Academic Research Paper Academic Research Paper WritingWriting

梁 淑 芳梁 淑 芳正修科技大學應用外語系正修科技大學應用外語系

OutlineOutline

1. Writing from Research1. Writing from Research2. Writing a Summary2. Writing a Summary3. Writing a Reaction Paper3. Writing a Reaction Paper4. What is APA style? 4. What is APA style? 5. APA Referencing5. APA Referencing6. Finding a Topic6. Finding a Topic7. Writing a Rough Outline7. Writing a Rough Outline8. Beginning an Online Search8. Beginning an Online Search9. Gathering Sources in the Library9. Gathering Sources in the Library10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper

What is research writing?What is research writing?

By definition, the essence of a research paper is to combine primary and secondary information, guided by a provable thesis or claim, to arrive at a new or enlightened conclusion about the topic. A research paper differs from other genres of academic writing, for example expository writing, in that it attempts to offer interpretations stemming from investigations into the subject from other sources, rather than mere summaries of the topics.

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1. Writing from Research1. Writing from Research

1a1a Why Do Research? Why Do Research?

1b 1b Learning the Conventions of Academic Learning the Conventions of Academic

WritingWriting

1c1c Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism

1d1d Understanding a Research Assignment Understanding a Research Assignment

1e1e Establishing a Schedule Establishing a Schedule

2. Writing a Summary2. Writing a Summary

A A summarysummary is condensed version of a larger reading.is condensed version of a larger reading.  A summary is not a rewrite of the original piece an  A summary is not a rewrite of the original piece and does not have to be long nor should it be long.  To d does not have to be long nor should it be long.  To write a summary, use your own words to express briwrite a summary, use your own words to express briefly  the main idea and relevant details of the piece efly  the main idea and relevant details of the piece you have read.   Your purpose in writing the summayou have read.   Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading.  ry is to give the basic ideas of the original reading.  What was it about and what did the author want to cWhat was it about and what did the author want to communicate?  ommunicate?  While reading the original work, take note of what or While reading the original work, take note of what or who is the focus and ask the usual questions that rewho is the focus and ask the usual questions that reporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? Hoporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?  Using these questions to examine what you are w?  Using these questions to examine what you are reading can help you to write the summary.reading can help you to write the summary.

homepage.smc.edu/reading.../homepage.smc.edu/reading.../writing_a_summarywriting_a_summary.htm -.htm -

3. Writing a Reaction Paper3. Writing a Reaction Paper

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4. What is APA style?4. What is APA style?

The American Psychological Association (APA) referenciThe American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style at tng style is the most commonly used referencing style at the University of Waikato. he University of Waikato.

The latest edition of the Publication Manual of the AmericThe latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) is now available in tan Psychological Association (2010) is now available in the Library. he Library.

Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA website: Corrections to the first printing (PDF) and Correwebsite: Corrections to the first printing (PDF) and Corrected sample paper (PDF). cted sample paper (PDF).

Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word (NEW).(NEW).

www.waikato.ac.nz › Library Home › Guides -www.waikato.ac.nz › Library Home › Guides -

5. APA Referencing5. APA Referencing

How to use the APA referencing styleHow to use the APA referencing style In text citation In text citation References list References list Key points Key points

How to reference / cite materialHow to reference / cite materialBooks, Books, Journal articles (academic / scholarly) Journal articles (academic / scholarly) Magazines (popular / trade) Magazines (popular / trade) Newspapers Newspapers Informally published work (webpages / online communities) Informally published work (webpages / online communities) Audio visual Audio visual Others (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal commOthers (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal communications, etc.) unications, etc.) Images / tables / figures Images / tables / figures

6. Finding a Topic6. Finding a Topic

From reading, interacting with your advisor during independent study, or work on a research assistantship, some possible projects will emerge. Make a list of open problems and possible projects that are of interest to you, and discuss them with potential advisors.

Even after you have decided on your initial focus, it is important to continue a routine of reading new material and attending seminars. All of these sources can contribute to the development of your idea.

www.cs.umd.edu/~oleary/gradstudy/node9.html

7. Writing a Rough Outline7. Writing a Rough Outline

How to begin making an outlineHow to begin making an outline

An excellent way to begin is just to free flow thoughts An excellent way to begin is just to free flow thoughts onto paper while brainstorming with your topic.  Write onto paper while brainstorming with your topic.  Write down everything you think of, even if you will not use the down everything you think of, even if you will not use the information later.  Once you have your thoughts down, it information later.  Once you have your thoughts down, it is time to start your rough outline.  Select about three of is time to start your rough outline.  Select about three of your strongest points, and write them down.your strongest points, and write them down.

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8. Beginning an Online Search8. Beginning an Online Search

Currency:Currency: The timeliness of the information. The timeliness of the information.

Relevance:Relevance: The depth and importance of the The depth and importance of the

information. information.

Authority:Authority: The source of the information. The source of the information.

Accuracy:Accuracy: The reliability of the information. The reliability of the information.

Purpose:Purpose: The possible bias present in the The possible bias present in the

information.information. l ibrary.queensu.ca › Stauffer Libraryl ibrary.queensu.ca › Stauffer Library

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9.1 Gathering Sources in the Library9.1 Gathering Sources in the Library

Step 1: Gather your listsStep 1: Gather your lists Suggested reading from reference books Suggested reading from reference books

Bibliographies from useful library books Bibliographies from useful library books

Citations from databases Citations from databases

Works cited lists from useful articles Works cited lists from useful articles

9.2 Gathering Sources in the Library9.2 Gathering Sources in the Library

Step 2: Book or Article?Step 2: Book or Article? Books have...Books have... Title in italics or underlined Title in italics or underlined ISBN Numbers ISBN Numbers Publication City Publication City Publication Year Publication Year Articles have...Articles have... Title in "quotes" Title in "quotes" Journal title in italics or underlined Journal title in italics or underlined ISSN Number ISSN Number Page numbers Page numbers

9.3 Gathering Sources in the Library9.3 Gathering Sources in the Library

Step 3: Search it!Step 3: Search it!

1.1. For BOOKS, use the GIL Universal Catalog & do aFor BOOKS, use the GIL Universal Catalog & do a

TITLE Search.TITLE Search.

2. For ARTICLES, use GSU's catalog & do a2. For ARTICLES, use GSU's catalog & do a

JOURNAL TITLE Search:JOURNAL TITLE Search:

Step 4: Interlibrary LoanStep 4: Interlibrary Loan

Click to log into the key word(s) and make a request.Click to log into the key word(s) and make a request.

10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper10. Ten Steps to Writing a Research Paper

1.1. Define a Topic Define a Topic 2.2. Gather Background Information Gather Background Information 3.3. Find Books & Other Material Find Books & Other Material 4.4. Search for Journal & Magazine Articles Search for Journal & Magazine Articles 5.5. Retrieve Newspaper Articles Retrieve Newspaper Articles 6.6. Locate Information in the UST Library Locate Information in the UST Library 7.7. Explore Web Resources Explore Web Resources 8.8. Evaluate Materials Evaluate Materials 9. 9. Write the PaperWrite the Paper 10.10. Cite Your Sources Cite Your Sources library.ust.hk/serv/skills/libskill.html library.ust.hk/serv/skills/libskill.html

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Writing is easy. All you Writing is easy. All you do is stare at a blank do is stare at a blank sheet of paper until sheet of paper until drops of blood form on drops of blood form on your forehead.your forehead.

-- Gene Fowler-- Gene Fowler