1 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc ( Acoustics ) ( science of sound ) ( Ambient Noise ) ( background noise ) ( Audible Frequency Range ) 2020000Hz ( Background Noise ) ISOANSIambientnoisebackgroundnoise ( Broad Band Noise ) ( bel ) dBbel1 bel10 dB ( DecibeldB ) 10log()dB ( Frequency ) ()(cyclesper secondcps )( HertzHz )1 Hz1 cps ( Frequency Spectrum ) ( Narrow Band Noise ) (11 or 13 octave band ) ( Noise ) :"""" ( Octave Bands11 Octave Bands ) ( fu) 2 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc ( fl) (center frequency)fc fcfcflfu (nominalvalue)Do(),Re,Mi,Fa,So,La,Si,Do(), DoDo(octave),octaveband 13( One-Third Octave Bands ) 21 3 /(1.26)131/11/3 (constant proportional bandwidth)1/311(NarrowBand)(basilar membrane)1311 ( Particle Velocity ) () ( Peak Value of Sound Pressure ) ( Peak Sound Level ) (dB) Lpeak Lpeak Lpeak Lpeak Lpeak50s(IEC 651 ) Lpeak ()) ( Period ) ( Pink Noise ) (constantproportionalbandwidth)1113( constant bandwidth ) ( Preferred Frequencies ) 13(ANSIS1.6)(ISO 266) () 1.4142( 21 2 /)0.7071( 21 2 /)131.12( 21 6 /)0.89( 21 6 /)1010 N/ N132020000HzNN14433013 3 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc 1/11/3 (nominal center frequency) ()(preferred frequency) Hz 1/3 (--) Hz 1/1 (--) Hz 132019.9526217.8 -- 22.4 142525.1188622.4 -- 28.2 1531.531.6227828.2 -- 35.522.4 -- 44.7 164039.8107235.5 -- 44.7 175050.1187244.7 -- 56.2 186363.0957356.2 -- 70.844.7 -- 89.1 198079.4328270.8 -- 89.1 20100100.000089.1 -- 112 21125125.8925112 -- 14189.1 -- 178 22160158.4893141 -- 178 23200199.5262178 -- 224 24250251.1886224 -- 282178 -- 355 25315316.2278282 -- 355 26400398.1072355 -- 447 27500501.1872447 -- 562355 -- 708 28630630.9573562 -- 708 29800794.3282708 -- 891 3010001000.000891 --1120708 -- 1410 3112501258.9251120 -- 1410 3216001584.8931410 -- 1780 3320001995.2621780 -- 22401410 -- 2820 3425002511.8862240 -- 2820 3531503162.2782820 -- 3550 3640003981.0723550 -- 44702820 -- 5620 3750005011.8724470 -- 5620 3863006309.5735620 -- 7080 3980007943.2827080 -- 89105.62 -- 11.2k 401000010000.008910 -- 11200 411250012589.2511.2 -- 14.1k 421600015848.9314.1 -- 17.8k11.2 -- 22.4k 432000019956.2617.8 -- 22.4k ( Pure Tone ) ( root-mean-square value )rms. P(t) }=Trmsdt t PTP02 / 1 2] ) (1[ Prms T ( effective value ) ( Sound ) 2020000Hz1000Hz2 105Pa0 dB 4 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc ( Sound Receiver ) ( Sound Intensity ) ( Sound Intensity Level ) ( dB ) L I II ref= 10log / LIdB IWm /2 Iref1012 Wm /2 ( Sound Power ) (Watts)() ( Sound Power Level )Lw L W WWW ref=+1010 120log( /log) dB=dB Wref =1012watts W( bel )1 bel10 dBLwlog W12 bel ( Sound Pressure ) ( Instantaneous Sound Pressure )P(t) ( Sound Pressure Level )Lp L P P P Pp ref ref= = 10 202 log log( / ) ( / ) Pref = 2 105N/ m2( rms ) P( rms ) ( level ) 1113( 11 or 13 octave Band Sound Level ) 1113 ()( Source Room ) () ()( Sound Source ) ( Sound Wave ) ( Speed of Sound ) ( Speed of Sound in Air ) C331.4( 1T273 )12msecT C(msec)0C331.4msec20C343msecC5500msecC 5 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc 1500 msec ( Static Pressure ) 105N1.013105 N ( Steady Sound ) 3dB ( Unsteady Sound ) ( Structure Borne Noise ) ( Threshold of Hearing ) (Loudness)4000Hz4000Hz4000Hz ( Wavelength ) ( White Noise ) (ConstantBandwidth) 6 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc () Ii It Ir Ia ( Anechoic Room ) ( Diffuse Field ) ( Directivity Index ) ( Divergence ) ( Far Field ) ( Free Field ) 6dB IP2C(C) LILP10 log 400C C415mksrayls(1.21kgm3C343msT20) LILP0.16 dB ( Inverse Square Law ) 6dB Lp2Lp120 log R2R1 Lp11 Lp22 R11 R22 ( Near Field ) 7 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc ( Direct Sound )( Incidence of Sound ) (InverseSquareLaw) ( Reflected Sound )( Reflection of Sound ) ()(ReverberantSound) ( Refraction of Sound ) ()() ( Diffraction of Sound ) ()() ( Transmission of Sound ) ( Reverberation Room ) ( standing Wave ) 8 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc ( Absorptive Materials ) ( Insulation Materials ) ( Absorption Coefficient ) 1 ( Ir )( Ii ) 1IrIi 0 1 0 1 (1) ( Normal Incidence Absorption Coefficient ) ( standing wave tube )ASTM C384 (2) ( Random Incidence Absorption Coefficient ) ASTM C423ISO 354 ( Cut-off Frequency ) 0.99 0.99 0.99 NRC( Noise Reduction Coefficient ) 250Hz500Hz1000Hz 2000Hz 0.05 NRC( 25050010002000 )4 NRC NRC NRC ( Transmission Coefficient ) 0 1 0 1 ItIi Ii It Ir Ii Ir It ( ) ( Transmission LossTL ) 10 log(1/) TL10 log 1/10 log IiIt TL0 ( Transmission Loss of Composite Walls ) TLc 9 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc TLc10 log 1/c t t t t tCSTS S SNSN= + + + +1 1 2 2 3 3 TLc c Si i i1,2,3....,N i i STST S1S2S3......SN STC( Sound Transmission Class ) dB ASTM E90 ASTM E413 STC ( Insertion Loss of SoundIL ) IL ( Insertion LossIL )LpoLp1 Lpo Lp1 ( Noise ReductionNR ) ( ) NRLp1Lp2 Lp1Lp2 ( Average Room Absorption Coefficient ) ( Room Absorption ) ( Ai ) AAiSiiSiST Ametric Sabins AiSii i Si i ( ) i i ST ( Reverberation Time ) 10 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc 60dB T600.161( VmAm ) T60sec Vmm3 Am metric Sabins( ) NR ( Noise Rating Curve ) ANR ISO NR 11 NRNR NR NR NC ( Noise Criteria Curve ) NC NR NR NR SIL( Speech Interference Level ) 500Hz1000Hz2000Hz 4000Hz 11 11 SIL( L500L1000L2000L4000 )4dB 11 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc ( Equal Loudness Contours ) 1825 1000Hz 1000Hz 1000Hz phon 1000Hz phon40 1000Hz Lp40dB 100Hz Lp52dB 4000Hz Lp33dB 4000Hz4000Hz ISO 226 Sone( unit of Loudness ) ( )10dB( )sone S2( P40 )10 Ssone Pphon ISO 532 A ( A-Weighting Curve ) phon40 AA IEC 61672B C phon70 phon100BIEC 61672DISO 7196 A ( A-Weighted Sound Level ) AdB( A ) 12 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc Frequency Weighting: A, B, C, B, F-100-80-60-40-200201 2 4 81631.563125250500100020004000800016000Frequency (Hz)corrections (dB)ABCDG 13 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc A,B,C,D,G (nominalcenterfrequency) () (preferred frequency) Hz 1/3 (--) Hz 1/1 (--)Hz A B C D G 0110.891 1.12-43.011.251.2589251.12 1.410.891 1.78 -37.521.61.5848931.41 1.78-32.632.01.9952621.78 2.24-28.342.52.5118862.24 2.82-24.153.153.1622782.82 3.552.24 4.47-20.0643.9810723.55 4.47-16.0755.0118724.47 5.62-12.086.36.3095735.62 7.084.47 8.91-8.0 987.9432827.08 8.91-4.0 1010108.91 11.20.0 1112.512.5892511.2 14.18.91 17.84.0 121615.8489314.1 17.87.7 132019.9526217.8 -- 22.4-50.5-24.2-6.2-20.65 9.0 142525.1188622.4 -- 28.2-44.7-20.2-4.4-18.66 3.7 1531.531.6227828.2 -- 35.522.4 -- 44.7 -39.4-17.1-3.0-16.68 -4.0 164039.8107235.5 -- 44.7-34.6-14.2-2.0-14.72 -12.0175050.1187244.7 -- 56.2-30.2-11.6-1.3-12.77 -20.0186363.0957356.2 -- 70.844.7 -- 89.1 -26.2-9.3-0.8-10.86 -28.0198079.4328270.8 -- 89.1-22.5-7.4-0.5-9.00 -36.020100100.000089.1 -- 112-19.1-5.6-0.3-7.20 -44.021125125.8925112 -- 14189.1 -- 178-16.1-4.2-0.2-5.52 -52.022160158.4893141 -- 178-13.4-3.0-0.1-3.98 -60.023200199.5262178 -- 224-10.9-2.00-2.65 -68.024250251.1886224 -- 282178 -- 355-8.6-1.30-1.57 -76.025315316.2278282 -- 355-6.6-0.80-0.80 -84.026400398.1072355 -- 447-4.8-0.50-0.3727500501.1872447 -- 562355 -- 708-3.2-0.30-0.2828630630.9573562 -- 708-1.9-0.10-0.4629800794.3282708 -- 891-0.800-0.613010001000.000891 --1120708 -- 14100000.00 3112501258.9251120 -- 1410+0.6002.00 3216001584.8931410 -- 1780+1.00-0.14.92 3320001995.2621780 -- 22401410 -- 2820 +1.2-0.1-0.27.92 3425002511.8862240 -- 2820+1.3-0.2-0.310.363531503162.2782820 -- 3550+1.2-0.4-0.511.553640003981.0723550 -- 44702820 -- 5620 +1.0-0.7-0.811.133750005011.8724470 -- 5620+0.5-1.2-1.39.59 3863006309.5735620 -- 7080-0.1-1.9-2.07.62 3980007943.2827080 -- 89105.62 -- 11.2k -1.1-2.9-3.05.53 401000010000.008910 -- 11200 -2.5-4.3-4.43.44 411250012589.2511.2 -- 14.1k -4.3-6.1-6.21.37 421600015848.9314.1 -- 17.8k 11.2 -- 22.4k -6.6-8.4-8.5-0.68432000019956.2617.8 -- 22.4k -9.3-11.1-11.2-2.71 14 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc F( )( Fast Time Weighting ) AF F( ) S( ) F F ( 125ms ) 1s S( )( Slow Time Weighting ) S F( 1s ) 10s LAeqT ( Equivalent Continuous Sound Level ) LAeqT LAeqT }=TA T Aeqdt P t PTL020 ,) / ) ( (1log 10 Tsec PA(t) A Po( 20Pa ) T IEC 804 SEL( Sound Exposure Level ) 1 sec

}=21) / ) ( (1log 10200TTAdt P t PTSEL

PA(t) Po T2T1 To1 sec Lx Lx X Lx L90 L95 L10 L5 Ld( Day average sound level ) 7:0022:00 LAeqT Ln( Night average sound level ) 22:007:00 LAeqT Ldn( Day-Night average sound level ) 22:007:00 LAeqT 10dB 24 EPA LNP (Noise Pollution Level) 15 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc LNP LNP LNPLAeqT Ko LAeqT K2.56 (NPL D.W. Robinson ) o TNI (Traffic Noise Index) 24 A , TNI TNI=4(L10 L90 )L90 30 (L10 L90 )""(noise climate)TNILNP dBdB( dB....dB ) ( dB ) 1 dB 1 dB 2 dB dBdB dBdB ( dB )

(1) LtLiNPi==10 100 11log.

Lt Lpi i (2) L L LtL LpP P= + = + 10 10 100 1 0 11 22log( ). .A L Lp180, Lp285 Lp=Lp2Lp1=85-80=5 L1.2 LtLp2L85+1.2=86.2 16 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc dB+dB( Lp)00. 511. 522. 53 (3) dB....dB Lp2Lp1(Lp)10 dB,Lp1 Lp2Lp1Lp2 dBdB ( Ls ) LNLN dBdB dB-dB (1)LSL LS N N= +10 10 100 1 0 1log( ). . (2) LSLSNLL LSN87, LN80 LpLSN=87-80=7 L1 LSLSNL871=86 dB-dB 02461 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021( Lp) ( L) LS LN LSNLS LSNLN 3 dB 10 dB( ISO 3745 ) 17 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc (AL) LS+N-LN ANSI S1.33 ANSI S1.34 ANSI S1.36 CNS 8753 ISO2151ISO3741ISO3743ISO3744ISO3745ISO 3746 ISO 4872 JIS A8305JISB83462************* 3**3.03.0*****3.0*** 4**2.02.0**2.0 **2.0**2.05**2.02.02.0 *2.0 **2.0**2.061.01.01.01.01.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.01.01.01.071.01.01.01.01.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01.01.01.081.01.01.01.01.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.01.01.01.090.50.51.01.01.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.50.50.51.0100.50.50.00.00.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.50.50.50.0110.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.00.00.00.0120.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.00.00.00.0130.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.00.00.00.0140.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.00.00.00.0150.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.00.00.00.0160.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.00.00.0 * : LS+N: () LN: =(LS+N) (AL) dB Lp

(1)LNPLiNPi==101100 11log. (2) LmaxLmin5 dB LNLP PiNi==1011 Lpi i ANSI S1.36 ISO3746 ISO 4872 JIS A8305 SAE J1075 (m/s) 66885.5 [1] Hassall, J. R., Zavveri, K. and Phil, M., "Acoustic Noise Measurement",Bruel & Kjael, Denmark, 5th. ed., June, 1988. [2] Beranek, L. L., "Acoustics", Acoustical Society of America, New York, 1986. [3] Beranek, L. L., "Acoustical Measurements", Acoustical Society of America, New York, 1988. 18 18 PME5361-ch1-20080808.doc [4] Hirschorn, Martin, "Noise Control Reference Handbook" 1989 ed., Industrial Acoustics Company, New York. ISO 14011409ASTM E90 ASTM C384 ISO 354ASTM C423 ISO 226ISO 454ISO 532 Acoustical Terminology, ANSI S1.1-1994 (R1999) ANSI S1.4SOUND LEVEL METERS ANSI S1.43SPECIFICATIONS FOR INTEGRATING-AVERAGING SOUND LEVEL METERS IEC 61672SOUND LEVEL METERSOIML R 58SOUND LEVEL METERS. OIML R 88INTEGRATING-AVERAGING SOUND LEVEL METERS ISO 9613-1:1993 Acoustics -- Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors -- Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphereISO 9613-2:1996 Acoustics -- Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors -- Part 2: General method of calculationISO 10847:1997 Acoustics -- In-situ determination of insertion loss of outdoor noise barriers of all types ANSI S12.8-1998 -- Methods for Determination of Insertion Loss of Outdoor Noise BarriersANSI S12.18-1994 (R1999) -- Procedures for Outdoor Measurement of Sound Pressure LevelANSI S1.26METHOD OF CALCULATION OF THE ABSORPTION OF SOUND BY THE ATMOSPHERE ISO - International Organization for Standardization IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission ANSI-American National Standards Institute ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials CNS-Chinese National Standards ( JIS-Japanese Industrial Standards GB-China National StandardGuobiao BS- British Standards CEN- European Committee for Standardization DIN- Deutsches Institut fr Normung ( EN- European Standards European Standards (EN) and drafts (prEN), as well as any other approved document (Technical Specifications (CEN TS), Technical Reports (CEN TR) and CEN Workshop Agreements (CWA),