Acceso de los pequeños productores al crédito formal e informal. Diagnóstico y propuestas

7/22/2019 Acceso de los pequeos productores al crdito formal e informal. Diagnstico y propuestas

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Enjnstkrnm hk Kimjmea y RrmhuiinjYkirktara hk Aorniultura, Oajahkra, Rksia y Alnekjtms

Hnrkiinj hk Hksarrmllm AormpkiuarnmRTMNJHKT

RTM^KIXM HK HKYATTMLLM HK RKQ[KMYRTMH[IXMTKY AOTMRKI[ATNMY

Autmrks

Alk`ajhrm D. Tmceaj(autmr y immrhnjahmr)

Eara hkl Rnlar CmtnNjs Lnlnaja Oaria

(Lms autmrks pkrtkjkikj al Ikjtrm hk Kstuhnms [rdajms y Tkonmjalks)

Ykrnk Kstuhnms kNjvkstnoainmjks

RTMNJHKT j6 1

AIIKYM HK LMY RKQ[KMY RTMH[IXMTKY

AL ITHNXM CMTEAL K NJCMTEAL0

HNAOJYXNIM ^ RTMR[KYXAY

6


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Ckifa hk iatalmoainj0 16/2;/422;

Tmceaj, Alkàjhrm D.

Aiiksm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks al irhntm cmreal k njcmreal 0 hnaojstnim y prmpukstas / Alkàjhrm D. Tmceaj 7 Eara

hkl Rnlar Cmtn 7 Njs Lnlnaja Oaria 7 immrhnjahm pmr Alkàjhrm D. Tmceaj. - 1a kh. - Dukjms Anrks 0 Ykirktara Aorniultura,

Oajahkra, Rksia y Alnekjtainj, 422;.

2 p. 7 92x41 ie. (Kstuhnms k Njvkstnoainmjks7 6)

NYDJ >6?->168-83-?

1. Hksarrmllm Tural. 4. Kimjmea Aorarna. N. Cmtn, Eara hkl Rnlar. NN. Oaria, Njs Lnlnaja. NNN. Tmceaj, Alkàjhrm D., immrh. NS.

Xtulm

IHH 996.>

Las mpnjnmjks kxprksahas kj kstk hmiuekjtm, smj hk kxilusnva rkspmjsadnlnhah hk lms autmrks y pukhkjjm imnjinhnr imj las hk la Njstntuinj.

Aorahkinenkjtms

La Hnrkiinj hk Hksarrmllm Aormpkiuarnm aorahkik kl trada`m hk hnskm hk la [jnhah hk Imeujniainj y kl trada`m hk neprksnj

y areahm hkl kqunpm hk la neprkjta hk la YAORyA

NYDJ >6?->168-83-?

Hnrkiinj hk Hksarrmllm AormpkiuarnmImepmjkjtk Cmrtalkinenkjtm Njstntuinmjal

hkl Rrmykitm hk Hksarrmllm hk Rkqukms Rrmhuitmrks Aormpkiuarnms (RTMNJHKT)

Av. Raskm Imlj >64, 9 pnsm, mcninja 138. (1239) Dukjms Anrks, Arokjtnja

Hnskm y areahm kj [jnhah hk Imeujniainj hk la Ykirktara hk Aorniultura, Oajahkra, Rksia y Alnekjtms

Av. Raskm Imlj >64, 4 Rnsm mcninja 424.

Neprksm kj kl eks hk hk 422; kj la neprkjta

hk la Ykirktara hk Aorniultura, Oajahkra, Rksia y Alnekjtms

Av. Raskm Imlj >64, 9 Rnsm mcninja 1;2.

Xnraha0 422 k`keplarks

RTMNJHKT j 64


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Rudlniainmjks hkl Imepmjkjtk Cmrtalkinenkjtm Njstntuinmjal hkl RTMNJHKT

Ykrnk Hmiuekjtms hk Cmreulainj

J 10 Ilara Iravnmttn y Yusaja Ymvkrja, "Ynstkeatnzainj hk kstuhnms hk iasms hk Rmdrkza Tural", 1>>>.J 40 Rkhrm Xsagmueaogms, Yusaja Ymvkrja y Ilara Iravnmttn, "Iaepksnjms y pkqukms prmhuitmrks kj las rkonmjks aormk-

imjenias hk la Arokjtnja", 4222.

J 90 Eara hkl Iarekj Omjzlkz, Arokjtnja0 "Yntuainmjks prmdlketnias hk tkjkjina hk la tnkrra", 4222.

J 80 Enoukl Eurens, Rmdrkza Tural0 hnvkrsnhah hk sntuainmjks miupainmjalks.

Ilara Iravnmttn, La cmialnzainj kj kl RTMNJHKT, 4221.

J ;0 Earikla Tmej, Yusaja Ymvkrja, Yusaja Auhkrm y Hnaja Eafmurat, "Ektmhmlmoa para kl ajlnsns cnjajinkrm y kimjenim

hk prmoraeas hk hksarrmllm rural dasahms kj la hkeajha", 4228.

Ykrnk Hmiuekjtms hk Iapaintainj

J 10 Ilauhna Jatkjzmj y Oustavm Xntm, Ekhnm aednkjtk y pkqukms prmhuitmrks0 imjikptms dsnims y mpkratnvms, 4221.

Ykrnk Kstuhnms k Njvkstnoainmjks

J 10 "Lms prmoraeas hk hksarrmllm rural k`kiutahms kj kl edntm hk la YAORyA", prnekra khninj kj kl 4222 y rkkhninj kj ùjnm

hk 4229.

J 40 Alkàjhrm Okrarhn, "Njorksms, jnvklks hk pmdrkza y oastm hk lms fmoarks ruralks hk las prmvnjinas hk Ekjhmza, Tm Jkorm y

Yajta Ck", 4221.

J 90 Ilara Iravnmttn y Alkàjhrm Okrarhn, "Neplniajinas hkl keplkm rural jm aormpkiuarnm kj las prmvnjinas hk Ekjhmza, Tm

Jkorm y Yajta Ck"7 4224.

J 80 Earikla Tmej, Lms `vkjks ruralks kj Arokjtnja. Klkekjtms para uja kstratkona hk hksarrmllm rural, 4229.

J ;0 Hajnkl Iikrks. "Iatlmom hk tkijmlmoas para pkqukms prmhuitmrks aormpkiuarnms, taednj khntahm kj IH", 4229.J 30 Ynlvna Dauhrj y Alkàjhrm Okrarhn, Lms asalarnahms aormpkiuarnms kj Arokjtnja0 apmrtks para kl imjminenkjtm hk su prmd-

lketnia, 4229.

J?0 Iarlms Iardallm (immrh.), Artniulainj hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks imj kl ekriahm0 Lnentajtks y prmpukstas para supkr-

arlas, 4228.

Jm.60 Alkàjhrm D. Tmceaj (immrh.), Aiiksm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks al irhntm cmreal k njcmreal0 Hnaojstnim y prmpuks-

tas, 4228.

RTMNJHKT j6 9


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NJHNIK

Njtrmhuiinj.

N. Earim okjkral hkl kstuhnm0 fnptksns hk trada`m

NN. Kl skitmr aormpkiuarnm arokjtnjm kj kl uedral hkl jukvm enlkjnm.

NNN. Hnaojstnim hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y lms ekhnajms prmhuitmrks kepmdrkinhms

9.1 Lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks enjncujhnstas (RRE).Kstuhnms hk iasm kj Ifaim y Xuiuej

9.4 Lms dkjkcninarnms hk lms prmoraeas kstatalks (RYA y RTMHKTJKA). Kstuhnms hk iasm kj Ifaim y Xuiuej

9.9 Mpnjnmjks y suokrkjinas hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks

kjiukstahms.

9.8 Lms ekhnajms prmhuitmrks kepmdrkinhms (ER).

9.; Aprmxneainj a la sntuainj y pkrspkitnvas hk lms pkqukms

prmhuitmrks ruralks y ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms kj kl imjtkxtm aitual.

9.3 La prmdlketnia hk ojkrm y kl cnjajinaenkjtm al skitmr hk

pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms

NS. Kl cnjajinaenkjtm hk la aitnvnhah hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks y ekhnajms prmhuitmrks

kepmdrkinhms kj kl rka rural kj la aitualnhah

8.1 Ajlnsns hk lms prmoraeas hk irhntm jainmjalks kj vnokjina

(YAORyA) hnrnonhms a lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks.

8.4 Aiiksm al irhntm hk lms ekhnajms prmhuitmrks ruralkskepmdrkinhms.

8.9 Mtras kxpkrnkjinas hk cnjajinaenkjtm y irhntm jainmjalks k

njtkrjainmjalks.

S. Rrmpukstas para uja pmltnia hk cnjajinaenkjtm y irhntm hnrnonha a lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralksy ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms

;.1 Lnjkaenkjtms okjkralks hk pmltnia

;.4 Rrmpukstas hk kstratkona, ljkas y emhalnhahks hk cnjajinaenkjtm y irhntm

;.9 Rrmpukstas para admrhar la iukstnj hk ojkrm y kl cujinmjaenkjtm

Apjhnik0 Ektmhmlmoa k njstruekjtms para la rkimlkiinj y ajlnsns hk la njcmreainj

Dndlnmoraca

RTMNJHKT j 68


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KQ[NRM HK XTADA@M ^ TKIMJMINENKJXMY

Kstk trada`m cuk rkalnzahm pmr kl Ikjtrm hk Kstuhnms [rdajms y Tkonmjalks IK[T -, a partnr hk uj imjtratm hk imjsultmra iklk-

drahm a cnjks hk hninkedrk hk 4229 imj la Hnrkiinj hk Hksarrmllm Aormpkiuarnm (HHA) hk la Ykirktara hk Aorniultura, Oajahkra,

Rksia y Alnekjtms, kj kl earim hkl Imepmjkjtk Cmrtalkinenkjtm Njstntuinmjal hkl Rrmykitm hk Hksarrmllm hk Rkqukms

Rrmhuitmrks Aormpkiuarnms (RTMNJHKT).

Kl kqunpm hkl kstuhnm kstuvm njtkorahm pmr0

Immrhnjahmr0 Hr. Alk`ajhrm D. Tmceaj

Imjsultmra0 Lni. Eara hkl Rnlar Cmtn

Asnstkjtk hk Immrhnjainj0 Lni. Njs Lnlnaja Oaria

Imladmrarmj kj kl trada`m hk iaepm0

Kstahstnim0 Lni. Ounllkrem Taems

@kck mpkratnvm kj Ifaim0 Njo. Okrarhm Yalas@kck mpkratnvm kj Xuiuej0 Njo. Earims Ikimjkllm

Saya jukstrm rkimjminenkjtm a tmhms lms kjtrkvnstahms y imjsultahms kj kl trajsiursm hk kstk kstuhnm, y kspkinalekjtk al

kqunpm tijnim hkl RTMNJHKT kj la YAORyA, quk imj su apmym y suokrkjinas fninkrmj pmsndlk euifms hk lms rksultahms a lms

quk arrnd kstk kstuhnm. Xaednj uj rkimjminenkjtm kspkinal a Ratrninm Ialmjok hkl RTMORYA pmr tmearsk kl trada`m hk kladm-

rar njcmreainj kspkicnia utnlnzaha kj kl ajlnsns. ^ kj las prmvnjinas, al kqunpm hk trada`m hk la Iasa hk Iaepm hkl Enjnstkrnm

hk la Rrmhuiinj kj Yakjz Rka, Rina. hk Ifaim, y a la Asminainj hk Xijnims hk Rrmoraeas y Rrmykitms Yminalks - AXRRY- hk

la prmvnjina hk Xuiuej, quk imladmrarmj kj la prmoraeainj y k`kiuinj hk la kjiuksta y aimepaarmj la rkalnzainj hk las

kjtrkvnstas a njcmreajtks ilavk.

Rmr ltnem, uj aorahkinenkjtm kspkinal a lms prmhuitmrks kjtrkvnstahms y rkprkskjtajtks hk sus mroajnzainmjks, quk imj su

valnmsa hkhniainj kj tnkepm y apmrtks kj kxpkrnkjinas y imjminenkjtms, imjtrnduykrmj ikjtralekjtk a prmvkkr a kstk kstuhnm

hk uja dask hk rkalnhah y imeprmensm imj sus jkiksnhahks y prmpukstas.

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NJXTMH[IINJ

Kl prkskjtk kstuhnm prktkjhk, imj sus rksultahms y rkimekjhainmjks, apmrtar a la jkiksarna rkvnsnj hk uja pmltnia hk apmym al

skitmr hk pkqukms prmhuitmrks enjncujhnstas y ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms, imj jcasns kj kl cnjajinaenkjtm al skitmr, lukom hkes hk hnkz ams hk pmltnias cmialnzahas hkshk kl Kstahm imj sus ainkrtms y iarkjinas, kj vnstas hk la apkrtura faina uj pmsn-

dlk iaednm hk imjtkxtm hk las pmltnias eairmkimjenias ajtk kl rmtujhm craiasm hkl emhklm jkmlndkral.

Kl hkdatk qukh adnkrtm imj la prkskjtainj hkl hmiuekjtm prklnenjar hkl kstuhnm kj kl Xallkr llkvahm a iadm kl 14 hk @ulnm hk

4228 imj la partninpainj hk rkprkskjtajtks hk rkas hk la pmltnia skitmrnal aormpkiuarna hk la YAORyA, rkspmjsadlks hk lms

prmoraeas hk irhntm kstatalks, hk lms rkspmjsadlks prmvnjinalks hk hksarrmllm rural y immrhnjahmrks prmvnjinalks hkl Rrmoraea

Yminal Aormpkiuarnm hk hnstnjtas rkonmjks hkl pas.

La jkiksnhah hk uja pmltnia jainmjal hk hksarrmllm imj imjtkjnhm ckhkral, hk uja jnia njstntuinmjalnhah hk rkspalhm para kl

cnjajinaenkjtm al skitmr, hk la ujnvkrsalnhah hk lms skrvninms y dkjkcninms, hk la hksikjtralnzainj a jnvkl rkonmjal y lmial, hkl

cukrtk imjtrml sminal hk lms prmhuitmrks a jnvkl tkrrntmrnal y kl imjsnounkjtk cmrtalkinenkjtm hk las mroajnzainmjks, la clkxndnlnzainj

y imeplkekjtainj hk lms ekiajnsems hk cnjajinaenkjtm (sudsnhnm y irhntm kjtrk mtrms), la njtkoralnhah hk la njtkrvkjinj

(njiluykjhm kl prmdlkea hk la tnkrra, kl nepmsntnvm-prkvnsnmjal, kti.), cukrmj iukstnmjks quk apkjas qukharmj ksdmzahas kj kl

plkjarnm pmstkrnmr al trada`m kj orupms. Irkkems quk, `ujtm imj mtras quk sur`aj hk la lkitura hkl prkskjtk hmiuekjtm, ekrk-

ikraj skr prmcujhnzahas kj jukvas njstajinas hk hnsiusnj a partnr hk la hncusnj hk kstk tkxtm kjtrk lms rkspmjsadlks hk okjk-

rar y emjntmrkar las pmltnias hnrnonhas al skitmr (cujinmjarnms y tijnims) y kjtrk lms rkprkskjtajtks hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks

y ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms, su`ktms hkl prkskjtk kstuhnm.

Kl md`ktnvm kspkicnim hkl kstuhnm ks kvaluar la ahkiuainj hk lms ekiajnsems hk irhntm hnspmjndlks para kl skitmr hk

pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms y okjkrar uj eaymr imjminenkjtm smdrk la partninpainj hk lms ens-

ems kj las hnckrkjtks altkrjatnvas hk cnjajinaenkjtm hk la prmhuiinj kxnstkjtks, tajtm cmrealks imem njcmrealks.

Rmr ksta va sk apujta a nhkjtncniar lnjkaenkjtms hk pmltnias y kstratkonas quk pkrentaj ek`mrar la mckrta hk skrvninms hkshk

kl Kstahm y cainlntar su artniulainj imj kl skitmr prnvahm, pmjnkjhm kspkinal jcasns kj las mroajnzainmjks hk la llaeahakimjmea smlnharna (immpkratnvas, orupms autmokstnmjarnms hk irhntm, kti.).

Yk ajalnzarmj kspkinalekjtk las kxpkrnkjinas hk lms prmoraeas hk irhntm hk la YAORyA hnrnonhms al skitmr -Rrmoraea Yminal

Aormpkiuarnm (RYA) y Rrmoraea hk Hksarrmllm Tural hk las Rrmvnjinas hkl Jmrkstk Arokjtnjm (RTMHKTJKA)- y uj jekrm snojn-

cniatnvm hk mtras kxpkrnkjinas jainmjalks k njtkrjainmjalks.

Yk rkalnzarmj hms kstuhnms hk iasm kj las prmvnjinas hk Xuiuej y Ifaim, aplniajhm uja kjiuksta pmr eukstrkm a 422 pkqukms

prmhuitmrks enjncujhnstas, imj kl md`ktm hk imjmikr su sntuainj sminm-kimjenia aitual y kspkinalekjtk kj rklainj imj su

aiiksm a irhntm y cnjajinaenkjtm. Kl rklkvaenkjtm hk la njcmreainj pkrtnjkjtk sk imeplkt imj la rkalnzainj hk ;; kjtrkvnstas

a njcmreajtks ilavks (autmrnhahks y cujinmjarnms, tijnims hk kqunpms ikjtralks y hk tkrrkjm hk lms prmoraeas, kspkinalnstas kj

hksarrmllm rural y cnjajzas, pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y ekhnajms kepmdrkinhms, mroajnzainmjks rkprkskjtatnvas hkl skitmr,

prmvkkhmrks hk irhntm cmreal k njcmreal hkl skitmr prnvahm, Mjos, kjtrk mtrms).

Kl prkskjtk hmiuekjtm imjsta hk injim apartahms0 kl prnekrm rkska kl earim okjkral hkl ajlnsns rksuenhm kj snktk fnptksns

hk trada`m, kl skoujhm hksplnkoa uj hnaojstnim eairmkimjenim hkl skitmr aormpkiuarnm y hk la njskrinj hk la pkquka prm-

huiinj kj kl uedral hkl jukvm snolm7 kl tkrikrm imjtnkjk uj hnaojstnim hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y lms ekhnajms

kepmdrkinhms a partnr hkl rksultahm hk la kjiuksta y las kjtrkvnstas a njcmreajtks ilavks7 kl iuartm drnjha uj pajmraea hk las

mpmrtujnhahks aitualks hk cnjajinaenkjtm al skitmr, prkskjtajhm lms rksultahms hkl ajlnsns hk lms prmoraeas hk irhntm hk la

Ykirktara (RYA y RTMHKTJKA) y uja rkska hk aloujas mtras kxpkrnkjinas jainmjalks k njtkrjainmjalks hk irhntm y cnjaj-

inaenkjtm quk rksultaj njtkrksajtks a lms kckitms hk hnskar prmpukstas jukvas y ek`mrar las kxnstkjtks7 pmr ltnem, kl qunjtm

rksuek lnjkaenkjtms hk pmltnias para kl ekhnajm plazm y prmpukstas hk kstratkonas, ljkas y emhalnhahks hk cnjajinaenkjtm y

irhntm para kl imrtm plazm kj trajsninj faina uja pmltnia jainmjal hk hksarrmllm rural tkrrntmrnal.

Yk njiluyk uj Apjhnik smdrk la ektmhmlmoa k njstruekjtms para la rkimlkiinj y ajlnsns hk la njcmreainj utnlnzaha kj kl kstuhnm.

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N. EATIM OKJKTAL HKL KYX[HNM0 FNRXKYNY HK XTADA@M

A imjtnjuainj hksarrmllarkems las fnptksns hk trada`m quk imjstntuykj kl earim hk rkckrkjina okjkral, la hkcnjninj hk la prm-

dlketnia a admrhar kj kl ajlnsns quk sk llkv a iadm kj kstk kstuhnm. Kstas fnptksns suronkrmj hk kvnhkjinas cnreks aikria hklimepmrtaenkjtm pasahm, prkskjtk y kstneahm a cuturm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y hk lms ekhnajms prmhuitmrks quk

faj sucrnhm uj kepmdrkinenkjtm aikjtuahm kj kl earim hkl prmiksm kimjenim-sminal hmenjajtk kj kl ltnem iuartm hk snolm y,

es partniularekjtk, a partnr hk 1>>1. Hahm quk a prnjinpnms hkl am 4224 kl intahm prmiksm sucrn uj prmcujhm rka`ustk -al adaj-

hmjarsk la pmltnia kimjenia dasaha kj uj tnpm hk iaednm cn`m atrasahm- imj las imjsnounkjtks skiuklas kj kl tk`nhm prmhuitn-

vm y sminal hk lms skitmrks es hdnlks, kstk jukvm imjtkxtm taednj cuk njimrpmrahm al kjujinahm hk las fnptksns.

La lkitura hk kstms pujtms hk partnha hkl kstuhnm pkrentnr imjmikr jukstrm kjcmquk dsnim smdrk la tketnia quk jms miupa -

kl kstahm aitual hk la mckrta irkhntnina a lms pkqukms y ekhnajms prmhuitmrks kepmdrkinhms- y pmsndnlntar rkimjmikr jukstras

prnjinpalks ljkas hk pkjsaenkjtm rkckrnhas a lms prmcujhms iaednms quk hkdkraj kckituarsk a hnifa mckrta.

Hkshk ya ajtninpaems quk talks imjsnhkrainmjks sk cujhaekjtaj kj kl supukstm hk quk tmha pmltnia kimjenim-sminal hkdk

tkjhkr, imj adsmluta prnmrnhah, a klkvar sustajinalekjtk kl njorksm, kl pmhkr hk jkominainj y la rnqukza prmhuitnva hk hnifmsaitmrks sminalks. Kj mtras paladras, la intaha pmltnia ahqunrnr plkja lkontnenhah sn lmora hkstkrrar, kj kl ekjmr plazm pmsndlk, la

pmdrkza y la kxilusnj sminal quk ackitaj a uja snojncniatnva iajtnhah hk prmhuitmrks y sus caenlnas njtkorajtks hkl skitmr sminal

md`ktm hk jukstrm kstuhnm. Aikptajhm kstk irntkrnm, pmstulaems quk las trajscmreainmjks a kjiarar kj las hnstnjtas kstratkonas

vnjiulahas a lms aokjtks sminalks rklainmjahms imj kl hksarrmllm rural arokjtnjm, slm tnkjkj valnhkz y lkontnenhah kj tajtm apuj-

taj hnrkitaekjtk a neplkekjtar hnifm md`ktnvm kskjinal.

Lms cujhaekjtms hk las fnptksns quk sk vaj a imjsnojar kj kstk apartahm kstj rkspalhahms pmr kl adujhajtk imjminenkjtm

kxnstkjtk askjtahm kj eatkrnalks hk trada`m, kjiukstas a prmhuitmrks, kjtrkvnstas a njcmreajtks ilavks, hmiuekjtms mcninalks

y hatms kstahstnims aitualnzahms - prkvnm a kstk kstuhnm, smdrk las aitualks imjhninmjks hk vnha hk lms aokjtks sminalks hk

ekjmr taeam vnjiulahms a lms prmiksms ruralks imjtkepmrjkms kj la Arokjtnja. Kj ksk skjtnhm, farkems kspkinal rkckrkjina

al nepaitm quk -kj la rkinkjtk kvmluinj hk talks imjhninmjks hk vnha- faj tkjnhm las hnvkrsas emhalnhahks hk cnjajinaenkjtmhnspmjndlks kj kl ekriahm para rkspalhar la kvmluinj hk la aitnvnhah prmhuitnva hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y ekhn-

ajms kepmdrkinhms su`ktms hk kstk kstuhnm.

Kl hktallk hk las fnptksns hk trada`m, imj lms imrrkspmjhnkjtks cujhaekjtms, ks kl snounkjtk0

Fnptksns 10 las hkcninkjinas kstruituralks hk mrnokj hkrnvahas hkl prmiksm hk asnojainj y hnstrnduinj hk la tnkrra quk miupajlms pkqukms prmhuitmrks kj las rkonmjks pkrncrnias, smj darrkras njcrajqukadlks para quk lms ensems pukhaj njimrpmrarsk kj

plkjntuh al prmiksm hk hksarrmllm hk la aitnvnhah rural y lmorkj iaptar irhntm cmreal kj tmha su aeplntuh. Ynj rkemvkr hnifas ca-

llas talks imem la jm tntularnhah hk lms prkhnms m su taeam kxiksnvaekjtk lnentahm - jm fay kstratkonas hk hksarrmllm para lms

pkqukms prmhuitmrks vnadlk y sustkjtadlk kj kl tnkepm.

Kl prmiksm hk pmdlaenkjtm hk oraj partk hkl kspainm rural arokjtnjm kj las rkonmjks kxtrapaepkajas sk mrnonj imj prmoraeas

hk imlmjnzainj mcninalks y prnvahms7 imkxnstnkjhm imj aloujas rkas enjmrntarnas miupahas pmr pmdlainj njhokja, y kxfndnkj-

hm jmtmrnas hkcninkjinas kstruituralks kj su imjstntuinj y ultkrnmr hksarrmllm. Ksk emhklm imlmjnzahmr mtmro tnkrras cnsialks y

parikl orajhks prkhnms hk prmpnkhah prnvaha y, kj aloujms iasms, kjtrko njstruekjtms hk ladrajza. Las tnkrras cukrmj mtmr-

oahas tajtm a ttulm hk prmpnkhah lkoal, imem a partnr hk kjtrkoas prkiarnas m ahmptajhm la cnoura hk arrkjhaenkjtm a larom

plazm. Kj euifms mtrms iasms, sk prmhu`krmj prmiksms hk miupainj hk fkifm jm rksukltms fasta la ckifa.

Al ensem tnkepm, kl craiinmjaenkjtm pmstkrnmr hk orajhks prkhnms kj ujnhahks imjikhnhas m vkjhnhas pmr kl Kstahm m pmr kl iap-

ntal prnvahm, `ujtm a la miupainj jm lkoal mrnonjarmj ujnhahks hk rkhuinha hnekjsnj, imj uja supkrcnink quk kj juekrmsms

iasms cuk njckrnmr a la ujnhah kimjenia jkiksarna para har sustkjtm a uja caenlna. Hk af la prmlnckrainj hk enjncujhnms kj las

rkas ruralks hk las rkonmjks sntuahas kj la pkrnckrna hkl snstkea kspainal arokjtnjm.

Hnifas inriujstajinas, quk tmhava pkrsnstkj kj uja snojncniatnva prmpmrinj hkl tmtal hk lms prkhnms imrrkspmjhnkjtks a

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pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks, imjcmrearmj, hkshk ekhnahms hkl snolm VNV, uja darrkra kstruitural a la iapainhah hk okstnj hk

qunkjks lms vnkjkj fainkjhm prmhuinr. Kl njsucninkjtk njorksm emjktarnm tmtal para smstkjkr uja ujnhah caenlnar, la iarkjina hk

kxikhkjtks jkiksarnms para la iapntalnzainj, la auskjina hk tkijmlmoa aprmpnaha y las hncniultahks jmtmrnas para aiikhkr al

irhntm cmreal, imjstntuykrmj caitmrks aj sudsnstkjtks quk hkdnlntarmj -y tmhava pkrùhniaj- kl pmhkr hk jkominainj hk lms

prmhuitmrks rkspkitnvms y lks nepnhk uja njskrinj plkja kj las rklainmjks hk ekriahm imem aokjtks kimjenims.

Kj la ekhnha quk kl iaednm tijnim sk aikjtu imj kl tnkepm y las emhalnhahks prmhuitnvas sk emhkrjnzarmj kj trenjms hk

kstratkonas hk prmhuiinj k njorksm a lms ekriahms cmrealks, la drkifa sminal kjtrk qunkjks puhnkrmj njilunrsk kj las hnjen-

ias trajscmreainmjks y qunkjks qukharmj kxilunhms hk kllas sk fa vkjnhm afmjhajhm.

Fnptksns 40 la pmlarnzainj tkijmlonia quk sk prmhu`m kj kl ksladj hk la prmhuiinj hk njsuems (eatkrnas prneas njhustrn-alks) y alnekjtms - quk njiluyk a lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks trahninmjalks imem prmtaomjnstas snojncniatnvms-, pmr la prkskjina hk

uj aikjtuahm prmiksm hk rkimjvkrsnj y hk njjmvainj tijnia, ùjtm imj kl aiiksm hnckrkjinahm al irhntm y las rkjmvahas kxn-

okjinas hk lms ekriahms hk hkeajha, kjsajif la drkifa kjtrk lms aokjtks sminalks hk eaymr pmhkr y aqukllms quk ahmlkikj

hk skrnas hkdnlnhahks kstruituralks. Iualqunkr pmltnia skitmrnal hnrnonha a klkvar la ialnhah hk vnha y hkstkrrar la pmdrkza y quk

apujtk a uja irkinkjtk iapntalnzainj hkl skoekjtm sudmrhnjahm hk aokjtks sminalks kj kl edntm rural, jm skr kckitnva kj tajtm

jm sk lks rkimjmzia -a hnifms aitmrks- iapainhah hk jkominainj plkja, tmtal aiiksm al iaednm tkijmlonim, k njskrinj plkja kjla hnjenia hkl irhntm cmreal.

Kl apmrtk hk cnjajinaenkjtm hkdk rkimjmikr ksta rkalnhah kstruitural, sm pkja hk tmrjar njtnl tmhm kscukrzm dasahm kj kl

mtmroaenkjtm hk irhntm supkrvnsahm snj uja pmltnia quk adarquk tmhas las njstajinas kj quk sk eajncnksta la emhkrjnzainj

hkl skitmr aormpkiuarnm.

Kl prmiksm hk Olmdalnzainj y sus prnjinpalks eajnckstainmjks kj kl edntm hk las aitnvnhahks aormpkiuarnas nepusm jukvas

emhalnhahks kj la mroajnzainj hk talks aitnvnhahks, cmrtalkinkjhm kl rml hk lms imeplk`ms aormnjhustrnalks, imj irkinkjtk imj-

ikjtrainj kimjenia y kxtraj`krnzainj hk sus prnjinpalks y es hnjenims ksladmjks prmhuitnvms.

Las rkckrnhas Iahkjas Aormnjhustrnalks sk cukrmj imjsmlnhajhm a travs hk la prkskjina hk kjiahkjaenkjtms vkrtnialks y fmrn-zmjtalks, quk pmsndnlntarmj quk prmiksms hk prmhuiinj hk njsuems aorimlas m pkiuarnms cukraj acrmjtajhm suiksnvas casks hk

trajscmreainj njhustrnal y imekrinal fasta llkoar, cnjalekjtk, al imjsuenhmr cnjal. La Iahkja Aormnjhustrnal ahqunrn prkskjina

njtkrjainmjal iuajhm lms orajhks imeplk`ms aormalnekjtarnms y prmhuitmrks hk njsuems njhustrnalks hksplkoarmj su aitnvnhah

a ksiala eujhnal, aeparahms pmr lms prmiksms hk olmdalnzainj kimjenim-cnjajinkra.

Kj kl iasm arokjtnjm, las rkimjvkrsnmjks prmhuitnvas dasahas kj snjoularks trajscmreainmjks a ksiala hk las tkijmlmoas hk prm-

huiinj y okstnj hk las aitnvnhahks es hnjenias, cukrmj hajhm luoar a la kekrokjina hk jukvms aokjtks kimjenims m ajtk-

rnmrks prmhuitmrks imj nepmrtajtks iaednms kj su pkrcnl mpkratnvm, quk ahqunrnkrmj irkinkjtk pmhkr hkjtrm hk las iahkjas y las

cukrmj prmorksnvaekjtk imjtrmlajhm. Kjtrk lms aikjtuahms iaednms tijnims -tkjhnkjtks a askourar eaymr kcninkjina kimjen-

ia y irkinkjtk iapainhah imepktntnva kj ekriahms njtkrjms y kxtkrjms- y kl imrrkspmjhnkjtk prmiksm hk imjikjtrainj y ikjtral-

nzainj hkl iapntal kj lms ksladmjaenkjtms ilavks hk lms imeplk`ms aormnjhustrnalks, sk cukrmj artniulajhm rklainmjks tijnias y

sminalks hk prmhuiinj imj iaraitkrstnias slm askqundlks a skoekjtms enjmrntarnms pkrm cukrtkekjtk iapntalnzahms hk prmhui-tmrks emhkrjms, kjrmlahms kj las hnstnjtas casks hkl prmiksm aormnjhustrnal. Kstms aokjtks kimjenims hnjenims sk imj-

vnrtnkrmj kj lms prmemtmrks hk lms iaednms tijnims y mroajnzatnvms y lmorarmj tasas hk oajajina kj imjstajtk auekjtm a kxpkj-

sas hk lms prmhuitmrks es hdnlks hk las iahkjas y imj ekjmr pmhkr hk jkominainj y iapainhah tijnia, kimjenia y

cnjajinkra.

Kstms ckjekjms imjtkepmrjkms, prmpnms hkl ltnem iuartm hk snolm y es aikjtuahaekjtk hkshk la skoujha entah hk la

hiaha hk lms >2, sk fninkrmj jmtmrnms kj las iahkjas hk la smà, onrasml, ikrkalks, vntnvnjniultura, alomhj, aziar, cruta, tadaim,

kti.- Lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks y euifms aorniultmrks ekhnajms cukrmj qukhajhm, kj su oraj eaymra, al earokj hk talks trajs-

cmreainmjks hahas las klkvahas kxnokjinas hk rkiursms cnjajinkrms y hk iapntal a lms quk kstadaj imjhkjahms a acrmjtar sn

skouaj las pautas hk imepmrtaenkjtm hk lms oajahmrks hkl prmiksm.

Las jukvas cmreas hk kxplmtainj prmhuitnva kj uj arim euy vastm hk aitnvnhahks aormpkiuarnas sk rkclkàrmj kj las tkijmlmoas

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hk prmhuiinj ahmptahas (aorniultura da`m rnkom kj dask a emhkrjas pritnias afmrrahmras hk aoua y imj euifm eaymr kckitm

smdrk lms jnvklks hk prmhuitnvnhah quk las cmreas trahninmjalks, ahmpinj hk la snkedra hnrkita, ekiajnzainj kj lms prmiksms

hk snkedra y rkimlkiinj hk las imskifas, skenllas okjtniaekjtk trajscmreahas, aormquenims hk euy hnvkrsm usm, kjtrk

mtrms), imlmiajhm a keprksas lhkrks kj kl ekriahm eujhnal imj uja prkskjina hmenjajtk kj las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks. A la

vkz, las tkijmlmoas hk okstnj njjmvatnvas adariarmj tajtm las pritnias hk mroajnzainj njtkrja hk las aitnvnhahks kj ksladmjks

kstratonims hk la prmhuiinj skitmrnal, imem las cmreas hk prkskjtainj hkl prmhuitm, la ialnhah hk lms ensems, la mrnkjtainj

faina ekriahms hk hkeajha sklkitnvms imj su imrrkspmjhnkjtk nepaitm kj lms ekiajnsems hk imekrinalnzainj, kjtrk mtras

njjmvainmjks.

Kj tmhms lms iasms kxplnintahms, la pkquka prmhuiinj, mrnkjtaha sustajinalekjtk a la kimjmea hk sudsnstkjina, imj md`ktnvms

prmpnms hk mdtkjinj hk njorksms para smdrkvnvnr ajtks quk para iapntalnzarsk, qukh ilaraekjtk rklkoaha k nepmsndnlntaha hk

aiikhkr a kstas jukvas njstajinas hk prmhuiinj njtkoralks. Xmhm kscukrzm quk sk rkalnzask kj cmrea anslaha, hk eaojntuh lnen-

taha, snj uja rkspuksta aeplna y olmdal a las jukvas kxnokjinas kekrokjtks kra y ks njiapaz hk rknjskrtar a lms quk sk ndaj

qukhajhm kj kl iaenjm, kj kl prmiksm hk emhkrjnzainj hk las rkspkitnvas iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks. Las kxpkrnkjinas hk irhn-

tm supkrvnsahm, anslahas hkl imjtkxtm olmdal k nepmsndnlntahas hk avajzar kj uja kstratkona crmjtal y adariatnva hk tmhms lms

crkjtks adnkrtms pmr las nepaitajtks trajscmreainmjks kj earifa, jm faj supukstm uja rkspuksta kxntmsa crkjtk a la eaojntuh

hkl hksacm. Es aj la imdkrtura hk talks kstratkonas, ahmptahas imem rkspuksta tenha k njimeplkta ajtk lms hksacmskxpukstms, parkikra fadkr snhm euy lnentaha y lkjta kj su neplkekjtainj.

Fnptksns 90 la hksrkoulainj kstatal, sksoaha a cavmr hk lms quk es pmhkr kimjenim tnkjkj, aitu imem uj caitmr hk hkdnln-taenkjtm hk la iapainhah hk lmorar njorksms pmr lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks. Qunkjks lmorarmj njimrpmrar lms dkjkcninms quk

supmja, cukrmj aqukllms iapaiks hk iapntalnzar a plkjntuh lms ensems, kj tajtm lms skoekjtms sminalks eaymrntarnms kjtrk lms

quk sk iukjtaj lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks - , hkspm`ahms hk apmym kstatal, rktrmikhnkrmj jmtmrnaekjtk kj su iapainhah

hk iaptar kxikhkjtk y pmskkr iapainhah jkominahmra kj kl ekriahm, kj partniular al njtkrnmr hk las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks.

La njkqunhah kj caitmrks dsnims quk supmjkj eaymr aptntuh para iaptar kxikhkjtks kj la iahkja aormnjhustrnal, aita smdrk kl

imepmrtaenkjtm hk hnifms prmhuitmrks hk emhm tal quk hktkrnmra y/m ajula iualqunkr mpinj hk pmltnia skitmrnal quk jm rkeuk-

va talks hksnoualhahks hk pmhkr, kjtrk las quk iadk intar kspkinalekjtk la hk irhntm.

Aj iuajhm kl Kstahm pkrenta kl aiiksm a rkiursms kj dukjas imjhninmjks hk imstm y cnjajinaenkjtm, ajtk la nepmsndnlnhah hk

aiueular hk sus rkikptmrks - haha la imjcnourainj hksdalajikaha quk pmskkj hkjtrm hk la iahkja crkjtk a sus imeprahmrks

hk la prmhuiinj- tkrenja imjstntuyjhmsk kj salvavnhas hk plmem ajtks quk kj fkrraenkjta hk trajscmreainj kimjenia y

sminal.

Ymj rksultahms jmtmrnms hk ksta pmltnia hk hksrkoulainj0 kl kjmrek rktrmiksm hk las immpkratnvas (iasm alomhj, iaa hk az-

iar, kti.) pmr calta hk apmym irkhntninm7 lms hnckrnekjtms nepmsntnvms para lms aokjtks kimjenims hmtahms hk rkiursms cnjajinkrms

sucninkjtks hk emhm hk pmhkr mpkrar kj la aitnvnhah prmhuitnva snj urokjinas hk hnifm tnpm7 irhntm daratm hkl kxtkrnmr crkjtk al

altsnem imstm hkl ksiasm irhntm njtkrjm7 kl hksnoual aiiksm a la njcmreainj7 kti.-

Kl prmiksm hk hksrkoulainj kstatal kj las rklainmjks kimjenim-sminalks aikjtuahm hurajtk la hiaha hk lms >2 supusm pmjkr

kj vnokjina ujm hk lms pmstulahms cujhaekjtalks hkl llaeahm Imjskjsm hk _asfnjotmj. Ksk prmiksm, quk neplni hk`ar lndra-hm a las cukrzas hkl ekriahm iukstnmjks cujhaekjtalks para la aitnvnhah aormpkiuarna (la hktkrenjainj hk lms prkinms hk vkjta

hk lms prmhuitms a lms ekriahms hk njtkrekhnainj y/m hk imjsuem, la hksaparninj hk mroajnsems hk imjtrml hk las trajsai-

inmjks kj kl ekriahm a cnj hk hkckjhkr a lms skitmrks prmhuitnvms es hdnlks y la auskjina hk uja pmltnia hk hksarrmllm rural

quk mpkrk kj cmrea njtkoral smdrk la sntuainj kspkicnia hkl aitmr sminal eaymrntarnm kj kl skitmr - kl pkqukm prmhuitmr) rkhu-

`m sustajinalekjtk la iapainhah hk njtkrvkjinj kstatal quk puhnksk rkcmrzar kl pmhkr hk jkominainj hk lms pkqukms prmhui-

tmrks. Rmr kl imjtrarnm, kl Kstahm sk asuen imem uj aitmr imlkitnvm prmtaojnim kj tmhm lm quk supusm rkspalhar kl aiinmjar hk

lms aokjtks sminalks hk eaymr pmhkr y altaekjtk imjikjtrahms, hk emhm quk cukrmj miupajhm irkinkjtks kspainms kj kl imj-

trml hk las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks. Noualekjtk, la hksrkoulainj prmektnha jm cuk taj kckitnva iuajhm sk trat hk mcrkikr a

njvkrsmrks hnspukstms a aimepaar la kstratkona hk rkimjvkrsnj prmhuitnva (apkrtura al iapntal kxtraj`krm) dkjkcninms nepmsn-

tnvms, hk rkhuiinj hk lms imstms ladmralks, kjtrk mtrms.

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Fnptksns 80 uja kstratkona hk cnjajinaenkjtm hkl pkqukm prmhuitmr rural quk jm kst njsirnpta kj uja pmltnia hk hksarrmllmrural adariatnva hk tmhas las aiinmjks quk njtkrksaj a hnifm hksarrmllm, plajtkahas hk emhm imjvkrokjtk y artniulahm, jm ks

vnadlk kj kl ekhnajm y larom plazm, kj la ekhnha kj quk jm pukhk oarajtnzar uj nepaitm pmsntnvm kj su snstkea hk prmhuiinj

a partnr hk la mdtkjinj hkl rkiursm cnjajinkrm y adrnr la pmsndnlnhah hk hkvmluinj hk lms cmjhms mdtkjnhms.

Las kstratkonas hk cnjajinaenkjtm trahninmjalks para lms prmhuitmrks ruralks hk ekjmr taeam y pmhkr jkominahmr hksiajsarmj,

fnstrniaekjtk, kj hms orajhks mckrkjtks hk rkiursms a da`m imstm y plazms ahkiuahms. Yk tratada hkl cnjajinaenkjtm prmik-

hkjtk hk la dajia pdlnia prmvnjinal y hk las mroajnzainmjks immpkratnvas hk pkqukms y ekhnajms prmhuitmrks. La pmltnia hk

mrhkjaenkjtm hkl snstkea cnjajinkrm, quk imekjz a emhncniarsk hk raz a partnr hk la rkcmrea cnjajinkra hk 1>?? y iulenj imj

la prnvatnzainj hk la dajia pdlnia prmvnjinal kj lms >2 - imj aloujas kxikpinmjks - rkhu`m skjsndlkekjtk kl apmrtk hk kstas

njstntuinmjks dajiarnas a lms skitmrks prmhuitnvms lmialks. Aujquk ksta aiinj irkhntnina mcninal jujia adari a tmhm kl kspkitrm

hk lms prmhuitmrks pkqukms, snjm quk sk ikjtr kj lms es iapntalnzahms y cmrealks, al ekjms kj kstk skoekjtm fudm atkj-

inj kstatal irkhntnina. Imjiurrkjtkekjtk, kl apmym al emvnenkjtm immpkratnvm, quk aorupada a ekhnajms prmhuitmrks pkrm quk

jm kxilua kj euifms iasms a lms pkqukms, cuk kl emtnvm kspkicnim hk aiinj hk la dajia kstatal jainmjal y prmvnjinal, plajtka-

ha imem uja pmltnia hk cmekjtm y apmym al cmrtalkinenkjtm prmhuitnvm lmial.

Hksaparkinha la dajia prmvnjinal pdlnia kj la eaymra hk las prmvnjinas y rkhuinha la aiinj hk la dajia kstatal jainmjal pmr laspmltnias hk irkinkjtk kxnokjina al tmeahmr hk irhntm para oarajtnzar su smlvkjina -quk kxilua hk la mdtkjinj hk rkiursms

cnjajinkrms a oraj partk hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks- kl kvkjtual rkspalhm hk irhntm cmreal sk prmiks tajtm kj cmrea hnrkita,

imem njhnrkita, a travs hk las immpkratnvas quk aorupadaj a lms intahms aokjtks sminalks. Rkrm faina kl cnjal hk la pasaha hia-

ha sk fnzm es quk kvnhkjtk kl qunkdrk hkl snstkea immpkratnvm y su alareajtk sntuainj hk kjhkuhaenkjtm fnzm nepmsndlk quk

imjtnjuara atkjhnkjhm al skitmr kj las imjhninmjks kj quk lm vkja fainkjhm fnstrniaekjtk.

La kstratkona kstatal olmdal kj lms ams rkinkjtks jm cuk kstneular kl irhntm hk aeplnm aiiksm y a imstm aiiksndlk para kl sko-

ekjtm hk prmhuitmrks es hdnlks snjm la hk neplajtar, kj sntuainmjks hk kekrokjina y imj iaritkr kxikpinmjal, sudsnhnms para

hnifm skitmr. Al ensem tnkepm, sk pusnkrmj kj earifa, imj eaymr jcasns kj la hiaha hk lms >2, prmoraeas hk irhntm supkr-

vnsahm a travs, prkckrkjtkekjtk, hk la Ykirktara hk Aorniultura, Oajahkra, Rksia y Alnekjtms hk la Jainj (YAORyA). Ks hkinr,

jm kxnstn -y tmhava jm sk faj neplkekjtahm- pmltnias hk cnjajinaenkjtm pmr iajalks cmrealks njstntuinmjalnzahms a travs hklsnstkea dajiarnm, quk atnkjhaj al skoekjtm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks. Kstms, pmr mtra partk, ahkes hk lms pkrnhn-

ims sudsnhnms kxikpinmjalks prmvkjnkjtks hk cukjtks kstatalks, smlaekjtk tuvnkrmj imem alnvnm cnjajinkrm kl irhntm jm cmreal

hk prmvkkhmrks y aimpnahmrks -imem kl dmlnifkrm kj la rkonj alomhmjkra- quk snkeprk fa snhm euifm es mjkrmsm quk kl

vnokjtk kj lms iajalks cmrealks. Kj rkkeplazm hk las cukjtks hk mdtkjinj hk irhntm para iapntal hk trada`m -quk imem vnems

sk ikrrarmj hkcnjntnvaekjtk kj lms >2 m cukrmj altaekjtk oravmsas- sk faj vkjnhm njstruekjtajhm kstratkonas hk irhntm supkr-

vnsahm a travs hk uja hkpkjhkjina quk jm tnkjk, imem md`ktnvm ikjtral, ksa aitnvnhah jn pmskk kstruituras emjtahas, hkstn-

jahas a talks tarkas.

Ksta aiinj suplktmrna hkl irhntm cmreal hkl snstkea cnjajinkrm sk ahmpt imem ekiajnsem hk imepkjsainj, ajtk la iarkjina

hk aiiksm hk oraj partk hk lms aitmrks sminalks es hdnlks al cnjajinaenkjtm dajiarnm prnvahm, y a partnr hk uja rkspuksta rkai-

tnva haha las hncniultahks mpkratnvas quk ackitadaj a talks prmhuitmrks prkinsaekjtk pmr su iarkjina hk apmym irkhntninm.

Kj sjtksns, jms kjimjtraems crkjtk a uja pmltnia kstatal sustntutnva hk la jkiksarna prkskjina hk prmoraeas hk irhntm aeplnms,

a da`m imstm, imj hkstnjms hnvkrsncniahms y immrhnjahms imj uja kstratkona hk hksarrmllm rural tkrrntmrnal quk apujtk al cmrtalkin-

inenkjtm olmdal hk la prkskjina hkl pkqukm prmhuitmr kj la aitnvnhah aorarna. La auskjina hk ksta pmltnia, njhnspkjsadlk para

admrhar tmha la prmdlketnia hkl pkqukm prmhuitmr rural, sk prktkjhk rkkeplazar imj uj prmoraea skitmrnal hk mckrta hk irhn-

tm njstruekjtahm pmr uja aokjina kstatal jm kspkinalnzaha y snj vjiulms imj lms hkes aspkitms quk mdlnoahaekjtk njinhkj kj

kl aiinmjar hkl prmhuitmr. Ksta acnreainj sk sustkjta kj uja ilara kvnhkjina. Yn pmr uj lahm, sk mtmroaj irhntms a lms prmhui-

tmrks pkrm, pmr kl mtrm, jm sk lk oarajtnzaj lms njorksms para acrmjtar su jkiksarna aemrtnzainj, la prkskjina hkl cnjajinaenkjtm

ks uj imepmjkjtk quk sk tmrja njkcniaz hk jm skr imeplkekjtahm imj pmltnias hk0 prkinms k njorksms, hk trajsckrkjina tki-

jmlonia, hk rkoularnzainj y mrhkjaenkjtm hk la tnkrra, hk hnspmjndnlnhah hk dnkjks pdlnims sucninkjtks para quk kl prmhuitmr

y su caenlna pukha klkvar sustajinalekjtk su ialnhah hk vnha a la vkz quk hkrrmtar la pmdrkza kstruitural, hk apkrtura a ekria-

hms jainmjalks k njtkrjainmjalks para askourar la vkjta hk sus prmhuitms, hk cmrtalkinenkjtm hk su iapainhah hk jkominar pmr

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ekhnm hk emhklms hk immpkrainj kjtrk prmhuitmrks para la ahqunsninj hk njsuems dsnims y la imlmiainj hk sus prmhuitms

kj lms intahms ekriahms, hk prmeminj hk la prkskjina aitnva y prmtaojnia hkl skitmr kj las rklainmjks njtraiahkjas aormnjhus-

trnalks kjcrkjtajhm -imj pmsndnlnhahks hk mdtkjkr rksultahms pmsntnvms- a las cmreainmjks mlnomplnias y emjmplnias quk sk faj

nhm acnajzajhm kj hnifas iahkjas, kti.-

Fnptksns ;0 la prmpna hnjenia hk cujinmjaenkjtm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks y la hk lms ekhnajms kj prmiksm hk kepm-drkinenkjtm irka nepmrtajtks tradas kstruituralks para quk pukhaj njimrpmrar a plkjntuh lms dkjkcninms hk uj apmym irkhntninm ans-

lahm hk uja pmltnia hk hksarrmllm rural njtkoral. La rkhuiinj hk njorksms pmr la hnsenjuinj hkl trada`m kxtraprkhnal, la iaha hk

lms prkinms hk sus prmhuitms, su udniainj sudmrhnjaha hkjtrm hk las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks -snj pmhkr jkominahmr-, la kxaiinj

pmr partk hk lms mckrkjtks hk njsuems y dnkjks para la sudsnstkjina, kl afmom cnjajinkrm hkdnhm a hkuhas dajiarnas nepaoadlks quk

ackitarmj a lms skoekjtms iapntalnzahms hk kstk skitmr, y lms imstms irkinkjtks -nepmsndlks hk acrmjtar- quk supmjhra njimrpmrar

emhncniainmjks al snstkea tijnim y hk okstnj hk las aitnvnhahks hk rkjta quk rkalnzaj, cukrmj y kj oraj partk snoukj snkjhm cukrtks

imjtrapksms a tmha kstratkona hk cmrtalkinenkjtm kimjenim (iapntalnzainj) va kl irhntm supkrvnsahm.

La rkalnhah eairmkimjenia, quk ackit su sntuainj enirmkimjenia, fa kstahm njimrpmrajhm kj lms ltnems ams kj cmrea

imjtnjua imjhninmjajtks jkoatnvms dsnims. Crkjtk a kllms, kl irhntm anslahm ks njiapaz hk rkvkrtnr la sntuainj okjkral y tkren-

ja snkjhm uj sudsnhnm hnsneulahm para sudsnstnr y jm uja fkrraenkjta kstratonia para la iapntalnzainj y kl asikjsm a uj jukvmkstahnm prmhuitnvm y sminal hkl skitmr.

La kvmluinj rkinkjtk hkl pkrcnl, imepmrtaenkjtm y iapainhah hk okjkrar kxikhkjtks hk las pkqukas prmhuiinmjks ruralks ks

altaekjtk hksalkjtahmra. Aj hkspus hkl rka`ustk hk prkinms imem imjskiukjina hk la hkvaluainj snojncniatnva hk jukstrm

snojm emjktarnm, ksa iapainhah snouk snkjhm lnentaha y euy njckrnmr al prmekhnm hk lms prmhuitmrks keprksarnalks kj kl

ksladmjaenkjtm njninal hk las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks.

[j ckjekjm rklkvajtk quk nepait cukrtkekjtk smdrk la pkquka prmhuiinj ks kl prmiksm hk imjikjtrainj hk la tnkrra

aorarna, uja hk las iausas es nepmrtajtks hk la hksaparninj hk hkikjas hk enlks hk pkqukms prkhnms hurajtk la Kra hk la

Imjvkrtndnlnhah, hkdnhm a lms hams quk kj ksa ujnhah hk kxplmtainj aorimla prmvmi kl imj`ujtm hk kstratkonas imjstntutnvas

hk la pmltnia hk smstkjnenkjtm hk uj tnpm hk iaednm cn`m y atrasahm.

Aujquk lms hatms hkl Ikjsm Aormpkiuarnm Jainmjal hkl am 4224 aj jm faj hktkrenjahm imj prkinsnj iulks faj snhm las

ujnhahks prmhuitnvas es ackitahas pmr la pmltnia kimjenia quk ekhn kjtrk 1>66 -kl am hkl ajtkrnmr Ikjsm- y kl quk eari

kl ltnem rklkvaenkjtm kstahstnim, juekrmsms hatms parinalks imjvalnhaj la fnptksns hk quk kl oruksm hk lms prmhuitmrks quk

hkdnkrmj adajhmjar su aitnvnhah kj hnifm pkrmhm sk njiluyk kj la iatkomras hk pkqukms prmhuitmrks m prmpnktarnms hk prk-

hnms hk ekhnajm taeam kj aouhm prmiksm hk kepmdrkinenkjtm m hksiapntalnzainj. Ks prmdadlk, taednj, quk kjtrk las

kxplmtainmjks aormpkiuarnas hk es rkhuinhm taeam -ks hkinr lms enjncujhnms njiapaiks hk quk smlaekjtk imj su aitnvnhah

prmhuitnva puhnkskj satnscaikr las jkiksnhahks dsnias hk la ujnhah caenlnar quk kj kllms rksnhk- uj pmrikjta`k jm hksprkinadlk

faya pmhnhm sudsnstnr. La fnptksns es slnha al rkspkitm fadla hk quk lms enjncujhnms es kepmdrkinhms lmorarmj smdrkvnvnr

a travs hk las pmltnias hnvkrsas hk sudsnhnms pukstas kj earifa hurajtk la hiaha imem imepkjsainj a partniularks irnsns

kimjenias y ilnetnias hk eaojntuh m imem kstratkona kstatal -kj kspkinal hk las enseas prmvnjinas- para njtkjtar rktkjkr la

pmdlainj rural es pmdrk kj sus prkhnms ajtks hk quk kenorkj a lms sudurdnms hk las inuhahks ikriajas. Rkrm, snj huha, fajsnhm imj prkhmenjajina pkqukms prmhuitmrks -iapntalnzahms m jm- lms quk jm kstuvnkrmj kj imjhninmjks hk faikr crkjtk a la

pmltnia kimjenia hk lms >2. Kl Ikjsm Aormpkiuarnm Rrmvnjinal hkl Ifaim hkl am 4221 as lm njhnia y las kstahstnias aikria hk

lms kstadlkinenkjtms hkhniahms al iultnvm hk la uva trahninmjal, kj Iuym, as imem lms Ikjsms Crutimlas hkl Sallk hkl Tm Jkorm,

ratncniaj la fnptksns kxprksaha kj kl skjtnhm hk quk sk aikjtu hurajtk la hiaha hk lms >2 kl adajhmjm pmr enlks hk pkqukms

y ekhnajms prmhuitmrks hk sus rkspkitnvas kxplmtainmjks ajtk la skrnk hk qukdrajtms kj la rkjtadnlnhah prmhuitnva, la iaha hk

lms njorksms kxtraprkhnalks y kl afmom cnjajinkrm prmvmiahm pmr las hkuhas dajiarnas nepaoadlks.

Yn dnkj kl jukvm iuahrm iaednarnm, imem lm rkvklaj aloujms trada`ms smdrk rkonmjks arokjtnjas talks imem kl hkl Sallk hkl Tm

Jkorm1 , fa lmorahm rkvkrtnr kl snojm jkoatnvm kj kl rksultahm hk las kxplmtainmjks hk ekjmr taeam, hnifms jhniks smj aj njsu-

cninkjtks imem para imepkjsar lms aikjtuahms jnvklks hk prhnhas hk lms >2 y, ahkes, jm fay oarajtas hk quk sk kstadnlnikj

RTMNJHKT j6 11

1 Yairmnsgy,]A. La prmhuiinj hk eajzajas kj kl Altm Sallk hkl Tm Jkorm0 imeprkjhnkjhm la hiaha hkl >2 a partnr hk uj ajlnsns kstruitural.Caiultah hk Inkjinas Kimjenias, [DA, Dukjms Anrks, 4229. Ro. 1?.


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pmr uj tnkepm prmlmjoahm. Kl iasm hk la kxplmtainj alomhmjkra, kj iaednm, snouk udniajhm a las kxplmtainmjks aorarnas hk

ekjmr taeam kj kl iuahrm hk las aitnvnhahks kj hmjhk lms korksms supkraj a lms njorksms.

Kj kimjmeas rkonmjalks imem kl Jmrkstk y kl Jmrmkstk, la njtrmhuiinj hurajtk la skoujha partk hk la hiaha ajtkrnmr hk las

imskifahmras ekijnias, supusm quk uj skoekjtm nepmrtajtk hk prmhuitmrks quk vkjhaj su cukrza hk trada`m a iultnvahmrks

ekhnajms y orajhks hk iaa y alomhj, qukharaj prnvahms hkl njorksm emjktarnm a quk kstadaj fadntuahms iuajhm imladmra-

daj kj la rkimlkiinj eajual hk las imskifas. 4

Kj kstk pajmraea olmdal, hmjhk hkdkra njilunrsk la iaha hk lms prkinms kj aloujas aitnvnhahks kstratonias para la pkquka

prmhuiinj (alomhj, ykrda eatk, cruta) kj oraj partk kj kl ltnem hkikjnm, la auskjina hkl rml rkoulahmr kstatal ùo uj papkl

cujhaekjtal kj la kekrokjtk kiuainj hkcnintarna para lms prmhuitmrks pkqukms y euifms hk lms ekhnajms.

Kl emhklm prmhuitnvm hkl pkqukm prmhuitmr quk, kj iaha rkonj rkprkskjta kl skitmr quk kxplmta prkhnms aorimlas hk rkhuin-

hm taeam, cuk kjtmjiks hraetniaekjtk ackitahm pmr prmiksms kstruituralks, cukra hk su imjtrml, quk lm nepmsndnlnt hk kxfndnr

njorksms jktms pmsntnvms y, pmr kjhk, jm puhm iapntalnzarsk. Hk af, kl adajhmjm, la kenorainj y la kxilusnj sminal quk sk rkpntk

kj tmhas las latntuhks hkl aorm arokjtnjm, kj kl arim pkrncrnim quk rmhka a la Raepa Fekha.

Kl irhntm mtmroahm imem uja pmltnia sminal imepkjsahmra jm smlaekjtk cuk njiapaz hk rkvkrtnr kstk prmiksm kjranzahm kj la

eatrnz hkl emhklm kimjenim pmr kjtmjiks vnokjtk, snjm quk rksult, kj jm pmims iasms, uja mpinj hk njorksms para kl imj-

suem sudsnstkjinal, ajtk kl hksialadrm kimjenim ya imekjtahm, ajtks quk uj apmym a uj kstahnm supkrnmr prmhuitnvm. Hahas

las imjhninmjks hksirnptas, iuym ajlnsns sk pmhra aeplnar, la rkikpinj hk uj irhntm snj emhncniar kl imjtkxtm para askourar

quk kl prmhuitmr kst pmsndnlntahm hk njimrpmrar kxikhkjtks snojncniatnvms para rkimjvkrtnr su aitnvnhah, jm lk pkrentk iueplnr su

rml hk njirkekjtar kl iapntal cn`m y ek`mrar su jnvkl hk vnha. Rmr es lmadlks kscukrzms quk sk faoaj, la hksartniulainj hkl sns-

tkea prmhuitnvm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ya imjsnojaha nepnhk la adsmrinj hkl irhntm imem uj ksteulm cujhaekjtal

para kl prmiksm hk iapntalnzainj hk la aitnvnhah prmhuitnva hkl skitmr.

Fnptksns 30 uja kstratkona hk irhntm supkrvnsahm hnrnonhm a lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks -njekrsms kj kl tk`nhm vnvm hk uj tkrrn-

tmrnm sminalekjtk imjstrunhm- quk jm tkjoa kj iukjta kl aiinmjar hkl imjùjtm hk aitmrks sminalks y kimjenims imjstntutnvmshk hnifa cmreainj tkrrntmrnal y rkonmjal, rksulta tmtalekjtk njkcniaz. Njskrta kj uja kstratkona hk hksarrmllm rural njtkoral hkdk

rkimjmikr tmhas las eltnplks cmreas hk imjstruiinj sminal quk njtkrvnjiulaj a lms aokjtks sminalks askjtahms kj uj tkrrntmrnm

hahm y jm rkhuinrsk a uja vnsnj kstrkifa asminaha kxilusnvaekjtk a la prmhuiinj skitmrnal, para adariar tmhm kl kspkitrm hk

sntuainmjks quk neplniaj lms kjiahkjaenkjtms prmhuitnvms y kimjenims quk sk rkalnzaj kj uj tkrrntmrnm hktkrenjahm.

Kl hksarrmllm hk las aitnvnhahks prmhuitnvas kj kl skitmr aormpkiuarnm jm sk rkalnza kj uj kspainm vaim snjm quk, pmr kl imjtrarnm,

kst su`ktm a las lkyks hk la miupainj tkrrntmrnal hkcnjnha y, a la vkz, artniula uj tkrrntmrnm hahm, quk imjhninmja kl emhm hk prm-

huinr y hnstrndunr lms kxikhkjtks kimjenims lmorahms pmr lms aokjtks kimjenims partninpajtks.

Kl tkrrntmrnm, kjtmjiks, ks su`ktm aitnvm y pasnvm hkl prmiksm hk mroajnzainj kimjenia y sminal quk hksplnkoa uja hktkrenjaha

pmdlainj para askourar su sudsnstkjina y kvmluinj kimjenia. Kl Hksarrmllm Tural, kjtkjhnhm imem uja prmpuksta sminal quk

kxikhk kl ekrm prmiksm hk prmhuiinj hkl dnkj aormpkiuarnm quk imjstntuyk la dask kimjenia hkl pkqukm prmhuitmr, hkdknjilunr, kj su cmreulainj y kckitnvnzainj, uja jkiksarna imjùjinj kjtrk Kspainm, Ekhnm Aednkjtk y Yminkhah. Iaha ujnhah tk-

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4 Tmceaj, A. Las kimjmeas rkonmjalks a cnjks hkl snolm VV. Dukjms Anrks, Khntmrnal Arnkl, 1>>>.


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rrntmrnal kxfndk snjoularnhahks aednkjtalks kspkicnias y kl prmiksm hk imjtrml hk ksk tkrrntmrnm kst kj eajms hk lms skitmrks quk

hktkjtaj uja eaymr iumta hk pmhkr y iapainhah kckitnva para su utnlnzainj. La sminkhah lmial imjstruyk, imj su aiinj imjirkta,

kl tkrrntmrnm hkl quk hnspmjk para satnscaikr sus jkiksnhahks y askourar la imjtnjunhah -a cuturm- hk sus prmykitms kstratonims.

Rkrm ksa imjstruiinj sminal hkl tkrrntmrnm, quk hkcnjk rkonmjks y rkas hnckrkjinahas hkjtrm hkl kspainm jainmjal, pukhk skr crutm

hk uj prmiksm imlkitnvm hk hkinhnha ranoaedrk hkemirtnia, imj partninpainj okjunja hk tmhms sus njtkorajtks m, kj kl mtrm

kxtrkem, rksultahm hk uja nepmsninj es m ekjms autmrntarna hk lms hktkjtahmrks hkl pmhkr kimjenim y pmltnim imjikjtrahm.

[ja y mtra mpinj adrkj njsmspkifahms ksikjarnms kj lms quk la okstnj hkl tkrrntmrnm kst kstrkifaekjtk asminaha al hkstnjm

hk qunkjks prmhuikj y sk rkprmhuikj kj su njtkrnmr. Kj la prnekra vkrsnj, sk tratara hk uj tkrrntmrnm imlmjnzahm y/m miupahm

pmr aitmrks sminalks imj noualntarna iapainhah hkinsnmjal, quk rksuklvkj kl prmiksm hk imjstruiinj sminal hkl ensem pmr imj-

skjsm, snj nepmsninmjks y kj aras hk lmorar quk lms quk all vnvaj aliajikj, kj kl ekjmr lapsm pmsndlk, uja klkvainj sustajinal

hkl jnvkl hk ialnhah hk vnha aednkjtalekjtk sustkjtadlk hk la imeujnhah rkspkitnva. Rmhra k`keplncniarsk kstk emhklm hk imj-

struiinj sminal tkrrntmrnal imj uja kxpkrnkjina hk imlmjnzainj rkalnzaha pmr aitmrks sminalks vmlujtarnaekjtk askjtahms kj uj

kspainm hahm, quk sk mroajnzaj hk emhm smlnharnm y immpkratnvm, imjtrmlaj kl usm hk lms rkiursms jaturalks para pkrentnr quk

su pmtkjinalnhah y hnspmsninj pkrhurk kj kl tnkepm y plajtkaj uj emhklm hk prmhuiinj y okstnj quk oarajtnik uja hnstrndu-inj kquntatnva hk lms kxikhkjtks lmorahms. Kj jukstra fnstmrna hk pmdlaenkjtm y imlmjnzainj adujhaj kstms k`keplms. [jm, hk

kjtrk tajtms, kst imjstntunhm pmr la imlmjnzainj oalksa kj kl vallk hkl Tm Ifudut uja ikjturna y ekhna atrs.

Kj la skoujha vkrsnj, qunzs la es rkpktnha kj jukstrm hkvkjnr fnstrnim, aloj skitmr sminal, kimjenim m pmltnim, nepmjk

smdrk kl tkrrntmrnm uja imjstruiinj sminal imepatndlk imj sus md`ktnvms, y a kllms sk sudmrhnjaj las cmreas hk miupainj tkrrntm-

rnal, la hnstrnduinj hk la tnkrra, kl emhklm prmhuitnvm imj su ksqukea hk hnstrnduinj hk lms kxikhkjtks y la pmltnia hk imjskr-

vainj hk lms rkiursms jaturalks. Kj okjkral, kstas cmreas autmrntarnas hk k`krininm hkl pmhkr slm atnkjhkj lms md`ktnvms hkl orupm

quk imjtrmla las rklainmjks hk prmhuiinj y las emhalnhahks hk mroajnzainj sminal nepukstas y dusiaj eaxnenzar la tasa hk

oajajina hk lms orupms kjiuedrahms, imem irntkrnm cujhaekjtal y kxiluykjtk. Kj kl iaenjm, ks la pmdlainj prkkxnstkjtk a lms

prmiksms hk pmdlaenkjtm y al suronenkjtm hk la jukva cmreainj rkonmjal, la quk rksulta es haaha pmr la aiinj autmrntarna. ^

jm ks iasual quk mtra hnekjsnj quk taednj suklk rksultar snjoularekjtk ackitaha, ks kl ekhnm aednkjtk prkkxnstkjtk. Aqu,

hksorainahaekjtk, adujhaj lms k`keplms0 la Imjqunsta hkl Hksnkrtm kj la Rataomjna hurajtk las pmstrnekras hkl snolm VNV, kl

hksarranom y/m kxpulsnj hk la pmdlainj njhokja hkl jmrtk arokjtnjm pmr qunkjks prktkjhkj kxplmtar la tnkrra as mdtkjnha, kti.-

[j k`keplm imjtkepmrjkm parahnoetnim a intar sk rkcnkrk a las trajscmreainmjks prmhuitnvas hk aeplnms edntms ruralks, quk

iaednarmj hk usm crkjtk a las jkiksnhahks hk skitmrks iapaiks hk kckituar tal trajscmreainj kj kl ajtnoum tkrrntmrnm, rkke-

plazajhm lms iultnvms prkvnms pmr aqukllms quk prmhuikj -para lms lhkrks hk la jukva miupainj- klkvahas tasas hk rkjtadnlnhah,

imj skrnas imjskiukjinas kimjenias, sminalks y aednkjtalks. Yk trata hk la njvasnj hk la smà kj kl kspainm prkvnm hk prmhui-

inj alomhmjkra, kj kl Jmrkstk hkl pas, quk kj pmims ams fa hksplazahm ujnhahks prmhuitnvas pkqukas, ekhnajas y orajhks,

hkhniahas al alomhj, para prmhuinr kl intahm mlkaonjmsm. Kl tkrrntmrnm prkvnm kra uj kspainm altaekjtk artniulahm pmr uj iapntal

sminal imjstntunhm pmr kl emvnenkjtm immpkratnvm alomhmjkrm, hk altm nepaitm kj la rkonj0 imj prmhuitmrks hk hksnoual njskr-

inj kj la iahkja aormnjhustrnal hkl njsuem tkxtnl pkrm imj hkeajhas pkreajkjtks a mckrkjtks hk dnkjks y skrvninms hk las rkhks

urdajas imjtnouas, hkeajhas pmr la cukrza hk trada`m jkiksarna para lms prmiksms hk aimjhninmjaenkjtm hk la plajta alomhmj-kra y para kl kjiahkjaenkjtm njhustrnal njninal rkprkskjtahm pmr kl hksemtk quk miupada enlks hk tradaàhmrks lmialks, kti.-

Ahkes, kl iultnvm alomhmjkrm prkskrva la aptntuh kimlonia hk la tnkrra, lm quk jm suikhk imj la smà.

Kl jukvm prmiksm sm`krm ks tmtalekjtk nepmrtahm, jm hkeajha njsuems m dnkjks hk prmhuiinj hkl tkrrntmrnm lmial, jm miupa

cukrza hk trada`m hk la rkonj y, lukom hk rkimokr la imskifa sm`kra, la traslaha kj iaenmjks prmpnms a ikjtrms hk hnstrnduinj m

njhustrnalnzainj kxtrarkonmjalks y kxtraprmvnjinalks. Yn ajtkrnmrekjtk la sminkhah lmial fada imjstrunhm uja rkonj aùstaha a

las kxnokjinas hk la prmhuiinj hk uj hktkrenjahm iultnvm njhustrnal - kl alomhj, okjkralnzahaekjtk llaeahm uj iultnvm sminal

pmr las rklainmjks faina atrs y faina ahklajtk quk okjkradaj uj hkjsm tk`nhm prmhuitnvm, ladmral y hk njorksms-, kj las aitualks

inriujstajinas uj prmiksm jm imjtrmlahm lmialekjtk fa kxprmpnahm la rkonj y fa emhncniahm rahnialekjtk su pkrcnl, imj kl

aoravajtk hkl hktkrnmrm kimlonim quk la jukva kxplmtainj neplnia.

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Ksta euy smekra y drkvk hksirnpinj ha iukjta hk la oraj nepmrtajina quk supmjk kl tnpm hk pkrcnl tkrrntmrnal hmjhk la prmhui-

inj - kj eajms hk pkqukms y ekhnajms prmhuitmrks - sucrk uj snjoular prmiksm hk sustntuinj hk su ajtkrnmr vmiainj pmr ujm

jukvm, jm hkinhnhm lndrkekjtk pmr sus ajtkrnmrks miupajtks snjm nepukstm pmr las njkxmradlks lkyks hkl ekriahm.

Kl tkrrntmrnm, kjtmjiks, ahqunkrk uj imjtkjnhm snojncniatnvm quk jm ks pmsndlk mentnr. Imem ya lm vnjnems ajtninpajhm, sk tratara

hk la vnsualnzainj hk la aitnvnhah prmhuitnva imem uj imj`ujtm hk ksladmjks hk las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks askjtahas smdrk

uj hktkrenjahm tkrrntmrnm quk las rkikpta y, a la vkz las imjhninmja, pkrm quk taednj njiluyk tmhas las njtkrrklainmjks faina

cukra hkl prmiksm eahrk kspkicnim. Kstk acukra tnkjk quk vkr imj la mckrta hk njsuems, hk dnkjks hk prmhuiinj y hk sadkr tki-

jmlonim, oraj partk hk iuyms imepmjkjtks kstj rahniahms kj las rkhks urdajas imjtnouas a las kxplmtainmjks aorimlas y

ujnhas a kllas pmr lazms y vjiulms njksinjhndlks. Kstk acukra sk imepmjk, ahkes, hk la prmvnsnj hk dnkjks pdlnims quk hkdk

kckituar kl Kstahm imem aokjtk imlkitnvm rkspmjsadlk hk oarajtnzar uj jnvkl klkvahm hk la ialnhah hk vnha hk la pmdlainj. Yk

trata hk la khuiainj, la saluh, kl trajspmrtk, la kjkroa klitrnia, kl oas, kl aoua pmtadlk, la rkh hk imeujniainmjks, la rkirkainj,

la alnekjtainj dsnia, la vnvnkjha hnoja, kti., snj iuya hnspmjndnlnhah nrrkstrnita pmr la pmdlainj rkonmjal nepmsndnlntara m fara

hncinl, kj la eaymra hk lms iasms, smdrkvnvnr al jm hnspmjkr hk rkiursms njhnspkjsadlks para satnscaikr jkiksnhahks dsnias para

la sudsnstkjina.

Ks hkinr, kl hksarrmllm hk las aitnvnhahks aormpkiuarnas jm tkrenja kj la trajqukra hkl kstadlkinenkjtm snjm quk njiluyk, mdlnoa-haekjtk, tmha la traea hk rklainmjks kjtrk lms aitmrks sminalks rkspmjsadlks hk la mckrta y hkeajha hk dnkjks y skrvninms

rkqukrnhms para oarajtnzar kl cujinmjaenkjtm hk la aitnvnhah prmhuitnva y pmsndnlntar a lms fadntajtks uj jnvkl hk ialnhah hk vnha

hnojm kj uj tkrrntmrnm hktkrenjahm.

Xmhm kstk imj`ujtm hk njtkrvnjiulainmjks, -aloujas hkjtrm hkl ekriahm emjktarnm, mtras cukra hk l y ujas tkrikras quk jm

hkdkraj tkjkr prkinm pmr iuajtm snj kllas ks nepmsndlk vnvnr y rkprmhuinrsk- kst mroajnzahm hk uj emhm hktkrenjahm kj iuaj-

tm al k`krininm hkl pmhkr, la hnstrnduinj hk la rnqukza y hkl njorksm y kl aiiksm hk lms aitmrks sminalks lmialks a su hnscrutk, y imj-

cmrea uj tkrrntmrnm sminalekjtk imjstrunhm.

Kl hksarrmllm rural as kjtkjhnhm -y sta ks la jnia cmrea hk aprkfkjhkrlm kj su njtkoralnhah- hnspmjk, usa y rkprmhuik uj hktkr-

enjahm tkrrntmrnm. Rmr lm tajtm, ks uj hksarrmllm tkrrntmrnal rkimjmindlk, quk hkdk njtkorar iualqunkr kstratkona plajncniaha a cnj

hk hmtar a sus njtkorajtks hk imjhninmjks hk vnha kj pkreajkjtk asikjsm, aimrhk imj su kspkincninhah y su emhm mroajnzatnvm.

Hk kstk emhm, kl irhntm a lms pkqukms y ekhnajms prmhuitmrks ruralks asnenlahms a stms, hkdk rkspktar talks kspkincninhahks

k njskrtarsk kj uja pmltnia hk hksarrmllm tkrrntmrnal quk h iukjta hk tmhas las eltnplks njtkrrklainmjks hksirnptas kj cmrea

suinjta kj prracms ajtkrnmrks. Jm fay kstratkona hk irhntm supkrvnsahm vnadlk quk pukha skr kcniaz sn jm sk rkspktaj lms irntk-

rnms dsnims kxpukstms.

Fnptksns ?0 kl pkqukm prmhuitmr rural y su caenlna jm tnkjkj la ensea pmsndnlnhah hk mdtkjkr njcmreainj smdrk mpmrtu-jnhahks hk aiiksm a la mckrta hk dnkjks pdlnims hnspmjndlks para la satnscaiinj njtkoral hk las jkiksnhahks dsnias hk su

kjtmrjm prmhuitnvm y caenlnar -, kjtrk las quk kl irhntm y kl cnjajinaenkjtm smj rkiursms kstratonims-, quk uj prmhuitmr es

orajhk m hk jnvkl keprksarnal, lm quk hk pmr s neplnia uja oravk sntuainj hk njkqunhah. Kl aiiksm a njcmreainj cinlekjtk

hkimhncniadlk - quk jm smlaekjtk llkouk a tmhms lms prmhuitmrks es hdnlks hk las iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks snjm quk ska

kxprksaha kj trenjms quk pkrenta la tmea hk hkinsnmjks- ks uja imjhninj jkiksarna para quk sk rkvnkrta hnifa la sntuainj.

Kl prmiksm hk prmhuinr, hncujhnr y iaptar njcmreainj, quk kj ltnea njstajina imlmquk a iaha rkikptmr imj snenlar iapainhah hk

njtkrprktainj hk lms ekjsa`ks ks, pmr hkcnjninj, kj jukstra sminkhah prmcujhaekjtk hksnoual. Rmims smj lms quk kstj kj

imjhninmjks hk kentnr njcmreainj easnva -slm sk pukhk mr, lkkr m vkr, lm quk kst njilunhm kj lms eatkrnalks prmpmrinmjahms

pmr lms orajhks ekhnms hk imeujniainj. Nhjtnim ckjekjm sk vkrncnia a jnvkl hk la hnstrnduinj y rkprmhuiinj hk talks eatk-

rnalks y, kj kl prmiksm hk njimrpmrainj njcmreatnva sk rkprmhuikj las imjhninmjks kstruituralks hk hksnoualhah quk sk vnjiulaj

imj kl orahm hk imjminenkjtm prkskjtk kj iaha rkikptmr. Ksta njjkoadlk rkalnhah fa snhm aeplnaekjtk kstuhnaha y, para ratncniar

lm ajtkhnifm, lms ajalnstas faj imjilunhm, ikrtkraekjtk, quk njcmreainj ks pmhkr.

Kj lms edntms ruralks hk la Arokjtnja pkrncrnia, hmjhk prkhmenjaj lms pkqukms askjtaenkjtms prmhuitnvms hnspkrsms smdrk

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la supkrcnink hk iaha rkonj, la trajsensnj hk njcmreainj tnkjk darrkras ahninmjalks. La quk ks ksirnta sucrk lms njimjvkjnkjtks

hk la hnstajina hkshk kl ikjtrm hk okjkrainj fasta kl hkl imjsuem7 ahkes su imstm, smdrk tmhm kj las pudlniainmjks neprksas

pkrnhnias, suklk imjstntunr uj ksimllm ahninmjal a su easnva aiiksndnlnhah. La quk ks vnsual m auhntnva -smdrk tmhm la skoujha-

suklk hnscrutar hk eaymr orahm hk pkjktrainj kjtrk lms rkikptmrks ruralks. Ynj kedarom, las hncniultahks sk aiueulaj jm tajtm

al emekjtm hk mdtkjkr auhnkjinas easnvas, snjm kj lmorar quk qunkjks rkindaj lms ekjsa`ks pukhaj njtkrprktarlms y asnenlar-

lms kj cmrea noualntarna. Jukvaekjtk, jnvklks hk njorksm, khuiainj, aptntuh para njimrpmrar y prmiksar imjminenkjtm, kti., imj-

stntuykj caitmrks kstruituralks hk hncinl rkeminj kj kl imrtm plazm.

Kj uja kstratkona hk trajscmreainj hkl kspainm rural, quk tkjoa imem md`ktnvm ikjtral y kxiluykjtk, klkvar sustajinalekjtk la

ialnhah hk vnha hkl pkqukm prmhuitmr para askourar su njilusnj kj lms tk`nhms prmhuitnvm y sminal, kl aiiksm a la njcmreainj

ks uja imjhninj kskjinal. Kl imjminenkjtm hk lms ekriahms hk mckrta y hkeajha hk njsuems y prmhuitms, njiluykjhm prkinms,

imjhninmjks hk paom, emhalnhahks hk cnjajinaenkjtm, kti., ks uj rkqunsntm cujhaekjtal para uj plaj hk aitnvnhahks a kjiarar

pmr kl pkqukm prmhuitmr quk lk oarajtnik kxikhkjtks kimjenims pmsntnvms. La njcmreainj smdrk las cukjtks hk cnjajinaenkj-

tm para ahqunrnr dnkjks hk prmhuiinj y iapntal hk trada`m, imj sus euy hnckrkjtks partniularnhahks imjstntuyk mtrm ksladj njhns-

pkjsadlk para uja kstratkona prmhuitnva kxntmsa kj trenjms hk sus md`ktnvms y lms hk la sminkhah kj su imj`ujtm. Ynj aomtar kl

tkea, la ahqunsninj plkja hk iapainhah hk eajk`m hk jukvm aikrvm tkijmlonim kj sus euy hnvkrsas eajnckstainmjks, ks mtrm

aspkitm njsmslayadlk sn sk prktkjhk emhncniar kl pkrcnl njsatnscaitmrnm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks y hk aqukllms quk pmskkjprkhnms hk eaymr hnekjsnj pkrm kstj ackitahms pmr uj aouhm prmiksm hk hksiapntalnzainj.

La kxpkrnkjina okjkralnzaha aikria hk kstk tpnim njhnia quk, kj lms tnkepms quk imrrkj, sk aiueulaj skrnas tradas para quk la

hncusnj k njtkrprktainj ahkiuaha hk la njcmreainj skaj dnkjks pdlnims hk aiiksm nrrkstrnitm. Kllm lm kvnhkjinaj ajlnsns kcki-

tuahms pmr kstuhnmsms hk lms prmiksms hk iaednm tkijmlonim y rkimjvkrsnj prmhuitnva kj hnstnjtms tkrrntmrnms ruralks.

Cnjalekjtk, para imjilunr kl prkskjtk apartahm, hnrkems quk kl imj`ujtm hk prmiksms quk rksuekj las fnptksns ajtks ekj-

inmjahas, njtkraiinmjaj kj uj tkrrntmrnm hahm y hkcnjkj las eltnplks hktkrenjainmjks quk imjcmreaj kl fdntat prmhuitnvm

y sminal hk uj pkqukm prmhuitmr y su caenlna, y prkcnouraj lms lnjkaenkjtms hk pmltnia y kstratonims quk kj rklainj imj

la iruinal prmdlketnia hkl irhntm y mtras cmreas hk cnjajinaenkjtm supkrvnsahm, sk kxpmjkj kj kl ltnem iaptulm hk kstk

hmiuekjtm kj vnstas hk imjtrndunr a lms md`ktnvms hk ek`mrar las imjhninmjks hk vnha y prmhuiinj hkl skitmr su`ktm hk kstk

kstuhnm.

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NN. KL YKIXMT AOTMRKI[ATNM ATOKJXNJM KJ KL [EDTAL HKL J[KSM YNOLM

Kl hkspujtar hkl jukvm snolm imlmia al skitmr aormpkiuarnm jainmjal ajtk uj skrnm y eltnplk hksacm. Rmr uj lahm, hkdk acrmjtar

la fasta afmra njiueplnha tarka hk askourar a lms 9? enllmjks hk fadntajtks hkl pas la sucninkjtk mckrta hk dnkjks hkstnjahms ala alnekjtainj fueaja hnarna iapaz hk klnenjar, kj kl es drkvk lapsm pmsndlk, la vkrokjza hkl faedrk kj jm ekjms hk snktk

enllmjks hk sus fadntajtks. Ksta tarka, aj pkjhnkjtk, sk ha kj uj imjtkxtm hmjhk la prmhuiinj ajual hk alnekjtms -pmr partk

hk hnifm skitmr, tajtm kj su cask prnearna imem kj su kstahnm njhustrnalnzahm- pkrentnra iudrnr ksa jkiksnhah a aprmxneaha-

ekjtk mifm vkiks la iajtnhah hk pmdlainj quk fadnta kj jukstrm pas.

Rmr supukstm, la rkspmjsadnlnhah hk quk kl md`ktnvm hk alnekjtar hnojaekjtk a la tmtalnhah hk jukstrm aikrvm fueajm jm sk

faya jn ekhnajaekjtk aliajzahm, jm ks prmpna hkl skitmr prmhuitmr hk lms alnekjtms. Kllm ks rksultahm, kvnhkjtkekjtk, hkl emh-

klm hk hnstrnduinj hkl njorksm vnokjtk quk nepnhk quk lms dnkjks jkiksarnms para klnenjar kl faedrk kj es hk uj 42 % hk la

pmdlainj, llkoukj a eajms hk qunkjks hkdkj imjsuenr aqukllm quk kst hnspmjndlk haha la mckrta njtkrja.

Kstk prnekr hksacm ks hk rkspmjsadnlnhah hk la sminkhah kj su imjùjtm y iualqunkr kstratkona hk hksarrmllm rural kj okjkral y

hk cnjajinaenkjtm al skitmr hk pkqukms prmhuitmrks kj partniular, hkdkr tkjkr kj iukjta hnifa asnojatura pkjhnkjtk cujha-ekjtal y prnmrntarna.

Kj skoujhm trenjm, kl skitmr aormpkiuarnm fa kstahm su`ktm a prmcujhas trajscmreainmjks kj las es rkinkjtks hiahas y, par-

tniularekjtk, kj kl pkrmhm quk sk njnina imj kl emhklm hk aùstk kstruitural kxpajsnvm hk lms >2. La pmltnia kimjenia dasa-

ha kj kl tnpm hk iaednm cn`m quk nepusm -al imeps hk las hnrkitnvas hkl Imjskjsm hk _asfnjotmj- kstratkonas imjhuikjtks a

askourar kl xntm hk hnifm emhklm, cuk kl prnjinpal iatalnzahmr hkl prmiksm hk emhkrjnzainj aiklkraha hk la aormnjhustrna

arokjtnja y su kcninkjtk prmiksm hk njskrinj kj la kimjmea njtkrjainmjal.

Ksta iaraitkrstnia salnkjtk hk kxpajsnj skitmrnal -kj kl earim hk la prmcujhnzainj hk la olmdalnzainj kimjenia y cnjajinkra

njtkrjainmjal- hnm uj skrnm nepulsm al prmiksm hk njimrpmrainj tkijmlonia (imjsmlnhainj hk lms imeplk`ms aormnjhustrnalks

imj uj klkvahm imepmjkjtk hk imjikjtrainj y ikjtralnzainj kimjenia) y a la aouhnzainj hk la drkifa hk njorksm y rnqukzakjtrk lms prmhuitmrks njimrpmrahms al prmiksm hnjenim y lms quk qukharmj acukra. Aqu aparkik, kj tmha su eaojntuh, la

kspkicnia udniainj hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks, cukrtkekjtk ackitahms pmr la vnokjina hk kstk prmykitm hk pmltnia

kimjenia quk tuvm uj kstrkpntmsm hkrruedk a cnjks hkl am 4221.

Hkàems hk lahm kl prnekr aspkitm -quk jms snrvk imem rkckrkjina okjkral pkrm quk supmjk admrhar uja tketnia euy aeplna,

quk kxikhk kl md`ktnvm hk kstk kstuhnm-, para hkhniarjms kj kstk apartahm a har iukjta hkl skoujhm jnvkl hk la prmdlketnia, kl

hk las prmcujhas trajscmreainmjks miurrnhas kj kl skitmr aormpkiuarnm kj lms ltnems ams, quk kst hnrkitaekjtk vnjiulahm al

hkstnjm aitual y cuturm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks hkl skitmr (eaymrntarnms kj iajtnhah aujquk imj uj pksm kimjenim ekjmr

al hk lms aokjtks hk eaymr taeam y pmhkr), y a las pmsndnlnhahks hk xntm hk uja pmltnia hk cnjajinaenkjtm y irhntm quk lms

tkjoa imem su`ktms prnmrntarnms.

Tktmeajhm kl ajlnsns smdrk kl prmiksm hk kxpajsnj hk la aitnvnhah aormnjhustrnal, kjeariahm kj la irkinkjtk hnjenia hk la

olmdalnzainj kimjenim-cnjajinkra a ksiala njtkrjainmjal, farkems rkckrkjina kxplinta a su kxprksnj imjtkepmrjka kj la

Arokjtnja.

Kl ckjekjm hk la emhkrjnzainj y kl aikjtuahm hksarrmllm hkl skitmr aormpkiuarnm kj sus hnvkrsas eajnckstainmjks rkonmjalks

sk fa dasahm, kj kl ltnem iuartm hk snolm, kj hnvkrsms prmiksms quk faj snojncniahm iaednms trasikjhkjtalks kj su imjcnou-

rainj. As, la hncusnj hk jukvas tkijmlmoas k njsuems aplniahms a la aorniultura, cujhaekjtahms kj lms aormquenims, la

dnmtkijmlmoa y la njokjnkra okjtnia, faj snhm emtmrks kstratonims kj kl prmiksm al quk faikems rkckrkjina. Lms aokjtks

kimjenims quk sk faj njimrpmrahm hkinhnhaekjtk al prmiksm emhkrjnzahmr hk la aormnjhustrna, lm fninkrmj a partnr hk la ahmp-

inj hk tmhas las njjmvainmjks prmhuinhas pmr ksk trpmhk smdrk kl quk sk fa vkjnhm imjstruykjhm la jukva aorniultura. La

nepmrtainj hk talks imepmjkjtks faina la rkalnhah kekrokjtk kj kl skitmr, cuk aeplnaekjtk dkjkcninaha pmr kl tnpm hk iaednm

cavmradlk y kl clu`m hk irhntms hkl kxtkrnmr para cnjajinar su njimrpmrainj kj las aitnvnhahks njtkrjas. Kjiadkzajhm kl ckjekjm

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hk rpnha kxpajsnj y trajscmreainj kstruitural, sk udniaj nepmrtajtks imjolmekrahms kimjenims -euifms hk kllms hk ia-

pntal eultnjainmjal- quk lnhkraj la hnjenia njstalaha k nepulsaj, al rntem hk sus jkiksnhahks, kl tnpm, ialnhah y irkinenkjtm hk

la mckrta hk njsuems, tajtm para aormalnekjtms imem para prmiksms eajucaiturkrms vnjiulahms a njsuems aorimlas jm alnekj-

tarnms. @ujtm a la mckrta hkl rkiursm tnkrra, quk mcrkik vkjtaàs imeparatnvas, sk aorkoaj kstas njvkrsnmjks, quk njimrpmraj vkj-

taàs imepktntnvas.

Lms trks pnlarks dsnims hkshk lms iualks sk faj vkjnhm neplajtajhm lms prmiksms tkijmlonims njjmvatnvms -dnmtkijmlmoa, la

mckrta kj irkinkjtk auekjtm hk aormquenims y lms pkreajkjtks prmorksms hkrnvahms hk la njokjnkra okjtnia- sk imeplkekj-

tarmj imj emhncniainmjks snojncniatnvas, tajtm kj la tkijmlmoa hk okstnj hk las ujnhahks hk prmhuiinj aorarnas imem kj las

rklainmjks hkl skitmr imj mtras hnekjsnmjks hkl qukfaikr prmhuitnvm.

Hk kstk emhm, uja prnekra imjilusnj hk las trajscmreainmjks skitmrnalks -quk njiluykj taednj jukvas emhalnhahks hk imjtrat-

ainj hk la cukrza hk trada`m, as imem iaednms kj su hnekjsnj rklatnva hk iara a lms hkes caitmrks hk la prmhuiinj- tnkjk quk

vkr imj la iapainhah hnckrkjinal hk lms aokjtks kimjenims kj sudnrsk a kstk trkj emhkrjnzahmr neparadlk. La prk-skjina hk

orajhks orupms kimjenims, jainmjalks m eultnjainmjalks, kj kl prmiksm hk lnhkrazom y imjtrml hk la aitnvnhah aormnjhustrnal kj

sus es hnvkrsas eajnckstainmjks, tmrj pmsndlk kstk prmiksm trajscmreahmr. Kllm sk aprkina kj la kekrokjina hk cnreas hk oraj

pmhkrm kimjenim kj tmhm kl kspkitrm hk la njjmvainj tkijmlonia -tajtm kj la njvkstnoainj okjtnia imem kj la mckrta hk sken-llas trajsojnias, aormquenims- para njirkekjtar la prmhuitnvnhah csnia hk la prmhuiinj y hkstkrrar kjckrekhahks y ealkzas, m

kj la njimrpmrainj hk jukvas kspkinks para klkvar la ialnhah hk lms alnekjtms m njsuems mdtkjnhms.

Rkrm, a la vkz, la emhkrjnzainj y irkinenkjtm hk la mckrta sk das kj kl hksarrmllm kcninkjtk hk la prmhuiinj kj las ujnhahks

kimjenias aptas para aliajzar jnvklks kj imjstajtk iapainhah hk auekjtm hk la prmhuitnvnhah csnia hk lms dnkjks hkstnjahms

al imjsuem njtkrekhnm m cnjal. Kstas ujnhahks kimjenias -ekhnajas y orajhks, tajtm kj la aorniultura hk skiajm imem hk

rnkom- sk aimplarmj, kj alta prmpmrinj, al prmiksm kekrokjtk. Rara kllm, hkdnkrmj imjtar -y skouraekjtk lm tkjhrj quk skounr

fainkjhm a cuturm- imj rkiursms cnjajinkrms prmpnms y hk apmrtks irkhntninms kxtkrjms kj eaojntuhks snojncniatnvas y uja rkjmva-

ha iapainhah hk okstnj.

Al ensem tnkepm, suronkrmj -y sk kstj hncujhnkjhm- pritnias mroajnzatnvas hk las aitnvnhahks tajtm hk snkedra, imem hk eajk`m y ultk-

rnmr rkimlkiinj, quk njiluykj njvkrsnmjks klkvahas talks imem pmmls hk snkedra, snkedra hnrkita, imjtratainj hk tnkrra pmr imskifas,

ahqunsninj hk jukvas tnkrras a partnr hkl hksplazaenkjtm hk la crmjtkra aorimla, ekiajnzainj hkl prmiksm hk rkimlkiinj, kti.-

Yurok hk lm ajtkhnifm, quk la iapainhah hk faikr crkjtk al hksacm quk neplnia ksta vkrhahkra rkvmluinj prmhuitnva y tijnia

kj las aitnvnhahks aormnjhustrnalks jainmjalks, jm pukhk skr acrmjtahm hk snenlar emhm pmr uj ekhnajm y oraj prmhuitmr iapn-

talnzahm -imj rklainmjks cmrealks hkjtrm y cukra hkl snstkea kimjenim y kstrkifms vjiulms imj las njstntuinmjks cnjajinkras hkl

pas y/m hkl kxtkrnmr- quk pmr uj pkqukm prmhuitmr imj njorksms sudsnstkjinalks m, njilusm, ekjmrks a su smdrkvnvkjina hnoja,

imj uja njskrinj njcmreal y snj iajalks hk mdtkjinj hk irhntm njstntuinmjalnzahm.

Kstk snjoular imjtrastk nepmjk uja kvaluainj imrrkita hk las iapainhahks hnckrkjinalks hk aiiksm quk tnkjkj lms prmhuitmrks

aormpkiuarnms arokjtnjms skoj su taeam, rkiursms cnjajinkrms, aiiksm a la njcmreainj y pmsndnlnhahks hk mdtkjkr cnjaj-

inaenkjtm y asnstkjina tijnia kj adujhajina y a da`m imstm. Rkrm aj, sn tmhm lm kxpukstm kstuvnkra al aliajik hkl pkqukm prm-huitmr, su pmsndnlnhah hk kjtrar kj kl inriuntm hk lms oajahmrks qukha cukrtkekjtk mpaiaha iuajhm sk rkimjmik quk aitual-

ekjtk lms njorksms quk mdtnkjk, lk`ms kstj hk aliajzar uja eaojntuh tal imem para smstkjkr a su caenlna kj la satnscaiinj hk

sus jkiksnhahks dsnias, a la vkz quk lmorar uj kxikhkjtk sucninkjtkekjtk snojncniatnvm imem para cnjajinar tmhms lms imeprm-

ensms quk la intaha njskrinj supmjk.

Kj uj artiulm rkckrnhm a kstk tkea, Outeaj y Dnsajo rkspalhaj jukstra mpnjnj. Kj l, acnreaj, rkcnrnjhmsk a las trajscmrea-

inmjks prmhuinhas kj kl skitmr aormnjhustrnal hk rksultas hk su emhkrjnzainj aiklkraha kj las es rkinkjtks hiahas0 Kstms

iaednms, snj kedarom, sk faj hncujhnhm hk cmrea hksnoual y euifas vkiks kxiluykjtk kjtrk lms prmhuitmrks aormpkiuarnms,

aikjtujhmsk las tkjhkjinas fnstrnias faina la imjikjtrainj y uja eaymr fktkrmokjknhah hk las kstruituras prmhuitnvas.9 Ks

RTMNJHKT j6 1?

9

Dnsajo, T. y Outeaj, O. Jukvas hnjenias kj la prmhuiinj aormpkiuarna. [j kqunlndrnm pklnormsm. Tkvnsta Kjiruinàhas, Jm. 41.[DA, DukjmsAnrks, 4229. Ronja 6.


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prkinsaekjtk uja iukstnj ikjtral la imjikjtrainj hkl iapntal quk atravnksa, kj cmrea fmrnzmjtal, a tmhms lms prmiksms y

aokjtks kimjenims rkspmjsadlks hk lms ensems, kjsajifajhm la drkifa kjtrk lms quk pukhkj y lms quk jm pukhkj.

Yn lms prmhuitmrks sk udniaj hk emhm euy hnckrkjinahm kj kstk jukvm ksikjarnm, tal imem sk pukhk aprkinar kj rkinkjtks kstu-

hnms smdrk la sntuainj kimjenia y sminal hk hnvkrsas rkonmjks hk la pkrnckrna arokjtnja8 , kl pajmraea hk la cukrza hk trada`m,

rkeujkraha m jm, quk aimepaa a la aitnvnhah aormnjhustrnal mcrkik snenlarks arnstas hk nepmsndnlnhah kstruitural hk aùstarsk

al kekrokjtk pkrcnl emhkrjnzajtk hkl prmiksm y qukha smektnha a ckjekjms hk kxpulsnj, kxilusnj sminal y iarkjina hk mpmr-

tujnhahks ladmralks para euifms hk sus njtkorajtks.

â ahklajtaems kj kl apartahm ajtkrnmr, quk kl iaednm hk prkinms rklatnvms miurrnhm lukom hk la hkvaluainj hkl tnpm hk iaednm,

kj kl am 4224, pmim ks lm quk apmrt a emhncniar las pmtkjinalnhahks hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks kj njorksar a uja skjha hk

njorksms sucninkjtks imem para acrmjtar kl intahm hksacm, y taepmim fa emhncniahm kl iuahrm hk rklainmjks ladmralks kj kl aorm

arokjtnjm.;

[ja enraha es adariatnva hk lms ckjekjms a quk jms kstaems suinjtaekjtk rkcnrnkjhm, neplnia ajalnzar lms imepmrtaenkj-

tms hk lms hnckrkjtks aokjtks kimjenims kj kl prmiksm prmhuitnvm rkonmjal, a travs hkl snstkea hk rklainmjks sminalks y hk prm-

huiinj quk sk cmrealnza kjtrk kllms, para kl hksarrmllm hk las aitnvnhahks hkshk la mdtkjinj hkl njsuem prnjinpal fasta la kjtrk-oa hkl dnkj cnjal al imjsuem njtkrjm m kxtkrjm. Ksta mdskrvainj irtnia faik usm hk fkrraenkjtas hksirnptnvas y ajaltnias hk lms

prmiksms hk prmhuiinj kspkicnims quk sk faj hahm kj llaear inriuntms hk aiueulainj m iahkjas aormnjhustrnalks m ime-

plk`ms prmhuitnvms.

Kstk imjikptm pukhk skr rkimrrnhm, njninalekjtk, a travs hk las hkcnjninmjks hk qunkjks faj kstahm tradaàjhm imj l, kj hnvkr-

sms kstuhnms rkckrnhms a la kimjmea aormpkiuarna kj su kstruitura prmhuitnva aitual. Ykoj uj rkimjminhm kstuhnmsm hkl tkea

...sk hkcnjk kl imeplk`m m snstkea aormnjhustrnal imem uj imjùjtm hk aitnvnhahks suiksnvas prnjinpalks y aiiksmrnas rkla-

inmjahas imj la prmhuiinj y kl prmiksaenkjtm hk ujm m es prmhuitms aormpkiuarnms. Las aitnvnhahks prnjinpalks njiluykj la

okjkrainj hk kstms prmhuitms, su iultnvm y prmiksaenkjtm y la prmhuiinj hk dnkjks hk iapntal k njsuems para las aitnvnhahks

aorimlas. Las aitnvnhahks aiiksmrnas njiluykj kl aimpnm, trajspmrtk y hnstrnduinj hk prmhuitms aorimlas k njhustrnalks y su

cnjajinainj.3

A su vkz, mtrms hms hkstaiahms ajalnstas hkl skitmr kxprksaj0 ...las iahkjas m sudsnstkeas aormalnekjtarnms (...) imjstntuykj

traeas m rkhks `krrqunias, imeplkàs, y hnjenias hk artniulainmjks njtkrkeprksarnalks y imj aokjtks pdlnims y prnvahms

prkstahmrks hk skrvninms kspkinalnzahms.? Rrmsnoukj, es ahklajtk, quk kl tnpm hk artniulainmjks quk sk okjkralnzaj kj lms sns-

tkeas aormnjhustrnalks sk iaraitkrnzaj pmr0

1. Imjcmrear rklainmjks `krrqunias y sklkitnvas (kxiluykjtks) llkvajhm al hksarrmllm hk rklainmjks asnetrnias kjtrk las

keprksas njtkrvnjnkjtks7

4. Askjtarsk, kj la eaymra hk lms iasms, kj rklainmjks imjtraitualks, la eaymr partk hk las vkiks njcmrealks, y kj aiukrhms

hk imepra/vkjta hk eatkrnas prneas, hnckrkjinalks skoj kl orahm hk iueplnenkjtm hk atrndutms kspkicnims hk ialnhah y

iajtnhah hk las enseas, cnàhms pmr las keprksas imeprahmras (njhustrnas trajscmreahmras, fnpkr m supkrekriahms, orajkeprksa imekrinal kxpmrtahmra)7 kstms aiukrhms pukhkj njimrpmrar asnstkjina tijnia y/m asnstkjina cnjajinkra7

9. Hksarrmllar ekiajnsems hk cmreainj hk lms prkinms quk partkj hkl prkinm cnjal hkl dnkj hk imjsuem, y hksiukjtaj, faina

atrs hk la iahkja, lms erokjks hk iaha ktapa para arrndar a lms prkinms rkimjminhms a las ktapas prmvkkhmras prkvnas... 6

RTMNJHKT j 616

8 Mp. Int. Tmceaj, A. 1>>>.; Mp. Int. Yagrmnsgy, A. 4229.3 Xkudal, Enoukl. Olmdalnzainj y kxpajsnj aormnjhustrnal, Dukjms Anrks, 1>>;. Ronja ??.? Dnsajo, T. y Outeaj, O. Jukvas hnjenias kj la prmhuiinj aormpkiuarna. [j kqunlndrnm pklnormsm. Tkvnsta Kjiruinàhas, Jm. 41.[DA, Dukjms

Anrks, 4229. Ro. 1?.6 Mp. Int. Dnsajo, T. y Outeaj, O. 4229. Ro. 1?.


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Kstms autmrks cnjalnzaj kl ajlnsns hk lms prmiksms njtkrvnjiulahms kj las iahkjas kjtrk aokjtks kimjenims hk euy hksnoual

pmhkr kimjenim, imj lms snounkjtks imjikptms0 Yk rkonstraj, kj kl hksarrmllm hk las rklainmjks hk njtkriaednm y hmenjainj al

njtkrnmr hk lms imeplk`ms aormnjhustrnalks, kstas partniularnhahks0

n. La nepmrtajina hk las hnjenias nepulsahas hkshk la hkeajha, kj imjtrastk imj las trahninmjalks hnjenias nepulsahas

hkshk la mckrta7

nn. La irkinkjtk pmlarnzainj hk las oajajinas kj las ktapas kxtrkeas hk lms sudsnstkeas0 rkjtas tkijmlonias y dnmtkijmlon-

ias kj la prmhuiinj prnearna7 oajajinas imekrinalks y cnjajinkras kj la ktapa hk hnstrnduinj cnjal7

nnn. La imjikjtrainj, ikjtralnzainj k njtkrjainmjalnzainj hk lms iapntalks prmhuitnvms y imekrinalks. [j jekrm rkhuinhm hk

orajhks keprksas trasjainmjalks imjtrmlaj lms ekriahms kstratonims kj las ktapas hk njsuems y dnkjks hk iapntal para kl

aorm, kj la prmhuiinj hk alnekjtms, kj las njhustrnas hk kqunpms k njsuems njhustrnalks, kj la hnstrnduinj enjmrnsta y kj

lms skrvninms alnekjtarnms.>

[j tkrikr apmrtk, quk imrrkspmjhk a uj kstuhnm pudlniahm kj kl am 1>>> pmr ujm hk lms autmrks hkl prkskjtk kstuhnm, faik rk-

ckrkjina al inriuntm prmhuitnvm quk adaria uj imjùjtm hk ujnhahks hk prmhuiinj, hnstrnduinj y imjsuem quk aitaj njtkrvnj-iulahas kjtrk s a partnr hk uja aitnvnhah imej a tmhas kllas. Kj mtras paladras, uj inriuntm prmhuitnvm ks uj skoekjtm kspki-

cnim hk la aitnvnhah prmhuitnva, quk hkshk kl njninm hkl prmiksm va kjiahkjajhm, kj cmrea imjskiutnva, aiinmjks hk trajscmrea-

inj k njtkriaednm fasta mdtkjkr kl prmhuitm cnjal quk va al ekriahm hk imjsuem. Iaha inriuntm kst hmenjahm pmr uja m varnas

aitnvnhahks ilavks, quk k`krikj kl imjtrml hkl rkpartm hkl kxikhkjtk kimjenim olmdal prmhuinhm kj kl inriuntm k nepmjnkjhm, a

lms hkes aokjtks kimjenims quk mpkraj kj kl ensem, su pmhkr hmenjajtk hk jkominainj. As, kj iaha inriuntm njtkraitaj

hnvkrsms aokjtks imj uja hksnoual iapainhah hk okjkrar y rktkjkr kl valmr aorkoahm okjkrahm kj su aitnvnhah. La aprmpnainj,

pmr ujms aokjtks kimjenims, hk partk hkl valmr aorkoahm quk mtrms faj prmhuinhm, sk pkrckiinmja a travs hk las rklainmjks

hnrkitas quk kjtrk kllms sk plajtkaj. As, las trajsckrkjinas hk valmr kjtrk aokjtks hmenjahms y hmenjajtks sk pukhkj njhnvn-

hualnzar a partnr hk las imjhninmjks md`ktnvas kj quk sk hksplnkoaj al njtkrnmr hkl inriuntm prmhuitnvm las rklainmjks hk pmhkr

asnetrnias.12

Las imjsnhkrainmjks prkikhkjtks, quk prmvnkjkj hk ajlnsns tkrnims pkrm avalahas pmr ajlnsns keprnims quk lms imjcnreaj, pkrentkj

imeprkjhkr ek`mr la sntuainj hk sudmrhnjainj kstruitural hk la pkquka prmhuiinj hkjtrm hk lms sudsnstkeas prmhuitnvms aormnj-

hustrnalks eariahms pmr uja aitnvnhah kj imej. Rmr k`keplm, jms rkckrnems al prmiksm aormnjhustrnal alomhmjkrm-tkxtnl, a la aitnvnhah

azuiarkra, al snstkea fmrtn-crutimla, al imeplk`m aormnjhustrnal vntnvnjimla, al hk la ykrda eatk, kti.-

Yn jms rkentnems a uja mdskrvainj irtnia aikria hkl cujinmjaenkjtm hk kstms inriuntms, iahkjas m imeplk`ms, iualksqunkra ska

la hkjmenjainj quk sk ahmptk, aprkinarkems iem uj ajlnsns fnstrnim jms pkrentnr rkimjmikr udniainmjks hkjtrm hkl sns-

tkea kspkicnim quk rkimjmikj sntuainmjks hk imjtrml y sudmrhnjainj skoj sk tratk hk aokjtks kimjenims hk hdnl m snjou-

lar pmhkr hk jkominainj hkjtrm hk lms ensems. Ksta rkalnhah quk prnjinpna hkshk la imjcnourainj njninal hk lms rkspkitnvms inr-

iuntms tuvm, kj su traykitmrna fnstrnia, njtkrvkjinmjks rkoulahmras hk hnstnjta eaojntuh quk, kj euifms iasms, rkhu`krmj m

suavnzarmj la hksnoualhah kstruitural kjtrk aokjtks kimjenims kj su njtkrnmr.

[j iasm parahnoetnim cuk kl hk la prmhuiinj, hnstrnduinj y vkjta al imjsuem cnjal hk la ykrda eatk. Kj kstk inriuntm -ujm hk

lms es rkoulahms pmr kl Kstahm kj la fnstmrna kimjenia arokjtnja- la hktkrenjainj hk lms prkinms quk hkdaj paoar al prm-

huitmr lms ahqunrkjtks hk las fmàs hk ykrda para kjvasar y vkjhkr kj kl ekriahm hk imjsuem, cuk rkalnzaha hurajtk ams pmr

kl mroajnsem pdlnim hk imjtrml. Kllm oarajtnzada uj prkinm rkeujkratnvm para lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks k nepnhn quk lms

orajhks skiahkrms y lms kstadlkinenkjtms njhustrnalks craiinmjahmrks kxtra`kraj pmrinmjks snojncniatnvas hk kxikhkjtk okjkra-

hm pmr kl skoekjtm sminal hk lms aokjtks kimjenims es hdnlks. Kl rkimjminenkjtm pmr partk hkl Kstahm hk uj ckjekjm hk

hksnoualhah kstruitural kjtrk lms aokjtks kimjenims pmsninmjahms kj ksladmjks rklainmjahms kjtrk s, lm imjvmi a aituar

imem rdntrm kj la hktkrenjainj hk lms prkinms paoahms al prmhuitmr aorimla kj salvaouarha hk su iapainhah hk rktkjkr kl

exnem pmsndlk hkl kxikhkjtk kimjenim quk cuk okjkrajhm.

RTMNJHKT j6 1>

> Dnsajo, T. y Outeaj, O. Md. Int. Ros. 1?/16.12 Tmceaj, Alkàjhrm. Hksarrmllm Tkonmjal y Kxilusnj Yminal. Xrajscmreainmjks y irnsns kj la Arokjtnja imjtkepmrjka. Dukjms Anrks, 1>>>. Ro. 81.


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Rmr kl imjtrarnm, imem imjskiukjina hk la hkinsnj kstatal hk adajhmjar ksk rml rkoulahmr njhnspkjsadlk, kj kl am 1>>1, sk cuk

prmhuinkjhm uja aouhnzainj hkl ya imekjtahm prmiksm hk imjikjtrainj y ikjtralnzainj hkl iapntal, quk pusm kj earifa uj

imjùjtm hk kstratkonas para imjtrmlar tmhas las casks hk lms rkspkitnvms inriuntms k nepmjkr su emhklm prmhuitnvm a lms hkes

njtkorajtks hkl ensem. Lms k`keplms adujhaj y pmsndnlntaj imeprmdar keprniaekjtk la valnhkz hk ksta acnreainj.

Ks kl iasm hk la crutniultura hkhniaha a la prmhuiinj hk crutas hk pkpnta kj kl Sallk hkl Tm Jkorm. All, ks caitndlk nhkjtncniar la

irkinkjtk prkskjina hk uja keprksa eultnjainmjal quk fa nepukstm jm smlaekjtk uj hkcnjnhm pkrcnl al prmiksm aormkxpmrtahmr

snjm quk, taednj, fa emhncniahm las iaraitkrstnias hmenjajtks hkl prmiksm hk prmhuiinj y fa hktkrenjahm pautas hk ialnhah

a sus prmvkkhmrks, quk neplniaj orajhks kscukrzms kimjenims para rkimjvkrtnr sus plajtainmjks aimrhk imj las kxnokjinas

plajtkahas. Hk kstk emhm, hk kstar kj eajms hk uj imjùjtm hk keprksas jainmjalks hk taeam ekhnm -la imekrinalnzainj

njtkrja y kxtkrja hk la cruta imskifaha a ekhnahms hk lms >2- la njstalainj hk ksta eultnjainmjal, kj pmims ams, fa llkoahm a

iaptar alrkhkhmr hkl 82 % hk la cruta imekrinalnzaha imj hkstnjm a ekriahms kxtkrjms y, ltneaekjtk al ekriahm njtkrjm. A klla

sk faj aorkoahm mtras hms keprksas, quk smlaekjtk imekrinalnzaj snj njtkrvkjnr kj kl ekriahm hk prmhuiinj, smdrkpasajhm

laroaekjtk kl ?2 % hk la cruta quk ajualekjtk va a lms ekriahms kxtkrjms kj eajms hk kstk mlnompmlnm. Rmr supukstm, las pau-

tas hk ialnhah y lms imjtratms hk kjtrkoa smj cnàhms pmr kstk orupm hmenjajtk hkjtrm hkl inriuntm, imj oravks pkrùninms para lms

prmhuitmrks njhkpkjhnkjtks, eaymrntarnms adsmlutms kj jekrm, pkrm njiapaiks hk cnjajinarsk -kj tmha la hiaha hk lms >2, imjrkiursms prmpnms y a`kjms- uj jkiksarnm prmiksm hk rkimjvkrsnj. Kl dalajik ajual hk la eaymra hk lms prmhuitmrks njhkpkjhn-

kjtks kra jkoatnvm pmr lm quk iualqunkr iksnj hk cmjhms para cnjajinar sus imskifas, iaha vkz es hksialncniahas pmr lms ime-

prahmrks mlnomplnims quk las hksiartadaj pmrquk jm tkjaj lms patrmjks hk ialnhah rkqukrnhms, fudnkra snhm uj njtkjtm njtnl.

Lukom hk la hkvaluainj sk rkimepusm kl jnvkl hk oajajina jkta hkl oruksm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks hk cruta njhkpkjhn-

kjtks, pkrm snouk snkjhm pmr hkes njsucninkjtk imem para acrmjtar uj imeprmensm cnjajinkrm, es aj sn kl ensem jm kst

aimepaahm hk ekhnhas para hkckjhkr prkinms, apmrtar dnkjks pdlnims, rkspalhar la jkominainj crkjtk al orupm mlnomplnim,

hkckjhkr la ialnhah rkprmhuitnva hk la tnkrra, ek`mrar kl snstkea hk plajtainj, kti.-

Kl pajmraea sk prkskjta euy snenlar kj kl skitmr vntnvnjimla, imj su iahkja aormnjhustrnal irkinkjtkekjtk imjikjtraha kj

eajms hk iapntalks kxtkrjms al pas -kj su oraj eaymra - quk iukjtaj imj kl rkspalhm hk las pmltnias hk apmym kstatal dasahas

kj lms hnckrnenkjtms nepmsntnvms. Lms pkqukms vnatkrms pmskkj uja urokjtk jkiksnhah hk emhncniar kl tnpm hk vna kj

kxplmtainj -hkdnhm a la iaha hk la hkeajha hk vnjm hk eksa y kl imrrkspmjhnkjtk auekjtm hkl imjsuem njtkrjm y kxtkrjm hkl

vnjm rkskrva- pkrm iarkikj hk njorksms okjunjms y/m apmym hkl Kstahm (va cnjajinaenkjtm kj imjhninmjks aiiksndlks, kti.) para

ahqunrnr lms jukvms rktmms y kspkrar lms iuatrm m injim ams para quk lms ensems kstj kj prmhuiinj.

Kj kstk drkvk rkimrrnhm, qukha kspainm para rkalnzar uja rkckrkjina al snstkea aormnjhustrnal alomhmjkrm tkxtnl quk, lukom hk uja

pmia hk dmjajza quk arraji kj 1>>9 y sk ikrr faina 1>>3-?, fa iahm kj uja sntuainj irtnia, imj oravk hktkrnmrm sminal puks

lms pkqukms prkhnms alomhmjkrms faj snhm njiapaiks -pmr hnekjsnj y rkiursms kimjenims- hk pasarsk a la smà m njtkjtar

mtrm tnpm hk rkimjvkrsnj, lukom hk la cukrtk hnsenjuinj hkl prkinm njtkrjainmjal hk la cndra hk alomhj kj las pmstrnekras hk

la hiaha pasaha y kl njninm hk la prkskjtk. Kl imjtrml hkl inriuntm pas hk las cnreas imekrinalnzahmras trahninmjalks -hk la cndra

y las fnlajhkras asminahas a kllas- a cukrtks njvkrsmrks kj kl ksladj hkl hksemtk, imj rkiursms cnjajinkrms kxtrarkonmjalks, quk

hkinhnkrmj njorksar a la rkonj alomhmjkra a njclu`ms hkl dmme kxpmrtahmr kjtrk lms ams 1>>9 y 1>>?. Kj ksa ktapa, sk

nepusnkrmj a las hksemtahmras emhalnhahks hk prmhuiinj y trajspmrtk -prkvnm al kedarquk al kxtkrnmr- quk jm puhnkrmj skrnjimrpmrahas pmr lms aorniultmrks hk rkhuinhm taeam, quk rkprkskjtaj es hkl ?; % hk lms aokjtks kimjenims hkhniahms al

alomhj. Kjtrk kllas, ks hk imjsnojar la njtrmhuiinj hk la imskifahmra ekijnia, quk rpnhaekjtk hksplaz al draikrm imem

prmtaomjnsta ikjtral kj kl prmiksm hk rkimlkiinj hkl alomhj, cukjtk hk njorksm emjktarnm kxtraprkhnal para euifms hk lms es

pkqukms prmhuitmrks rkonmjalks.

Kl skitmr emhkrjnzahm hkl hksemtk sk imjvnrtn kj kl orupm hmenjajtk kj la rkonj, rkkeplazajhm iasn hkcnjntnvaekjtk a la

immpkratnva alomhmjkra quk, ams atrs, imj kl apmym hk la dajia pdlnia, mpkrada imem rkoulahmra hkl prkinm, lm quk lks pmsn-

dnlntada njirkekjtar kl njorksm a sus asminahms. Kj sus ek`mrks ams, hurajtk la hiaha hk lms 62, kl skitmr immpkratnvm llko

a hksemtar y imekrinalnzar alrkhkhmr hk la entah hk la mckrta alomhmjkra rkonmjal. Hk kstk emhm, kstk skitmr hktkrenjada uj

prkinm hk imepra -hkl alomhj kj drutm- quk aituada imem prkinm tkstnom. A cnjks hk la hiaha pasaha, hksprmvnstm hk tmhm

apmym kstatal, slm sk miupada hk prmiksar y vkjhkr kl 1; % hk la cndra imekrinalnzaha kj kl Jmrkstk arokjtnjm. Immpkratnvas,

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ekhnajms prmhuitmrks asminahms a kllas y hukms u miupajtks hk pkqukms prkhnms imjstntuykrmj lms autjtnims pkrhkhmrks

kj kl pkrnmhm es ikriajm. Jn snqunkra kl ek`mraenkjtm hk lms prkinms njtkrjainmjalks hkl alomhj 11 -faina kl am 4229- y la

hkvaluainj, nepuls kl rktmrjm hk la snkedra fnstrnia haha la njvasnj hk la smà, iultnvm es rkjtadlk, a partnr hk la imjtratainj

hk iaepms quk adajhmjarmj kl alomhj m la ahqunsninj hk prkhnms hk ekhnajms y pkqukms prmhuitmrks hksiapntalnzahms quk

hkàrmj kl iaepm.

Rmr ltnem, kl imeplk`m aormnjhustrnal azuiarkrm imj ikjtrm kj la Rrmvnjina hk Xuiuej, quk fnstrniaekjtk tuvm uj euy snojn-

cniatnvm pkrm hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks kj la prmvnsnj hk la eatkrna prnea njhustrnal (a hnckrkjina hk Yalta y @uùy),

taednj fa vnvnhm uj cukrtk rktrmiksm imem la kimjmea hkl alomhj . Kj 92 ams (kjtrk cnjks hk la hiaha hkl 32 y hkl >2) sk

prmhu`m uj nepmrtajtk prmiksm hk hnvkrsncniainj hkl skitmr aormpkiuarnm prmvnjinal y aeplnainj hk la crmjtkra aorimla, quk jm

dkjkcnin snjm quk kxiluy a uja partk nepmrtajtk hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks ruralks. La supkrcnink iultnvaha imj iaa hk az-

iar pas hkshk ekhnahms hk la hiaha hkl 32 (iuajhm sk prmhu`m la oraj irnsns hk smdrkprmhuiinj) hk uj 62% hk la supkrcn-

ink iultnvaha tmtal kj la prmvnjina, a miupar uj 89% kj kl am 4222.

Al ensem tnkepm, kj kl pkrmhm irkin la supkrcnink hkhniaha a lms iultnvms ajualks kj uj ?2%, kjiadkzahms pmr las mlkaonjmsas

(la smà) imj la aeplnainj hk la crmjtkra aorimla faina kl Kstk hk la prmvnjina y kl rkkeplazm hkl iultnvm hk iaa kj aloujas

zmjas. Kstk prmiksm kstuvm aimepaahm pmr la aeplnainj hk la supkrcnink hkhniaha a mtrms iultnvms imem ikrkalks, pmrmtm skim,itrnims y tadaim. Hk tmhms kstms iultnvms, smlaekjtk kl tadaim pkrentn la njimrpmrainj hk lms pkqukms prmhuitmrks, pmr las

iaraitkrstnias prmhuitnvas hk rkjtadnlnhah kj daàs kxtkjsnmjks.

Hkjtrm ensem hk la kstruitura hkl imeplk`m aormnjhustrnal azuiarkrm, a partnr hk 1>>1, la hksrkoulainj hk la aitnvnhah iakra

llkv a la hksiapntalnzainj hk lms prmhuitmrks quk, iarkjtks hk cnjajinaenkjtm para la rkjmvainj hk las plajtainmjks, mdtu-

vnkrmj iaha vkz es eaorms njorksms hk la aitnvnhah. Al ensem tnkepm la ltnea hiaha hk aplniainj hk las rkiktas hkl emhk-

lm jkmlndkral snojncni kl qunkdrk hkl snstkea immpkratnvm, quk tmtalekjtk kjhkuhahm cuk njiapaz hk skounr snkjhm kl k`k hkl

apmym cnjajinkrm y hk asnstkjina tijnia al skitmr imem lm fada snhm kj pmias ajtkrnmrks. Kj kl iasm hk lms pkqukms prmhui-

tmrks iakrms (la adrueahmra eaymra), sk ha kl aoravajtk hk quk pmr sus iaraitkrstnias kstruituralks, jm puhnkrmj aprmvkifar

las mpinmjks es rkjtadlks hk hnvkrsncniainj prmhuitnva al aliajik hk lms ekhnajms a orajhks prmhuitmrks (smà, ikrkalks, itrn-

ims, pmrmtm, kti.). La imjskiukjina hkl qunkdrk hkl snstkea aormnjhustrnal azuiarkrm kj la prmvnjina ks puks, eaymr pmdrkza para

kl skitmr hk pkqukms prmhuitmrks, imj lms iasms kxtrkems quk faj llkoahm a lms ekhnms easnvms hk imeujniainj (oravk

hksjutrninj njcajtnl, kti.).

Kj kstk imjtkxtm, hkl iual euy rpnhaekjtk fkems hahm iukjta kj sus iaraitkrstnias p

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Acceso de los pequeños productores al crédito formal e informal. Diagnóstico y propuestas