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Actinopterygian Relationships II Biology of Fishes
10.2.2012
Group Projects
Exam I (10.9.2012)
Review (Actinopterygian Relationships I)
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Overview
Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)
Actinopterygii (ray fins)
- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)
- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)
-Holostei (gars, bowfins)
-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)
Actinopterygian Relationships
Neopterygii
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Sarcopterygii
Actinopterygii
Vertebrates
CR
AN
IATE
S
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Teleostei (“modern fishes”)
Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal
Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes
Scales reduced – more flexible body
Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities
Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species)
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)
Actinopterygii (ray fins)
- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)
- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)
-Holostei (gars, bowfins)
-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)
Actinopterygian Relationships
Neopterygii
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II Te
leo
ste
i
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
Most “primitive” teleosts (sister group to all other teleosts)
Leptocephalus larvae
Primarily marine
Includes Tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish, morays, freshwater eels, gulper eels, swallower eels
Actinopterygian Relationships
Elopomorpha
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
Formerly most “primitive” teleosts
Asia, Australia, North & South America, Africa
Freshwater lakes and rivers; primarily tropical (2 N.American species)
Bony tongues – well-developed teeth on tongue, bite against teeth on roof
Arowana, arapaima, African butterflyfish, mooneyes, knifefishes, elephant fishes, gymnarchids
Actinopterygian Relationships
Osteoglossomorpha
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Clupeomorpha (herrings, shads, sardines, relatives)
Mostly open water (pelagic), schooling, filter feeders
80% marine, large distribution
Important commercial group
Populations exhibit large fluctuations in abundance
Otophysic – special connection between gas bladder and inner ear (increases hearing sensitivity)
Herring, sardines, anchovies, shad, alewife, menhaden, pilchards, sprats
Actinopterygian Relationships
Clupeomorpha
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Ostariophysi
64% of all freshwater fishes
Swim bladder divided into two parts – anterior for sound, posterior for buoyancy
Produce and respond to alarm substance
Includes Gonorynchiformes and Otophysi
Actinopterygian Relationships
Otophysi
Weberian apparatus – series of bones transmits vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear; amplifies sound
Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, relatives)
Characiformes (characins, relatives)
Siluriformes (catfishes)
Gymnotiformes (“New World” knife fishes)
Actinopterygian Relationships
Otophysi Cypriniformes
Otophysi Characiformes
Otophysi Siluriformes
Otophysi Gymnotiformes
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Eute
leo
ste
i
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
95% of all teleosts
Stegural bones – uroneural with ossified outgrowth
Protacanthopterygii
Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, coregonids)
Osmeriformes (smelt, galaxiids, salamanderfish)
Esociformes (pikes, pickerels, mudminnows)
Neoteleosts
Actinopterygian Relationships
Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes & Osmeriformes
Protacanthopterygii Esociformes
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleosts
Rostral cartilage – lies between skull and upper jaws
Retractor dorsalis – connects vertebral column to pharyngeal jaws
Trend of pelvics moving forward and pectorals upward
Stenopterygii, Aulopiformes, Scopelomorpha
Primarily deep-sea marine fishes
Actinopterygian Relationships
Holostei (gars, bowfins)
Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)
- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)
-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)
-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)
Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)
-Protacanthopterygii
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Acanthomorpha
Spiny-rayed teleosts
Spines in dorsal and anal fins
Lampridioformes
Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)
marine
Paracanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships
Acanthomorpha
Spiny-rayed teleosts
Spines in dorsal and anal fins
Lampridioformes
Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)
marine
Paracanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Paracanthopterygii
Mostly benthic marine fishes
20 freshwater species
Cods, cavefishes, anglerfishes
Actinopterygian Relationships
Neoteleostei
Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”)
- Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes)
- Acanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Acanthomorpha
Actinopterygian Relationships II
Acanthopterygii
Actinopterygian Relationships
