Act4Drin Multilingual Brochure

The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actionsPasuria natyrore dhe trashgimia Drin frymzon veprimet tona kolektive

Prirodna bogatstva i naslijedje Drima inspirise nase kolektivne akcije

MIO-ECSDE 201512, Kyrristou str., 10556 Athens, Greecetel: +30210-3247490, -3247267, fax: +30210-3317127e-mail: [email protected]: www.mio-ecsde.org

Written by:Thomais Vlachogianni (MIO-ECSDE)Editor-in-Chief:Michael Scoullos (MIO-ECSDE)Text editing: Anastasia Roniotes (MIO-ECSDE)

Front cover photo: Pelecanus crispus Milan VogrinBack cover photo: Orthetrum cancellatum Thomais Vlachogianni

Translation to Albana Bregaj

Translation to Thomais Vlachogianni, Danai Amplianiti, Vicky Malotidi, Bessie Mantzara

Translation to Neshat Azemovski, Ivana Lozanovska

Translation to Azra Vukovic

Layout: Antonis Kapiris Tamgram Creative Studio

Special thanks to Ivana Lozanovska, Mehmet Metaj, Milan Vogrin and Irene Koutseri for their valuable advices.

This publication has been developed by the Mediterranean Information Office for Environment, Culture and Sustainable Development (MIO-ECSDE) within the framework of the Act4Drin project funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF).The publication reflects the authors views and doesnt commit the donors.

This publication is available on line at www.mio-ecsde.org and www.act4drin.net

ISBN: 978-960-6793-19-6

The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actions | 5

Pasurit natyrore dhe trashgimia e Lumit Drin frymzon veprimet tona t prbashkta | 21

| 35

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Prirodna bogatstva i naslijedje Drima inspirise nase kolektivne akcije | 65

References | Referencat | | | Reference | 78

Conten

tsThis publication has been developed by the Mediterranean Information Office for Environment, Culture and Sustainable Development (MIO-ECSDE) within the framework of the Act4Drin project funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF).The publication reflects the authors views and doesnt commit the donors.

This publication is available on line at www.mio-ecsde.org and www.act4drin.net

ISBN: 978-960-6793-19-6

Platalea leucorodia Milan Vogrin

ADRIATIC SEA

BUNA/BOJANA

SHKODER LAKE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

The intrinsic value of the Drin Basin is priceless it is beyond doubt one of the most important freshwater biodiversity hotspots in Europe. Whether we realize it or not, freshwater ecosystems together with every bit of biodiversity they support and the ecosystem services they provide, determine our quality of life and wellbeing. We, as individuals can make the real difference by simply caring, respecting the right of all beings to enjoy this planet and by undertaking individual or collective actions towards safeguarding the biodiversity of the Drin River Basin and its invaluable ecosystem services.

This publication aims at raising public awareness on the value of our common natural wealth and legacy and it is a concrete display of commitment and solidarity among environmental NGOs of the region to protect and conserve the Drin River Basin. It has been developed by the Mediterranean Information Office for Environment, Culture and Sustainable Development (MIO-ECSDE) within the framework of the Act4Drin project. Act4Drin is a project funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), led by MIO-ECSDE and implemented in collaboration with KAQKA PRODUCTION, BIOSFERA, EDEN, GREENHOME and MES. Apart from the project partners, the Act4Drin promoters include the following NGOs: Albaforest, BirdLife Slovenia (DOPPS), Society of bird research and nature protection (DPPVN), Environmental Center for Administration nd Technology (ECAT), EIRLA Association, Greens of Montenegro, Institute for Nature Conservation in Albania (INCA), Institute for Environmental Policy (IEP), Environmental Movement OZON, Permaculture and Organic Agriculture (POA), Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA), PSEDA ILIRIA and Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP).

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The natural wealth and legacy of the Drin River Basin: inspiring our collective actions

Crnojevia river, Montenegro Thomais Vlachogianni

DRIN

OHRID LAKE

WHITE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

GREAT PRESPA LAKE

LESSER PRESPA LAKE

Table of Contents

The Drin River Basin: the connecting water body of the south-western Balkans | 6

Tracing the Drin River Basins route to the Adriatic Sea | 6

The intrinsic value of the Drin Basin: a biodiversity hotspot | 7

The Drin Basin: what is it worth? | 8

The Drin River Basin under threat: key pressures and impacts | 8

Lake Ohrid: one of the few ancient lakes in the world | 9

Lake Shkoder/Skadar: the largest lake of the Balkans | 11

Great Prespa and Lesser Prespa: a haven for wildlife | 12

Buna/Bojana river: a mosaic of biologically rich habitats | 14

The Black and the White Drin | 15

Species in the spotlight | 16 5

The Drin River, Kukes, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

The Drin River Basin: the connecting water body of the south-western Balkans

The Drin River Basin extends over a geographical area of about 19.000 square kilometers in the southwestern Balkans; it extends through Albania, Greece, FYR of Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro. The Drin Basin is an interconnected hydrological system comprising the transboundary sub-basins of: Lakes Lesser and Great Prespa; Lake Ohrid; Lake Shkoder/Skadar; the Drin River, including its tributaries the Black Drin and the White Drin; the Buna/Bojana River.

Tracing the Drin River Basins route to the Adriatic Sea

The Drin River runs through mountainous areas in the south-western Balkans towards the Adriatic Sea, providing the third greatest river discharge into the European Mediterranean. The Drin River has two main branches, the Black Drin and the White Drin. Flowing from Lake Ohrid, the Black Drin eventually leaves FYR of Macedonia and enters Albania. The White Drin surfaces in Kosovo and flows into Albania where it meets the Black Drin to form the Drin River. Rushing down through Albania, one arm of the Drin joins the Buna/Bojana River near the city of Shkoder and the other arm drains directly into the Adriatic Sea south of Shkoder near the city of Lezhe. Each of these water bodies are joined by a number of wetlands, tributaries, small rivers and streams along their paths.

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Microcarbo pygmeus Milan Vogrin

The Balkan region is renown in Europe as a biodiver-sity hotspot due to its history as a major glacial refu-gium and a crossroad for floral and faunal exchange between Europe and Asia. The extended Drin River Basin is full of life, housing an exceptional wealth of biodiversity, providing important habitats for many species of fauna and flora. Several of these species are endemic like Salmo ohridanus, Salmo letnica, Chon-drostoma prespense, Scardinius knezevici, etc. while

many others breed in the basin in exceptional high numbers in comparison to other parts of Europe, like Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pygmy Cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus, etc. This is likely the result of geographical fragmentation and isola-tion of parts of the systems into lakes, valleys, under-ground carstic caves and rivers, etc., the vast pristine mountainous areas and the overall relatively low popu-lation density. However, this is changing.

The intrinsic value of the Drin Basin: a biodiversity hotspot

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Kalimera fishing nets, Bojana river, Montenegro Thomais Vlachogianni

Prrenjas, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

The Drin Basin: what is it worth?

The Drin Basin is a complex living system. Without its vital ingredient, water, the system we see and know today would not exist. Water is a critical asset to both economic development and quality of life. Whether we consciously realize it or not, freshwater ecosystems together with every bit of biodiversity they support and the ecosystem services they pro-vide, are intimately interwoven with our harmonious existence and welfare. The interconnected watershed bodies and the ecosystems and communities they house deliver a steady stream of benefits to its resi-dents. All Drin riparian countries rely on the extended Drin River Basin waters and their robust state as an economic resource; it is a vital resource for water sup-ply, agriculture and farming, industry, fishing, recrea-tion and tourism, power generation and navigation. Anything this precious and valuable should be well taken care of.

The Drin River Basin under threat: key pressures and impacts

Diverse and often conflicting uses and unsustainable management approaches applied in the Drin Basin exert severe pressures on the Basins ecosystems leading to their degradation. Some of these key pressures are: solid waste & marine litter; wastewater; unsustainable use of water resources (including the construction of dams); extraction of minerals/mining; intensive agriculture and forestry; uncontrolled and often illegal fishing and hunting; erratic land use and urban development; unsustainable tourism; increasing climate variability.These pressures lead to a wide range of impacts such as: deforestation, pollution of surface and ground waters, accelerated soil erosion; salinisation and salt water intrusion; loss of valuable ecosystems and biodiversity; more frequent and severe floods; increasing health risks, etc.

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Calopteryx splendens Thomais Vlachogianni

Lake Ohrid: one of the few ancient lakes in the world

Lake Ohrid is considered to be one of the deepest (maximum 280 m) and oldest lakes in Europe, with age estimates ranging from 2 to 10 million years. The lake is mainly fed by underground water (50%) from several karstic springs (St. Naum contributes approximately 75% of the total underground inflow, Tushemist to 25%) at the south-eastern shore of the lake. The karst aquifer receives water from Lake Prespa, which completely drains into the karst system 150 m above Lake Ohrids water level.Probably due to its long existence and isolation by surrounding hills and mountains, a unique variety of plants and animals have evolved. Approximately 1200 native species, out of which more than 220 endemic, are known to live in the lake. The lakes Gastropods (Mollusca) are a striking example with a very high endemism. Lake Ohrid harbors outstanding fish species, among which the famous Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica) and the endemic belvica (Salmo ohridana). The lakeshore reed beds and wetlands provide habitat for many other species, some of which are rare and/or threatened. These include the Dalmatian pelican, the ferruginous duck, the spotted eagle and the imperial eagle.

Lake Ohrid, FYR Macedonia Thomais Vlachogianni

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Lake Shkoder/Skadar Thomais Vlachogianni

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Lake Shkoder/Skadar: the largest lake of the Balkans

Among the Balkan lakes, it is Lake Shkoder/Skadar that has the largest surface area of the Balkan Penin-sula. It is shared by Albania and Montenegro, with the border between the two crossing the southern part of the lake. The Buna/Bojana River connects the lake with the Adriatic Sea, while the Drin River provides a link with Lake Ohrid.Lake Shkoder/Skadar is a well-known freshwater bio-diversity hotspot and hosts a wide range of endemic and rare, or even endangered plant and animal spe-

cies. Especially due to its bird fauna, the lake is consid-ered of high international importance. More than 80 species of aquatic higher plants are found here, some of them endemic or endangered, like Marsilea quad-rifolia, Nuphar spp., Trapa natans, Sagitaria sagitifolia, Najas marina, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Potamogeton, Leucoium aestivum, etc. The lake boasts 49 species of fish, among them six trout species. Several fish spe-cies migrate to the sea, like the worldwide threatened European sea sturgeon Acipenser sturio.

Marsilea quadrifolia Milan Vogrin


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Lesser Prespa Thomais Vlachogianni

Great Prespa and Lesser Prespa: a haven for wildlife

The transboundary Prespa catchment comprises two lakes. The Great (Megali or Macro) Prespa and the Lesser (Mikri or Micro) Prespa, separated by a narrow strip of land. The borders of Albania, Greece and FYR of Macedonia meet in the waters of the larger of the two Prespa Lakes, Megali Prespa. Megali Prespa is among Europes oldest lakes, feeding the equally old (but much larger) Lake Ohrid to the northwest through underground springs. Mikri Prespa is shared between Albania and Greece. It is presumed that the Prespa catchment together with Lake Ohrid and the drained Lake Maliq (Korca basin) are a remnant of an extensive, million year-old lake system.The Prespa catchment area is home to a variety of habitats and life-forms making up a complex mosaic of nature: from lakes and wet meadows to forests of oak and beech and alpine meadows. Prespa is most famous for its juniper woods and its breeding pelicans. Nesting in the reedbeds of Mikri Prespa, are over 1200 pairs of Dalmatian Pelicans, constituting not only one of the very few sites in Europe where the species nests but also the largest colony in the world. More than 270 bird species are hosted in the area, some of which are rare such as the great white pelican, the pygmy cormorant, seven species of herons, the greylag goose and glossy ibis. The Prespa catchment has a tre-mendous variety of more than 1500 plant species, among which the endemic Prespa centaury flower (Centaurea prespana). Prespa lakes provide a home to mammals, reptiles and amphibians and twenty three fish species, eight of which are endemic such as the Prespa trout (Salmo peristericus).

Agios Germanos, Greece Thomais Vlachogianni

Pelecanus crispus Vasilis Psallidas

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Great Prespa Thomais Vlachogianni

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Buna/Bojana river Thomais Vlachogianni

Buna/Bojana river: a mosaic of biologically rich habitats

The 44-kilometer Buna/Bojana River drains Lake Shkoder/Skadar and pours into the Adriatic Sea form-ing a rare example of a natural delta. The river, which is shared between Albania and Montenegro, has molded a rich and varied landscape and given rise to a stunning diversity of plant and animal life. The Bojana-Buna river is a mosaic of nature made of a diversity of habitats, including freshwater (lake and river), brackish water (estuary and lagoon), woodland, freshwater marshes, wet pastures, sandy shore and rocky habitats. These habitats shelter a high diversity of flora and fauna, some of which are globally threatened and/or rare, such as the loose-flowered Orchid (Nacamptis laxi-flora), the thick shelled river mussel (Unio crassus), the large copper butterfly (Lycaena dispar), the European sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), the white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), the Adriatic trout (Salmo obtusirostris), the European otter (Lutra lutra), the European tree frog (Hyla arborea), etc. A remarkable feature of the Buna/Bojana River is its role as a migrat-ing corridor for fish and birds. When it comes to the latter this area is part of one of the three north south migration roads of European birds. This area is a nest-ing site also for bird species of European conservation concern, such as the Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leu-corodia), the Levant Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter brevipes), the European Nightjar (Camprimulgus europaeus), the European scops owl (Otus scops), etc.

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Pelecanus onocrotalus Milan Vogrin

The Black and the White Drin

The Drin and its surrounding mountainous areas fea-ture a great variety of flora and fauna. The Black Drin is a river shared by FYR of Macedonia and Albania. It flows out of Lake Ohrid in Struga and after some fifty kilometers it reaches Albania, west of Debar. It merges with the White Drin a 175-kilometre river shared by Albania and Kosovo - in Kuks, to form the Drin River which flows into the Adriatic Sea.The Drin and its tributaries host, along with numer-ous other groups of animals, the Drim Brook Lamprey (Eudontomyzon stankokaramani), the Western Balkan Barbel (Barbus rebeli), the Ohrid Minnow (Pelasgus minutus), the Albanian Roach (Rutilus karamani), the sponges Spongilla stankovici, etc.

Hyla arborea Milan Vogrin

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Pelecanus crispus Milan Vogrin

The Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus: a flag species of the region

Among the numerous bird species in the Drin River Basin the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is with-out any doubt one of the flag species of the region. The Dalmatian Pelican is patchily distributed from the Balkan region to Central Asia. About a quarter of its global population breeds in Europe with the larg-est colony found at Lesser/Mikri Prespa with around 1200 breeding pairs. Pelicans breed amongst aquatic vegetation on floating or stationary islands, isolated from the mainland to avoid mammalian species. Nests usually consist of a pile of reeds, grass and sticks and could be up to 1m high and 1.5m in diameter. Pelicans feed almost entirely on fish, especially carp, perch, rudd, roach and pike. Declines in the past were primarily caused by wetland drainage, shooting and persecution by fishermen and illegal hunting. Other continuing threats include disturbance from tourists, wetland alteration and destruction, water pollution, collision with overhead power-lines and over-exploi-tation of fish stocks.

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Plegadis falcinellus Milan Vogrin

Zamenis situla Thomais Vlachogianni Anguilla Anguilla Thomais Vlachogianni

Juniper woods, Prespa Thomais Vlachogianni

Juniper woods in Prespa

The Prespa Lakes region is one of the few areas of the Balkans where well-preserved juniper woods can still be found. This woodland is very rare in Europe and enjoys a special system of protection under European legislation. Greece is in fact the only country in the European Union where juniper woods exist. The pre-dominant species is Greek juniper (Juniperus excels) with stinking juniper (Juniperus foetidissima) also appearing in some areas. The juniper forests of Pre-spa and the well-preserved long lived juniper groves hold particular importance as they are home to hun-dreds of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic, or are classified as endangered, under inter-national or national laws.

The European eel Anguilla Anguilla: a critically endangered species

A characteristic example of a threatened species in the region is the European eel (Anguilla Anguilla), which historically used the Drin River to migrate between the Ohrid and Shkoder/Skadar lakes and the Adriatic Sea. Changes to water flows (largely due to dams) and in the quantity and quality of water resources throughout the watershed, have caused severe dam-age to the fish passages, thus critically endangering the European eel (IUCN Red list) and other species, which face a high risk of extinction in the basin in the immediate future.

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Salmo letnica Thomais Vlachogianni

Lynx lynx balcanicus/martinoi MES

The famous Ohrid trout Salmo letnica: an ancient species under threat

The famous Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica) is an ancient and endemic species living in Lake Ohrid and the Black Drin River. A local delicacy, growing to over 11 kilograms, it has become the focus of concern, as all the data suggests that its populations are severely stressed. Overfishing seems to be the major cause, along with habitat loss and pollution. Another grow-ing threat is the introduction of invasive species into the lake. Of particular concern is the non-native rain-bow trout which may displace the native trout.

The Balkan lynx Lynx lynx balcanicus: a flagship species of the southwest Balkans on the verge of extinction

The Balkan lynx (Lynx lynx balcanicus), is a rare and charismatic wild cat that roams the southwest Balkans. We find it mainly in the border areas between FYR of Macedonia and Albania, and from there it spreads north into Montenegro and Kosovo. The Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx disappeared from the nearby Dinaric range in the early 20th century, whereas an isolated population of the lynx managed to survive in the south-western Balkans. Nowadays, their population is estimated to be close to forty individuals, reflecting a much worse situation than the previous expert estimate (2004) of around one hundred individuals. The main threats of the Balkan lynx include their direct persecution in the past; the decline of their prey populations; the fragmentation, deterioration and loss of habitat, due in part to the construction of hydro-electric power plants along the extended Drin River Basin.

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Lake Podgorechko, Jablanica Mountain, FYR Macedonia Thomais Vlachogianni

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ADRIATIC SEA

BUNA/BOJANA

SHKODER LAKE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

Vlera e basenit t lumit Drin sht i muar - kjo sht prtej dyshimit i t qnit nj nga pikat e nxehta m t rndsishme t biodiversitetit t ujrave t mbla n Evrop. Nse arrijm ta kuptojm apo jo, ekosistemet e ujrave t mbla, s bashku me do grim t biodiversitetit mbshtesin dhe ekosistemin q ato ofrojn, prcaktojn cilsin e jets dhe mirqenien.Ne, si individ mund t bjm dallimin e vrtet, duke respektuar t drejtn e t gjitha qenieve n kt planet dhe duke ndrmarr veprime individuale apo kolektive ndaj ruajtjes s biodiversitetit t basenit t lumit Drin dhe ekosistemin e tij t pamuar.

Ky publikim ka pr qllim t rris ndrgjegjsimin publik mbi vlern e pasuris son t prbashkt natyrore dhe trashgimin dhe kjo sht nj shfaqje konkrete e prkushtimit dhe solidaritetit mes OJF-ve mjedisore t rajonit pr t mbrojtur dhe ruajtur pellgun e lumit Drin. Esht ideuar nga Zyra e Informacionit pr Mjedisin, Kulturn dhe Zhvillimin e Qndrueshm n Mesdhe (MIO-ECSDE) n kuadr t projektit Vepro pr Drinin (Act4Drin). Vepro pr Drinin sht nj projekt i mbshtetur nga Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), drejtuar nga MIO-ECSDE dhe zbatuar n bashkpunim me KAQKA PRODUCTION, BIOS-FERA, EDEN Centre, GREENHOME dhe MES.

Prve partnerve t projektit, promotort e Vepro pr Drinin prfshijn dhe Organizata t tjera t Shoqris Civile si: Albaforest, BirdLife n Slloveni (DOPPS), Shoqria pr Hulumtimin e Zogjve dhe Mbrojtjen e Natyrs (DPPVN), Qendra Mjedisore pr Administrim dhe Teknologji (ECAT), Shoqata EIRLA, Ambjentalistt e Malit t Zi, Instituti pr Mbrojtjen e Natyrs n Shqipri (INCA),Instituti i Politikave Mjedisore(IEP), Lvizja MjedisoreOZON, Bujqsia Organike dhe e Permakulturs (POA), Shoqata e Ruajtjes dhe Mbrojtjes s Mjedisit Natyror n Shqipri (PPNEA), PSEDA ILIRIA dhe Shoqria pr Mbrojtjen e Presps (SPP).

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DRIN

OHRID LAKE

WHITE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

GREAT PRESPA LAKE

LESSER PRESPA LAKE

Lake Shkoder/Skadar, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

Pasurit natyrore dhe trashgimia e Lumit Drin frymzon veprimet tona t prbashkta

Tabela e prmbajtjes

Baseni i Lumit Drin: pjesa lidhse e ujit t Ballkanit jug-perndimor | 22

Gjurmimi i rrugs s Basenit t Lumit Drin n Detin Adriatik | 23

Vlera thelbsore e Basenit t Lumit Drin: pik e nxeht e biodiversitetit | 23

Baseni i Lumit Drin: Cfar sht me vler? | 24

Baseni i Lumit Drin nn krcnim: nxitjet kryesore dhe ndikimet | 24

Liqeni i Ohrit: nj nga t paktt liqene t lasht n Bot | 25

Liqeni i Shkodrs: liqeni m i madh n Ballkan | 26

Prespa e madhe dhe Prespa e vogl: strehim pr kafsht e egra | 27

Lumi Buna: nj mozaik i pasur me habitate biologjike | 28

Drini i Zi dhe i Bardh | 28

Speciet q jetojn rreth zons | 30 21

Lake Shkoder/Skadar, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

Baseni i Lumit Drin: pjesa lidhse e ujit t Ballkanit jug-perndimor

Baseni i lumit Drin shrihet n nj pjes gjeografike rreth 19.000 metra katror n Ballkanin perndimor; lumi shtrihet prmes: Shqipris, Greqis, Maqedon-is, Kosovs dhe Malit t Zi. Baseni i lumit Drin sht njsistem ndrlidhs hidrologjik i prbr nga nn pellgu ndrkufitar i Liqenit t Presps s Madhe dhe asaj t Vogl; Liqenit t Ohrit; Liqenit t Shkodrs; Lu-mit Drin duke prfshirdegt e tij Drini i Bardh, Drini i Zi dhe Lumi Buna.

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Phalacrocorax carbo Gregor ubic

Leucojum aestivum Milan Vogrin

Gjurmimi i rrugs s Basenit t Lumit Drin n Detin Adriatik

Vlera thelbsore e Basenit t Lumit Drin: pik e nxeht e biodiversitetit

Rajoni i Ballkanit sht i njohur n Europ si pik e nxeht e biodiversitetit, n saj t historis s tij si nj vend akullnajor dhe kryqzuespr shkmbimin e flors dhe t fauns midis Europs dhe Azis. Baseni i Lumit Drin sht i pasur me jet, dhe biodiversitet, ai siguron habitate t rndsishme pr shumspecie t fauns dhe flors. Disa prej ktyre specieve jan en-demike si Salmo ohridanus, Salmo letnica, Chondros-toma prespene, Scardinius knezevici etj, ndrsa shum specie t tjera rriten n sasi t madhe n basen n kra-hasim me pjesn tjetr t Europs, si Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pygmy Cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus etj.Kjo vjen si rezultat i pasojave gjeografike t "frag-mentizmit" dhe "izolimit" t pjesve t sistemeve n: liqene, lugina, shpella karstike nntoksore, lumen-jt, zona t gjera malore t pacnuara ku dendsia e prgjithshme e popullsis shtrelativisht e ult. Megjithat, kjo po ndryshon.

Lumi Drin rrjedh prmes zons s maleve t Ballkanit Perndimor n drejtim t Detit Adriatik, duke siguruar kshtu shkarkimin e tret dhe m t madh t lumit n Mesdheun Europian.Lumi Drin ka dy degzime kryesore: Drini iZi dhe Drini i Bardh. Fillesa e Drinit t Zi vjen nga Liqeni i Ohrit, rrjedh npr Maqedoni nga dhe ku futet nShqipri. Drini i Bardh shtrihet n Kosov dhe rrjedh n Shqipri ku takon edhe Drinin e Zi pr t formuar Lumin Drin. Njri degzim i Lumit Drin n Shqipri lidhet me Lumin Buna afr qytetit tShkodrs dhe degzimi tjetr rrjedh direkt n Detin Adriatik n Jug t Shkodrs prkatsisht afr qytetit t Lezhs. Cdo pjes e ujit sht e lidhur me ligatina, degzime, lumenj t vegjl dhe rrjedhje t lumit prmes shtegut t vet.

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Baseni i Lumit Drini: Cfar sht me vler?

Baseni i Drinit sht nj sistem kompleks i gjall.Pa prbrsin e tij jetsor ujin, sistemi q shohim dhe njohim sot nuk do t ekzistonte.Uji sht nj aset kritik pr zhvillimin ekonomik dhe cilsin e jets. Nse ne me vetdije i kuptojm apo jo ekosistemet e ujrave t mbla, s bashku me do grim t biodiversitetit qata mbshtesin dhe shrbimet q ato ofrojn, jan ngusht t ndrthurur me ekzistencn ton har-monike dhe mirqnien.Pellgjet ujmbledhse t ndrlidhura me ekosistemet dhe komunitetet i japin nj rrjedh t qndrueshme prfitimeve t banorve t saj. T gjitha zonat q shtri-hen n gjith gjatsin e lumit Drin sigurojn nj burim ekonomik dhe jetik nfurnizimin me uj, bujqsi dhe blegtori, industri, peshkim, rekreacion dhe turizm, prodhimin e energjis dhe navigacion. do gj e muar dhe me vler duhet t marr kujdesin q meriton!

Baseni i Lumit Drin nn krcnim: nxitjet kryesore dhe ndikimet

Ndrhyrjet konfliktuese dhe trajtimet e paqn-drueshme n menaxhimin e basenit t Lumit Drin ushtron nj trysni t rnd pr ekosistemin e basenit nga ku on n degradim t tij. Disa prej ktyre trys-nive jan: mbetjet e ngurta dhe mbetjet ujore, prdorimi i burimeve ujore t paqndrueshme (ndrtimi i digave), nxjerrja e mineraleve,bujqsia in-tensive dhe pyjet, peshkimi dhe gjuetia e pakontrol-luar dhe e paligjshme,zhvillimi urban i rregullt, tur-izmi i paqndrueshm,rritja e ndryshimeve klimatike. Kto trysni ojn n ndikime t shumta si: shpyllzimi, ndotja e ujrave nn dhe mbi toksor, rrshqitja e dheut, kripzimi, humbja e ekosistemeve t vlef-shme dhe biodiversitetit, vrshimet e shpeshta dhe t rrezikshme, rritja e rreziqeve t shndetit etj.

Fishing trouts at Lake Shkoder/Skadar Thomais Vlachogianni


Larus ridibundus at Lake Ohrid, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

24

Liqeni i Ohrit: nj nga t paktt liqene t lasht n Bot

Liqeni i Ohrit sht njnga liqenet m t thell (maksimumi 280 m), nga m t lashtt n Europ, nga 2 deri ne 10 milion vite. Liqeni kryesisht ushqehet nga ujrat nntoksor (50%), nga burime t ndryshme karstike (Shn Naumi ndihmonafrsisht 75% t derdhjes s prgjithshme nntoksore, Tushemishti 25% t saj) n bregun juglindor t liqenit. Formacioni ujmbajts i shtress karstike e merr ujin nga Liqeni i Presps, i cili derdhet plotsisht n sis-temin karstik 150 m mbi nivelin e liqenit t Ohrit.Mbase n saj t ekzistencs s gjat dhe izolimit nga kodrat dhe malet, rriten shum kafsh dhe bim. Ekzistojn afrsisht 1200 specie vendase nga t cilat m shum se 220 specie tipike t zones jetojn n liqen. Gastropodott e liqenit (Moluska) jan specie m tipike t shumta n liqen. Liqeni i Ohrit rrit peshq t njohur t zons ku nga m t njohurit jan Korani (Salmo letnica) dhe Belushka (Salmo ohridana). Shtrati i bregut t Liqenit dhe ligatinat siguro-jn shum vendbanime pr specie t shumta, ku disa prej specieve jan t rralla ose t krcnuara si psh: Pelikani Dalmatik, Rosat ngjyr ndryshku, Shqiponja me pika dhe Shqiponja Perandorake.

Larus ridibundus at Lake Ohrid, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

25

Potamogeton natans Milan Vogrin

Liqeni i Shkodrs: liqeni m i madh n Ballkan

Prgjat liqeneve t Ballkanit sht Liqeni i Shkodrs, i cili ka siprfaqjen m t madhe t gadishullit Bal-lkanik.Liqeni prfshin Shqiprin dhe Malin e Zi n kufi t pjess perndimore t liqenit. Lumi i Buns lidh Liqenin e Shkodrs me Detin Adriatik, ndrsa Lumi Drin lidhet me Liqenin e Ohrit. Liqeni iShkodrs sht i njohur pr burimet e tij me ujra t freskta dhe nga prania e bimve dhe kaf-shve t rralla dhe t rrezikuara. Kryesisht n saj t fauns s pasur t shpendve, liqenit i kushtohet nj

26

Nuphar luteum Milan Vogrin

Pelophylax kurtmuelleri Thomais Vlachogianni

rndsi akoma dhe m e madhe. M shum se 80 specie ujore t rrezikuara gjenden n zonn e liqen-it, ku disa jan tipike si: Marsilea quadrifolia, Nuphar spp, Trapa natans, Sagitaria sagitifolia, Najas marina, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Potamogeton, Leucoium aes-tivum. N liqen rriten 49 lloje peshqish, midis tyre 6 lloje troftash. Specie t ndryshme peshqish migrojn n detet q lagin Europn, duke sjell nj rrezikshmri pr zhdukjen e tyre ashtu si sht edhe peshku primi-tiv Acipenser sturio.

Prespa e Madhe dhe Prespa e Vogl: strehim pr kafsht e egra

Ujrat Lidhs tPresps ndahen n dy liqene: Prespa e Madhe dhe Prespa e Vogl. Prespa e Madhe ndahet nga nj rrip i ngusht toke. Pjest e Shqipris, Greqis dhe Maqedonis bashkohen n ujrat e t dy liqeneve t Presps. Prespa e Madhe sht nj nga liqenet m t vjetr, q ndiqet nga Liqeni i Ohrit n veri-perndim prmes burimeve t ujrave nntoksore. Prespa e Vogl ndahet nga Shqipria dhe Greqia. Men-dohet se ujmbledhsi i Presps s bashku me Liqenin e Ohrit dhe Liqenin kullues t Maliqit (Baseni i Kors) jan pjesa e mbetur e sistemit miliona vjear.Siprfaqja ujmbledhse e Presps sht nj ambjent natyror i pasur me mozaik natyror si: liqene, livadhe, lisa, ah, etj. Prespa sht shum e njohur pr dllenjat dhe shumimin e pelikanit. Pelikant e kuq ngren folen e tyre n breg t liqenit t Presps dhe vezt e tyre krijojn me mbi 1200 ifte Pelikansh Dalmatian, t formuara jo vetm n disa pjes t Europs por edhe koloni t mdha n gjith botn. M shum se 270 specie zogjsh jan vendosur n zon, disa prej t cilve jan t rrall si Pelikani i Bardh, Pelikani Xhuxh, shtat lloje afkash, pata kmbgri, dhe Lejleku me shklqim (Plegadis falcinellus). Ujmbledhsi i Presps ka m shum se 1500 lloje bimore, ndr t cilat m tipike jan lulja endemike centaury (Prespana Centaurea). Liqenet e Presps sigurojn ambjent pr gjitart, zvarranikt, amfibt dhe 23 lloje peshqish, tet prej t cilve jan endemike t tilla si trofta e Presps (Peristericus Salmo). 27

Kalimera fishing nets, Bojana river, Montenegro Milan Vogrin

Lumi Buna: nj mozaik i pasur me habitate biologjike

44 km2 e lumit Buna derdhet n Liqenin e Shkodrs dhe e merr ujin nga Deti Adriatik nga ku formon nj delt na-tyrore t rrall. Lumi i cili ndahet midis Shqipris dhe Malit t Zi ka formuar nj peizazh t pasur dhe t ndryshm duke formuar rritje n diversitet t jets s bimve dhe kafshve. Lumi Buna sht nj mozaik i natyrs i formuar nga habitate t larmishme, prfshir ujin e freskt (liqen dhe lum) ujin e njelmt (grykderdhje e gjer dhe lagun), zon pyjore, moale, bar i njom, tok ranore dhe habitate shkmbore. Kto habitate jan t vendosura n nj larmi t madhe t flors dhe fauns, ku disa prej t cilave jan t krcnuara si psh: Orkidea (Nacamptis laxiflora), midhja (Unio crassus), flutura (Lycaena dispar), pllumbi i deteve q lagin Europn (Acipenser sturio), rosa kokzez (Oxyura leucocephala) ,trofta e Detit Adriatik (Salmo obtusirostris), Vidra Europiane (Lutra lutra), gargaliqi (Hyla arborea), etj. Nj tipar dallues i lumit Buna sht q shrben si nj korridor pr emigrimin e peshqve dhe zogjve. Kur sht fjala pr kt t fundit kjo zon sht pjes e nj prej rrugve migratore veri jug t zogjve evropiane. Kjo zon sht nj erdhe edhe pr lloje t shpendve me interes ruajts si jan: Capka sqeplug (Platalea leucorodia), gjeraqina (Accipiter brevipes), dallndyshe nate (Camprimulgus europaeus), bufi veshshkurtr (Otus scops).

Drini i Zi dhe i Bardh

Rrethinat malore t Drinit shfaqin nj larmishmri t madhe t flors dhe fauns. Drini Zi sht nj lum q ndahet nga Maqedonia dhe Shqipria. Ai rrjedh nga liqeni i Ohrit n Strug dhe pas 50 km arrin Shqiprin n perndim t Dibrs. Ai bashkohet me Drinin e Bard-h- nj lum prej 175 km i ndar nga Shqipria dhe Ko-sova - n Kuks, pr t formuar lumin Drin i cili rrjedh n Detin Adriatik.Drini dhe mikpritja e tij, s bashku me grupet e shumta t kafshve, Ngjala (Eudontomyzon Stanko Ka-raman), Mrena e Fanit (Barbus rebeli), Peshku pellazg i Ohrit (Pelago minutus), Albanian Roach (Rutilus Kara-mani), sfungjert (Spongilla Stankovici) etj.

Lycaena dispar Milan Vogrin

Ardea alba at Paratuk Island, Montenegro Thomais Vlachogianni

28

SPECIETq JETOJN

RRETH ZONS

Pelikani Dalmatian Pelecanus crispus: specia`flamur` e rajonit

N mesin e llojeve t shumta t shpendve n pellgun e lumit Drin, pelikani dalmatian (Pelecanus crispus) sht pa dyshim nj nga speciet flamur t rajonit. Pelikani Dalmatian sht pjesrisht i shprndar nga rajoni i Ballkanit deri n Azin qendrore. Kjo specie z nj t katrtn e popullsis n Europ me kolonin m t madhe n Prespn e Madhe dhe t Vogl me rreth 1200 ifte mbarshtimi. Raca e pelikanve gjen-det n mesin e bimsis ujore, ujrat lundrues ose ishuj t palvizshm t izoluar nga toka pr t shman-gur speciet e gjitarve. Folet e tyre zakonisht pr-bhen nga nj grumbull kallamishtesh, bar dhe shko-pinj q mund t arrijn deri n 1m lartsi dhe 1.5m n diametr. Pelikant ushqyehen pothuajse trsisht me peshk, dhe veanrisht: krap, barbun, pendkuq, buburrec dhe peshk shtiz. Rniet n numr jan shkaktuar n t shkuarn kryesisht nga: tharjet e li-gatinave, keqtrajtimi nga ana e peshkatarve si dhe gjuetia ilegale. T tjera krcnime t vazhdueshme jan: shqetsimet nga turistt, ndryshimet ligatinore dhe shkatrrimi i tyre, ndotja e ujit, goditje me ek-sploziv dhe mbi-shfrytzim i rezervave t peshkut.

30

Ngjala Europiane Anguilla Anguilla: nj specie shum e rrezikuar

Nj shembull karakteristik i nj specie t rrezikuar n rajon sht ngjala Evropiane (Anguilla Anguilla), e cila historikisht prdor lumin Drin pr t migruar ndrmjet Ohrit dhe Shkodrs / Liqeni i Shkodrs dhe Deti Adriatik. Ndryshimet n rrjedhn e ujit (kryesisht pr shkak t digave) dhe sasia e cilsia e burimeve ujore n t gjith pellgun ujmbledhs, kan shkaktuar dme t rnda n lvizjen e peshkut, duke rrezikuar n mnyr kritike ngjaln Evropiane (lista e kuqe n IUCN) dhe specie t tjera, t cilat prballen me nj rrezik t lart zhdukje n t ardhmen e afrt.

Anguilla Anguilla Gregor ubic

Fishing at Lake Shkoder/Skadar Thomais Vlachogianni


Ohrid lake Thomais Vlachogianni

31

Shkurret e Dllinjs n Presp

Rajoni Liqenit t Presps sht nj nga zonat e pakta n Ballkan ku shkurret e dllinjs ende mund t gjenden t ruajtura mir. Kjo shkurre sht shum e rrall n Evrop dhe ka nj sistem t veant mbrojtje n baz t legjislacionit evropian. Greqia sht n t vrtet i vetmi vend n Bashkimin Evropian ku ekzistojn shkurret e dllinjs. Specie mbizotruese sht dllinja Greke (Juniperus excels) dhe Brshen (Foetidissima Juniperus) gjithashtu shte shfaqur n disa zona. Shkurret e dllinjs s Presps dhe mir-ruajtja e tyre bjn q t jetpjn gjat. Shkurret e dllinjs kan nj rndsi t veant pasi ato jan shtpi t qindra specieve bimore dhe shtazore, shum prej t cilave jan endemike, ose jan klasifikuar si t rrezikuara, sipas ligjeve ndrkombtare ose kombtare.

Juniper woods, Prespa Thomais Vlachogianni

32

Rrqebulli i Ballkanit Lynx lynx balcanicus: nj mace e Ballkanit jug-perndimor n prag t zhdukjes

Rrqebulli i Ballkanit (Lynx lynx balcanicus), sht nj mace e rrall e egr dhe karizmatike q gjendet n jug-perndim t Ballkanit. Ne e gjejm at kryesisht n zonat kufitare mes Maqedonis dhe Shqipris, dhe nga atje ai prhapet n veri t Malit t Zi dhe Kosovs. Rrqebulli Euroaziatik u zhduk n malet Dinarike n fillim t shekullit t 20-t, ndrsa nj popullsi e izoluar e rrqebullit arriti t mbijetoj n jug-perndim t Ballkanit. N ditt e sotme, popullsia e tyre vlersohet t jet afr dyzet individ, duke reflektuar nj situat shum m t keqe se sa vlersimet e mparshme t ekspertve (2004) t rreth njqind individ. Krcnimet kryesore t rrqebullit t Ballkanit prfshijn persekutimin e tyre t drejtprdrejt n t kaluarn; Rnia e popullsive t tyre t gjahut; fragmentimi, prkeqsimi dhe humbja e habitatit, pjesrisht pr shkak t ndrtimit t centraleve hidroelektrike prgjat lumit Drin.

Salmo letnica Thomais Vlachogianni

Lynx lynx balcanicus MES


Trofta e famshme e Ohrit Salomo Letnica: nj specie n rrezik

Trofta e famshme e Ohrit (Salmo Letnica) sht nj specie e lasht dhe endemike q jeton n Liqenin e Ohrit dhe n Drinin e Zi. Nga pakujdesia e komunitetit ajo ka patur nj rritje mbi 11 kg, gj e cila ka uar n shqetsim, t dhnat tregojn se popullsia e saj sht theksuar ashpr. Mbipeshkimi duket t jet shkaku kryesor, s bashku me humbjen e habitatit dhe ndotjes. Nj tjetr krcnim n rritje sht futja e specieve pushtuese n liqen. Shqetsim t veant prbn trofta Ylber jo-vendase q mund t zhduk troftn vendase.

33

. , , , . , , , .

. . , , (MIO-ECSDE) (Act4Drin). Act4Drin Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), MIO-ECSDE KAQKA PRODUCTION, BIOSFERA, EDEN, GREENHOME MES.

, -: Albaforest, BirdLife Slovenia (DOPPS), Society of bird research and nature protection (DPPVN), Environmental Center for Administration and Technology (ECAT), EIRLA Association, Greens of Montenegro, Institute for Nature Conservation in Albania (INCA), Institute for Environmental Policy (IEP), Environmental Movement OZON, Permaculture and Organic Agriculture (POA), Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA), PSEDA ILIRIA Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP).

ADRIATIC SEA

BUNA/BOJANA

SHKODER LAKE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

34

DRIN

OHRID LAKE

WHITE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

GREAT PRESPA LAKE

LESSER PRESPA LAKE


: | 36

| 37

: | 37

: ; | 38

: | 38

H : | 39

: | 41

: | 42

O /: | 44

| 45

| 46 35

:

19.000 , , , (), . , - , , - , /.

36

Dactylorhiza cordigera Thomais VlachogianniPhalacrocorax carbo Gregor ubic

, . , . , . , . , - / , , , . - , , , .

:

-. , - . - , -. , Salmo ohridanus, Salmo letnica, Chondrostoma prespense, Scardinius knezevici, .., , , Pelecanus crispus Pelecanus onocrotalus, Microcarbo pygmaeus, .. - - , , , , .., - - . , , .

37

Lake Ohrid Thomais Vlachogianni

: ;

. , , , . - , . , , , . , - , . , - - , . (), (), , , , . .

:

, . : , , ( ), - , , , , , , . : , , , , , - , , ..38

H :

( 280) , 2 10 . (50%) - : 75% - 25%. , 150 . , . 1200 , 220 . () - . , Salmo letnica Salmo ohridana. , . , , .


Sveti Naum, Ohrid Lake Thomais Vlachogianni

39


40

:

, - . , . / , . , , , . , 80 , , Marsilea quadrifolia, Nuphar spp., Trapa natans, Sagitaria sagitifolia, Najas marina, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Potamogeton, Leucoium aestivum, . 49 , . , , Acipenser sturio.

Orthetrum cancellatum Thomais Vlachogianni


Trapa natans Milan Vogrin

41

:

- , , . , . , ( ) , . - . , , , ( ) . , , , . -

- . 1200 , - - . , 270 , , , -, 7 , . 1500 , - (Centaurea prespana). , , , 23 , 8 , (Salmo peristericus).


Salmo peristericus, Prespa Lake Andrea Bonetti, Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP)

42


Great Prespa Thomais Vlachogianni

43

O /:

44 / - , . , -, -. ( ) ( ), , , , - . - , - , Nacamptis laxiflora, Unio crassus, Lycaena dispar, Acipenser sturio, Oxyura leucocephala, Salmo obtusirostris, - Lutra lutra, - Hyla arborea, . / . , - . , Platalea leucorodia, Accipiter brevipes, Camprimulgus europaeus, Otus scops, ..


44

Podarcis tauricus Thomais Vlachogianni

. . - , . - 175 , , . , , Eudontomyzon stankokaramani, Barbus rebeli, Pelasgus minutus, Rutilus karamani, Spongilla stankovici, .

Black Drin Milan Vogrin

45

Pelecanus crispus:

, Pelecanus crispus - . - . - , - , 1200 . , . , - 1 1,5 . , , , , .. -, . -, , , - .



46

- - . , . . - Juniperus excels Juniperus foetidissima -. , , , , - .

Anguilla anguilla:

Anguilla anguilla, - . ( ) - , - , ( - - - IUCN) , .


Phalacrocorax carbo Gregor ubic

47

Salmo letnica:

Salmo letnica . , 11 . - , - . . - .

Lynx lynx balcanicus . -, . Lynx lynx, 20 , - - . , 40 , (2004) 100 . - ( ), , - , .

Lynx lynx balcanicus:

48

Galiica National Park, FYR Macedonia Thomais Vlachogianni

49

, . , , . , .

. . , (MIO-ECSDE) (Act4Drin). , (CEPF), MIO-ECSDE KAQKA PRODUCTION, , EDEN, GREENHOME .

, : Albaforest, BirdLife Slovenia (DOPPS), Society of bird research and nature protection (DPPVN), Environmental Center for Administration and Technology (ECAT), EIRLA Association, Greens of Montenegro, Institute for Nature Conservation in Albania (INCA), Institute for Environmental Policy (IEP), Environmental Movement OZON, Permaculture and Organic Agriculture (POA), Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA), PSEDA ILIRIA Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP).

ADRIATIC SEA

BUNA/BOJANA

SHKODER LAKE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

50


| 52 | 52 () - | 52 - ? | 54 - | 54O - | 55 - | 56 E - | 57 - | 58 | 59 | 60

DRIN

OHRID LAKE

WHITE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

GREAT PRESPA LAKE

LESSER PRESPA LAKE51

19.000 - (, , , . - -: , , , ( ) .

- . . , - . . , o , - a o . , , .

() -

-, . . , . : (Salmo ohri-danus) (Salmo letnica), - (Chondrostoma prespense), - (Scardinius knezevici). ,

, : - (Pelecanus crispus), - (Pelecanus onocrotalus) (Microcarbo pygmaeus).O - , , , ., . , .

52

Pelecanus onocrotalus Milan Vogrin

Debar Lake, FYR Macedonia Thomais Vlachogianni

53

- ?

. , , . . - , - . - , - . , , , , , - . .

- , - , . : , , - ( ), , - , - ,

, - . : , , , , -, , .

Ohrid Lake Thomais Vlachogianni

54

O -

( 280 ) 2 10 . (50%) (75% 25% ) . , 150 . , . 1200 220 . (Mollusca) . (Salmo letnica) (Salmo ohridana). / . , , .


Black Drin Milan Vogrin

55

-

. . - . - , - . , . 80 , : - (Marsilea quadrifolia), (Nuphar spp.), (Trapa natans), (Sagitaria sagitifolia), (Najas marina), (Schoenoplectus lacustris), - (Potamogeton), (Leucoium aestivum), . 49 6 . - , (Acipenser sturio).


56

E -

, . , - . - . . . - . , - : . - . 1200 , - . 270 , , , , . 1500 - (Centaurea prespana). a , , 23 8 (Salmo peristericus).


Hyla arborea Milan Vogrin

57

-

44 E , . - - . - - ( ), ( ), , , , . - / (Nacamptis laxiflora), (Unio crassus), (Lycaena dispar), - (Acipenser sturio), (Oxyura leucocephala), (Salmo obtusirostris), (Lutra lutra), (Hyla arborea), . - . . - / - : (Platalea leucorodia), (Accipiter brevipes), (Camprimulgus europaeus), (Otus scops), .

Radika river, tributary to the Black Drin river Milan Vogrin

58

- . . . 175 , . : (Eudonto-myzon stankokaramani), (Barbus rebeli), (Rutilus karamani), (Spongilla stankovici), .

Buna/Bojana river Gregor ubic

Inachis Io, spotted at Jablanica Mountain Thomais Vlachogianni

59

Pelecanus crispus:

, (Pelecanus crispus) . . 1200 . , . , 1 1,5 . , . , . : , , , .

Anguilla Anguilla:

- (Anguilla Anguilla), - , - . ( ) , , . IUCN, , .

Pelecanus crispus at Prespa Gregor ubic

60

. . . (Juniperus excels) (Juniperus foetidissima) . , , .

Lesser Prespa Thomais Vlachogiann

61

Lynx lynx balcanicus MES

Jablanica Mountain, FYR Macedonia Thomais Vlachogianni

Salmo letnica:

(Salmo letnica) e . 11 . . , . .

Lynx lynx balcanicus:

(Lynx lynx balcanicus), - . - , . 20- , . , 40 , 2004 , 100 . , , , , .

63

64

Sutinska vrijednost Drimskog sliva je neprocjenljiva - to je nesumnjivo jedna od najvanijih slatkovodnihbiodiverzitetskih vruih taaka u Evropi. Bez obzira da li smo svjesni toga ili ne, slatkovodni ekosistemi zajedno sa svakim dijelom biodiverziteta koji podravaju i usluge ekosistema koje pruaju, odreuju kvalitet naeg ivota i blagostanja. Mi kao pojedinci moemo napraviti veliku razliku jednostavnom brigom, potovanjem prava svih ivih bia da uivaju ovu planetu i preduzimanjem individualnih ili kolektivnih akcija ka ouvanju biodiverziteta Drimskog sliva i njegove neprocjenljive usluge ekosistema.

Ova publikacija ima za cilj podizanje svijesti javnosti o vrijednosti naeg zajednikog prirodnog bogatstva i naslea i to je konkretan prikaz posveenosti i solidarnosti meu ekolokim NVO regiona za zatitu i ouvanje sliva rijeke Drim. Razvijen je od strane Mediteranske informativne kancelarije za ivotnu sredinu, kulturu i odrivi razvoj (MIO-ECSDE), u okviru projekta Act4Drin. Act4Drin projekat je finansiran od strane Partnerskog fonda za ugroene ekosisteme (CEPF), koji predvodi MIO-ECSDE i implementira se u saradnji sa KAQKA PRODUCTION, BIOSFERA, GREEN HOME i MES.

Pored partnera na projektu, Act4Drin promotere ine i sledee NVO: Albaforest, BirdLife Slovenia (DOPPS), Drutvo za zatitu i prouavanje ptica (DPPVN), Ekoloki centar za upravu i tehnologiju (ECAT),Udruenje EIRLA, Zeleni Crne Gore, Zavod za zatitu prirode u Albaniji (INCA), Institut za ekoloku politiku (IEP), ekoloki pokret OZON, Permakultura i organska poljoprivreda (POA), Zatita i ouvanje ivotne sredine u Albaniji (PPNEA), PSEDA ILIRIA i Drutvo za zatitu Prespe (SPP).

ADRIATIC SEA

BUNA/BOJANA

SHKODER LAKE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN


Sadraj

Sliv rijeke Drim: povezivanje vodenih povrina jugozapadnog Balkana | 66

Putanja sliva rijeke Drim do Jadranskog mora | 67

Sutinska vrijednost sliva rijeke Drim: Kljune biodiverzitetske take | 67

Sliv rijeke Drim: Koliko vrijedi? | 68

Sliv rijeke Drim u opasnosti: kljuni problemi i uticaji | 68

Ohridsko jezero: jedno od malobrojnih drevnih jezera na svijetu | 68

Skadarsko jezero: najvee jezero na Balkanu | 71

Velika i Mala Prespa: utoite za ivi svijet | 72

Rijeka Bojana: mozaik bioloki bogatih stanita | 73

The European eel Crni i Bijeli Drim | 74

Vrste u sreditu panje | 75

Prirodno bogatstvo i naslijee sliva rijeke Drim: inspirie nae zajedniko djelovanje

DRIN

OHRID LAKE

WHITE DRIN

BLACK

DRIN

GREAT PRESPA LAKE

LESSER PRESPA LAKE65

Sliv rijeke Drim: povezivanje vodenih povrina jugozapadnog Balkana

Sliv rijeke Drim se prua na geografsko podruje od 19.000 kvadratnih kilometara u jugozapadnom Bal-kanu; prua se kroz Albaniju, Grku, Makedoniju, Kosovo i Crnu Goru. Sliv Drima je povezan hidroloki sistem koji obuhvata prekogranine pod-slivove: jezera Veliku i Malu Prespu, Skadarsko jezero, rijeku Drim ukljuujui njene pritoke- Veliki i Mali Drim i rijeku Bojanu.

Ulcinj Salinas, Montenegro Thomais Vlachogianni

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Lake Ohrid, a lake shared between FYR of Macedonia and Albania. It receives some 50% of its waters from Lake Prespa through underground karst channels traversing the Galicica Mountain.

Canis aureus iStock.com/Jannie Nikola

Putanja sliva rijeke Drim do Jadranskog mora

Drim protie kroz planinska podruja jugozapadnog Balkana prema Jadranskom moru, predstavljajui tree naj-vee rijeno ue u Mediteranu. Rijeka Drim ima dvije glavne pritoke, Crni i Bijeli Drim. Potiui iz Ohridskog jezera, Crni Drim naputa Makedoniju i ulazi u Albaniju. Bijeli Drim izvire na Kosovu i protie kroz Albaniju, gdje se spaja sa Crnim Drimom, zajedno formirajui rijeku Drim. Protiui dalje kroz Albaniju, jedan krak Drima se spaja sa rijekom Bojanom blizu Skadra, a drugi krak se uliva direktno u Jadransko more juno od Skadra, blizu grada Lee. Svako od ovih vodnih tijela je spojeno brojnim movarama, pritokama, malim rijekama i potocima du njihove putanje.

Sutinska vrijednost sliva rijeke Drim: Kljune biodiverzitetske take

Regija Balkana je poznata u Evropi kao biodiverzitet-sko arite zbog svoje istorije gleerskog utoita i mjesto ukrtanja flore i faune izmeu Evrope i Azije. Proireni sliv Drima je pun ivota, dom izuzetnog bio-diverzitetskog bogatstva, obezbjeujui znaajna stanita za mnoge vrste flore i faune. Neke od ovih vrsta su endemine, kao na primjer: Salmo ohrida-nus, Salmo letnica, Chondrostoma prespense, Scardi-nius knezevici, itd., dok se mnoge druge razmnoa-vaju u slivu u izuzetno velikom broju u odnosu na druge djelove Evrope, kao to su Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pygmy Cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus, itd. Ovo je vjerovatno posledica geograf-ske fragmentacije i izolacije djelova sistema u jezerima, dolinama, podzemnim peinama i rijekama itd., te ogromne netaknute planinske oblasti i cjelo-kupne relativno niske gustine naseljenosti. Meutim, ovo se mijenja.

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Hunters near Virpazar, Montenegro Thomais Vlachogianni

Ohridsko jezero se smatra za jedno od najdubljih (maksimum 280m) i najstarijih jezera u Evropi, sa starosnim pro-cjenama izmeu 2 i 10 miliona godina. Jezero je uglavnom prihranjivano podzemnim vodama (oko 50%) i iz neko-liko krakih izvora (Sveti Naum doprinosi sa priblino 75% ukupnog podzemnog priliva, Tuhsemist sa 25%) na jugoistonoj obali jezera. Kraki vodonosnik dobija vodu iz jezera Prespa, koja u potpunosti otie u kraki sistem na 150 metara iznad nivoa vode Ohridskog jezera. Vjerovatno zbog svog dugog postojanja i izolacije od strane okolnih brda i planina, ovdje su evoluirale jedinstvene varijacije biljaka i ivotinja. Priblino 1200 autohtonih vrsta, od kojih je vie od 220 endemino, ive u jezeru. Jezer-ski pu (Mollusca) je konkretan primjer veoma visokog endemizma. Ohridsko jezero skriva izvanredne vrste riba, meu kojima su poznate ohridska pastrmka (Salmo letnica) i zrakoperka (Salmo ohridana). Trske na obali jezera i movare pruaju stanite mnogim vrstama, od kojih su neke rijetke ili ugroene. Ovdje spadaju dalmatinski peli-kan, patka njorka, orao klokota i orao krsta.

Sliv rijeke Drim: Koliko vrijedi?

Sliv Drima je sloen ivi sistem. Bez svog vitalnog sastojka, vode, sistem koji danas vidimo i poznajemo ne bi postojao. Voda je kljuna vrijednost kako eko-nomskog razvoja tako i kvaliteta ivota. Bez obzira da li smo svjesni toga ili ne, slatkovodni ekosistemi zajedno sa svakim dijelom biodiverziteta koji podravaju i usluge koje pruaju, blisko su isprepletani sa naim harmoninim postojanjem i blagostanjem. Meupo-vezani rjeni slivovi koji pruaju prostor ekosistemima i zajednicama, omoguavaju obilje pogodnosti svojim stanovnicima. Sve zemlje koje dijele Drim oslanjaju se na vode proirenog sliva ove rijeke i njihovo robustno stanje kao ekonomskog resursa; predstavlja vitalan resurs za snabdijevanje vodom poljoprivrede i farmi, industrije, ribolova, rekreacije i turizma, proizvodnje elektrine energije i navigacije. Treba se jako dobro brinuti o neemu ovako vrijednom.

Sliv rijeke Drim u opasnosti: kljuni problemi i uticaji

Raznovrsni i esto sukobljeni nain upotrebe i neo-drivi pristupi upravljanju koji se primjenjuju u slivu Drima ispoljavalju ozbiljne probleme na ekosistem, to vodi do njegove degradacije. Neki od ovih klju-nih problema su: vrst otpad & morski otpad; otpadne vode; neodriva upotreba vodnih resursa (ukljuujui i izgradnju brana); eksploatacija minerala/ruda; inten-zivna poljoprivreda i umarstvo; nekontrolisan i esto ilegalan lov i ribolov; nepravilno korienje zemljita i urbani razvoj; neodrivi turizam; poveanje varijabil-nosti klime.Ovi problemi vode do irokog spektra uticaja kao to su: krenje uma, zagaenje povrinskih i podzemnih voda, ubrzana erozija zemljita, salinizacija, gubitak vrijednih ekosistema i biodiverziteta, ee i opasnije poplave, poveanje rizika po zdravlje itd.

Ohridsko jezero: jedno od malobrojnih drevnih jezera na svijetu

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Crnojevia river, Montenegro Thomais Vlachogianni

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Skadarsko jezero: najvee jezero na Balkanu

Od svih balkanskih jezera, Skadarsko jezero ima naj-veu povrinu na Balkanskom poluostrvu. Dijele ga Albanija i Crna Gora, sa granicom na jugo-istonom dijelu jezera. Rijeka Bojana povezuje jezero sa Jadran-skim morem, dok rijeka Drim obezbjeuje vezu sa Ohridskim jezerom.Skadarsko jezero je opte poznato slatkovodna kljuna biodiverzitetska taka i domain irokom spektru endeminih i rijetkih, ili ak ugroenih biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta. Smatra se da je Skadarsko jezero

od visokog meunarodnog znaaja, naroito zbog svoje faune ptica. Preko 80 vrsta viih vodenih biljaka se ovdje nalazi, od kojih su neke endemine ili ugro-ene, kao na primjer: Marsilea quadrifolia, Nuphar spp., Trapa natans, Sagitaria sagitifolia, Najas marina, Scho-enoplectus lacustris, Potamogeton, Leucoium aestivum, itd. Jezero se moe pohvaliti sa 49 vrsta ribe, meu kojima je est vrsta pastrmke. Neke vrste riba migri-raju u more, kao na primjer ugroena atlantska jesetra Acipenser sturio.


Sagittaria sagittifolia Milan Vogrin

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Velika i Mala Prespa: utoite za ivi svijet

Prekogranini Prespanski region se sastoji od dva jezera. Velika (Megali ili Makro) Prespa i Mala (Mikri ili Mikro) Prespa, odvojeni su uskim zemljanim poja-som. Granice Albanije, Grke i Makedonije se susreu u vodama veeg jezera, Megali Prespe. Megali Prespa je meu najstarijim evropskim jezerima, snabdijeva-jui takoe staro (ali mnogo vee) Ohridsko jezero na sjeverozapadu kroz podzemne izvore. Mikro Prespu dijele Albanija i Grka. Ova dva jezera su nekada bila spojena u jedan jezerski basen ali sedamdesetih godina prolog vijeka su razdvojena kako bi se uprav-ljalo vodostajem Mikro Prespe. Pretpostavlja se da je Prespanski region, zajedno sa Ohridskim jezerom i presuenim jezerom Malik (basen Kore) ostatak opsenog sistema jezera starog million godina.Region Prespe je dom raznovrsnih stanita i ivotnih oblika koji ine sloen mozaik prirode: od jezera i vla-nih stanita, do hrastovih i bukovih uma i planinskih panjaka. Prespa je najpoznatija po svojoj umi boro-vice-kleke i pogodnosti podruja za razmnoavanje pelikana. Ne samo da se preko 1200 pari dalmatinskih pelikana gnijezdi u tracima Mikro Prespe koji ini jedan od rijetkih lokaliteta u Evropi gdje se ova vrsta gnijezdi, ve predstavljaju i najveu koloniju na svi-jetu. Vie od 270 vrsta ptica se nalaze u ovoj oblasti, od kojih su neke rijetke, kao to su veliki bijeli pelikan, mali vranac, sedam vrsta aplji, divlja guska i crni ibis. Region Prespe sadri irok spektar, vie od 1500 bilj-nih vrsta, meu kojima je i prespanska kiica (Centa-urea prespana). Prespanska jezera su dom sisarima, reptilima i vodozemcima kao i dvadeset tri vrste ribe, od kojih je osam endeminih kao to je prespanska pastrmka (Salmo peristericus).

Ohrid Lake Thomais Vlachogianni

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Rijeka Bojana: mozaik bioloki bogatih stanita

Rijeka Bojana duine 44 kilometara odvodi vode iz Ska-darskog jezera i uliva se u Jadransko more, formirajui rijedak primjer prirodnih delti. Rijeka, koju dijele Alba-nija i Crna Gora, formirala je bogat i raznovrstan pejza, koji je podstakao zapanjujuu raznovrsnost biljnog i ivotinjskog svijeta. Rijeka Bojana je mozaik prirode sainjen od raznovrsnih stanita, ukljuujui slatke vode (jezera i rijeke), slane vode (ue i lagune), ume, slatkovodne bare, vlane panjake, pjeane obale i kamenita stanita. Ova stanita predstavljaju sklo-nite raznovrsne flore i faune, od kojih su neke vrste globalno ugroene i/ili rijetke, kao to su: movarna orhideja (Nacamptis laxiflora), rijena koljka (Unio crassus), veliki dukat (Lycaena dispar), atlantska jesetra (Acipenser sturio), bjeloglava patka (Oxyura leucocep-hala), jadranska pastrmka (Salmo obtusirostris), vidra (Lutra lutra), aba kreketua (Hyla arborea), itd. Izuzetna karakteristika rijeke Bojane je njena uloga migracio-nog puta za ribe i ptice. Ovo podruje je dio jednog od tri sjever-jug migraciona puta evropskih ptica. Ovo podruje je lokalitet gnijeenja za vrste ptica koje su od velike vanosti za ouvanje u Evropi, kao to su: bijeli kaikar (Platalea leucorodia), kratkoprsti kobac (Accipiter brevipes), pomrakue (Camprimulgus europa-eus), uk (Otus scops), itd.

Otus scops iStock.com/Alba Casals Mitj

Lutra lutra iStock.com/Stephen Meese

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The European eel Crni i Bijeli Drim

Rijeku Drim i okolna planinska podruja odlikuje razno-vrsna flora i fauna. Crni Drim je rijeka koju dijele Makedo-nija i Albanija. Istie iz Ohridskog jezera u Strugi i posle nekih pedeset kilometara dostie do Albanije, zapadno od Debra. Spaja se sa Bijelim Drimom - rijekom duine 175 kilometara koju dijele Albanija i Kosovo - u Kukeu, formirajui rijeku Drim koja se uliva u Jadransko more. Drim sa svojim pritokama je domain brojnim gru-pama ivotinja, meu kojima su i: zmijuljica (Eudon-tomyzon stankokaramani), zrakoperka (Barbus rebeli), ohridska gaovica (Pelasgus minutus), Albanska bodorka (Rutilus karamani), slatkovodni suner (Spongilla stan-kovici), i mnoge druge.

Himantopus himantopus Milan Vogrin

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Evropska jegulja Anguilla Anguilla: kritino ugroena vrsta

Karakteristini primjer ugroenih vrsta u regionu je evropska jegulja (Anguilla Anguilla), koja je istorijski koristila rijeku Drim da migrira izmeu Ohridskog i Skadarskog jezera i Jadranskog mora. Promjene vodo-toka (uglavnom zbog brana) i kvaliteta i kvantiteta vodnih resursa irom slivnog podruja, izazvali su veliku tetu na ribljim migratornim putevima, i na taj nain kritino ugrozili evropsku jegulju (IUCN Crvena lista) i druge vrste, koje se suoavaju sa visokim rizi-kom od izumiranja u slivu u neposrednoj budunosti.

Dalmatinski pelikan Pelecanus crispus: kljune vrste regiona

Meu brojnim vrstama ptica u slivu rijeke Drim, dal-matinski pelikan (Pelecanus crispus) je bez sumnje jedan od kljunih vrsta regiona. Dalmatinski pelikan se kree od Balkana do Centralne Azije. Oko etvrtina njihove globalne populacije u Evropi, najvea kolonija se nalazi na Maloj/Mikro Prespi sa oko 1200 parova. Pelikani se razmnoavaju meu vodenom vegetaci-jom na plutajuim ili stacionarnim ostrvima, izolovani od kopna kako bi obezbijedili svoj opstanak od pre-datorskih vrsta. Gnijezda se obino sastoje od gomila trske, trave i prua i mogu biti do jednog metra visine i 1,5 metar u preniku. Pelikani se hrane ribom, naro-ito aranom, smuem, crvenoperkom, bodorkom i tukom. Opadanje broja pelikana u prolosti je prven-stveno bilo posledica isuivanja movara, ilegalnog lova i proganjanja od strane ribara. Druge stalne pri-jetnje su uznemiravanje od strane turista, promjene i unitavanje movara, zagaenje vode, sudari sa nad-zemnim elektroenergetskim vodovima i pretjerana eksploatacija zaliha ribe.

VRSTEU SREDITU

PANJE

Fishing trouts at Lake Shkoder/Skadar Thomais Vlachogianni


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ume kleke u regionu Prespe

Region Prespanskih jezera je jedan od nekoliko regi-ona na Balkanu gdje se mogu pronai dobro ou-vane ume kleke. Ova uma je veoma rijetka u Evropi i uiva poseban sistem zatite pod evropskim zako-nodavstvom. Grka je u stvari jedina zemlja Evropske unije gdje postoje ume kleke. Vrste koje preovlada-vaju je gorska borovica (Juniperus excelsa) zajedno sa Juniperus foetidissima koja se takoe pojavljuje u odreenim podrujima. Prespanske ume kleke sa dobro ouvanim umarcima borovice su od posebne vanosti jer ine dom stotinama biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta, od kojih su mnoge endemine ili su klasifiko-vane kao ugroene, u skladu sa meunarodnim ili nacionalnim zakonima.

Poznata Ohridska pastrmka Salmo letnica: drevna vrsta u opasnosti

Poznata Ohridska pastrmka (Salmo letnica) je drevna i endemina vrsta koja ivi u Ohridskom jezeru i rijeci Crni Drim. Lokalni delikates, koji moe imati i preko 11 kilograma, postao je sredite panje, jer podaci pokazuju kako su populacije pastrmke ozbiljno ugro-ene. Izgleda da je glavni uzrok prekomjeran ribolov, zajedno sa gubitkom stanita i zagaenjem. Druga sve vea prijetnja je uvoenje invazivnih vrsta u jezeru. Posebno zabrinjava alohtona kalifornijska pastrmka koja moe zamijeniti autohtonu pastrmku.

Balkanski ris Lynx lynx balcanicus: kljuna vrsta jugozapadnog Balkana na rubu izumiranja

Balkanski ris (Lynx lynx balcanicus), je rijetka divlja maka koja naseljava jugozapadni Balkan. Najee je nalazimo u pograninim podrujima izmeu Makedo-nije i Albanije, a odatle se iri sjeverno ka Crnoj Gori i Kosovu. Evroazijski ris Lynx lynx nestao je iz oblinjih Dinarida poetkom XX vijeka, dok je izolovana popu-lacija risa uspjela da preivi u jugozapadnom Balkanu. Danas, njihova populacija je procijenjena na blizu 40 jedinki, to je odraz mnogo goreg stanja od prethodne strune procjene (2004) od oko stotinu jedinki. Glavne prijetnje balkanskom risu ukljuuju njihovo direktno proganjanje u prolosti; pad populacije plijena; fra-gmentacija, naruavanje i gubitak stanita, djelimino izgradnja hidroelektrana du sliva rijeke Drim.

Lynx lynx balcanicus iStock.com/Andy Astbury

Polyommatus icarus Thomais Vlachogianni

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References | Referencat | | | Reference

River Drin, Rozafa Castle, Albania Thomais Vlachogianni

Melitaea Phoebe Thomais Vlachogianni

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This educational material has been prepared by MIO-ECSDE / MEdIES within the framework of MARLISCO project.

This publication has been produced within the framework of the Act4Drin project funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, a joint initiative of lAgence Franaise de Dveloppement, Conservation International, the European Union, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundamental goal of CEPF is to ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation.

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