NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FUND

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREDICTIVE MODELLING Organizer Co-organizers Centre for Underwater Archaeology , . Department of Cartography and GIS, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski , . Department of Archaeology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski Sozopol Foundation Tzarevo Municipality , Museum of History, Tzarevo

26-30 2011, , May 26-30, 2011, Ahtopol, Bulgaria

PROGRAMME

26 2011 26 MAY 2011 - ARRIVAL

27 2011 / 27 MAY 2011 9.00 9.00 Official opening of the conference

/ MORNING SESSION 1. . THEME 1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELLING. Theoretical approach 10.00 10.50 - Kenneth L. Kvamme (, USA)FANTASTIC JOURNEY: MODELING ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE PAST

10.50 11.30 - Bo Ejstrud, Thijs Maarleveld (, DENMARK)VARIATION AND LANDSCAPE

11.30 11.50 / COFFEE BREAK 11.50 12.30 - Hans Kamermans (, THE NETHERLANDS)THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TREASURE MAP. CAN WE PREDICT THE LOCATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES?

12.30 13.10 - Philip Verhangen (, THE NETHERLANDS)TAKING IT OUT TO THE SEA: SOME IDEAS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TERRESTRIAL-UNDERWATER PREDICTIVE MODELS

13.10 13.40 /DISCUSSION/ 13.40 /LUNCH

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/ AFTERNOON SESSION 1.

THEME 1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELLING IN PRACTICE 15.00 15.40 - Anders Fischer (, DENMARK)SUCCESSFULLY FINDING NEEDLES IN THE HAYSTACK PREDICTIVE MODELS IN WESTERN BALTIC UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

15.40 16.20 - Thomas G. Whitley (, USA)RECENT RESULTS OF PALEOECONOMIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELING IN COASTAL GEORGIA (USA)

16.20 16.50 - Jan Gerrit de Boer (, THE NETHERLANDS)PREDICTIVE MODELS AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNDERWATER SURVEY OF THE RIVER UTRECHTSE VECHT IN THE NETHERLANDS, J.G. DE BOER, WATERNET

16.50 17.10 / COFFEE BREAK

THEME 2. 3D MODELLING AND SPATIAL STUDIES IN GISENVIRONMENT 17.10 17.30 Julia Tzvetkova, Georgi Nekhrizov (, BULGARIA)KAZANLAK FIELD SURVEY 2009-2010: GIS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF BULGARIA

17.30 17.50 Iliyan Panchev, Georgi Milev (, BULGARIA)APPLICATION OF LIDAR TECHNOLOGY FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELING

17.50 18.10 - Emilia Tcherkezova (BULGARIA)AUTOMATIC DERIVATION AND ESTIMATION OF HEIGHT ACCURACY DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL FROM LiDAR DATA FOR GEO-ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ADA TEPE, SOUTHERN BULGARIA

18.10 18.40 -Alexandre Baralis, Pascal Lebouteiller (, FRANCE), Krastina Panayotova (, BULGARIA)3D MODELLING AND SPATIAL STUDIES IN GIS ENVIRONMENT OF ANCIENT GREEK CITIES TERRITORY (APOLLONIA PONTICA, BULGARIA)

18.40 19.10 - Nayden Prahov, Hristina Angelova, Totko Stoyanov, Anton Popov, Alexander Kotsev, Stelian Dimitrov (, BULGARIA)PREDICTIVE MODELLING AND UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE

19.10 19.40 /DISCUSSION 19.40 /DINNER

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28 2011 / 28 MAY 2011 / MORNING SESSION 1.

THEME 1. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELS DATASET(S) 9.00 9.20 - Mirena Slavova (, BULGARIA)WHY DO NOT WE HAVE ANCIENT EPIGRAPHIC MONUMENTS BETWEEN THE DEVIL RIVER AND THE KARAAGACH RIVER?

9.20 9.50 - Mariana V. Filipova-Marinova (, BULGARIA), Simon E. Connor (, PORTUGAL), Eliso V. Kvavadze (, GEORGIA)ABSOLUTE POLLEN PRODUCTIVITY AND ITS USE IN RECONSTRUCTING PAST LANDSCAPES OF THE BLACK SEA REGION

9.50 10.20 - Eliso Kvavadze (, GEORGIA)RECONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION OF GEORGIA DURING THE HOLOCENE CLIMATIC OPTIMA USING THE POLLEN MONITORING DATA

10.20 10.40 / COFFEE BREAK 10.40 11.20 - Geoffrey N. Bailey (, UK)CONTINENTAL SHELF ARCHAEOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

11.20 12.00 - Vincent Gaffney (, UK)NOT DROWNING BUT WAVING! RECENT WORK ON DOGGERLAND

12.00 12.40 Jan Harff, Friedrich Lth (, GERMANY)SINKING COASTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN BALTIC

12.40 13.20 /DISCUSSION 13.30 /LUNCH / AFTERNOON SESSION 15.00 15.30 Glicherie Caraivan, Valentina Voinea, Daniela Popescu (,ROMANIA) ROMANIAN BLACK SEA SHELF: SUBMERGED PREHISTORIC HERITAGE POTENTIAL

15.30 16.00 - Lyubomir Dimitrov, Elena Borisova, Valentina Doncheva(, BULGARIA) SOME RESULTS FORM MULTI-BEAM SCANNING OF THE BULGARIAN SHELF CONCERNING UNDERWATER HERITAGE

16.00 16.30 Mario Stasi (, ITALY)THE APPLICATION OF THE VIDEORAY ROV IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

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2. .

THEME 2. THE UNESCO CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OFUNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE NEW PERSPECTIVES 16.30 17.00 Barbara Egger (, FRANCE)UNESCO CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE

17.00 17.30 / COFFEE BREAK 17.30 19.00 /DISCUSSION /MAIN TOPICS:

1. / Development of a predictive model database; 2. / Legislation and management of underwater cultural heritage; 3. / Predictive modelling and international collaboration; , / Any other topics proposed by attendants would be most welcome. 29 2011 / 29 MAY 2011 9.00 . / Visit to Kiten - SECRETS FROM UNDERWATER Archaeological Exhibition of the Centre for Underwater Archaeology; . / Visit to museums and sites in Sozopol. 13.30 / LUNCH hosted by SOZOPOL FOUNDATION 19.00 / Return to Ahtopol 20.00 / DINNER/ 30 2011 / 30 MAY 2011 / DEPARTURE

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FANTASTIC JOURNEY: MODELING ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE PAST Kenneth L. Kvamme Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, USA; kkvamme@uark.edu Ever since the study of archaeological patterns of settlement and land use began as a serious focus in the 1950s the question of why people located their settlements and activities where they did has been of large importance. Early pursuits in this area were largely subjective, yet in the tradition of field archaeology researchers amassed considerable expertise in their ability to locate archaeological sites. Later, site location data were tabulated by environmental and other categories which eventually led to statistical analyses for specific relationships with features of environment. Implicit in these pursuits was the idea that if relationships between people and landscapes could be defined then some sort of predictability about site distributions would be obtained, but this development lagged until suitable technologies arose to enable its fruition. Locating archaeological sites initially required methods of "direct discovery"the ability to witness actual evidence of archaeological sites through field walking where artifacts, ruins, or other surface manifestations signaled past human activity. Direct discovery was greatly augmented in the early twentieth century by aerial methods that enabled archaeological sites to be rapidly located over large areas through their apparent signatures visible in crop or soil marks. This initial method of remote sensing has since been expanded through tremendous advances in technology. High-resolution satellite imagery now reveals the same phenomena from space, and the limits of human visibility have been surpassed with multi-spectral scanners that give entirely new pictures of archaeological distributions. Ground-based direct discovery methods have also seen significant advances through geophysical surveys that point to buried archaeological remains. Unfortunately, direct discovery methods present shortcomings in forested and urban landscapes, under many types of crops and soils, in inundated landscapes, and certain kinds of archaeological sites and deeply buried sites may remain invisible to them. Most remote sensing methods are only able to detect archaeological remains that include significant land-disturbing constructions, such as architecture. This shortcoming precludes discovery of most huntergatherer sites like the short-term camps that represent perhaps 98 percent of the human experience. Indirect discovery methods meet many of these shortcomings through more roundabout means by pointing to areas of likely potential for archaeological sites of any type. These methods utilize archaeological location models or "predictive models" which are generally formed in two ways. One is through a-priori rule building where, based on settlement theory in archaeology, anthropology, geography, or other fields, regions likely to contain past settlements or other sites are specified. Such indications may also be made on the basis of ethnographic or ethno-historical generalizations. Recently, computer simulations have been explored, but these methods also require detailed prior knowledge from the foregoing domains. The second tactic for modeling past archaeological distributions is largely statistical, where knowledge from prior work lets people of the past "speak to us" by the patterns they left behind in the spatial distributions of their material remains. Certain environments, soil types, or defensive positions may have been preferred by a past society, and analysis can reveal those associations. This approach has been predominant in most modeling applications where regression, Boolean, and other techniques combine knowledge of preferred places to generate models of archaeological location. All predictive models are made possible through GIS technology which provides the means to map results across the space of vast regions. The ability to visualize results is 5

significant because the mapped form of a model gives a "picture" of past patterns of location that can serve as an important heuristic for understanding land-use dimensions of the past. By describing an archaeological distribution a predictive capacity is obtained when sites not yet discovered follow a pattern of location similar to sites already known. Such mappings are an end-goal of modeling in heritage management contexts. Archaeological predictive modeling has faced many issues in its checkered history of nearly 30 years. Arguments still arise about whether models should be derived through a-priori theory-based rules or by statistical methods, although advanced thinkers recognize the latter as an important component of hybrid methods that utilize both approaches. Many researchers see the domain as significant for better understanding the past, although important theoretical results have been lacking. Pragmatists and most sources of funding focus on models strictly from a discovery and heritage management perspective. Complaints remain over the necessary focus on easily mapped features of the physical environment even though most agree that greater emphasis should be placed on past social landscapes and their influence on site location decisions. Technical issues remain about "best" modeling techniques, sampling issues, the nature of variables investigated, the handling of sites from many periods or cultures, and methods for validation. Nevertheless, numerous successful models have been developed through a variety of approaches that have given rich insights into past settlement distributions and serve well in heritage management contexts. Archaeological predictive modeling has seen many popular developments come and go. Coming off the success of realistic computer games the current rage lies in simulation modeling. Many hold great hope for this suite of methods, which have already seen a number of books and successes. Yet, simulating a society is not like simulating the workings of a jet engine, for the number of relevant variables is orders of magnitude larger. Simulations require data upon which to run, a challenging proposition given our very incomplete knowledge of most past societies, but we must let this technique run its course for the promise it holds. The future may indeed be an exciting place for archaeological predictive modeling. We have increasingly powerful GIS, entire new technologies that seem to crop up constantly, such as Lidar, growing knowledge of the archaeological record, more diverse and improved modeling techniques, and more researchers and government support for undertaking modeling. The future also presents grim prospects for archaeology. We live on a planet with runaway population growth that demands more and more natural resources, agricultural products, and urbanization, all of which threaten the archaeological resource base. In the face of these human needs it is likely that archaeology will loose out except in those societies where heritage remains important. It may be, however, that the pressing need to preserve and protect the archaeological record will give added impetus and meaning to archaeological predictive modeling. After all, it may offer the best future hope to define and protect regions of high archaeological potential. VARIATION AND LANDSCAPE Bo Ejstrud1, Thijs Maarleveld1 1 University of Southern Denmark; ejstrud@hist.sdu.dk, t.maarleveld@hist.sdu.dk Predictive modelling in archaeology has developed technically and conceptually for well over 20 years now. There is a growing literature base to develop new projects from, and models have been implemented in landscape management in several areas across the world. But apart from the technicalities of statistics and software operations, we should still keep a focus on what we are actually modelling with our predictive models, and whether there are better options. Development is reliant on continuous discussions of the general methodical premises behind these models. Based on the authors own projects from various parts of Europe this presentation 6

will discuss methodological aspects of predictive modelling, with a focus on variation and change. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TREASURE MAP. CAN WE PREDICT THE LOCATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES? Hans Kamermans Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden h.kamermans@arch.leidenuniv.nl University, the Netherlands;

Archaeologists use predictive modelling for two applications: to gain insight into former human behaviour in the landscape and to predict archaeological site location to guide future developments in the modern landscape. The last application is part of archaeological heritage management and has been heavily criticized by academic researchers. This presentation will summarize the critique, discuss the possibilities of predictive modelling and present some avenues for future research. TAKING IT OUT TO THE SEA: SOME IDEAS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TERRESTRIAL-UNDERWATER PREDICTIVE MODELS Philip Verhangen Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Classics and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; jwhp.verhagen@let.vu.nl In my paper I will try to address a specific question concerning the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast predictive modelling project: how can we connect the underwater and terrestrial environments to arrive at a sound archaeological predictive model for both? I will argue that a good theoretical basis should be the starting point for creating a modelling structure that will allow for developing and adapting models to different regional cultural and environmental characteristics. Collecting and organizing the relevant data sets is however extremely important for this as well. Especially in the case of underwater environments we cannot expect the models to have the same amount of detail as on land, and the opportunities for field testing are severely limited. Furthermore, the management goals are equally important in this respect: what heritage management decisions should be supported by the model, and what do we expect from the models in terms of risk management? Despite the fact that the terrestrial and underwater environments are culturally and environmentally connected, it may well be that our management goals and data sets prescribe different modelling procedures and outcomes for the two environments. SUCCESSFULLY FINDING NEEDLES IN THE HAYSTACK PREDICTIVE MODELS IN WESTERN BALTIC UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT Anders Fischer Heritage Agency of Denmark; afiklb@privat.dk The paper deals with the development and practical use of predictive models for underwater archaeological site location in Denmark. Special emphasis is put on the fishing site model, which has proven to be an effective aid in locating coastal sites of the late and middle Mesolithic in the western Baltic region. The principles of the model are described, and practical experiences from the formal testing and subsequent use of it in the daily heritage administration are presented. In addition other types of predictive models are mentioned, as is the need for other approaches in underwater site location.

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RECENT RESULTS OF PALEOECONOMIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELING IN COASTAL GEORGIA (USA) Thomas G. Whitley Brockington and Associates, Inc., USA; TomWhitley@brockington.org This paper presents the methods and results of a study to develop a digital GIS-based recreation of prehistoric/historic subsistence economies in the 11 county coastal region of the state of Georgia, in the USA. The study area covers 4,669,484 acres, and the overall paleoeconomic and predictive models exist as interpretations of three distinct elements: 1) the Habitat Model (HM) - an interpretation of the intensity of the correlation between a given forage category and any map unit for each month of the year, based on the strength and distribution of key elements (i.e. attractors) in their habitat; 2) the Available Caloric Model (ACM) - an interpretation of the total amount of calories that could be expected in any map unit, given a habitat model value and population density estimates for each forage category for each month of the year; and 3) the Returned Caloric Model (RCM) - an interpretation of the amount of calories for each forage category, each month, that could be extracted from any map unit, given the available calories, the technological limitations, and the costs of acquiring, processing, and transporting the targets. By summarizing the total potential, available, returnable, and consumed calories for all of the known sites by time period, we can generate a paleoeconomic analysis of the carrying capacity, rates of return, caloric retention, and potential surplus for any given site, or averaged for all sites within a given time frame. This comparison allows us to see how people adapted to similar conditions given disparate technologies and diets. It also allows us to see which sites could develop caloric surpluses, and which ones faced serious competition, maintained social control over neighboring sites, or were well positioned to maximize the benefits of trade. The predictive model is constructed by first defining specific target site types and behaviors for each temporal period. The appropriate diet model is used to form a general approximation of the best situated locales for primary habitation sites during each month of the year; given the proportional preference for each forage category in the model. The formula generated then is applied to the RCM, and combined with any other relevant variables (depending on the site type in question), and a composite probability surface is created. Multiple surfaces are generated for each of the site types and temporal periods, and compared with the existing dataset of sites for validation or rejection. The results produce a very flexible model which can be adapted for different kinds of uses, and provide overall management direction, explanatory interpretation, and cost savings for survey. PREDICTIVE MODELS AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNDERWATER SURVEY OF THE RIVER UTRECHTSE VECHT IN THE NETHERLANDS, J.G. DE BOER, WATERNET Jan Gerrit de Boer Waternet, Amsterdam/University of Amsterdam; jan.g.deboer@kpnplanet.nl Following the European Water Framework Directive, polluted sludge of the last 150 years from the river Utrechtse Vecht,, a branch of the river Rhine, had to be removed. And again following the Malta Convention and Dutch law, this removal was preceded by a thoroughly archaeological underwater survey using almost all techniques available at the moment, especially as the largest part of this river was never dredged during its existence. This survey involved a large diversity of periods and physical conditions, like water bottom soil type, the many different inlets, etc. Essential parts of this survey were a predictive archaeological model and a historical desk study of the involved area, to narrow the focus of field investigation. The whole process will be discussed in this paper. 8

KAZANLAK FIELD SURVEY 2009-2010: GIS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF BULGARIA Julia Tzvetkova1, Georgi Nekhrizov2 1 Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridsi, Dept. of Ancient History, Thracian Studies and Mediaeval History; tzvetkova09@gmail.com 2 National Archaeological Institute and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; nehrizov@gmail.com The two years field campaigns in the Kazanlak valley gave the opportunity for applying GIS methodology for gathering field data and analyzing the achieved results. Mobile ArcGIS software was used during the field work, enabling the total covering of the surveyed area. The collected field information was organized within a geo-database, which allowed comparing of multiple layers: topographical maps, satellite imagery, literary information for previously excavated sites. Thus, over 200 archaeological sites were mapped, filling the inventory of Archaeological Map of Bulgaria for this particular region of ancient Thrace. APPLICATION OF LiDAR TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODELING Iliyan Panchev1, Georgi Milev2 BLOM Bulgaria, Ltd.; Iliyan.Panchev@blomasa.com, gm@blom.bg The BLOM Group is the largest provider of geospatial services in Europe for both government agencies and private commercial organizations and companies. BLOM owns exclusive spatial databases composed of maps, images and 3D models. Focused on online services, BLOM provides data and solutions to its customers in many markets and allows its partners to create high added-value applications based on BLOM data models and services. This strategy is backed by BLOMs major technical capacity in aircrafts, cameras, laser scanners and mapping systems. This makes it possible for all projects to be carried out within the company, assuring a high quality product is delivered both on-time and to budget. BLOM has more than 1,000 employees and offices in 13 countries and its HQ is located in Oslo, Norway. BLOM is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (ticker BLO). For more information, please visit www.blomasa.com. The demand of advanced and high quality geographical information is steadily growing from year to year. BLOM holds a strong position in the digital geodata market and aims to be the most innovative service provider, and preferred choice for its customers. This presentation reveals the topographic and bathymetric LiDAR technology and its application in archaeological surveys. Although LiDAR is a relatively well-established technology it has only been used for archaeological research since the turn of the 21st century. Archaeological applications of LiDAR have focused largely on its ability to provide a high-resolution record of terrain variation, allowing the detection and mapping of subtle archaeological features, mapping of fluvial geomorphology and its unique ability to penetrate vegetation cover to map underlying archaeological earthworks. LiDAR allows the topography of given region to be surveyed and a model of buildings and fortresses to be created, as sometimes this is the only way to keep their look for the generations. The detailed picture drawn by the captured LiDAR data may be used for identification of archaeological sites, even these ones, which cannot be seen with the naked eye or are hidden in deep impenetrable forests or hilly regions. Keywords: topographic & bathymetric LiDAR, TopEye, HawkEye, DTM, DSM, DRM 9

AUTOMATIC DERIVATION AND ESTIMATION OF HEIGHT ACCURACY DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL FROM LiDAR DATA FOR GEO-ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ADA TEPE, SOUTHERN BULGARIA Emilia Tcherkezova National Centre for Geoinformation, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria; eti01@web.de Laser scanning (LiDAR - Light Detection and Ranging) becomes more and more the preferred method for measurement of topography at high spatial resolutions over large areas and in acquirement digital terrain and digital surface data with height accuracy. However different steps are required before actually using the LiDAR data for geo-archaeological investigations. The work presents the first results from laser scanning point data processing, automatic digital terrain modelling and digital terrain estimation for the purposes of the geo-archaeological investigations on example of Ada Tepe, Southern Bulgaria. A high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) was generated from airborne laser scanning data. Several post-processing steps, such as filtering algorithms and analytical hill shading were used to extract specific morphological edges, for example rock edges, rock formations, boundaries of archaeological objects, geological profiles, etc. The results support the current and further archaeological and geomorphologic in-situ investigations. The main contribution of this preliminary work lies in the methodological approach that however will be refined and developed during the projects duration. 3D MODELLING AND SPATIAL STUDIES IN GIS ENVIRONMENT OF ANCIENT GREEK CITIES TERRITORY (APOLLONIA PONTICA, BULGARIA) Alexandre Baralis1, Pascal Lebouteiller2, Krastina Panayotova3 1 Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS-Aix-Marseille I University, France; alexandrebaralis@yahoo.fr 2 French Institute of Anatolian Studies, Istanbul, Turkey 3 Archaeological Institute and Museum of Sofia, Bulgaria; kpanayotova@abv.bg The comparative study of the territorial organisation of two Greek colonies founded on the Western Black Sea coast Apollonia Pontica (Sozopol, Bourgas district, Bulgaria) and Orgame (Jurilovca, Tulcea district, Romania) - is the main topic of the Pont-Euxin program (dir. A. Baralis), financed by the National French Research Agency. Its aim is the reconstitution of the settlement patterns through the prism of the landscapes. This study is based on a multidisciplinary approach including sedimentology, palynology, geomorphology and archaeology. The study started with the development of a GIS environment (P. Lebouteiller) on both areas in order to manage all the available sources (old and modern topographical maps, geological maps, aerial and satellites photos) and to analyse the important amount of data resulting from field research. This method was also made necessary to provide the requested framework for carrying out further survey. However, due to the surface area of the covered zones, other methods of archaeological research were needed. However despite some very impressive results at Orgame, the analysis of aerial and satellite photos (Anthony Comfort, Exeter University; Max Guy, CNRS UMR 5040 Lattes ; Ren Delfieu) proved to be inefficient for Apollonia due to a landscape made up of thick vegetation and the lack of any modern tilling of the fields. This situation explains the use of other methods, in particular to the Lidar Laser mapping which makes easier the recording of archaeological structures lying under the forests such as agricultural terraces or barrow covers. In this situation, the Real time GPS is less efficient. 10

The preliminary results make possible a first review of all these techniques as well as of their contribution to the current issue. PREDICTIVE MODELLING AND UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE Nayden Prahov1, Hristina Angelova2, Totko Stoyanov1, Emilia Tcherkezova3, Alexander Kotsev4, Anton Popov4, Stelian Dimitrov4 1 Dept. of Archaeology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 15 Tsarigradsko shose St., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; naydenprahov@yahoo.com, totko@mail.bg 2 Centre for Underwater Archaeology, 1 Khan Krum Sq., 8000 Sozopol, Bulgaria; hangelova@gmail.com 3 National Centre for Geoinformation, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria); eti01@web.de 4 Dept. Of Cartography and GIS, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 15 Tsarigradsko shose St., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; akotsev@gmail.com, popovanton@gmail.com, stelian@geographica.bg The paper will present the preliminary results of a project of the Centre for Underwater Archaeology on the Development of Predictive models for Identification of Archaeological Sites along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in GIS Environment financed by the National Scientific Fund in Bulgaria. The importance of predictive modeling in archaeology has been well recognized, yet, its application is far from being widely applied because of the many constraints related to it. The paper will address the difficulties project team members face during the implementation of the project and will delineate the basic groups of problems related to the three stages of the development of logically defined spatial dataset that underlays all activities related to subsequent analyses and visualization: Conceptual determination of dataset purpose and functions; Logical determination of the interconnections between dataset elements; Physical - development of the dataset and information input. The paper will also present the results of the first for Bulgaria LiDAR measurements, airborne bathymetry included, performed within the Predictive modeling project. WHY DO NOT WE HAVE ANCIENT EPIGRAPHIC MONUMENTS BETWEEN THE DEVIL RIVER AND THE KARAAGACH RIVER? Mirena Slavova Department of Classics, mirenaslavova@gmail.com St Kliment Ohridski Sofia University;

The only one published epigraphic monument (IGBulg V 5155) from the area in question is a sepulchral epigram found 150 m inland from the Golf of Ourdoviza on the right bank of the Karaagach River. Showing genuine Ionic features, the two hexameters date back to the end of the Vth or the beginning of the IVth century BC and memorize a certain Satyr, son of Heragores, from Perinthus on behalf of his father, Heragores, son of Satyr. [], [ /[] /[] /[] . /. Satyr, son of Heragores, offspring of the famous Perinthus, having accomplished wondrous deeds, here I am lying. Heragores, son of Satyr. This inscription raises two questions: 11

1. To whose economic and administrative sphere of influence did this territory affiliate in antiquity? 2. What are the reasons for epigraphic scarcity in it? Looking for possible answers, I intend to summarize and analyze the information of five types of sources: ancient testimonies; archeological founds; maps and toponyms; geographical characteristics; modern ethnographical descriptions. ABSOLUTE POLLEN PRODUCTIVITY AND ITS USE IN RECONSTRUCTING PAST LANDSCAPES OF THE BLACK SEA REGION Mariana V. Filipova-Marinova,1 Simon E. Connor,2 Eliso V. Kvavadze3 1Department of Natural History, Varna Regional Museum of History, 41 Maria Louisa Blvd., Varna 9000, Bulgaria; marianafilipova@yahoo.com 2Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal 3Institute of Paleobiology, National Museum of Georgia, 4 Niagvris St., Tbilisi 0108, Georgia; e.kvavadze@yahoo.com Palaeoecological methods, especially pollen analysis, can be of enormous value in providing an environmental context for archaeology. In the Black Sea region, pollen data have provided information on the plant species that occurred in the landscape at various times and how they responded to climate changes and human activities. One crucial aspect that is missing, however, is an objective way to estimate the past density of regional vegetation. This is an important problem in the Black Sea region and other areas where steppes, savannas, foreststeppe and woodland communities occur, since pollen percentage data do not allow quantitative reconstruction of vegetation density (Sugita et al. 2010). The Pollen Monitoring Programme is an international collaborative project that has monitored annual pollen accumulation in special pollen traps located in many different vegetation types. While each years pollen accumulation is related to climatic factors, the average accumulation over several years is related to the composition and density of the vegetation around the pollen trap. Using pollen dispersal models, the numerical relationship between vegetation and pollen deposition can be calculated (Sjgren et al. 2008; Sugita et al. 2010). The resulting estimates of absolute pollen productivity can be used to reconstruct past vegetation in absolute terms (Sjgren et al. 2008). Using pollen monitoring and vegetation data from Bulgaria and Georgia, we obtained absolute pollen productivity estimates for some important trees in the Black Sea region (Aesculus hippocastanum, Carpinus betulus, Cercis siliquastrum, Fagus orientalis, Juglans regia, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Quercus and Tilia begoniifolia). We then used these estimates to reconstruct the vegetation cover around a coastal wetland in Western Georgia (FilipovaMarinova et al. 2010). The results demonstrate that very dense forests prevailed around that site, in agreement with archaeological evidence for a low population density at the time (Connor et al. 2007). With further development, the method could be applied in other locations where archaeologists require estimates of past vegetation density, helping to reveal how prehistoric humans interacted with their environment. References

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Connor, S.E., Thomas, I. and Kvavadze, E.V. 2007. A 5600-yr history of changing vegetation, sea levels and human impacts from the Black Sea coast of Georgia. The Holocene, 17: 2536. Filipova-Marinova, M.V., Kvavadze, E.V., Connor, S.E. and Sjgren, S. 2010. Estimating absolute pollen productivity for some European Tertiary-relict taxa. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 19: 351364. Sjgren, P., van der Knaap, W.O., Huusko, A. and van Leeuwen, J.F.N. 2008. Pollen productivity, dispersal, and correction factors for major tree taxa in the Swiss Alps based on pollen-trap results. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 152: 200210. Sugita, S., Hicks, S. and Sormunen, H. 2010. Absolute pollen productivity and pollenvegetation relationships in northern Finland. Journal of Quaternary Science, 25: 724736. RECONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION OF GEORGIA DURING THE HOLOCENE CLIMATIC OPTIMA USING THE POLLEN MONITORING DATA Eliso Kvavadze Institute of Paleobiology, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi 380007, Georgia; e.kvavadze@yahoo.com The pollen monitoring that has been performed in Georgia since 1996 helped reveal signals of climatic changes both in the pollen spectrum of arboreal and herbaceous species. For example, it has been established that hornbeam and oak have stronger reaction to climate drying than other deciduous species. Large amounts of Hedera helix pollen is a good indicator of the increase of humidity. In cold years a significant decrease in pollen production is observed for Castanea sativa, Juglans regia and Pterocarya pterocarpa. The reconstruction of the environment for different stages of the Holocene was performed with allowance for the given and other revealed regularities of pollen production, preservation and dispersion. The change of palaeolandscapes during climatic optima in the coastal belt was caused not only by the climate, but also by the Black Sea transgressions. The palynological investigations of the Black Sea sediments revealed three most significant climate warmings that took place in 6000-5500 BP, 3800-2400 BP and 7-11 cents AD. During the warmings in the narrow coastal belt the aquatic and swamp vegetation became more important which was caused by the ingression of sea waters and lagoon formation, however, in the adjacent mountains chestnut, oak, dzelkova and lime forests were expanded. In their duration the climate warming phases accompanied by the sea transgression were more long that the coolings. The information contained in the Black Sea sediments reflects palaeoecological Holocene events not only in the narrow coastal line, but in the whole adjacent regions including high mountains, which makes this object very promising. At present, in the mountains of Georgia a big bulk of material from Neolithic and Eneolithic archaeological sites has been studied by the pollen method. It should be mentioned that the occurrence of new cultures took place in the warm climatic phases. CONTINENTAL SHELF ARCHAEOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Geoffrey N. Bailey University of York, Department of Archaeology, Kings Manor, York, YO1 7EP, UK; geoff.bailey@york.ac.uk The submergence of large areas of the continental shelf by sea-level rise has long been recognised as a major factor in changing the palaeogeography of coastlines in Europe (and elsewhere in the world) and potentially removing archaeological evidence of prehistoric coastal 13

settlement. However, it is only within the past decade that there has been a clear recognition of how important this missing data is, and how it might transform our understanding of human prehistory and our relationship with sea level change. There has also been a growing optimism that evidence of submerged prehistoric landscapes and archaeology are preserved on the continental shelf and can be recovered, and there is now a concerted international effort to develop the funding resources and the international collaborations necessary to carry forward this new field of research. Much of this new work is being driven forward by the opportunities afforded by EU funding. In this presentation I will discuss strategies for exploration of submerged landscapes, especially the challenge of exploring deeper areas of the seabed that would have been exposed when sea level was very low. These are the areas of submerged land that many archaeologists now believe would have offered attractive and important landscapes and coastlines for human settlement during long periods of the Pleistocene. These are also the areas that we will have to learn how to investigate if we are going to extend underwater investigations back in time beyond the early Postglacial. I shall draw on the work of the SPLASHCOS research network, funded by the EU through its COST programme (COST Action TD0902 Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf), and on new research being planned for the southern Red Sea as part of the ERC-funded DISPERSE project (Dynamic Landscapes, Coastal Environments and Human Dispersals). NOT DROWNING BUT WAVING! RECENT WORK ON DOGGERLAND Vincent Gaffney University of Birmingham, Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, Professor of Landscape Archaeology and Geomatics; v.l.gaffney@bham.ac.uk In recent years there has been an increasing appreciation of the archaeological potential of European coastal shelves. This interest has not, however, simply been associated with the progress of traditional maritime history but rather the development of a new, marine landscape archaeology aimed at exploring the settlement and cultural sequences of the immense, prehistoric terrains that lie off some of our coasts. Inaccessible until quite recently, the development of a variety of remote sensing technologies has made exploration of these inhospitable landscapes a real possibility. The information that is being provided from such work is fundamentally changing our perception of the archaeology of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. This paper discusses the application of legacy seismic data to map these palaeolandscapes and including the value of 2D and 3D data for these purposes. The results of new research in the North Sea and off the west coast of the United Kingdom are presented and used to test wide sampling strategies that have the potential to explore areas of the sea that have not been mapped using 3D technologies. SINKING COASTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN BALTIC Jan Harff, Friedrich Lth Rmisch-Germanische Kommission (RGM), Frankfurt a.M., Erster Direktor, Vorund Frhgeschichte; lueth@rgk.dainst.de Due to global sealevel rise after the last glaciation large areas of the European continental shelf have been submerged. As part of this global process the Baltic Sea came into existence; sealevel change and vertical crust movement being the main factors. The rising sealevel drowned large parts of the landscape. A ten year research programme between marine geologists and archaeologists developed methods of detecting prehistoric submerged sites and revealed new detailed information on the process and the reaction of mankind. This papers aims to desribe key actions, the new combined method and the main results. 14

ROMANIAN BLACK SEA SHELF: SUBMERGED PREHISTORIC HERITAGE POTENTIAL Glicherie Caraivan1, Valentina Voinea2, Daniela Popescu3 1 National Research - Development Institute for Marine Geology and GeoecologyGeoEcoMar, Constanta Branch, gcaraivan@geoecomar.ro 2 National History and Archaeology Museum, Constanta, Romania, vialia_rahela@yahoo.fr 3 Water Basin Administration Dobrogea Littoral, Constanta, daniela.popescu@dadl.rowater.ro The Romanian coast extends about 243 km, between the southernmost part of the Chilia Secondary Danube Delta in the North, and the border with Bulgaria. Large-scale sea level changes with drastic geomorphologic reshaping and environmental modifications occurred throughout the geologic history of the Black Sea, particularly during the Upper Quaternary. The Karangatian highstand was succeeded by the Lower Wurmian glaciation, which brought a very significant regression, with the water level lowering to (100 -110) m, when the connection with Mediterranean was interrupted. Consequently, the water within the Post-Karangatian basin was brackish and completely oxygenated with a salinity of 5-10 . In the Middle Wrm (~40 ~25 ky B.P.) the sea level rose toward that of the present day -(10 - 0 m). This Surozhian phase (Popov, 1975) is characterized by saline waters, similar to that of today. A Surozhian lithological sequence was identified by Caraivan (1982), Caraivan, Hertz and Noakes (1986) in the drillings made along the Mamaia barrier beach, at depths ranging between 32m and 22 (Fig. 1, 2) m, proving a sea level of about 10 m compared to the present one. The beginning of the next regression, at about 25 ky B.P., is represented by the Tarkhankut layers still containing marine fauna, than the Karkinit horizon, with brackish fauna and few latest marine elements. The Upper Wrmian glaciation corresponds to the Neoeuxinian phase of the Black Sea with an extreme low stand, and water level drawn down to -90 -130 m. During this period, beach deposits of zone E (2322 m level) from the Mamaia borehole (Tarhankut layer) have been cemented into beach rock under continental conditions. During the glacial maximum (~19 - ~16 ky) the Neoeuxinian basin was probably completely isolated from the Mediterranean Sea. The water became brackish and fresh, welloxygenated, and H2S free. The Neoeuxinian sea-level low stand on the Romanian distal shelf is marked by a wave-cut terrace, which can be followed for about 100 km along the shelf edge at depths between 98 m and 115 m. At about 16 15 ky B.P. postglacial warming and ice-caps melting started. As the supply of melt water from glaciers in the Black Sea was direct and significant (via the Dnepr, Dniestr and Danube rivers), the Neoeuxinian water level rose very quickly, reaching and surpassing at ~ 12 ky B.P. the Bosporus sill level. The Holocene. When the Mediterranean and the Black seas reached the same level (close to its present-day position) some 9-7.5 ky BP, a two-way water exchange was established and the process of transformation of the Black Sea into an anoxic brackish sea was initiated.

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Fig. 1 Stratigraphic column of Quaternary deposits intercepted in the Mamaia North drilling (F6)

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Ky BP

y BP

y BP

Fig. 2 - Upper Quaternary Black Sea level changes in the Mamaia region, Romanian coast (Caraivan, 1982)

Fig. 3 - Hamangia Culture 5000 4500 y.B.C. The maximum rise of the Black Sea water level up to 3 - 5 m above its present-day stands occurred 4 - 3.5 ky ago in the Sub-boreal. During this sub-phase, the so-called Old Black Sea terrace was formed. This was followed by a rather rapid lowering of the water level to (5 8) m below the present-day one, corresponding to Fedorovs Phanagorian regression with the first Greek colonization of the Black Sea coast. A new short-lasting ingression of the sea the Nymphaean transgression to a stand of + (1- 3) m occurred. This was succeeded during about the 10-th century AD by a lowering of 1-2 m of the water-level and then by a slow rise, which still continues. Dynamics of neo-Eneolithic settlements in the western part of the Black Sea region

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Found today in areas of marine lagoons and lakes, on islands, or in the Danube Delta, neo-Eneolithic settlements have enjoyed in the V-th millennium BC.of a more generous landscape, away from the current maritime limits. The absence of Early Neolithic in Dobrogea, Muntenia and NE Bulgaria remains a controversial topic. Most scenarios are based on the idea of adverse environmental conditions unsuitable for a long-term habitation. What can be said with certainty is that from 5200/5000 BC, the mouths of the rivers from the western Black Sea coast were intensively inhabited by Hamangia communities for over half a millennium. Settlements, some submerged, focuses around coastal lakes: Mangalia, Tatlageac, Techirghiol, Siutghiol, Taaul, Sinoe, Golovita, along the Casimcea and Carasu Valley (fig. 3). Recent Gumelnita settlement discovered on the island La Ostrov from the Lake Taaul provides new data on changes produced at the end Eneolithic. (Voinea V., 2001). Stratigraphical features captured on the northwest side of the island indicate the flooding of Gumelnita settlement. According to the chronology established by Bulgarian researchers, the settlements end would be produced at the end of Eneolithic.The period, ranging between 6050 - 5600 y.B.P. was characterized by a sharp warming climate with warm and long summers. The heating effects have been felt in coastal areas by marine transgression. Therefore, the Neolithic Black Sea transgression should not be viewed as an isolated phenomenon, because similar and synchronous events are reported in remote areas. References Caraivan Gl., Herz N., Noakes J.(1986) - New proofs of the Black Sea rise during the Middle Wrm Interstadial, D.S.Inst.Geol.Geofiz. Buc., vol.70-71/5, 57-65. Caraivan Gl.(2010) Sedimentological study of beach and inner shelf Romanian Black Sea deposits. EX PONTO Ed. Peev P.I., The Neolithisation of the Eastern Balkan Peninsula and fluctuations of the Black Sea level, Quaternary International 197, 2009, p. 87 - 92 Voinea V. (2004-2005) Cauze privind sfritul eneoliticului n zona litoralului vest-pontic. Aezarea de pe Insula La Ostrov, Lacul Taaul, Nvodari, Pontica 37 38, 2004-2005, p.21 46. SOME RESULTS FORM MULTI-BEAM SCANNING OF THE BULGARIAN SHELF CONCERNING UNDERWATER HERITAGE Lyubomir Dimitrov1, Elena Borisova1, Valentina Doncheva1 Institute of Oceanology BAS, Varna, geos@io-bas.bg Until recently the data for creating bathymetric charts were acquired by conventional single beam echosounders on spaced lines. In this approach, no matter how dense is the survey grid, there always remains lack of data in between lines, so called blind zones, where interpolation is needed. Nowadays there are high-tech digital equipment and techniques for swath bathymetric mapping covering all areas of interest. These are multibeam echo-sounders (MBES), which provide a high resolution, three dimensional picture of the seabed. Modern MBES provide not only bathymetric data but combine them with side scan sonar (SSS) function and information about seabed backscattering strength (snippets data). These complex data can be used for multi-purpose goals: for geomorphological studies; seabed sediment classification; studies of dynamic of seafloor sediment transport; geo-habitat mapping and study of other phenomena not revealed by former investigations with single beam echosounders. MBES are also very successfully applied in wreck searching operations. 18

Fig.1. A 3D point cloud view of wreck Regale Carol with corresponding sounding profiles.

This presentation concentrates on the results of multi-beam scanning surveys performed during last two years and aimed at the study of the underwater heritage on the Bulgarian shelf. The data were acquired by MBESsystem SeaBat 7111 and processed with PDS2000 software package. 10 wrecks were documented, and this was done during several routine mapping surveys covering a total area of about 150 square kilometers. Two of these wrecks are completely new discoveries: one is a successful story of discovering the Russian battle ship Leitenant Pushchin sunk in 1916 during the First World War which is discussed in more details and the second is an unrecognized ship, most probably

modern metal hull ship. The presentation also focuses on methodic approaches of wreck searching operations and a comparison is made between effectiveness of MBES and conventional high resolution SSS techniques. Some of the results discussed here were acquired during the implementation of the project Building a high-tech infrastructure for complex investigation of the seabed SEEBED (Contract DO02-67 National Fund Scientific Research). THE APPLICATION OF THE VIDEORAY ROV IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Mauro Stasi Managing Director, iRov Underwater Services, Via L. Chisini, 249, 31053, Pieve di Soligo- Italy With more than 2000 Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) in service around the world, VideoRay has clearly become the global leader in Observation ROV technology. VideoRay is an extremely versatile, portable, affordable, and reliable solution for underwater operations including surveys, offshore inspections, search & recovery, homeland & port security, science & research, fish farming, and other unique applications in underwater archaelogy. Plug and play technology allows you to quickly attach sensors and accessories in the field so you can successfully complete your mission. Videoray cameras compltly satisfy broadcast and film standards and videoray works closely with National Geographic Society, Historic Channel and others. We have experienced the use of Videoray is different locations around the globe and especially in Europe.

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