Action Plan Bihar

8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 1/58

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ANNUAL PLAN OF ACTION UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2005-06............ 1

1.1 BACKGROUND I NFORMATION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 STATUS OF HORTICULTURE IN BIHAR .................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Fruits ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Vegetables.........................................................................................................................................2 1.2.3 Spices................................................................................................................................................2

1.3 POTENTIAL FOR HORTICULTURE ............................................................................................................ 2

2 PROJECT DETAILS.................................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGY ......................................................................................................3 2.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT GROUP................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4 DETAILED ACTION PLAN 2005-06 ......................................................................................................... 5

2.4.1 Mango............................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Litchi ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.3 Banana............................................................................................................................................ 17 2.4.4 Guava..............................................................................................................................................20

2.4.5 Constraints in Production....... ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 22 2.4.6 Pineapple........................................................................................................................................23 2.4.7 Flowers ...........................................................................................................................................25 2.4.8 Multi Line Processing Unit............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 26 2.4.9 Vegetable Seed Production............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 27 2.4.10 Private Sector............................................................................................................................. 28 2.4.11 Infrastructure ........... ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ..... 29

2.5 PROTECTED CULTIVATION................................................................................................................... 30 2.5.1 Green House (Hi – Tech)... ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 30 2.5.2 Green House (Normal) ........... ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 30 2.5.3 Mulching.........................................................................................................................................31 2.5.4 Shadenets........................................................................................................................................32 2.5.5 Plastic Tunnels.............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ... 32

2.6 PROMOTION OF I NTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ..........................................................33 2.6.1

Land availability............................................................................................................................. 34

2.6.2 Target..............................................................................................................................................34 2.6.3 Annual action plan in detail - 2005 – 2006 ............ ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 34 2.6.4 Research and Training............ ............ ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 34 2.6.5 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Fruit crops........ ............. ........... ............. .......... 35 2.6.6 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Vegetables ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 35 2.6.7 Plant Health Clinics.............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ........ 35 2.6.8 Leaf / Tissue Analysis Lab .............................................................................................................. 35 2.6.9 Rapid tissue tests for nitrate ........... ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 36

2.7 PROMOTION OF I NTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT .............................................................................. 38 2.7.1 Rationale of the Project ..................................................................................................................38

2.8 HUMAN R ESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................... 39 2.8.1 Farmers Training.......... ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ........... ............ ............. ............. ... 42 2.8.2 Officers Training ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 42 2.8.3 Human resource development in Agri Export Zone........ ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 42

2.9 CREATION OF WATER R ESOURCES.......................................................................................................43 2.10 MARKET DEVELOPMENT...................................................................................................................... 44

2.10.1 Wholesale / Terminal Market ..................................................................................................... 45 2.10.2 Rural Markets/ Direct market ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 46 2.10.3 Functional Infrastructure for Collection, Grading etc. ........... ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 46 2.10.4 Market led extension, awareness training and evaluation............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 47

2.11 MISSION MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 47 2.11.1 Institutional strengthening and Hire/ Purchase of vehicles ........... ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 47 2.11.1 Collaboration with International Agencies .......... ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ........ 48 2.11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation ............ ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 48 2.11.3 Proposed Budget ........... ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 48



ii

3 PROGRAMME BENEFITS .....................................................................................................................49

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 MATRIX- DISTRICT & CROP IDENTIFIED ................................................................................................... 6 TABLE 2 AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MANGO IN I NDIA ..................................................................6 TABLE 3 GROWTH PATTERN OF MANGO IN BIHAR ................................................................................................... 7 TABLE 4 SEASONAL AVAILABILITY OF MANGO ......................................................................................................8 TABLE 5 TWO CONCENTRATED BELTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE STATE FOLLOWING THE CLUSTER APPROACH.

....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 TABLE 6 I NTERVENTIONS FOR MANGO .................................................................................................................. 13 TABLE 7 GROWTH PATTERN OF LITCHI IN BIHAR .................................................................................................. 14 TABLE 8 IDENTIFIED CLUSTERS FOR LITCHI .......................................................................................................... 15 TABLE 9 SEASON OF AVAILABILITY....................................................................................................................... 15 TABLE 10 I NTERVENTIONS FOR LITCHI.................................................................................................................. 17 TABLE 11 GROWTH PATTERN OF BANANA IN BIHAR .............................................................................................17 TABLE 12 SEASON OF AVAILABILITY.....................................................................................................................18 TABLE 13 I NTERVENTION OF BANANA .................................................................................................................. 20 TABLE 14 AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GUAVA............................................................................. 20 TABLE 15 I NTERVENTION OF GUAVA ....................................................................................................................23

TABLE 16 I NTERVENTION OF PINEAPPLE ............................................................................................................... 25 TABLE 17 AREA AND PRODUCTION OF FLOWERS UNDER OPEN CULTIVATION ( 2004-05)...................................... 26 TABLE 18 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 30 TABLE 19 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 31 TABLE 20 DISTRICT WISE CONSTRUCTION OF POLYHOUSES AND INCURRED COST UNDER THEM............................ 31 TABLE 21 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 31 TABLE 22 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 32 TABLE 23 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 32 TABLE 24 DISTRICT WISE AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS USED IN MULCHING AND COST INCURRED.................... 32 TABLE 25 DISTRICT WISE AREA UNDER SHADENETS AND COST INCURRED ............................................................ 33 TABLE 26 AREA ALLOCATIONS FOR DIFFERENT CROPS FOR POLY TUNNELS AND INCURRED COST UNDER THEM ...33 TABLE 27 SUMMARY OF BUDGET .......................................................................................................................... 33 TABLE 28 TOTAL BUDGET TO EXECUTE ACTION PLAN (2005-06).......................................................................... 37 TABLE 29 WORK PLAN FOR PROMOTION OF IPM OF HORTICULTURE VEGETABLE & CROPS IN BIHAR ................... 38

TABLE 30 BUDGET ESTIMATE (PROMOTION OF IPM THROUGH DEMONSTRATION)............................................... 39 TABLE 31 SUMMARY OF BUDGET UNDER IPM....................................................................................................... 39 TABLE 32 BUDGET FOR GARDENER ’S AND SUPERVISOR ’S TRAINING DURING 2005-06..........................................43 TABLE 33 THE PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PROGRAMME ARE AS UNDER ................................................................ 44 TABLE 34 DISTRICT WISE BREAK UP OF PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PROGRAMME OF COMMUNITY TASKS ............. 44 TABLE 35 I NTERVENTION OF MARKETING STRUCTURE......................................................................................... 46

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 GROWTH PATTERN OF MANGO IN BIHAR .................................................................................................. 7 FIGURE 2 GROWTH PATTERN OF LITCHI IN BIHAR .................................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 3 GROWTH PATTERN OF BANANA IN BIHAR .............................................................................................. 18 FIGURE 4 GROWTH PATTERN OF GUAVA IN BIHAR ................................................................................................ 20

LIST OF MAPS

MAP 1 IDENTIFIED CLUSTERS IN BIHAR ...................................................................................................................5 MAP 2 SELECTED MANGO DISTRICTS IN BIHAR ........................................................................................................8 MAP 3 SELECTED LITCHI DISTRICTS IN BIHAR .......................................................................................................15 MAP 4 SELECTED BANANA DISTRICTS IN BIHAR .................................................................................................... 18 MAP 5 SELECTED GUAVA DISTRICT IN BIHAR ........................................................................................................22 MAP 6 SELECTED PINEAPPLE DISTRICTS IN BIHAR ................................................................................................. 24 MAP 7 MULTI PRODUCT PROCESSING LINE...........................................................................................................27



[A]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Bihar with a geographical area of 94,163 sq km (2.85 % of the country) is located in the

eastern part of the country. It is bordered on the north by the Kingdom of Nepal, on the west

by Uttar Pradesh, south by Jharkhand, and north – east by West Bengal. The state ranks

fourth in fruit production and third in vegetable production in the country. The total area

under horticulture crops at present is 7.90 lakh hectares out of which 3 lakh hectares (ha) is

under fruits and 4.90 lakh ha is under vegetables.

Major fruits grown in the state are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Pineapple Citrus, Banana, Papaya

and Ber. And the prime growing areas are Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga,

Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Patna, West Champaran. Kishanganj, Purnea, Araria, Katihar and

Saharsa districts. The major vegetables grown on commercial scale in the state are

cauliflower, okra, brinjal, tomato, onion, chillies, cabbage, gourds, peas, cowpea and

melons.

The launching of National Horticulture Mission has come as an opportunity for the state to

develop concentrated pockets of plantation, rejuvenation of old orchards and creation of

post-harvest and marketing infrastructure. Accordingly, concentrated pockets of major crops

have been identified in four clusters of fourteen districts in the first year of implementation of

the mission programme. As such, the developmental strategy designed is based on present

crop versus area matrix. The cluster of areas and crops selected are:

Cluster-l : West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali,

Dharbanga,

Cluster-ll : Araria, , Purnia, Kishanganj, Kathiar

Cluster – III : Bhagalpur, Banka, Munger

Cluster – IV : Patna, Nalanda, Gaya ( Vegetable Seed Production )

Crops identified for implementation under mission programme are Mango, Litchi, Guava,

Banana, Pineapple Summary of the physical and financial programmes of plantation /

rejuvenation of orchards and creation of post-harvest infrastructure is given in ensuing table.

The total outlay proposed for annual action plan 2005-06 is Rs.8448 lakhs.

As good planting material is the first and foremost need for exploration of the commercial

horticulture, nursery development has been proposed on 70 ha. Under the action plan, 3400

ha have been proposed for area expansion and 15000 ha for rejuvenation in mango, litchi

and guava. This would provide additional production of 51400 MT of Mango, Banana,

Guava, Litchi and Pineapple from an area expansion of 3200 ha. The programme is



[B]

expected to generate additional income of Rs.2465 lakhs at full bearing stage. Likewise,

development of post-harvest infrastructure and organized marketing through modernization

of rural and urban markets would lead to the prevention of post-harvest losses up to 5 per

cent of the production. Although, it is difficult to quantify the actual financial gains.

Generation of employment with area expansion, rejuvenation and creation of nursery wouldbe 9.6 lacs man days. Capacity building of the local human resource shall further trigger the

mechanism of doubling the production of horticulture produce and having multiplier effect.

S.No.

Programme Phy Fin

1 Production of planting material

a) Public sector

i. Model nursery (4 ha) 12 171.00

ii, Small Nursery (I ha.) 20 45.00

iii. Rehab of existing Tissue culture units 1 8.00

Sub-total 224.00

b. Vegetable seed production

i. Seed and Seedling Production 180 65.00c. Seed infrastructure 17 88.00

Sub-total 153.00

2 Establishment of new gardens (ha.)

i. Fruits (Perennials)

i- Perennials 2000 450.00

ii. Fruits (Non-Perennials) (Banana 600) ( Pineapple 600 ha) 1200 180.00

iii Rejuventation / productivity enhancement 15,000 2250.00

Sub-total 2880.00

3 Floriculture 100 9.96

3 Creation of water resources sources 36 360.00

4 Protected cultivation 90.35

5 Promotion of INM/IPM 220.50

6 HRD including horticulture institute 194.10

7 Pollination support through beekeeping 800 40.008 Technology Dissamination 60.00

9 Post Harvest Management 450.25

10. Est. of Marketing Infrastructure for horticultural produce 1767.50

11. Innovative projects including ongoing programme 608.50

12. MISSION MANAGEMENT 1750.00

GRANT TOTAL 8448.16



1

1 ANNUAL PLAN OF ACTION UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2005-06

1.1 Background Information

Geography & Climate: Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country. It is bordered on

the north by the Kingdom of Nepal, on the west by Uttar Pradesh, south by Jharkhand, and

north – east by West Bengal. Bihar with a geographical area of 94,163 sq km (2.85 % of the

country) lies between 210 58' to 27031' North Latitude and 83019' to 880 17' East longitude.

Bihar can be broadly divided into two physiographic units, the Plains and the Plateau. The

topography is mainly plain in the North, sloping towards the South has big rivers like

Ganges, Gandak, Kosi, flowing through it.

The population of the state of Bihar is 82 million as per the census 2001. The state enjoys a

continental monsoon type of climate owing to its great distance from the sea. Hence its

climate is tropical to sub tropical characterized by high temperature during summers, andmild during winter. The average annual rainfall varies from 1100 to 1250 mm. The mean

annual temperature of the State is 250 C with mean annual maximum of 390 C and mean

annual minimum of 110 C.

The state is divided into three agro – climatic zones:

Agro–Climatic Zone I

North Bihar Plains (West Champaran, East Champaran, Gopalganj, Siwan, Saran, Sitamarhi

Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur).

Agro–Climatic Zone II

North Eastern (Saharsa, Araria, Madhepura, Kishanganj, Purnia, Katihar, begusarai,

Khagaria).

Agro–Climatic Zone III

South Bihar Plains (Bhojpur, Patna, Rohtas Nalanda, Aurangabad, Gaya, Jehanabad,

Nawada, Munger, Bhagalpur).

1.2 Status of Horticulture in Bihar

Horticulture crops are currently grown over an area of 7.90 lakh hectares consisting of 3 lakh

hectares (ha) under fruits, 4.90 lakh ha under vegetables. The state now ranks fourth in fruit

production and third in vegetable production in the country. The state is also one of the

leading producers of spices for which there is good demand for domestic as well as foreign

markets.



2

1.2.1 Fruits

Major fruits grown in the state are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Pineapple, Citrus, Banana, Papaya

and Ber. Mango is grown all over the state, main growing areas are Muzaffarpur, Vaishali,

Bhagalpur, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Patna and West Champaran. Litchi is mainly

grown in Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sitamarhi, East and West Champaran and Darbhanga of

North Bihar region. Pineapple is grown in north- eastern part of the state particularly in

Kishanganj, Purnea, Araria, Katihar and Saharsa districts.

1.2.2 Vegetables

Presently the total area under different vegetable crops in Bihar is 4.90 lakh ha with a

production of 7.5 lakh tonnes, the annual productivity being 15 m t /ha. The major vegetables

grown on commercial scale in the state are cauliflower, okra, brinjal, tomato, onion, chillies,

cabbage, gourds, peas, cowpea and melons.

1.2.3 Spices

Many spices are grown commercially in the state. At present Bihar produces about 1 lakh

tonnes of spices annually from an area of nearly 46,590 ha. The important spices are

Ginger, Turmeric, Chilly, Coriander, and Garlic.

1.3 Potential for Horticulture

The agro-climatic diversity in the State with its high rainfall distributed over a five-month

monsoon and a reasonably long and moderate winter allows for a variety of horticultural

crops to be grown. The agro-climatic conditions are eminently suitable for perennial fruit

crops like mango, litchi, guava, and limes; annual fruit crops like banana, pineapple and

papaya; spices like ginger, turmeric and chilly, a variety of roots and tubers and a whole

range of vegetables. Of late, floriculture is also showing excellent prospects. The State thus

enjoys a natural comparative advantage for horticulture with possibilities for growing a

diversified basket of fruits, vegetables, spices, tubers and flowers; whose potential has not

been exploited.



3

2 PROJECT DETAILS

2.1 Project objective and strategy

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) will be implemented in Bihar to promote holistic growth

of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetable seed production, spices and flowers.While area expansion and enhancement of production and productivity of perennial fruits

and non-perennial fruits like mango, litchi, pineapple , banana, spices, flowers & vegetables

will form the core of the programme; development of nurseries to support the area

expansion, including creation of infrastructure for infusion of modern micro-propagation

technologies, and the development of marketing & storage infrastructure, processing

industries and proper market linkages will also be aimed to be achieved.

In achieving the targeted area expansion under different crops the following strategies will be

adopted.

Awareness building through extension and information dissemination on crop

possibilities and market demand. The State Horticulture extension machinery as well as

private sector extension will have a role to play in this.

Quality planting material – grafts, gootees (air layers), seedlings, micro-propagules - will

be made available for orchard development – both through the Govt. machinery as well

as through private sector participation. This will include seed material for tubers and

spices, and certified seeds of vegetables and spices.

Technical support services will be made available at the doorstep of farmers to ensure

adoption of appropriate crop production and PHM technologies by farmers.

The role of the private sector will be encouraged through contract farming arrangements.

The State machinery as well as the private sector, through contract farming

arrangements, will have a role in extension, supply of quality planting material and

provision of technical support services.

Organic farming in production of vegetables and spices will be encouraged. Since much

of traditional horticulture in Bihar has relied on organic methods; the state has strength in

this area.

Since marketing has been identified as the primary constraining factor in development of

the Horticulture sector a well-coordinated strategy will be followed for development of

marketing infrastructure and market linkages. The following strategic interventions have

been planned:

In promoting area expansion, choice of crops and of varieties will be geared to the

market and to the needs of the processing units and exporters



4

Development of market linkages through promotion of a chain of marketing operators

viz. consolidators, traders, and commission agents will be attempted. For this

purpose the necessary regulatory framework will be put in place through amendment

of the APMC Act so that value chain is maintained.

Establishment of appropriate Post Harvest Management Infrastructure will beaccorded priority. While the private sector will be assigned primary role, the existing

public sector agencies will also play a major role as catalyst.

Market development will be based on a market study and a comprehensive Master

Plan has been assigned to a consultant.

For Improvement of the supply chain facilities for sorting / grading / packaging/

storage and transportation will be promoted. Provision will be made for development

of collection centers and transportation to local markets.

A chain of cold storages and a network of reefer vans will be promoted at all

important centers identified through the above study in the cooperative/private/ public

sector.

For exploiting Industrial / Urban markets of neighboring States, development of trade

channels will be encouraged.

Close link with APEDA for export potential.

2.2 Technical Support Group

The state Mission will have a strong technical component and will be the centre of mission

management. Technical support to the mission at state level will be provided by the National

Horticulture Board, as per the operational guidelines to formulate, appraise and monitor the

implementation of the mission’s programmes. The Technical Support Group (TSG) housed

in the NHB, will have flexible norms for recruiting professionals in contract. The TSG would

comprise of personnel at different levels, who will provide the technical services in

accordance with the terms of reference laid for the purpose and approved by EC.

TSG will have the following role and functions:

To visit the districts regularly and frequently to provide guidance in organizational and

technical matters.

To compile materials for conduct of regional workshops in respect of different plantationsand different aspects viz, production, post- harvest management, processing, marketing

To mount supervision and evaluation mission.

Assist the state mission in capacity building programmes.

2.3 Methodology

In developing the Action Plan, the thrust has been on area approach and promotion of

Horticultural crops in compact patches and in cluster villages. While selecting the clusters,



5

comparative advantage of crops like marketing opportunities, seasonal advantage, local

consumption, export/import substitution scope for intensification and productivity

improvement have been taken into consideration. Besides contiguity of the potential area for

expansion has also been kept in view so that enhanced production and productivity in these

regions is taken care of. The methodology of selecting clusters of contiguous areas andpotential crops shall entail focused approach as this will integrate all the activities for

commercial uptake of the horticulture in that area. This will lead to economic development of

the area as the crops selected have comparative advantages.

The activities identified for this mission shall be implemented in project mode rather than

generic developmental programme of state.

2.4 Detailed Action Plan 2005-06

Based on geographical and climatic conditions of the growing belts, potential for expansion

following 15 districts have been identified in clusters:

Cluster-l : West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali,Dharbanga,

Cluster-ll : Araria, , Purnia, Kishanganj, Kathiar Cluster – III : Bhagalpur, Banka, Munger Cluster – IV : Patna, Nalanda, Gaya

Map 1 Identified clusters in Bihar



6

The crops selected are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Banana and Pineapple. The integrated

approach would be adopted for development of plantation, creation of post harvest system

and development of marketing Infrastructure in identified crop to make them hubs of

activities for doubling the production and enhancing marketing as per the matrix below:

Table 1 Matrix- District & Crop Identified

S.No

District Mango Litchi Banana Guava Pineapple Veg, seedpro.

Cluster I

1 West Champaran

2. East Champaran

3. Muzaffarpur

4. Samastipur

5. Vaishali

6. Dharbanga

Cluster II

7. Araria

8. Kishanganj 9 Purnia

10 Kathiar

Cluster III

11. Bhagalpur

12. Banka

13. Munger

Cluster IV

14. Patna 15. Gaya 16. Nalanda

Crop - wise strategy proposed to be adopted in the action plan 2005-06 is discussed below:

2.4.1 Mango

Mango is grown almost in all the states of India. Andhra Pradesh tops the list of mango-

producing states, with highest acreage as well as production. Bihar stands third in mango

production in the country. Its share to the national production is nearly 12 % of cultivars like

Maldah/ Langra, Sipias, Gulabkhas, Krishnbhog, Zardalu and Chausa are grown

commercially and having good domestic demand.

Table 2 Area, production and productivity of mango in India

Area (ha) Production tonnes Productivity

(tonnes/ha)

State

2000-01 2001-02 2000-01 2001-02 2000-01 2001-02

Uttar Pradesh 2,49,100 2,53,000 22,50,300 19,50,000 9.00 7.70

Bihar 1,39,068 1,39,300 11,12,662 12,53,500 8.00 9.00

West Bengal 62,500 65,400 3,80,300 5,85,000 6.10 8.94

It is clear from the data that Bihar productivity is much higher than the bordering states and

national average.



7

2.4.1.1 Comparative Advantage of Bihar Mango

Mango is the major fruit covers about 48.5% of the total fruit area in the state. Bihar has

distinctive comparative advantage of producing good quality mango in respect of certain

varieties like Safed Maldah, Mallika and Zardalu. The distinct feature of Bihar mango is that

it contains high pulp content, less fibrous, thin skin, good in taste and also local consumption

is high. Therefore, due to high domestic demand, there is needed to increase area under

Safed Maldah and Zardalu variety. The Bhagalpur mango has marketing advantage as it is

being marketed to Siliguri (North- East India).

Table 3 Growth pattern of mango in Bihar

YEAR AREA( 000 ha)

PRODUCTION(000 MT)

PRODUCTIVITY(MT/ha)

1991-92 146232 1462320 10.0

1992-93 147059 1764708 12.0

1993-94 150527 1806324 12.0

1994-95 149490 1793152 12.01995-96 150512 1806144 12.0

1996-97 151755 910410 6.0

1997-98 148595 1783140 12.0

1998-99 143686 1772232 12.33

1999-2000 138500 1742601 12.58

2000-01 139068 1112544 8.0

2001-02 139283 1253547 9.0

Source: Indian Horticulture database, NHB, Directorate of Horticulture, Bihar

Figure 1 Growth pattern of mango in Bihar

The above table reveals that the area under Mango has been decreasing from 146232 ha to

139283 ha in 2001-02 which is 4% decrease in last decade. Similarly, decrease in

production have shown and it is 14% over 1991-92. The productivity has also gone down

from 10MT/ha in 1991-92 to 9 MT/ha in 2001-02, which is higher than the national average

level. Research and Development Organization of the state should find out problems &

constraints of this important fruit and take remedial measures.

GROWTH PATTERN OF AREA

130000

135000

140000

145000

150000

155000

91-

92

92-

93

93-

94

94-

95

95-

96

96-

97

97-

98

98-

99

99-

00

00-

01

20

01-

02

YEARS

A R E A I N

H A C

AREA

GROWTH PATTERN OF PRODUCITON

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

9 1 - 9 2

9 2 - 9 3

9 3 - 9 4

9 4 - 9 5

9 5 - 9 6

9 6 - 9 7

9 7 - 9 8

9 8 - 9 9

9 9 - 0 0

0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1

- 0 2

YEARS

P R O D U C

T I O N I

N T

O N

PRODUCITON



8

Table 4 Seasonal Availability of Mango

State Season of availability

Important cultivars

Bihar June to July Maldah, Zardalu, Sipias, Mallika etc.

Additionally, the thrust on mango shall have multiplier effect to increase its productivity which

is the biggest concern in the state. Demand for mangoes is increasing day-by-day. It is going

to further increase in future due to population growth, urbanization and increased use in

processing.

2.4.1.2 Concentrated pockets

Table 5 Two concentrated belts have been identified in the state following the cluster approach.

IdentifiedCluster

District Area(ha)

Productiontones

Productivity(tonnes/ha)

Cluster-I Muzzafarpur, Vaishali, Darbhanga, Samastipur, E.

Champaran, W. Champaran

49503 396024 8.0

Cluster-II Banka, Munger, Bhagalpur 14298 114384 8.0

Map 2 Selected mango districts in Bihar

2.4.1.3 Constraints in production

There are several constraints in mango production. Some of them are region- specific, while

others are common to all the regions. Common constraints which are experienced in most of

the regions are described below:



9

Inadequate availability of disease-free planting material, especially new cultivars

Predominance of senile and unproductive orchards

Poor management, especially pest infestations and nutrient deficiencies

Absence of agronomical practices

Slow adoption of improved and commercially accepted cultivars and varieties Most of the orchards are owned by absentee landlords & being presently managed by

contractors, so no proper care and management is being taken up.

2.4.1.4 Development of Nurseries

As the availability of quality planting materials is the paramount need to increase

productivity, eight model nurseries (4 ha each) and 10 small nurseries (one ha each) have

been proposed out of which only 5 small nurseries shall be in the private sector and rest 5 in

public sector. Total plant production capacity is 30 lakh annually. Model nursery will have

facilities like shed net, improved irrigation system, mother trees, propagation chambers etc

and utilized for other related crops propagation also. The areas for setting up model nursery

are W.Champaran (1), E. Champaran (1), Bhagalpur (1), Munger (1), Banka(1), Vaishali (2),

Dharbanga (1). The small nurseries will be set up in Dharbanga (4),Vaishali (2), Bhagalpur

(4).

As far as possible, the general approach followed shall be to have these units on the land of

public sector farms that have developed some basic facilities like well, lift-pump and its

house, developed land, fencing etc. so the incremental facilities out of mission funds shall

focus on their infrastructure up-gradation like efficient irrigation system through sprinkler/

fertigation, net-houses, propagation tools and spray equipment etc. that shall help produce

quality produce. For the scientific development of nurseries, the modern concept shall be

employed wherein

The foundation trees shall be maintained under the supervision of university experts

whether the trees exist in the university compound or the progeny-cum-demonstration

farms with the department that exist in most of the states.

Mother trees so raised shall be in the compound of private registered nursery men to

match their production capacity in relation to the demand of the area so that these may

sustain.

Department shall work as the certification agency to check the authenticity of the plants

so produced, instead of becoming the sale agent itself.



10

2.4.1.5 Area Expansion

Mango in Bihar is cultivated in about 1, 10,000 ha, and its productivity is 9 tonnes/ha. Even

neighbouring state like Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal have average productivity of

8MT/ha. This shows although productivity is higher than the national average but it is lower

than the best. Thus, there is an urgent need to adopt better growing practices like use of

inputs, balanced nutrition, IPM practices, in the mango pockets. New plantations shall cover

900ha with high-density concept, hybrid varieties coupled with modern system of irrigation,

management etc. Simultaneously, activities of rejuvenation shall be started to increase

productivity of the existing orchards of three thousand five hundreds ha rejuvenation of old

and senile orchards shall include top-working, fertigation and gap filling in the existing

plantations. The area for rejuvenation will be about 10,000 ha.

Before all such intended areas are covered with plants that are available in the state, as

nurseries shall take minimum two years to yield salable plants, evaluation of the existing

planting material shall be undertaken by a committee of local representatives of ICAR, NHB

and state government with the following mandate.

Quantity of the plants available

Authenticity to prove true-to-type weather the scion material have been taken from the

trees exhibiting true characters of the intended variety

Status of disease freeness from the general conditions of the area

Probable time of their availability.

This approach of increasing production through area expansion and new hi-tech plantations

of disease-free quality planting material coupled with appropriate inputs will lead to

increased productivity.

There are certain common constraints in mango production and for alleviating these; action

on following is required to be taken up in all the regions:

Making disease-free quality planting material of improved cultivars available.

Upgrading efficiency of orchards by gap filling and rejuvenation

Providing required nutrients based on leaf analysis.

2.4.1.6 Integrated pest and disease management practices

Integrated pest management practices for controlling mango-hopper, mealy bug, fruit fly,

leaf-hopper, shoot-borer, bark-eating caterpillar and scale insects have been standardized

by CISH, Lucknow, IIHR, Bangalore and SAU’,s need to be adopted. Details of various

practices can be obtained from CISH, Lucknow. Similarly for diseases and mango



11

malformation, IPM practices have been already standardized need to be adopted. Because

of recent WTO norms, we have to come up with plant-protection practices employing more

of biological control and IPM practices to minimize pesticide residues

2.4.1.7 Research and Developmental efforts

Research and developmental efforts need to be intensified to make its cultivation more

remunerative. Following areas require specific thrusts by SAU’s and State Horticulture

Departments:

Improvement work on mango has been taken up in all the regions and many improved

cultivars have been released. Some of them are very useful and have been reported to give

a fillip to mango cultivation and exports.

2.4.1.8 Management of spongy tissue, alternate-bearing and mango malformation

Research work on problems like spongy tissue, alternate - bearing and mango malformation

is going on for the last 50 years. However, still we have not been able to work out any

practical method to eliminate these maladies. It is therefore very important to intensify efforts

and come out with practical management measures.

2.4.1.9 Standardization of post-harvest management

Standardizing pre-harvest practices for production of quality mangoes of different

exportable varieties.

Facilities of pack-houses for post-harvest treatment like grading, fungicide treatment,packing, etc. need to be upgraded, so that quality of export worthy fruits is maintained.

2.4.1.10 Post-harvest infrastructure

With the anticipated increase in production volumes, quality at the consumer level can be

increased with appropriate post-harvest infrastructural facilities. Therefore, plan envisages

infrastructure like;

Three pack-houses: There will be three integrated packhouses at the market end.

Almost all the districts have come to a level of reasonable production and needs better

handling in terms of functional infrastructural facilities like sorting, grading, packing,

auction plate form, temporary storage etc at the rate of two groups of units in each of the

district. This will be undertaken in the existing markets to improve upon the existing

marketing systems wherein basic facilities of land, regulated market committee/

panchayat control already exist. These facilities at 27 places shall virtually lead to market

up-gradation and efficiency improvement. These packhouses will be 3 in each identified

districts at the field end.



12

But one basic parameter of complimentarily shall be followed wherein infrastructural facilities

shall be shared between various crops of the command area as crops are seasonal and

management of facilities shall also be easy and economically viable.

2.4.1.11 Marketing

Entire produce of mango is marketed as fresh fruit and only a limited quantity is given post-harvest treatment for export purposes. There is a difference in ripening time of mangoes due

to differences in geographical location of mango-producing districts. Approximately 60% of

the horticultural produce are consumed by the local population or marketed in the nearby

markets and only 40% of the produce is channelised in the regulated markets for the

consumption of the urban population in big cities. In case of mango, since it is available from

May to July in the state, it is better to sell early or late crops in distant markets when

availability of this crop is lower side so that good prices could be fetched. Marketing of

Mango should be taken as under:-

The marketing channels in mango are as follows:

Early / Late Crops

State terminal markets like Patna, Bhagalpur,and Muzaffarpur

Distant markets like Delhi, Kolkata

Export markets like Bangladesh via West

Main Crops

60% local consumptions

40% urban marketing

District markets

Terminal markets

Producer VillageMerchant

CommissionAgent

Whole Seller

Producer CommissionAgent

Whole Seller

Producer Commission Agent inAssembling market

Commission Agent in other

markets

Producer Whole Seller Commission Agent in other markets

Producer Consumer



13

The interventions proposed for mango under NHM are given below:

Table 6 Interventions for mango

S.N0. Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance per Unit (Rs.)

Total Cost(Rs. inlakh)

1. Production of planting material (a) Model Nursery -each 4 ha-

No.-8Public sec: 05

Private Sec: 03

W.Champaran (1), E. Champaran(1), Bhagalpur (1), Munger (1),Banka(1)

Vaishali (2), Dharbanga (1)

18.0 lakh

9.0 lakh

117

(b) Small Nursery (10 nos. each1 ha)Public sec: 05Private: 05

Dharbanga (5)

Vaishali (2), Bhagalpur (3)

3.0 lakh

1.5 lakh

22.5

2. Plantation of new Orchards(900 hectares)

Munger ( 450 ha)Banka ( 450 ha)

Rs. 22500/- ha. 202.5(50% will bereleased infirst year)

3. Rejuvenation of oldorchards (10000 ha.)

Muzaffarpur (2000ha),Bhagalpur ( 2000ha),

Dharbanga (1000 ha),Samastipur ( 1000 ha),Vaishali (2000 ha),W. Champaran ( 1000 ha),E. Champaran (1000 ha),

15000/- ha 1500

Post-harvest infrastructure

4. Pack-Houses (3 Nos.)(sorting/ grading line)

Rs 2.5 lakh each.Subsidy @ 25% for general area and33.33% for hillyareas)

1.875

5. Functional InfrastructureCollection/Grading Centers-27 Nos.

3 each in the selected districts Rs. 15 lakh25% -Gen33.33%- Tribal

101.25

Total 1945.12

2.4.2 Litchi

Bihar produces 70% of total litchi production of the country and occupies nearly 54% of the

area under litchi plantation in the country. In this state litchi is mainly cultivated in the districts

of Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sitamarhi, West & East Chaparan, Darbhanga, Samastipur. Litchi is

grown in area of about 28 thousand hectare with total production of about 3 Lakhs tonnes

and productivity 12 t/ha which is very high in comparison to average national productivity.

The crop has tremendous potential for export to European and Gulf countries either in fresh

or processed from and therefore, there is an imperative need to harness possible export

prospects by development of basic infrastructure in the state.



14

Table 7 Growth pattern of Litchi in Bihar

YEAR AREA (ha) PRODUCTION(MT)

PRODUCTIVITY(MT/ha)

1991-92 19115 191150 10.0

1992-93 19769 200000 10.12

1993-94 20753 249036 12.0

1994-95 21680 266700 12.30

1995-96 22508 277000 12.311996-97 23537 282444 12.0

1997-98 23441 201282 8.5

1998-99 24421 293052 12.0

1999-2000 24905 298896 12.0

2000-01 25272 303264 12.0

2001-02 27708 221664 8.0

Source: Indian horticulture database, NHB, Directorate of Horticulture, Bihar

Figure 2 Growth pattern of litchi in Bihar

It may be seen from the above table that the area under Litchi has increased from 19115 ha

to 27708 ha in 2001-02 which is 44% increase in last decade. In production the increase

trend has shown fluctuating from 1991-92 to 2001-02. It has increased only 15% over 1991-

92. The productivity has gone down from 10 MT/ha in 1991-02 to 8 MT/ha in 2001-02.

2.4.2.1 Cultivars

The following cultivars of Litchi are grown in Bihar:

Shahi

This is one of the commercial cultivar cultivated for table purpose in Muzaffarpur area of

Bihar, which matures, in the third week of May. Fruits are oval and oblong conical in shape

and crimson-red tubercles appear on uranium-green background at maturity. It is heavy

bearing variety with large fruits and average yield of 70-90kg/tree.

China

It is commercially cultivated for table purpose in Muzaffarpur area of Bihar. It is a semi-dwarf

variety with fruits ripening from the fourth week of May. Average yield is 80-100 kg/tree.

Fruits are medium-large, globose, with a mixture of red and orange colour.


0

500010000

15000

20000

25000

30000

91-

92

92-

93

93-

94

94-

95

95-

96

96-

97

97-

98

98-

99

99-

00

00-

01

20

01-

02

YEARS

A R E A

I N

H A C

AREA

GROWTH PATTERN OF PRODUCTION

050000

100000

150000200000250000300000350000

91-

92

92-

93

93-

94

94-

95

95-

96

96-

97

97-

98

98-

99

99-

00

00-

01

20

01-

02

YEARS

P R O D U C

T I O N

I N

T O N S

PRODUCTION



15

2.4.2.2 Concentrated pockets

Table 8 Identified Clusters for Litchi

IdentifiedCluster

District Area(ha)

Productiontones

Productivity(tonnes/ha)

Cluster-I Muzzafarpur, Vaishali, W. Champaran, E. Champaran 10954 131684 12.0

Map 3 Selected litchi districts in Bihar

Table 9 Season of availability


Important cultivars

Bihar May to June Shahi, China, Bedana


New plantations shall cover 500 ha with high density concept, hybrid varieties coupled with

modern system of irrigation, management etc. The area identified for expansion would be

Vaishali.

2.4.2.4 Production of planting material

Two model nurseries have been proposed out of which one shall in public sector and one in

private sector. These nurseries will primarily accommodate the nucleus material of varieties

recommended to the state and build-up sufficient infrastructure for irrigation and nursery

activity to propagate clones of such varieties in the form of soft wood grafts. The nurseries

shall be strengthened out of the ones given in the table below, instead of spreading too

thinly. The nurseries under the corporation and SAU have been left out as corporation shall



16

concentrate more on processing part. The nurseries set up for mango will also serve the

purpose of planting material availability of Litchi.

The state will also have four small nurseries (1 ha.) to prepare the planting material required

for area expansion and rejuvenation of senile and old orchards.

2.4.2.5 Rejuvenation

Simultaneously, activities of rejuvenation shall be started to increase productivity of the

existing orchards. Rejuvenation of old and senile orchards shall include top-working, micro-

fertigation and gap filling in the existing plantations in an area of 2,500 ha the area identified

for rejuvenation are East Champaran ( 1000 ah.) and Muzaffarpur in ( 1500 ha). Packages of

clonally propagated materials, being quite new to the farming sector, need extension

practices by way of demonstrations, campaigns and training.

2.4.2.6 Post-harvest infrastructure

Packhouse & Cold Storage: Four Integrated packhouse and cold storage will be set up.

Muzarffarpur will have 2 integrated packhouse and one each at E. Champaran and Vaishali

2.4.2.7 Marketing

Marketing of litchi is also linked with processing. Raw litchi are collected / purchased from

growers by local traders who in turn either sale it to whole sellers or processing units.

Processing units established in producing areas also purchase directly from growers.

Producers Local Traders

ProcessingUnits

Local Traders

DomesticMarket

Export DomesticMarket

Export



17

Table 10 Interventions for Litchi

S.N0. Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/ Unit(Rs.)

Total Cost(Rs. in lakh)

1. Production of plantingmaterial

(a) Model Nursery 2 Nos.(4 ha

each)Public Sector-1Private Sector-1

The nursery set up at mango will also serve the purpose of Litchi

(b)

Small Nursery 4 Nos. (1ha.each)Public Sector-2Private Sector-2

The nursery set up at mango will also serve the purpose of Litchi

2. Plantation of new Orchards(500hectares)

Vaishali Rs. 22500/- hac. 112.5

3. Rejuvenation of oldorchards (2500 (ha.)

E. Champaran ( 1000 ha)Muzaffarpur ( 1500 ha)

15000/- hac. 375


4. Pack-Houses* (4 Nos.)

Gen:4*In other litchi selectedclusters facilities for mangopack house will be used

Muzaffarpur ( 2)

E. Champaran (1)Vaishali (1)

Rs 2.5 lakh each.

Subsidy @ 25%for general areaand 33.33% for Tribal/Hilly areas

2.5

5 Cold Storage (2) Muzaffarpur (1)Vaishali (1)

Rs 2.0 crores eachsubsidy @ 25% of the capital each for general area and33.33% for Hilly/Tribal areas

100

6. Functional infrastructure Facilities proposed in Mango would be used as common facilities for all selected crops

Total 590.0

2.4.3 Banana

The major banana growing states in India are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Tripura

and Manipur . In case of Bihar, Banana is grown over an area of 27000 ha and production is

540900 MT. Growth pattern from 1996-97 to 2001-2002 is given below in the table.

Table 11 Growth pattern of Banana in Bihar

YEAR AREA(ha)

PRODUCTION(MT)

PRODUCTIVITY( MT/ha)

1991-92 23366 350490 15.0

1992-93 24036 480720 20.01993-94 24913 497860 19.98

1994-95 25793 382500 14.83

1995-96 26136 522720 20.0

1996-97 27047 540940 20.0

1997-98 27583 503960 20.0

1998-99 25730 514760 20.0

1999-2000 26440 534442 20.21

2000-01 27011 540220 20.0

2001-02 27245 544900 20.0

Source: Indian Horticulture Database, NHB-1998



18

Figure 3 Growth pattern of banana in Bihar

It is seen from the above table that area under Banana has increased about 16.6% in 2001-

02 during last decade. Similarly the production has also increased 55% over the production

in 1991-92. The productivity has also increased from 15.0 MT. to 20.0 MT/Ha in 2001-02.

This is however; still less than the national average level i.e. 33.5 MT/Ha.

Table 12 season of Availability


Important cultivars

Bihar May to July Alpan, Basrai, Robusta, Kothia, Goldfinger, Battisa, Kachkel

2.4.3.1 Concentrated pockets of Banana

Map 4 Selected banana districts in Bihar


21000

22000

23000

24000

25000

26000

27000

28000

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 2001-

02

YEARS

A R E A

I N H

A C

AREA


0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

9 1 - 9 2

9 2 - 9 3

9 3 - 9 4

9 4 - 9 5

9 5 - 9 6

9 6 - 9 7

9 7 - 9 8

9 8 - 9 9

9 9 - 0 0

0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1

- 0 2

YEARS

P R O D U C T I O N

I N T

O N S

PRODUCTION



19

2.4.3.2 Crop production

In Bihar, sowing time is May-June & September-October and harvesting takes place around

the year. Banana is grown in the districts of Bhagalpur, Samastipur, Vaishali, Purnia. Fertility

of soil is very important for successful cultivation, as banana is a heavy feeder. Banana is

essentially tropical plant requiring a warm and humid climate that is available in the state.

2.4.3.3 Cultivars

The important cultivars are Alpan, Basrai, Robusta, Kothia, Goldfinger, Battisa, Kachkel.


Tissue cultured raised plants are not available owing to infrastructural inadequacies; it is

proposed to strengthen the existing tissue culture lab in the Bihar University of Agriculture

and skill up-gradation.

2.4.3.5 New Plantations

With improved varieties and those traditional varieties that are vanishing, new plantations on

700 ha in the districts of shall be undertaken in Purnia, Samastipur, Kathiar and Vaishali

districts of Bihar.

2.4.3.6 Functional infrastructure

These districts comprising of specific pockets shall also have three ripening chambers that

shall necessitate sorting / grading and packing for local markets, just for inter-districts

imports substitution.

2.4.3.7 MarketingThe production of banana in the state is only 5.4 lakh tonnes which is just enough to meet

the requirements of state population. Moreover, banana production is available throughout

the year. As such, marketing of banana is undertaken in rural / district markets of producing

areas from where it is sent to terminal / big markets of the state. The marketing channel for

banana is as under:

Producer VillageMerchant

CommissionAgent

Whole Seller for assembling in rural market

Producer Whole Seller Commission Agent inAssembling Market

Producer Commission Agent Assembling Market

Producer Consumer



20

The interventions proposed for banana are given below in the table:

Table 13 Intervention of Banana

S.No Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance per unit (Rs)

Total Cost (Rsin lakh)

1. Production of planting/materialRe-habitation of existing Tissueculture lab (1)

Rs. 8.0 lakh/unit 8.0

2. Plantation of new orchard(700 ha)

Rs. 15000/ha 105(only 50%subsidy to bedecrease in firstyear

3. Functional infrastructure(Ripening chamber : 9 Nos)

-d0- 5.0 lakh /unitSubsidy @ 25%for General areaand 33.33% for Tribal/Hilly areas

11.25

Total 124.25

2.4.4 Guava

Guava is a hardy crop and can adapt itself to marginal lands. Further, it gives two fruiting per

year. Guava occupies 27 thousand hectares (9.44 %) of area of the state, with a productivity

rate of 12.0 t / ha. The state has maximum area under guava production in the country.

Guava is grown all over the state. However, Rohtash, Bhojpur, East Champaran, West

Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali are the main producers of guava.

Table 14 Area, production and productivity of Guava

Year Area(ha)

Prod.(‘MT)

Yield(MT/ha)

1991-92 24368 243680 10.01992-93 25151 251510 10.0

1993-94 25903 310836 12.0

1994-95 26587 318960 12.0

1995-96 27296 327552 12.0

1996-97 28487 341844 12.0

1997-98 24792 297504 12.0

1998-99 25544 306522 12.0

1999-2000 26209 314508 12.0

2000-01 24725 320700 12.97

2001-02 27054 324648 12.0

Source: Indian Horticulture Database, Directorate of Horticulture, Bihar

Figure 4 Growth pattern of guava in Bihar


22000

23000

24000

25000

26000

27000

28000

29000

91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 2001-

02

YEARS

A R E A

I N

H A C

AREA


050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000

9 1 - 9 2

9 2 - 9 3

9 3 - 9 4

9 4 - 9 5

9 5 - 9 6

9 6 - 9 7

9 7 - 9 8

9 8 - 9 9

9 9 - 0 0

0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1

- 0 2

YEARS

P R O D U C T I O N

I N T

O N S

PRODUCTION



21

It may be seen from the table that area under Guava has increased from 24368 ha to 27054

ha during last decade in Bihar. Similarly production has increased during this period which is

33% increased over 1991-92. However, productivity of this crop has increased from 10 MT/

ha in 1991-92 to 12 MT/ha in 2001-02. The sowing season of guava is June to July and

harvesting is done during Aug- Sep, Dec-Jan.

2.4.4.1 Comparative Advantage of Bihar Guava

Bihar guava is well known for its quality and nutritive value but productivity is required to be

improved. There is scope for area expansion also due to low gestation period. There is

additional comparative advantage for processing of guava, especially as it has a short shelf

life. During winter months, harvesting of other fruits is very low, thus bringing high returns to

the farmers.

2.4.4.2 Varieties grown in Bihar

The high yielding varieties of Guava grown in Bihar are as under:

Allahabad Safeda

Tree is medium in height (5.8-6.5m) with vigorous branching and dense foliage. Fruits are

medium in size (180g), round in shape with few seeds. Fruit is white fleshed with good

keeping quality.

Banarasi

The variety attains a height of 4.0 to 5.5 m with a broad crown and fruits are round, light-

yellow in colour. It is mainly cultivated for table purpose.

Chittidar

The Chittidar is similar to the Safeda except that it has many pinkish red dots of the size of a

pinhead on the surface of the fruit.

Arka Mridula

This variety is a selection from open pollinated seedlings of Allahabad Safeda. Plants aresemi-tall in nature and spreading. Fruits are round in shape and weigh about 180g. Skin is

yellow in colour and smooth. Flesh is white in colour. The TSS is around 12 Brix. Fruits are

soft seeded and have a good keeping quality. It is good for processing due to high contents

of pectin (1.041%).



22

2.4.5 Constraints in Production

Guava trees start drying after a few years due to “Guava wilt”, which is a serious problem,

especially when soil pH value is above 7.5. This disease, once set, is difficult to control. Most

of the nurseries are selling seedlings of guava, which are planted by the farmers, as these

are cheaper. These seedlings are not true to type and give poor quality and yield. Farmers

are ignorant about the grafted and layered plants, which are also not available in adequate

quantities. Rainy season crop is affected by fruit fly and in turn affects the main crop in the

winter.

Map 5 Selected guava district in Bihar


Two model nurseries have been proposed, which are common facilities for mango and

guava. In addition to the model nurseries, it is also proposed to establish 4 small nurseries (2

in public sector) and (2 in private sector), for mass multiplication and supply of quality

planting material for farmers. These small nurseries will also be used for other crops like ber,

bael, aonla, and papaya.


In view of the high returns, good quality and the potential for processing, there is a

tremendous scope for bringing substantial additional area under guava crop. It is proposed

to add an additional 600 ha of guava orchards in the year 2005-06.



23

2.4.5.3 Rejuvenation

To improve the production and productivity of guava a target of 2500 ha area has been kept

for rejuvenation for the year 2005-06, covering the districts of East Champaran, Muzaffarpur,

and Vaishali.

2.4.5.4 Research and Development

Mission management shall request the state R and D institutions to take guava research on

the following aspects for which specific proposal shall be submitted to ICAR:

Development of varieties resistance to Wilt

Identification of root stock which is resistance to this disease.

2.4.5.5 Integrated Pest & Disease Management

WILT : Preventive measures include drenching the soil around the trunk with

Thiram, use of wilt resistant root stock, replacement of plants every 20

years etc.

FRUIT FLY : spray of Malathion every 10-15 days at the time of flowering and fruit

set.

BARK EATING CATERPILLARS : Filling the holes with Chloropyriphos and plugging

them with cow dung.

Table 15 Intervention of Guava

S.N0. Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance per Unit (Rs.)

Total Cost(Rs. in lakh)

1. Production of planting material(a) Model Nursery -each 4 ha- (2)

NoPublic sec: 01Private Sec: 01

Mango nursery will cater the requirement of guava as thedistricts identified are almost same

(b) Small Nursery (4 nos. each 1 ha)Public sec: 02Private Sec: 02

Mango nursery will cater the requirement of guava as thedistricts identified are almost same

2. Plantation of new area(600 hectares) Rs. 22500/ha 135

3. Rejuvenation ( 2500 ha) Rs. 15000/ha 375


Pack-Houses(sorting/ grading line)

Mango packhouse will cater the requirement of guava as thedistricts identified are almost same

Total 510

2.4.6 Pineapple

Pineapple is another important fruit crop of the state. The area under pineapple is 4019 ha.

The commercial cultivation is mostly confined to three districts (Kishanganj, Purnia, Araria

whose area ranges from 300-1400ha) and the area is gradually increasing to other districts

in recent years.



24

2.4.6.1 Comparative Advantage of Bihar Pineapple

The pineapple growers to a large extent are now adopting the modern cultivation practices

like high-density planting, hormone application for uniformity in flowering and other

management practices. The pineapple fruits are consumed as fresh fruit or made into

products like jam, squash, candy etc for value addition. The variety proposed for cultivation

is Cayenne (Kew), Queen, Spanish since huge internal market is available. Its advantages

include longer shelf life, sweetness and can be consumed as fresh fruits.

A private sector company has established processing plant in Siliguri which will be

consuming most of the pineapple in its catchment area leading to deficit supply of fresh

pineapple and this gap can be filled up by pineapple of Bihar.


In view of the high returns, good quality and the potential for processing, there is a

tremendous scope for bringing substantial additional area under pineapple crop. It is

proposed to add an additional 700 ha of pineapple orchards in the year 2005-06.

2.4.6.3 Production of Planting Material

Two small nurseries are proposed to produce planting material for mass multiplication and

production of quality material.

Map 6 Selected pineapple districts in Bihar



25

2.4.6.4 Post harvest infrastructure

Packhouse: Nine packhouses will be set up 3 in each identified cluster for pineapple.

Table 16 Intervention of Pineapple

S.N0. Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance

per Unit (Rs.)

Total Cost

(Rs. in lakh)1. Production of planting material

(a) Model Nursery -each 4 ha- (2No)Public sec: 02Private Sec: 00

Araria (1)Kishanganj (1)

18.0 lakh 36.00

(b) Small Nursery (10 nos. each 1ha)Public sec: 5Private Sec: 5

Purnia (5)

Araria (3)Kishanganj (2)

3.0 lakh

1.5 lakh

22.5

2. Plantation of new area (600hectares)

Rs. 15000/ha 90


3. Packhouse (9 No) 3 in each selected district Rs 2.5 lakh each.Subsidy @ 25% for general area and33.33% for hillyareas)

5.625

Total 136.125

2.4.7 Flowers

In India many states like, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, U.P., West Bengal and Delhi

are producing flowers on a large scale and also involved in export of of some commercial

flowers but the state like Bihar does not play any role neither in export nor in domestic

market.

The area under loose flower production in the year 2001 – 02 was 44 ha. which has

increased to 95 ha in the year 2002-03. Also the production in the year 2001 – 02 was 620

MT which has increased to 1757 MT. in the year 2002-03.Although during the year 2004-05

the production of flowers increased tremendously after the adoption of Field Demonstration/

Training programmes in the state under Macro mode Management / National Horticulture

Board sponsored programme, but there is still need to give more emphasis to exploit the

potentiality of the state.

2.4.7.1 Objectives for Development of Floriculture

The objectives of the floriculture development in Bihar are:

Increase in area under improved/ hybrid varieties of commercial flowers to meet

domestic demand and to increase the productivity.

Strengthening of model floriculture centres in the State with facilities of controlled

conditions, post harvest management & training.

Training on latest technologies of f lower production and post harvest management.

Strengthening of market information system through public sector.



26

2.4.7.2 Establishment of Floriculture Gardens

For the production of loose flowers like Marigold and Chrysanthemum for garland, gazara,

veni etc. assistance @ 50 % of the cost of cultivation subject to maximum Rs. 12000/ha will

be provided to small & marginal farmers and 33 % of the cost of cultivation subject to

maximum Rs. 7920/ ha will be provided to other farmers. For promotion of floriculture in

Bihar following two districts have been identified in first phase : Patna, Nalanda. Emphasis

will be given to promote Marigold and Chrysanthemum.

Table 17 Area and Production of flowers under open cultivation ( 2004-05)

S. No. Flowers Area (ha) Production( MT)

Productivity( MT/ha)

1 Marigold 80 800 10

2 Chrysanthemum 16 44 2.75

3 Tuberose 15 112.5 7.50

Source : Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of Bihar, Patna

At present the area under floriculture in bihar is very less as compared to its potentiality,

hence there is great need to encourage the farmers of the state to produce flowers in large

quantity. Therefore, an innovative approach in undertaken in National Horticulture Mission by

bringing 100 ha of area under flowers like Marigold and Chrysanthemum.

2.4.8 Multi Line Processing Unit

Multi line processing units will be set up at Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur and Purnia districts of the

state. The unit will be an integrated facility which will be basically for mango, litchi,

pineapple, tomato, and other fruits and vegetables. The unit is proposed to have minimum

200 working days, in order to make the unit viable.



27

Map 7 Multi Product Processing Line

2.4.9 Vegetable Seed Production

Seed is considered as fulcrum of all the multiplication programme of crop sciences in

general and for vegetables in particular. Vegetable production programme in the country

could be strengthened only if its seed production programme is strengthened. Keeping this

very basic thought in mind, seed production programme should be included right from its

inception and various vegetable research programmes.

Bihar ranks 2nd in vegetable production in the country and producing a variety of traditional

and non-traditional vegetables. Also climate and soil conditions of the state are congenial for

different types of vegetable production in the state through out the year. Although it ranks 2nd

in vegetable production but lacks the basic infrastructure for storage and transportation. The

state also lacks in organized marketing system, packaging and post harvest handling

facilities.

The programme of production of disease free seedlings and other planting materials in

vegetables specially applies to hybrid cultivars, in which the seed is very costly and there is

low germination of seeds, heavy mortality of seedlings take place when raised in open

nurseries. This will ensure production of seedlings in such a manner that early and late crops

will be possible which in turn will ensure that production of vegetables takes place over a

longer period of time and the alternation of glut and scarcity period is minimized. In addition,

hybrid seeds will be selected after trials, which will ensure high production.



28

The infrastructure facilities will consist of a green house with a maximum area of 2000 m 2

designed for tropical conditions, with insect netting on the sides and rolling poly sheets. The

plants will be propagated in plastic trays having small plugs. The plugs will be of varying

sizes for different crops, Sprinkler irrigation system will be installed. The infrastructure for

media sterilization i.e. steam boiler, holding bins etc. will also be provided.

The assistance for vegetable seed production will be Rs. 50,000/- per ha for the public

sector and 50% of the private sector limited to 5ha per beneficiary as credit linked back

ended subsidy. The State Horticulture Mission will ensure the timely availability of the good

quality seeds and planting materials to the farmer at nominal price. For the production of

vegetable seeds as well as seedlings and other planting materials, the approach would be

as follows. Bihar State Seed Corporation (BSSC) and RAU, Bihar, Pusa do have a

programme for vegetable seed production but the programme suffers from inadequate

infrastructure and therefore suitable infrastructure facilities would be provided for the

production of vegetable seeds on the lands, being owned by the university or on the lands

taken up by BSSC in a contract farming mode belonging to seed growers. A reasonable

target for brining are a under vegetable seed programme in this manner is indicated in the

document.

The operational guidelines allow to have infrastructure facilities for production of seedlings

specially of hybrid seeds which are costly enough for propagation in the field. It is estimated

that a green house within an area of 500 sq.mt could cater to the needs of 5 ha area under

vegetable crops in a year. A network of such large number of green houses along with insect

netting on the side and other facilities like sprinkler irrigation and steam boiler for media

sterilization could come up in a big way in the state of Bihar. It should be stressed here that

this component is not to produce vegetable seeds but to produce seedlings out of the

improved and hybrid seeds for propagation of seedlings to the number of surrounding

farmers growing vegetables.

The Rajendra Agricultural University Bihar and Bihar State Seed Corporation Ltd. in the state

will implement this programme. An area of approximated 30 ha will be utilized by theuniversity and 50 ha area will be covered under the B.S.S.C. Ltd. Thus a total area will be 80

ha.

2.4.10 Private Sector

The private sector seed companies engaged in vegetable seed production will be assisted.

An area of approximately 100 ha. is proposed under this component. Thus the total area is

180 ha including public and private sectors. The assistances for vegetable seedlings’



29

production will be Rs. 50,000/- per ha. For the public sector, and 50% of the cost subject to a

ceiling of Rs. 25,000/- per ha to the private sector limited to 5 ha per beneficiary as credit

linked back ended subsidy. Thus, the outlay required for public sector is Rs. 40.000 lakhs,

and for private sector will be 25.00 lakhs only.

2.4.11 Infrastructure

To facilitate proper handling storage and packaging of seeds, assistance is provided for

creating infrastructure like drying plateforms storage bins, packaging unit and related

equipments. 100% assistance is provided to the public sector and the assistance to the

private sector is credit lined back ended subsidy limited to 25% of the cost.

Bihar lacking in seed producing units, a large number of public and private sector seed

producing units are highly required. Hence farmers have been approached to establish new

seed production farms. And take advantage the scheme for seed infrastructure and it hasbeen ensured that such projects would be taken up with back ended subsidy during the

course of this year. B.S.S.C. already has a big programme for such creation of seed

infrastructure. BSSC would therefore, be assisted during the current year. This programme

will be implemented through public as well as private sector organizations.

Public Sector

The Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa with its two Agricultural Colleges one Bihar Agril.

College, Sabour, and other Trihut Agril. College, Dholi and Bihar State Seed Corp. Ltd. in the

state will implement this programme. For each organization a single unit will be provided.

Thus the total unit will be 3. Out of three units one medium size unit will be constructed by

Bihar state Seed Corp. Ltd. With financial assistance of Rs. 50 lakhs One unit will be

constructed each Agricultural Colleges of RAU, Bihar with financial assistance of Rs. 10.00

lakh, thus the total financial outlay for seed infrastructure will be Rs. 60.00 lakhs.

Private Sector

The private Seed Companies (either new or old) engaged in vegetable seed production and

seed processing will be assisted. During the year 2005-2006 assistance will be given only to

14 seed infrastructure units. Though the Govt. of India has proposed 100 % assistance for

seed infrastructure there are various kinds of processing units such as small, medium, large

and also different kinds of crops, it is suggested that maximum assistance of Rs. 2.00 lakhs

will be given to each unit in private sector. The equipments proposed are seed drier, pre

cleaner, gravity separator, seed treatment Machine, auto weighing machine, sealing

machines, etc. Thus, the total financial out lay for private sector will be 28.00 lakhs only. The

total out lay required will be 68.00 lakhs only.



30

The break up of physical and financial provisions proposed is as under:

Sl.No.

Component Proposed assistance Phy. Target Fin. Target (Rs.Lakh)

1. Production of vegetableseedlings

(A) @ Rs. 0.50 lakh/ha for public sector. 80 ha 40.00

(B) @ Rs. 0.25 lakh/ha for private sector. 100 ha 25.00

2. SeedInfrastructure

(A) @ Rs. 50.00/ Unit for public sector medium size (B.S.S.C. ltd.)

1 No. 50.00

(B) @ Rs. 5.00 lakh/small unit for publicsector (Agril. Univ.)

2 Nos. 10.00

(C) @ Rs. 2.00 lakh/unit for private sector. 14 Nos. 28.00

Total 153.00

The areas identified for vegetable seed production are Patna, Nalanda , and Gaya districts.

A separate cluster is recognized for seed production. The total area under public sector is 80

ha and for development of seed and seedling in private sector 100 ha is identified.

2.5 Protected Cultivation

2.5.1 Green House (Hi – Tech)

A Green House is a framed or inflated structure covered with transparent or translucent

material in which crops could be grown under the conditions at least partially controlled

environment and which is large enough to permit a person to work within it to carryout

cultural operations. Depending upon its transparency, the green house cover admits a major

fraction of sunlight, which is conducive for crop growth. This effect of green house has been

found very effective on crop yield, as compared to open condition. The estimated cost of

such green house is Rs. 650/- per sqm. The assistance @ 50% of the estimated cost subject

the maximum of Rs. 325/- per sqm will be available to small and marginal farmers for a unit

area of 1000 sq.m. For other categories of the farmers, the assistance will be @ 33.0%

subject to maximum of Rs. 215/- per sqm for 1000 sqm area per beneficiary.

Table 18 Budget Requirement

Physical Target(Nos)

Financial Target(Rs. lakh)

Programme Estimated Cost Proposed assistants

2005-2006 2005-2006

(a) 50% to the small andmarginal farmers

10 32.50Green House(Hi-Tech)

Rs. 650/- per sqm.

(b) 33.0% to other farmers 10 21.45

Total

20 53.95

2.5.2 Green House (Normal)

These poly houses are naturally ventilated type. Covering material is UV stabilized

polyethylene sheet. For preventing the insects and pests, the plastic nets are also be used

as per requirement. Cost of such polyhouse is comparatively less as compared to hi-tech

green house. The estimated cost of normal green house is Rs. 250/- per sq.m. The

assistance @ 50%, i.e Rs. 125/- per sqm will be provided for a unit area of 1000 sq.m. per



31

beneficiary for small and marginal farmers. The other category of farmers will get 33.3%

assistance, i..e Rs. Rs. 83.25 per sq.m. assistance will be given for a unit area of 1000 sq.m.

per beneficiary.



Financial Target(Rs. Lakh)

Programme EstimatedCost

Proposed assistants

2005-06 2005-06

(a) 50% to small and marginalfarmers

10 12.50Green House(Normal)

Rs. 250/- per sqm

(b) 33.0% to other farmers 05 4.12

Total 24 16.62

Table 20 District wise construction of polyhouses and incurred cost under them

Construction cost(Rs. in lakh)

Sl.No.

District Polyhouse(Hi-tech and Normal)

2005-2006

1 Munger Small and marginal farmers and other category of farmer 7.497

2 Nalanda -do- 7.497

3 Darbhanga -do- 7.497

4 Araria Small and marginal farmer 6.664

5 Purnea -do- 6.664

6 Muzaffarpur Small and marginal farmers and other category of farmer 7.497

7 Banka Small and marginal farmer 6.664

8 Vaishali -do- 6.664

9 Samastipur -do- 6.664

10 Bhagalpur -do- 6.664

Total 70.57

2.5.3 Mulching

Plastic mulching help in moisture conservation, weed control and maintenance of soil

structure, thereby improving crop productivity. Plastic mulching is a practice of covering the

soil surface around plants to make conditions more conducive for plant growth through insitu

moisture conservation and weed control the use of dry leaves, straw, hay, stones etc as a

mulching material has been prevalent for ages. However, the introduction of plastic film as

mulch increases the efficiency by improved moisture conservation, increased soil

temperature and elimination of weed growth and hence increase the crop yield. The plastic

materials commonly used for mulching are PVC, LDPE and LLDPE. The thickness of plastic

film to be used depends on type of crop for mulching. However, it ranges from 30 to 50

micron thickness for short duration crops and 200 to 250 micron for fruit trees.



Financial Target (Rs.Lakh)


Proposed assistants

2005-2006 2005-2006

Mulching Rs. 14000/-per sqm

50% of cost maximumupto 2 ha per farmer

42 5.88



32

2.5.4 Shadenets

Shadenets are used to provide relief to the plants from the scorching sunlight, high winds,

direct rainfall as well as insects and pests. Shading nets are being used for nursery raising,

indoor plants, hardening of tissue culture plantlets and growing of vegetables, also. The

shade nets are being used almost throughout the country. Assistance is provided @ 50% of

the cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 3500/- for the area of 500 sq.m. area limited to 2

hectares per beneficiary.


PhysicalTarget (Nos)

Financial Target(Rs. Lakh)

Programme Estimated Cost Proposed assistants

2005-2006 2005-2006

Shadenet Rs. 14/- per sqm 50% cost, i..e Rs. 3500/- per 500 sqmarea, maximum upto 2 ha per famrer

10 11.20

2.5.5 Plastic Tunnels

Plastic tunnels are miniature form of green house, used to protect the plants from rains,

winds, low temperature, frost and other vagaries of weather. However, under low tunnels,

artificial controlling of conditions is not possible. The low tunnels are found very successful

for nursery raising. For construction, the plastic films of 100-micron thickness are suitable.

The assistance @ 50% of cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 5000/- per 1000 sq.m. limited to

0.50 ha per beneficiary will be provided under Horticulture Mission.


Physical Target (Nos) Financial Target(Rs. Lakh)


Proposed assistants

2005-2006 2005-2006

Plastic tunnels Rs. 10/- per sqm

50% of cost i.e. Rs.5000/- per sqm,maximum upto 0.5 ha

5 2.5

Table 24 District wise area under different crops used in mulching and cost incurred

Area (ha) Mulching cost(Rs. In lakh)

Sl.No.

Districts Crops

2005-2006 2005-2006

1 Munger Pointed gourd, Brnjal, Chilli 5.0 0.70

2 Nalanda Bitter gourd, bottle gourd 5.0 0.70

3 Darbhanga Brinjal, pointed gourd 4.0 0.56

4 Araria Cabbage, tomato, bottle gourd 4.0 0.56

5 Purnea Brinjal, Okra, Tomato, Pineapple 4.0 0.56

6 Muzaffarpur Pointed gourd, brinjal, tomato 4.0 0.56

7 Banka Brinjal, okra, tomato 4.0 0.56

8 Vaishali Pointed gourd, brinjal, tomato 4.0 0.56

9 Samastipur Pointed gourd, brinjal, tomato 4.0 0.56

10 Bhagalpur Pointed gourd, Tomato, brinajl 4.0 0.56

Total 42 5.88



33

Table 25 District wise area under shadenets and cost incurred

Sl.No.

Districts Crops Area (ha) Constructioncost (Rs. In lakh)

2005-06 2005-06

1 Munger Pointed gourd, Cabbage 1.0 0.70

2 Nalanda Chilies, Bitter guard 2.0 1.40

3 Darbhanga Cucurbits, brinjal 2.0 1.40

4 Araria Cucurbits, Okra 2.0 1.405 Purnea Pointed gourd, Cucurbits 2.0 1.40

6 Muzaffarpur Chilli, bitter gruod 2.0 1.40

7 Banka Tomato, Capsicum 1.0 0.70

8 Vaishali Cauli Flower, Tomato, Okra 2.0 1.40

9 Samastipur Pointed gourd, tomato 1.0 0.70

10 Bhagalpur Pointed gourd, Tomato, Cowpea, Cabage 1.0 0.70

Total 16 11.2

Table 26 Area allocations for different crops for poly tunnels and incurred cost under them

Area (ha) Construction cost(Rs. In lakh)

Sl.No.

Districts Crops

2005-06 2005-06

1 Munger Pointed gourd, Cabage 0.5 0.25

2 Nalanda Chilies, Onion 0.5 0.25

3 Darbhanga Cauliflower, chilli, brinjal 0.5 0.25

4 Araria Cucurbits 0.5 0.25

5 Purnea Pointedgourd, Cucurbits 0.5 0.25

6 Begusarai Chilli, pointed gourd 0.5 0.25

7 Muzaffarpur Cauliflower 0.5 0.25

8 Banka Tomato, Capsicum 0.5 0.25

9 Vaishali Cauliflower 0.5 0.25

10 Samastipur Tomato 0.5 0.25

Total 5 2.5

Table 27 Summary of budget

Budget (Rs. in lakh)Particular

2005-06

1. Poly House

(A) Hi-Tech 53.95

(B) Normal 16.62

2. Mulching 5.88

3. Shed net House 11.20

4. Plastic Tunnel 2.5

Total 90.15

2.6 Promotion of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management

In coming decades, recycling of organics like green manures, crop residues and organic

manures would be vital for reducing the cost of fertilizers, supplementing the nutrients,

maintaining the soil productivity and ecosystem stability for sustained crop production. One

of the reasons being reported for low yield levels is pointed out to be inadequate and

unbalanced fertilizer application. The concept of integrated nutrient management system for

sustaining the soil fertility is not being followed by most of the farmers so far hence; efforts

are needed for integrated nutrient supply and management which hold great promise not

only for securing high productivity levels but also against emergence of multiple nutrient

deficiencies and deterioration of soil environment.



34

To make IPNM a reality, farming system approach, consisting of crop husbandry, animal

husbandry, horticulture, fishery etc. has to be adopted which generate organic matter for

composting, to be used for supplying plant nutrients. Bulk of the fruit production is restricted

to few districts of state but there exists immense scope to extend it to other parts of the

state. Generally fruit crops are grown in soils where soil fertility status is poor and low inorganic matter. In such situation use of higher dose of N, P and K in the form of inorganic

fertilizers was found ineffective.

2.6.1 Land availability

Land will be available in Pusa farm for research and farmer’s orchard, vegetable growing

area and area for flower cultivation will be selected for operational area under farmer’s field.

Emphasis will be given to bring more area under horticultural crops.

2.6.2 Target

Target will be fixed time bound. First of all the use of inorganic and organic fertilizers will be

demonstrated to the farmers. They should be trained. Some extension workers including

NGO’s will be trained to convince the farmer regarding use of integrated plant nutrient

management in horticultural crops. Some research work will also be undertaken to work out

composition of optimum levels of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers. There after a

long term planning will be undertaken to bring more area under cultivation for horticultural

crops based on IPNM system.

2.6.3 Annual action plan in detail - 2005 – 2006

The action plan includes:

Construction of building

Procurement of man power and impart training to them

On farm training to farmers

Selection of centres at different sites and placement of trained man power

Procurement of instruments and other inputs

2.6.4 Research and Training

No systematic research has been done on IPNM system on horticultural crops. Use of

different organic wastes along with different levels of N P K fertilizers needs to be optimized.

Practically there is no research work on use of micronutrients to horticultural crops. As the

multi-nutrient deficiency is coming up the role of IPNM has increased especially for

improving quality of products.



35

2.6.5 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Fruit crops

Fruit crops show symptoms of nutrient deficiencies deformities like cracking, pink berry, etc.

It affects quality and lead to lower prices as appearance is also affected. It is essential to

provide proper nutrients so as to have sustainable and optimum returns. Proper nutrition is

also essential for good health of plants. An assistance @ 50% of the estimated cost,

maximum up to Rs. 1000/- per ha subjected to a limit of 4 ha per beneficiary will be given.

2.6.6 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Vegetables

In order to increase the productivity per hectare of these vegetables it is necessary to give

balance nutrients to the vegetables. It is necessary to give balanced water soluble nutrients

through drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation. Integrated Nutrient Management will be promoted

in these crops. Assistance @ 50% of the estimated cost, maximum up to Rs. 1000/- subject

to a limit of 4 hectare per beneficiary will be given.

2.6.7 Plant Health Clinics

The plant health clinics will be opened. The facilities would be up graded with the current

norm of Rs. 20 lakh per unit. Such a facility can also be provided along with pesticides

residue testing laboratory and at the location where bio-control labs also having a plant

health clinic would create centres of integrated services to be provided for detecting various

diseases and offer solutions through the use of bio-pesticides. The concept of private plant

health clinic is also taking shape in the state and the same would be encouraged.

In order to ensure supply of quality planting material with the guarantee of genetic purity, it is

necessary to establish plant health clinics in public and private sector. The assistance for

plant health clinic will be at the rate of Rs. 20.00 lakh per unit in public sector as 100%

assistance and 50% of the cost maximum to Rs. 10.00 lakh in private sector. It is proposed

to establish such clinics in public sector and private sector as per requirement.

2.6.8 Leaf / Tissue Analysis Lab

Such labs will be provided to SAU. Since the main purpose is to detect the micro nutrient

deficiency, the soil testing labs which are already equipped for testing the macro and micro

nutrients would be the right location for using such leaf / tissue analysis lab. All the additional

soil testing labs would also have the facilities of leaf / tissue analysis labs in the state. The

concept of such labs in private sector is also being encouraged.

Determination of nutritional status of the tree is very essential to take corrective measure to

improve its nutrition. Soil analysis though done as a routine procedure can not critically

specify nutritional deficiencies as the element may be present in the soil but the plant can



36

not absorb it as it may be in fixed form. Hence it is essential to adopt more scientific method

such as tissue/leaf analysis especially in litchi, banana & papaya and also in citrus, mango

etc. 100% assistance limited to Rs. 20 lakh will be extended to leaf and tissue analysis

laboratory in public sector. While an assistance of @ of 50% of actual cost max. up to Rs.

10.00 lakh per lab will be given for private sector i.e. NGO, growers organization, FruitGrowers Association etc.

2.6.9 Rapid tissue tests for nitrate

Rapid tissue testing technique is an aspect of general plant or foliar analysis carried out in

the field with green tissues. The underlying assumption of the rapid tissue test is that the

adequate supply of an element is indicated by an abundance of it in the plant sap and vice

versa. The process basically comprises sampling of green tissues of the standing crop with

some rigid requirements as to age and stage of crop growth and the use of specific plant

parts. The non-accumulated amounts of different nutrients present in the cell sap of the

green tissues are then extracted with a suitable extractant and the solution is quantitatively

analysed for the specific nutrients. Alternatively, the sap in the plant tissue can be directly

(colorimetrically) diagnosed through suitable chemical treatment to have qualitative

assessment of the nutrients. The levels of nutrients are then compared against some

standardized tabulated values or colour chart to judge the deficiency/sufficiency level.

Plant tissue tests are semi-quantitative, but they visualize the relative supply of nutrients

actually being absorbed by the plants. They are more accurate indicators of any deficient

situation. If the supply is deficient, there will be no / very little of it left in the tissue sap, which

can be readily detected in the test. The process is less useful for toxicity problem because

high amount of any specific element in the cell sap may be due to luxury consumption and

does not necessarily reflect a toxic condition. Some tissue tests are developed in such a way

that negative results indicate a nutrient stress in the plant. This is true for nitrate which

essentially disappears from the plant sap with the onset of a deficiency stress. Positive tests,

therefore, only indicate degree of luxury consumption, while negative tests do not reflect the

severity of the deficiency. For P and K, nutrient stress can occur in the plant before these

elements disappear from the sap. As a result, the P and K tissue tests may indicate the

degree of deficiency stress, if low and the degree of luxury consumption if very high.

The reliability and reproducibility of these tests work better in combination with total ash

analysis of the plants. However, the test is typically more useful in case of trees and

plantation crops where whole plant analysis is often impossible. It is of particular assistance

in situation where deficiency symptoms are not visible, but there is a decrease in yield due to

hidden hunger. It also helps in distinguishing disease and nutritional disorders. The chief



37

mineral constituents for which the rapid tests are particularly beneficial are NO3--N, PO4

=-P,

SO4=-S and K. However, references are available for other nutrients like Ca, Mg and

micronutrients.

In spite of its semi-quantitative / qualitative nature, tissue testing can still have a place when

one considers the costs and delays incident to ash analyses methods. In rapid tissue testing

one can act on the result in time to benefit the current crop. Moreover, correlation between

total ash analysis and test on fresh tissues in the deficiency and sufficiency range is good,

though not for luxury consumptions.

Plant tissue test is important mainly for the reasons listed below:

Aids in determining the nutrient supplying power of the soil.

Helps in determining the effect of treatment on the nutrient supply in the plant.

Aids in predicting fertilizer requirements based on the relationship between the nutrient

status of the plant and its performance.

Helps in identifying new problems and / or areas where critical plant nutritional

experiment should be conducted.

Nitrogen is associated with the activity of every living cell as a constituent of protoplasm. In

most of the crops except paddy nitrogen accumulates in the NO3- form, which represents the

chief inorganic N reserve. Thus nitrate accumulation in the sap is in proportion to the supply

of soil nitrogen with relation to the rate of its utilization which mainly depends on (a) the

stage of growth, (b) weather conditions influencing the growth, and (c) relative supply of

other nutrients.

Table 28 Total Budget to execute action plan (2005-06)

S.No.

Items Budget in lakh

1. Building for Plant health clinic 45.00

2. Equipments

(i) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (one) 16.00

(ii) UV-Visible spectrophotometer (one) 7.00

(iii) Microbased flamephotometer (one) 0.60

(iv) pH meter (one) 0.40

(v) Conductivity meter (one) 0.40

(vi) Personal Computer with accessories (one) 1.50

(vii) LCD Projection system (one) 2.00

(viii) Air conditioner (two) 0.60

(ix) Electric Generator (two) 1.50

(x) Shaker 0.50(xi) UPS (10 KVA) 2.00

(xii) Hot Air Oven 0.20

(xiii) Refrigerator 0.20

(xiv) Xerox machine 1.50

(xv) Balance (two) 1.50

(xvi) Hot Plate (four) 0.20Total equipment 36.10

3. Stationery, T. A. etc. 1.00

4. Maintenance / repair etc. -

5. Chemicals/Glasswares/Plasticwares etc. 1.00

6. Man Power (i) RA 2 @ Rs. 15000.00 pm 3.60(ii) RF 4 @ Rs. 12000.00 pm 5.76



38

S.No.

Items Budget in lakh

(iii) 10 @ Rs. 5000.00 pm 6.00

7. Honorarium to faculty and staff 0.30

8. Training to extension personnel and farmers (materials, fooding & lodging) 2.00

9. Demonstraion (20 demonstrations) 0.40

10. Support to farmers @ 4000.00 each 0.80

11. Miscellaneous 1.00Grand Total 102.96

The area identified for all these facilities are Muzarffarpur and Bhagalpur. There will be one

such integrated facility at Muzarffarpur and two such facilities at Bhagalpur.

2.7 Promotion of Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach has been globally accepted for achieving

sustainability in Agriculture and horticulture. The role of plant protection is significant while

formulating and employing basic strategies of IPM gap (Domain of IPM) for obtaining

economic yield. Among several agents which cause a huge loss to the extent of up to 15percent to the horticultural crops, key insects, major nematodes and important plant

diseases, are important agent apart from other abiotic stresses.

2.7.1 Rationale of the Project

The rationale of the project is to increase the quality as well as quality of horticultural crops,

and provide healthy produce and thereby improving economic conditions of the farmers. At

present average per capita annual income of the state is less than half of the national

average (i.e. Rs. 4376/capita compare to national average Rs. 9739/-). In Bihar majority of

farmers are marginal with weak economic status and hence they fail to apply vital plant

protection / IPM input to their crops in time and the other important factors are lack of their

knowledge to the real cause of malady of sickness occurring in low production both

qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, farmers of State lag behind compared to other

farmers from developed status of our country in terms of quantity and quality of produce.

Table 29 Work plan for promotion of IPM of horticulture vegetable & crops in Bihar

S.No.

Name of theDistricts

Important crops

1. Samastipur Fruits : litchi, mangoVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, cauliflower

2. Muzaffarpur Fruits : litchi, mangoVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, bittergaurd, cabbage

3. Darbhanga Fruits : litchi, mango, guavaVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, pointedgaurd, cabbage

4. Vaishali Fruits : litchi, mango, bananaVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, pointedgaurd, tomato

5. Bhagalpur Fruits : Mango, guava, LitchiVegetables : brinjal, pointed guard, bhindi, tomato, cauliflower, cabbage



39

Table 30 Budget Estimate (Promotion of IPM through Demonstration)Amount (Rs.) in Lakh

S.No.

Particular Programme (2005-06) Totaldemonstration

2005-06

1. Promotion of IPM in farmer’s field @2000/ha (50% subsidy subject tomaximum of Rs. 1000.00)

5 Districts. (10 crops)(5 demonstraions per cropi.e. 5 x 10 = 50 dem/Distt.)

50 2.00

2. Strengthening (Entomology,Nematology, Pl. Pathology)

4.50

3. Hire of vehicles 1.50

4. Hardware/Software/Microscope(computer with periferral and furniture(3 sets))

7.00

5. Sr. Research Fellows – 3@ Rs. 12000/- pm + HRA

5.00

6. Contractual Technical staff -3 @ Rs.5000/- each

1.80

7. Honorarium to 3 scientists(Entomology, Nematology, Pl.Pathology) @ Rs. 1000/- pm each

0.36

8. Contractual labourers – 3 @ Rs.2000/- pm each

0.72

9. Miscellaneous Expenditure like fieldday, exhibition, advt., stationary etc.

2.00

10. Travelling Allowance 0.60

Total 25.48

Table 31 Summary of budget under IPM

S.No.

Project 2005-06(Rs. inLakhs)

1. Promotion of IPM through demonstration in farmers field 25.48

2. Training under Promotion of IPM 18.35

3. Surveillance of insect pests, nematodes and diseases under promotion of IPM 50.36

Strengthening of pesticide residue (A) 38.504.

Fee of testing pesticide residue (B) 40.00

5. Establishment of Plant health clinic 12.0446. Establishment of bio control laboratory 35.77

Total 220.504

2.8 Human Resource Development

Horticulture is now turning into a high technology activity, like all the other areas of

agriculture. With the ever increasing emphasis on horticultural crops, the need to trained /

semi-trained manpower is also growing. Also there is need to train farmers about latest know

how in the field of horticulture. The Government of India has established Agri- Export Zones

litchi at Muzaffarpur and some more such zones are in offing. Thus to give focus on export

quality production it is essential to impart training to the growers as well as extension

workers Training on all aspects e.g. new varieties, improved cultivation practices, IPM, INM,

post harvest management practices and processing, international standards for export etc.

is necessary.

The Agricultural University in the state is turning out a large number of graduates with

specialization in the subject of `Horticulture ` , but the courses offered by the university tend



40

to be more theoretical. The students thus receive little practical /field experience. Nor are

they trained adequately in the management aspects of horticultural gardens and farms, thus

becoming little attractive to employers who look for people trained in the practical aspects of

horticulture capable of performing supervising and managerial functions.

The gardeners or the malis who actually work in the fields need to be trained in the

advanced methods of cultivation. The present courses being offered to gardeners are not

only numerically few but also highly inadequate content – wise. Consequently, they continue

to adopt age old practices, resulting in low productivity. Similarly senior staff working in the

department of Agriculture and looking after horticultural development need to be trained to

be acquainted with recent developments.

Human resource development through trainings and demonstrations is an integral part of the

State Mission. Under this programme, training of the farmers, field level worker and officers

will be taken up. Programme for providing appropriate training to the farmers for the adoption

of high yielding varieties of crops and farming system will be taken up. Programme for

training of the officials concerned with the implementation of the programme and the field

level workers who will in turn train, guide the farmers will also be taken up. An important

activity under the training is to provide resource materials to the entrepreneurs for

establishing their own nurseries .

The farmers and to acquaint them about various farming techniques through exhibitions and

demonstrations . In order to ensure wider and full participation, publicity about the training

programmes will also be required. It is proposed to provide assistance to the agencies

involved in training programme @ Rs. 1500/- per farmer trained. This activity will he carried

out both by government sector as well as private and NGOs. Successful and progressive

farmers` field may also be used as a location for the training. In order to familiarize the

farmer about the production practices being followed in other states and field visits will be

organized outside the state. For this, assistance of Rs. 2500 per participant will be provided

which will include transportation, lodging, dietary allowance and training kit. The training –

cum- visit will be organized for a minimum period of 7 days, which will include traveling time.

Trainers at the level of project officers, district officers, agricultural officers and extension

workers will be trained in the technological advances in horticulture at the University, various

ICAR Institutes or outside the State. These officers in turn, will train the staff and farmers in

their respective regions. For this purpose, actual cost limited to Rs. 50,000 per participant

will be provided which will include travel material and training cost at the institute.

It is clear from the above guidelines that the three kind of activities for HRD in horticulture to

be taken up in state mission. They are as follows:



41

Various training programmes are to be organized for 1day, 3days, 5days or 2 weeks of

training to be given for the farmers for which the maximum assistance to the agencies

involved in the training as above at the rate of Rs. 1500 per farmer is given. That will

impart training are: RAU, BAMETI at PUSA and KVKs located in 24 districts.

The exposure visits for the farmers for a minimum period of 7 days, would be in thenature of the training cum visit with assistance of Rs. 2500/- per participant. Exposure

visit is a popular activity in the state and there is a huge demand for the same. Adequate

provision has been made under the State Mission for this purpose.

The extension workers at the village level as well as at the level of circle, block, sub-

division, district and the level of state would be trained for which various training

programmes have been designed in the period for a day or three days or five days, or

two weeks or a month or a maximum of three months. The training would be conducted

at BAMETI, RAU and KVKs . The number of such trainings and duration have been

indicated in table given on page-

The one year duration training for supervisors, six months training for gardeners and three

months training for entrepreneurs have been suggested. The institutions have been

identified which would be supported by strengthening infrastructure at a cost of Rs. 10 lakhs

for training of supervisors and entrepreneurs and at a cost of Rs. 6 lakhs for the training of

the gardeners. The training cost for one year for 25 trainings of supervisors rank is of the

order of Rs. 8.12 lakh per training. Similar training for gardeners for 25 trainees for six

months is Rs. 7.525 lakhs.

The scheme has three components viz.

Training of Horticulture offices/ supervisors

Training of gardeners

Training of entrepreneurs

The training programme for the Supervisors, Entrepreneurs will be organized by the State

Agricultural Universities ICAR institutes and Gardeners training through the Krishi Vigyan

Kendras and SAU while the departmental staff will also be trained by the university. The

training expenses will be met through the State Mission in full.

The State Agricultural University already has a strong institutional set up for training in

horticulture. It has all the basic infrastructure facilities like class rooms, staff, hostel facilities

etc. The courses will be of one year duration for Supervisors and of six months for

Gardeners and of three months for Entrepreneurs. In order to attract the candidates and

more importantly retain them and prevent their drop out, a monthly stipend will be provided

to them in the form of boarding & lodging charges. The courses will be strictly residential. At



42

the end of the training, Supervisors will be awarded a Diploma in horticulture and gardeners

and Entrepreneurs a Certificate of training in horticulture. These trained people would be the

potential candidates for employment by the Firms engaged in horticulture development in the

state and outside the state.

The State would organize specialized training courses on horticulture related subjects.

Assistance is to be provided for the same to the concerned Institutes directly based on the

recommendation of the Mission. Such training would generally be of short duration of 7-10

days for 20 to 25 participants.

Trainers who are required to train others could be deputed for training abroad also, to a

limited extent, for which assistance would he made available for meeting the travel cost and

course fee. The State Departments of Agriculture/SHM would function as the nodal agency

for this purpose. Funds would be made available for meeting the expenses for the

candidates involved in implementation of the Mission programmes based on the specific

proposals indicated in the document.

2.8.1 Farmers Training

S.No.

Duration of Training Norms No. of Participants

Budget estimate(Rs. In (lakh)

1. One day training @ /Rs.100 per head 5000 5.0

2. Three days training @ /Rs.300 per head 5,000 15.0

3. Five days training @ /Rs.500 per head 1,000 5.00

Total 25.00

2.8.2 Officers Training

S.No.

Duration of Training Norms per head No. of Participants

Budget estimate(Rs. in lakh)

1. Two days training Rs.2500 500 12.50

2. Six days training Rs.5000 200 10.00

3. Two days training Rs.10000 200 20.00

4. One month training Rs.20000 50 10.00

Total 52.50

2.8.3 Human resource development in Agri Export Zone

Government of India has sanctioned Agricultural Export Zone (AEZ) for litchi. It is, therefore

necessary to educate the farmers regarding production technologies international quality

standards, residue limits of different importing countries, packaging, processing etc.

Pattern of assistance will be Rs. 100/- per farmer per day and provision of Rs 2.0 lakh is

proposed for training 4000 farmers. These trainings will be organized in AEZ areas by the

concerned nodal agencies like KVKs /Department of Agriculture/ the University or ICAR

institutes.



43

Table 32 Budget for gardener’s and supervisor’s training during 2005-06.

Training Duration No. of Trainings

Places Cost(Rs inLakh)

Gardens Training 6 months 4 BAC,Sabour(Bhagalpur)RAU,Pusa,(Samastipur)

42.10

Supervisor’straining

1 year 2 BAC, Sabour /RAU,Pusa 72.50

Total 114.60

Total Budget for HRD for 2005-06

Farmers’ Training : 0.240 crore

Officers’ Training : 0.525 crore

Gardeners’ Supervisor’s Training : 1.146 crore

Total : 1.911 crore

2.9 Creation of Water Resources

Under the Mission, assistance is provided for creating water sources Through construction of

community tanks, farm ponds with plastic lining. The assistance is limited to Rs. 10. 00 lakh

per unit for an area of 10 ha to be taken up on community basis. Maintenance of the water

source is supposed to be responsibility of the community maintenance of the water source is

supposed to be the responsibility of the community.

Zone III of the state is a water deficit area, the annual rainfall being 1165 mm, more than

80% of which falls between June and September. The creation of water source as a

component is to be taken up in this area to promote horitci0culture related activities. The

guidelines for the community water tanks do not indicate of the community and the number

of farmers who will have to come together for such a community tank. It is presumed that a

group of more than five farmers quality for such as assistance on a prorate basis if the area

of 10ha is covered. The assistance of Rs. 10 lakh per unit is proportionately reduced to the

smaller area. An assistance at a rate of Rs. 1lakh per ha or irrigation would be provided for

the water source.

The major problems associated with water stored in tanks are situation, seepage,

percolation and evaporation losses. The seepage and percolation losses could be checked

through lining of ponds by plastics. A plastic film of PVC can be adopted in tanks for lining. A

PVC film of 12 mm thickness can be used for lining the community tanks. However, 5 mm

(500 micron) film will serve the purpose in small ponds.

The water stored in community tanks will be effectively used for horticultural crops through

micro irrigation technologies. Commonly tanks with plastic lining would be of immense used

for giving protective irrigation to crops.



44

Table 33 The physical and financial programme are as under

Programme Estimated cost Proposed assistance Physical target(Nos.)

Financial target(Rs. in lakh)

Community tanks withuse of plastics

Rs. 19.99 lakhper unit

Upto Rs. 10.00 lakh per unit of 10 ha

36 360.0

Table 34 District wise break up of physical and financial programme of community tasks

Community tanks with use of plasticS.No.

District

Phy No. Finance(Rs. in lakh)

1. Patna 04 40

2. Bhabhua 04 40

3. Rohtas 04 40

4. Nalanda 06 60

5. Nawada 06 60

6. Aurangabad 06 60

7. Gaya 06 60

Total 36 360

2.10 Market Development

The programmes for marketing are project based. States Missions, after approval of the

Executive Committee of the State Mission is to submit viable projects to EC. Such projects

as proposed by BSAMB are included in the document.

The main objectives of providing assistance under this component are (a) to induce

investments from private and cooperative sectors in the development of marketing

infrastructure for horticulture commodities (b) Strengthen existing horticulture markets

including wholesale, rural haats; (c) focus on promotion of grading, standardization and

quality certification of horticulture produce at farm /market level to enable farmers to realizebetter price; and (d) create general awareness among farmers, consumers, entrepreneurs

and market functionaries on market related Agricultural Practices including contract farming.

Assistance under the scheme is provided on the following norms:

Credit linked back ended subsidy @ 25% of the capital cost of the project is provided for

new infrastructure projects for marketing of horticultural commodities and for

strengthening and modernization of existing horticulture markets such as wholesale or

rural haats .Few such markets are taken up initially under SHM.

‘Marketing Infrastructure’ for the purpose of this Scheme may comprise of any of the

following:

Functional infrastructure for collection/assemblage, drying, cleaning, grading and

standardization, SPS measures and quality certification, labeling, packaging, ripening

chambers, retailing and wholesaling, value addition facilities (without changing the

product form).

Market user common facilities in the project area like shops/offices, platforms for

loading/un-loading/assembling and auctioning of the produce, parking sheds, internal



45

roads, garbage disposal arrangements, including drinking water, sanitation

arrangements, weighing and mechanical handling equipments.

Infrastructure for Direct Marketing of horticulture commodities from producers to

consumers/processing units/bulk buyers.

The above is included in the form of a terminal market in the Mission.

Assistance for setting up markets is linked with market reforms and preference is to

given to those States which amend their State Agricultural Produce Marketing Acts for

facilitating alternate marketing by farmers/farmer groups involved in horticulture. Such

amendments have already been made for direct marketing of fruits & vegetables by

setting up terminal markets. Other amendments are planned for contract farming, single

licensing etc. for Monsoon session of the State assembly.

Assistance is available to individuals, Group of farmers/growers/ consumers,

Partnership/ Proprietary firms, Non- Government Organizations (NGOs), Self Help

Groups (SHGs), Companies, Corporations, Cooperatives, Cooperative Marketing

Federations, Local bodies, Agricultural Produce Market Committees & Marketing Boards

and State Governments. Cost of land in infrastructure projects will be restricted to 10

percent of the project cost in rural areas and 20 percent in Municipal areas. The

entrepreneur will not alienate the land during the period of the loan for any purpose other

than the purpose for which the project is sanctioned. The size of the project will be

determined on the basis of economic viability and commercial considerations;.

2.10.1 Wholesale / Terminal Market

Project based proposals are being prepared in the State to induce investments from private

and co-operative sectors in the development of marketing of horticulture commodities. In

this context a modern market for fruits and vegetables are planned for Patna, Bhagalpur,

and Muzaffarpur. It will strengthen existing horticulture markets including wholesale markets

and rural haats.

The modern markets (also known as Terminal markets) promote grading, standardization

and quality certification of horticulture produce, and support the farmers in realizing better

prices. It will also create general awareness among farmers, consumers, entrepreneurs andmarket functionaries on market related Agriculture Practices including contract farming.

Marketing infrastructure proposed to be developed in the State includes the following:

Infrastructure for collection/assembling, drying, cleaning, grading and standardization,

SPS measures and quality certification, labeling, packaging, ripening chambers, retailing

and wholesaling,



46

Market user common facilities in the project areas like shops / offices, platforms for

loading/ unloading/assembling and auctioning of the produce

Infrastructure for direct marketing of horticulture commodities from producers to

consumers/processing units/bulk buyers.

Assistance for setting up markets will be linked with market reforms

Facilitating alternate marketing

Table 35 Intervention of Marketing Structure

Marketing Infrastructure

I Component Location Rate of assistanceper unit

Total Cost

I Establishment of modern terminal 3 no. Patna, 100 crore 300.00

iii Up gradation of rural market-36 All selected 12 district Project based 135.0

iv Functional Infrastructure & MarketIntelligence

Project based 112.50

v Extension, quality awareness andmarket led activity

Project based 20.00

Total 567.50

2.10.2 Rural Markets/ Direct market

The present haats or weekly bazaars which constitute first contact point with commercial

circuits for the producers do not provide even the most basic of amenities and facilities such

as shelter, water, electricity, roads etc. Bringing about an improvement in market facilities at

rural level has a direct impact on farmer’s income. Once developed the rural markets provide

improved services for buyers and create an element of market security for the growers.

Haats need to be provided with mobile banks on haat days by Gramin Banks.

The trading generally takes place in a dusty space with no infrastructure whatsoever, with

the produce brought mainly from surrounding areas, and some times over distances. The

market place is unhygienic and lacks sanitation. There are no drainage, toilets, drinking

water source and shelter against sun, rain or wind. This is detrimental to the farmers

produce, especially the highly perishable horticultural produce.

It is suggested that minimum basic infrastructure be set up in haats in the State such as

sheds, auction/sale platforms, proper flooring, drainage, provision for drinking water, internal

roads, electricity etc.

2.10.3 Functional Infrastructure for Collection, Grading etc.

For collection of fresh produce on large scale from different part of the collection centers

projective approach is essential. For value addition of the fresh agricultural produce

specially designed van for transport and proper grading facilities at collection centers are

proposed, financial assistance on actual basis (100% of actual project cost.) is proposed for

this component. It is proposed to have a financial outlay of Rs 112.50 lakhs for year 2005-

06.



47

2.10.4 Market led extension, awareness training and evaluation

To educate and update the field functionaries and farmers on latest and new trends in the

National and International market i.e. Quality management , GMP, HACCP, Tractability and

advance packing specification etc. financial assistance on actual basis (100% of actual

project cost .) is proposed for this component. Proposed financial outlay is 20.00 lakh for

year 2005-06.

2.11 Mission Management

In Bihar, Department of Agriculture which includes horticulture has its presence upto village

level. VLW at village level is the extension worker who is in charge of 3-4 villages. There are

offices at block district region and state level. The state level office is headed by the

Agricultural Production Commissioner and is supported by different Directors. For looking

after the activities of horticulture, a separate Director of Horticulture along with supporting

staff is in place.

For management of NHM, a separate State level Horticulture Mission will be established

District Level Mission Committees and Block/Village Level committees will also be

established. The state level mission and district/block level committees will have to be

supported with additional manpower. The manpower will be engaged strictly on contract

basis on merit. Separate technical support group will be constituted, which will help the

Mission Director are in managing its activities and also preparation and scrutiny of the

project. The Director of Horticulture or any other suitable person with adequate technical

qualification and experience will be appointed as Mission Director.

The State HM would provide funds to the State level organizations for taking up innovative

projects in the area of horticulture development, post harvest management, processing and

marketing to help promotion of HM activities in the state.

2.11.1 Institutional strengthening and Hire/ Purchase of vehicles

The Mission HQ will be strengthened with manpower including hiring of technical services,

database development, use of information technology, development of software and

procurement of hardware, hiring and if necessary purchase of vehicle, engagement of

personnel on contract who can assist in the day to day functioning of the office including

driver. Suitable provision for the same for office of Director (Horticulture) is also included.

Proposed financial outlay is 500.00 lakh for year 2005-06.



48

2.11.1 Collaboration with International Agencies

Attempts will be made to collaborate with the International agencies like FAO, World Bank,

Asian Development Bank etc, for taking up programmes for the development of horticulture.

To organize study tours and to organize training programmes the NHM, the funds for this

purpose are earmarked in the Annual Action Plan. . Proposed financial outlay is 200.00 lakh

for year 2005-06.

2.11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

State HM would engage reputed agencies which will work in close association with the

concerned official of state Govt. and R.A.U. Pusa, Bihar. This agency will also undertake

concurrent monitoring and end term evaluation and submit its monitoring report on quarterly

basis and evaluation report by the end of Xth plan. A monitoring and evaluation unit will be

established at the university which will play pivotal role in conducting monitoring and

evaluation studies in an efficient manner. A copy of report shall also be submitted to the

university for comments.

2.11.3 Proposed Budget

For managing NHM in Bihar, a total budget of Rs. 1750 lakh is required for different

purposes such as strengthening of installation, purchase of vehicles, hardware/software,

technical support groups hiring consultants, collaboration with international agencies like

FAO, world bank etc.



49

3 PROGRAMME BENEFITS

The programme benefits in terms of improved productivity, man–days likely to be generated

an additional income estimated crop – wise are set forth below:

S.No. Crop Area( ha) Prod.(MT) Pdy. (MT/ha.) % increaseinproductivity

Man daysemploymentgeneration

( lakhs)

AdditionalIncomeGeneration( Rs. lakh)

1 Mango 900 9000 10 11 2.7 315

2 Litchi 500 7000 14 16 1.5 500

3 Guava 600 8400 14 16 1.8 600

4 Banana 600 12000 20 25 1.8 450

5 Pineapple 700 17500 25 14 2.1 700

Total 3200 51400 9.9 2565

The programmes proposed under the action plan 2005-06 for implementation are for

integrated development of the selected crops like increase availability of good planting

material / seed, expansion of area / rejuvenation of crops with recommended package of

practices, provide post-harvest infrastructure and marketing facilities. This would lead to

increase production and productivity of each selected crops.

Under the action plan, 3200 ha have been proposed for area expansion and 15000 ha for

rejuvenation in mango, litchi and guava. This would provide additional production of 51400

MT of Mango, Banana, Guava, Litchi and Pineapple from an area expansion of 3200 ha.

The production and productivity shown above in respect of the perennial crops like mango,

litchi, and guava could be achieved at full bearing stage only. The programme is expected to

generate additional income of Rs.2565 lakhs at full bearing stage. Besides improving

productivity of crops covered spectacularly, the programme will generate 9.9akh man days

of employment. Additional employment of 430 mandays would be generated by nursery

development for mango, litchi, guava and pineapple.



50

PROPOSAL FOR ASSISTANCE UNDER NHM 2005-06, BIHAR

(Rs in lakh)

Sr.

No.

Programme Estimated Cost Proposed assistance Phy Fin

A. RESEARCH Research needs of Bihar

will be submitted to CentralGovernment Institutes under

ICAR, CSIR and others

through SAUs to take up

need based research and

development works

B. PLANTATION INFRASTRUCTURE &

DEVELOPMENT

1 Production of planting

material

a) Public sector

i. Model nursery (4 ha) Rs. 18.00 lakh/unit Maximum of Rs. 18.00 lakh

per nursery

7 126.00

ii, Small Nursery (I ha.) Rs. 3.00 lakh per unit Maximum of Rs. 3.00 lakh

per nursery

10 30.00

iii. Rehab of existing

Tissue culture units

Rs. 8.00 lakh/unit Maximum of Rs, 8.00

lakh/unit

1 8.00

b) Private sector

i. Model nursery (4 ha) Rs. 18.00 lakh/unit Credit linked back ended

subsidy

5 45.00

ii. Nursery (1 ha.) Rs. 3.00 lakh per unit 50% of cost limited to Rs.

1.50 lakh/nursey

10 15.00

Sub-total 224.00

c. Vegetable seed

production

a. Public Sector ( SAUs

& State Depts.BSSC.)

Rs. 50,000 per ha 100% of cost 80 40.00

b.Private sector i)

Seedling

Rs. 50,000 per ha 50% of the total cost

subject to max of Rs.

25000/ha limited of 5 ha.

ascredit linked back endedsubsidy

100 25.00

d. Seed infrastructure

a. Public sector Project based 100% of cost ( 50 lakh) 1 50.00

b. Public sector Rs. 5.00 laks / small unit 2 10.00

b. Privates sector Project based Rs. 2 lakh/unit 14 28.00

Sub-total 153.00

2 Establishment of new

gardens (ha.)

i. Fruits (Perennials)

ia- Perennials Rs. 22500/ha 2000 450.00



51

ii. Fruits (Non-Perennials) (Banana

600) ( Pineapple 600

ha)

Maximum of Rs.

15,000 per ha subject to

limit of 4 ha/beneficiary

1200 180.00

iii Rejuventation /

productivity

enhancement

Rs. 30,000/ha (average) 50% of the total cost subject

to limit of Rs. 15,000/ha to a

limit of 2 ha

15,000 2250.00

Sub-total 2880.00

4 Development of

Floriculture

a) Loose Flowers

1. Small scale/

marginal farmers

50 % of the cost max. to Rs.

12,000/ha @ 2 ha / beneficiary

50 6.00

2. Other farmers 33 % max. to Rs. 7920/ha

limited to 4 ha/ beneficiary

50 3.96

Sub-total 9.96

3 Creation of water

resources sources

Community tanks on

farm ponds on farm

water resorvoirs -(No.)

with use of plastics-

100% assistance

Rs. 10.00 lakh/unit upto Rs. 10 lakh /unit of 10

Ha.

36 360.00

4 Protected cultivation

1. Green House

(Hitech)

a. Small & Marginal

Farmers

Rs. 650/ Sq. m 50% of the cost limited to

max of Rs.325/Sq.m for hi-

tech GH maximum of 1000

Sq.m./beneficiary

10 32.50

b.Other farmers -do- 33.3% of cost subject to a

max of Rs.215/Sq.m for hi-

tech GH subject to limit of

1000 Sq.m./beneficiary

10 21.65

2. Green House

(Normal)

a. Small & Marginal

Farmers

Rs. 250/ Sq. m 50% of the cost limited to

max ofRs.125/Sq.for normal

GH maximum of 1000

Sq.m./beneficiary

10 12.50

b.Other farmers -do- 33.3% of cost subject to a

max ofRs.67/sq.m for

normal GH subject to limit

of 1000 Sq.m./beneficiary

5 4.13

3. Mulching Rs. 14,000/ha 50% of the total cost limitedto Rs. 7000/ha max. upto 2

ha/beneficiary

42 5.88

4. ShadeNet Rs. 14/Sq. m. 50% ofcostmaxof Rs. 3500/

500 Sq.m max. upto 2

ha/beneficiary

10 11.20

5. Plastic Tunnel Rs. 10 / Sq.m. 50% of cost max of

Rs.5000/1000Sq.m max.

upto 0.5 ha

5 2.50

Sub-total 90.35

5 Promotion of



52

INM/IPM

i Promotion of IPM Rs. 2000/ha 50% of cost subject to Rs

1000/ha subject to a limit of

4 ha. per Beneficiary

50 25.48

ii Training under

Promotion under IPM

18.35

iii Surveillance of

insect pests,

nematodes and

diseases under

promotion of IPM

50.36

iv. Plant Health

Clinics

Rs. 20 lakhs/unit Upto Rs. 20 lakh/unit

a) Public sector 100% Upto Rs. 20 lakh/unit 12.04

b) Private sector 50% of cost upto Rs. 10

lakh/unit as credit linked

back ended subsidy

v Bio control labs 35.77

vi Strengthening of Pesticide residue labs

38.50

vii. Fee of testing

Pesticide Residue

40.00

Sub-total 220.50

6 HRD including

horticulture institute

Project based 100% assistance

a) Farmers training

i) One day @ 100 per day per head 5000 5.00

ii) Three day do - 5000 15.00

iii) Five day do - 1000 5.00

b) Officers training @ 50000 per participants

i) Two day @ 2500 per participants 500 12.50

ii) Six day @ 5000 per participants 200 10.00

iii) Two day @ 10000 per participants 200 20.00

ii) One Month @ 20000 per participants 50 10.00

c) HRD Training for

export

2.00

d) Supervisors and

Gardeners training

114.60

Sub Total 194.10

7 Pollination support

through beekeeping

Rs. 1600 per colony 50% of the cost subject tomax. of Rs.800/colony with

bee hive

800 40.00

Sub Total 40.00

8 Technology

Dissamination through

demonstration/ front

line demonstration

Project based 75 % of cost

1.Font line

Demonstration



53

a) Public sector (Dept./

SAU/ M. Board / KVK/

100% , @ Rs. 500000/ 500

sq.m. unit

10 50.00

2.Generel Technology

Demonstration on

farmers field

75% @ Rs.10000/0.40 ha 100 10.00

Sub Total 60.00

9 POST HARVEST

MANAGEMENT

I. Pack houses Rs. 2.50 lakh/unit Credit linked back-ended

subsidy @ 25% of the

capital cost of project in

general areas and 33.33 %

in case of hilly and tribalareas

16 10.00

2. Cold storage units Rs. 2.00 crore/unit -do- 4 200.00

3. Ref. Vans/containers Rs. 24.00 lakh/unit -do- 4 24.00

4. Market Intelligence Project based Project based 2 200.00

5. Ripening Chamber Rs. 5.00 Lakh/ Unit 3 3.75

6. Mobile processing

unit Rs. 25.00 lakh/unit

2 12.50

C. Est. of of Marketing

Infrastructure for

horticultural produce

in Govt/Private/

Cooperative sector

Credit linked back-ended

subsidy @ 25% of the

capital cost of project in

general areas and 33.33 %

in case of hilly and tribal

areas

a) Wholesale/Terminal

markets

upto Rs. 500.00 crores do - 3 1500.00

b) Rural Markets/Apni

Mandis/Direct Markets

Rs. 15.00 lakh do - 36 135.00

c) Functional

Infrastructure for collection, grading etc.

Rs. 15.00 lakh do - 30 112.50

d) Extension, quality

awareness & Market led

extension activities for

fresh processed

products

Project based 100 % asst. 20.00

Sub Total 2217.75

Innovative projects

including ongoing

programme

a) Self employmentand Value addition onfield (asst. toprocessor or for

common facilities ,Self employment inhort.

25% of capitalinvestment

100 150.00

b) Activities for prmotionalmeasures

i) Asst. for participation inInternationl exhibition

25.00

ii) Meeting chalangesof WTO

60.00



iii) Strengthening of Hort. Nurseries

100 300.00

iv) Udyan PanditPuraskra

8.50

v) Horticultureexhibition / shows

@ 25000 per show 100 25.00

c) IT basedTechnologydissemination

I) TechnologyDissamination

@ 10 lakh or 50 % 2 20.00

ii) Market facilitationcentre

@ 10 lakh or 50 % 2 20.00

Sub-total 608.50

MISSION

MANAGEMENT

(i) State & Districts

Mission Strucutre

including additional

manpower & project

preparation cost

5% of total annual

expenditure on the basis

of appraised needs

500.00

(ii) Support to

cooperatives for infrastrucural

requirement


(iii) Institutional

Strengthening,

ire/purchase of vehicles,

hardware/software


(iv) Technical Support

group (TSG)

Project based subject to

a ceiling of Rs. 5 crore

per annums

450.00

(v) Collaboration with

international agencies

like FAO, World bank

etc.

Project based subject to

a ceiling of Rs. 5 crore

per annums

200.00

Sub-total 1750.00

GRANT TOTAL 8448.16

Documents

Action Plan Bihar