj vsr`cjb k fbdrbh e`cystsk, s enjjtkrtsk rhngdnj. Kz bcynj gjysznr s

vtbznhngrn enjjcc gnrnscnt k mnjngc hnvbzt DB\X@QKJ, Q NCTNCXFKXKJ

MNOHTOXLK, k Et-tkc sznmdnj. K dkjg`g oy nccct`ttg kz re`cykm-jynrnsognt. K

fbdrbhrc, mbjhnzngrc k dkjg`g tlg`ztktst k sznrzhs mnogtsng`r kz khs`gjkg jnm

khtkg.

Nz ncrnctfktkj k e`rbjt cnrtgnchsfnz vnznt. K dkjgrnjhsznr k fbdrbh enjjtkrtsk

rhngdnj, uoykjkz`j g`jvnrzbjkg vntb kc k gcasjg mbjhnjg`rb s tnclns ssznot, mncynt

k votrcnsztsjc kcgkcmkztkg, mncyjng fktskbt kzt mnoncznj kz MJD k gvntgnzgppnj

ssznonztn.

Kmnjjybdnj k fbtncbjtzntng k votrcnsztsngfnz szgsons hnvbzt k

hnvbzkpbka`j noysznrrn, jkoy v`cumnjdnj gvjtg v`cjk mnosznrnzjb e`rbjt

nckhsvkc, kz k pbka`j fbrtncnj enccp e`rbjtgjckt s hnvbzkgnrnscnt

fktsrk k e`rbjt fbrtncnj cnrtgnchst nrnhmjynztn v`cjk.

;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1. `chkc 8. dngnzhs

K fkzkb dkjg`gjkg k mrcnonj dncc oy e`rbjttkc sznmdnjb gbtnttson (c`johnvbzk, sf`rt e`rbjt p`zablk) gncntgnzbg.

1. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc >. dngnzhs

K hnvbzkfbtncnzs ncmct vdnj tkpksztkct oy`rs enceutsk jnm fkoytk

rbjtntcnjc k dkjgrnjhsznr mrcnostrugtrlt< k hnvbzknszgzg

hnvbzke`rrs`gf`z mrt tddcntn 4998. vorn g`rddkj s`fk jnm ct`tt

szbjtrn, k mrcnoesszno 5,1%-rk (gd. ;999 Mrh e`rbjtrk) nmncgnhntt. K

mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzkp`zab encpcst kz utddb bhszkgdkj e`g`zkt`skj

k hnvbzke`rrs jcgcb hnvbzkfbtnzs mkoykrzzk.

;. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc 8. dngnzhsn

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K fkzkb dkjgszngt`r oy lncnjts EV-swkp p`zabt oront, kf`c kz kz`jjkcb

cd`j hnvbzf`z lut. Nz k swkpcc`mjy mnocnfntsnj mkoks, k Cnfmkj-asht

mnoncz noy vdnj ? s ;1 mbccbrh nur gztt bjokh`z`tt (jvrtgnj

gbenlnzvn). mnolnoyzs< Hn kzt gvntnj, gcjsnj 4996-dkj nxp`jnjabcbskj

mnojvnctg k dkjg`g, kz khs`g gznco dugst ncrn tuhvk, s kgkrvk, kz

bcynj hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts fbtnccc`mjyt. Mnrt nzznc, otcs`g, s

g`agzkt`g jcgc, dbzt`s jynrnsorn tnszjng sznrt.

4. sz. dbz`jytg >52. `chkc 1. dngnzhsn

K mnojvngnhntt gnrnscnt mnohrotlk k hnvbzt k e`rbjt tnrfrn. Jnm vcntcnj pbkab

e`cykmkt`gjkg gszjfnt k lncnjcnob re`cykm ncm`zhucsk, k mkoykr khsso AHQ encrjkg

jvngnhsn, fkjnm p`jt`skj k spngucabs e`okhs`g, kz nctbtg`ct, sznrzhsdc khh