Adenanthos cuneatus

7/27/2019 Adenanthos cuneatus

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Adenanthos cuneatusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adenanthos cuneatus

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

Order: Proteales

Family: Proteaceae

Genus: Adenanthos

Species: A. cuneatus

Binomial name

Adenanthos cuneatus

Labill.
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Synonyms

Adenanthos flabellifoliusKnight

Adenanthos crenatus Willd.

Adenanthos cun eatus, also known as coastal jugflower, flame bush, bridle bush and sweat

bush, is a shrub of the familyProteaceaenative to thesouth coast of Western Australia. French

naturalistJacques Labillardireoriginally described it in 1805. Within the genusAdenanthos, it lies in

thesectionAdenanthosand is most closely related toA. stictus.A. cuneatus has hybridized with four

other species ofAdenanthos. Growing to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and wide, it is erect to prostrate inhabit,

with wedge-shaped lobed leaves covered in fine silvery hair. The single red flowers are insignificant,

and appear all year, though especially in late spring. The reddish new growth occurs over the

summer.

It is sensitive toPhytophthora cinnamomidieback, hence requiring a sandy soil and good drainage to

grow in cultivation, its natural habitat of sandy soils inheathlandbeing an example. Its pollinators

includehoneyeaters, particularly thewestern spinebill,silvereye,honey possumand

bees.A. cuneatus is grown in gardens in Australia and the western United States, and a dwarf and

prostrate form are commercially available.

Contents

[hide]

1 Description

2 Taxonomy

o 2.1 Discovery and naming

o 2.2 Synonymy

o 2.3 Infrageneric placement

o 2.4 Hybrids

o 2.5 Common names

3 Distribution and habitat

4 Ecology

5 Cultivation

6 Footnotes

7 References

8 External links

Description[edit]
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Adenanthos cuneatus grows as an erect, spreading or prostrate shrub to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high and

wide. It has a woody base, known as alignotuber, from which it can resprout after bushfire. The

wedge-shaped (cuneate) leaves are on shortpetioles, and are 2 cm (0.8 in) long and 11.5 cm (0.4

0.6 in) wide, with 3 to 5 (and occasionally up to 7) rounded 'teeth' or lobes at the ends .[1][2]

New

growth is red and slightlytranslucent. It glows bright red against the light, especially when the sun is

low in the sky.[3]

New growth is mainly seen in summer, and the leaves in general are covered with

fine, silvery hair. Occurring throughout the year but more often from August to November, the

insignificant single flowers are a dull red in colour and measure around 4 cm (1.6 in) long.[1][2]

The

pollen is triangular in shape and measures 3144m(0.00120.0017in) in length, averaging around

34 m (0.0013 in).[4]

The species is similar in many ways to its close relative A. stictus. The most obvious difference is

inhabit: the multi-stemmed, lignotuberousA. cuneatusrarely grows over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height,

whereasA. stictus is a taller single-stemmed non-lignotuberous shrub that commonly reaches 5 m

(16 ft 5 in) in height. Leaves are similar, but the lobes at the leaf apex are regular

andcrenate(rounded) inA. cuneatus, but irregular anddentate(toothed) inA. stictus.[5]Also, new

growth does not have a red flush inA. stictus, and juvenile leaves ofA. stictus are usually much

larger than adult leaves, a difference not seen inA. cuneatus. The flowers of the two species are very

similar, differing only subtly in dimension, colour andindumentum.[6]

Taxonomy[edit]

Discovery and naming[edit]

Although the precise time and location of its discovery are unknown,Jacques Labillardire, botanist

to an expedition underBruni d'Entrecasteaux, which anchored inEsperance Bayon the south coast

of Western Australia on 9 December 1792, most likely collected the first known botanical specimen

ofAdenanthos cuneatus on 16 December while searching the area betweenObservatory

PointandPink Lakefor thezoologistClaude Riche, who had gone ashore two days earlier and failed

to return. Following an unsuccessful search the following day, several senior members of the

expedition were convinced that Riche must have perished of thirst or at the hands of theAustralian

Aboriginesand counselled d'Entrecasteaux to sail without him. However, Labillardire convinced

d'Entrecasteaux to search for another day, and was rewarded not only with the recovery of Riche,

but also with the collection of several highly significant botanical specimens, including the first

specimens ofAnigozanthos(Kangaroo Paw) andNuytsia floribunda(West Australian Christmas

Tree) and, as aforementioned,A. cuneatus.[7][8]

Thirteen passed years before Labillardire published a formal description ofA. cuneatus, and in the

meantime several further collections were made: Scottish botanist Robert Browncollected a

specimen on 30 December 1801, during the visit ofHMS InvestigatortoKing George Sound;[9]

and,

fourteen months later,Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour, botanist toNicolas Baudin's voyage of
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own_(botanist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-FloraBase_Brown_1_3258_2-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-FloraBase_Brown_1_3258_2-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-FloraBase_Brown_1_3258_2-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Leschenault_de_La_Tourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Leschenault_de_La_Tourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Leschenault_de_La_Tourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Baudinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Baudinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Baudinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Baudinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Leschenault_de_La_Tourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-FloraBase_Brown_1_3258_2-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975b:_24-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975b:_24-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuytsia_floribundahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anigozanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Richehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Lake_(Western_Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Observatory_Point&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Observatory_Point&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruni_d%27Entrecasteauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Labillardi%C3%A8rehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975b:_139-144-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Margins_.28edge.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_stictushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-hopper80-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-George_1984-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneate_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignotuber


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exploration,[10]

and "gardener's boy"Antoine Guichenot[11]

collected more specimens therein. The

official account of Baudin's expedition contain notes from Leschenault on vegetation:

"Sur les bords de la mer, croissent, en grande abondance, l'adenanthos cuneata, l'adenanthos

sericea au feuillage velout, et une espce du mme genre dont les feuilles sont arrondies."

[12]

("Onthe seashore, grows, in great abundance,Adenanthos cuneata, the softer-leavedAdenanthos

sericea, and a species of the same genus with rounded leaves.")

Labillardire eventually published the genusAdenanthos, along withA. cuneatus and two other

species, in his 1805Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen. He chose the specific name cuneata in

reference to the leaves of this species, which arecuneate(triangular).[5][13]

This name hasfeminine

gender, consistent with the gender assigned by Labillardire to the genus.[14]

He did not designate

which of the three published species was to serve as thetype speciesofAdenanthos, but Irish

botanistE. Charles Nelsonhas since chosenA. cuneatus aslectotypefor the genus, sincetheholotypeofA. cuneatus bears an annotation showing the derivation of the genus name, and

because Labillardire's description of it is the most detailed of the three, and is referred to by the

other descriptions.[15]

Synonymy[edit]

In 1809,Richard Salisbury, writing underJoseph Knight's name in the controversialOn the

cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae, published the

nameAdenanthes[sic]flabellifolia, listingA. cuneata as a synonym.[16]

As notype specimenwas

given, and no specimen annotated by Knight could be found, this was treated as anomenclatural

synonymofA. cuneata and was therefore rejected on theprinciple of priority.[17][18]

Also synonymised with this species isAdenanthos crenata, published byCarl Ludwig Willdenow's

inKurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel's 1825 16th edition ofSystema Vegetabilium. Willdenow

published bothA. cuneata andA. crenata, giving them different descriptions but designating the

same type specimen for both.[19]

ThusA. crenata was rejected under the principle of priority,[17]

and is

now regarded as a nomenclatural synonym ofA. cuneatus.[20]

Infrageneric placement[edit]

In 1870,George Benthampublished the firstinfragenericarrangement ofAdenanthos in Volume 5 of

his landmark "Flora Australiensis". He divided the genus into twosections,

placingA. cuneata inA. sect. Stenolaemabecause its perianth tube is straight and not swollen above

the middle.[21]

This arrangement still stands today, thoughA. sect. Stenolaema is now renamed to

theautonymA. sect.Adenanthos.

Apheneticanalysis of the genus undertaken by Nelson in 1975 yielded results in

whichA. cuneatus was grouped withA. stictus. This pairing was then neighbour to a larger group

that includedA. forrestii,A. eyrei,A. cacomorphus,A. ileticos, and several hybrid and unusual forms

ofA. cuneatus.[22]

Nelson's analysis supported Bentham's sections, and so they were retained when
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975a:_332-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975a:_332-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975a:_332-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Guichenothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Guichenothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Guichenothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Guichenothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Leschenault_1816-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Leschenault_1816-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Leschenault_1816-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novae_Hollandiae_Plantarum_Specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novae_Hollandiae_Plantarum_Specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novae_Hollandiae_Plantarum_Specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneate_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneate_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneate_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_320-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_320-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_320-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_318.2C_320-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_318.2C_320-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_318.2C_320-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salisburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salisburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salisburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Knight_(horticulturist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Knight_(horticulturist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Knight_(horticulturist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_cultivation_of_the_plants_belonging_to_the_natural_order_of_Proteeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_cultivation_of_the_plants_belonging_to_the_natural_order_of_Proteeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_cultivation_of_the_plants_belonging_to_the_natural_order_of_Proteeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_cultivation_of_the_plants_belonging_to_the_natural_order_of_Proteeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Knight_1809-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Knight_1809-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Knight_1809-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatural_synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatural_synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatural_synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatural_synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_(nomenclature)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_(nomenclature)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_387-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_387-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_387-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systema_Vegetabilium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systema_Vegetabilium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systema_Vegetabilium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Willdenow_1825-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#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ipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salisburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_318.2C_320-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_320-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneate_leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novae_Hollandiae_Plantarum_Specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Leschenault_1816-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Guichenothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Guichenothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1975a:_332-10


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Nelson publisheda taxonomic revision of the genusin 1978. He further

subdividedA. sect.Adenanthos into two subsections, withA. cuneata placed

intoA. subsect.Adenanthosfor reasons including the length of its perianth,[23]

but Nelson discarded

his own subsections in his 1995 treatment ofAdenanthos, for theFlora of Australiaseries of

monographs. By this time, theICBNhad issued a ruling that all genera ending in -anthos must be

treated as having masculine gender; thus the specific epithet became cuneatus.[2]

Inflorescence

Red new growth ofA. cuneatus,Torndirrup National Park

The placement ofA. cuneatus inNelson's arrangement ofAdenanthosmay be summarised as

follows:[2]

Adenanthos

A. sect. Eurylaema(4 species)

A. sect. Adenanthos

A. drummondii

A. dobagii

A. apiculatus

A. linearis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_subsect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_subsect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_subsect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_subsect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_subsect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torndirrup_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torndirrup_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torndirrup_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Eurylaemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Eurylaemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Eurylaemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Eurylaemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_drummondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_drummondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobagiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobagiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_linearishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_linearishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torndirrup_flora_November.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenanthos_cuneatus_flower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_linearishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobagiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_drummondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sect._Eurylaemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torndirrup_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_subsect._Adenanthoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%27s_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Adenanthos


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A. pungens(2 subspecies)

A. gracilipes

A. venosus

A. dobsonii

A. glabrescens(2 subspecies)

A. ellipticus

A. cuneatus

A. stictus

A. ileticos

A. forrestii

A. eyrei

A. cacomorphus

A. flavidiflorus

A. argyreus

A. macropodianus

A. terminalis

A. sericeus(2 subspecies)

A. cunninghamii

A. oreophilus

A. cygnorum(2 subspecies)

A. meisneri

A. velutinus

A. filifolius

A. labillardierei

A. acanthophyllus

Hybrids[edit]

Adenanthos cuneatus apparently forms hybrids with otherAdenanthos species quite readily, as

four putative natural hybrids have been reported:

A. cunninghamii(Albany Woollybush), a hybrid betweenA. cuneatus andA. sericeus, was

first collected in 1827, and published asA. cunninghamiiin 1845. Other than some dubious

collections in the 1830s and 1840s, no further sightings are known to have been made until

1973, when Nelson rediscovered it. At the time it was regarded as a distinct species, but by

1995 it was thought to be a hybrid,[2]

and this was confirmed bygenetic analysisin

2002.[24]

In appearance it is very similar toA. sericeus, but its leaf segments are flat rather

than cylindrical.[25]
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ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_sericeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_terminalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_macropodianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_argyreushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenanthos_flavidiflorus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cacomorphushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_eyreihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_forrestiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_ileticoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_stictushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_ellipticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_glabrescenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobsoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenanthos_gracilipes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_pungens


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A single plant discovered by Nelson nearIsraelite Bay, where both putative parents are

found, is regarded as a hybrid betweenA. cuneatus andA. dobsonii. Leaves are mostly

triangular like those ofA. cuneatus, but whereasA. cuneatus leaves are mostly five-lobed,

the putative hybrid usually has three lobes, with the occasional leaf being entire like those

ofA. dobsonii(thoughA. cuneatis itself occasionally bears entire leaves). Leaves of the

putative hybrid lack the thickindumentumofA. cuneatus, being bright green with a sparse

indumentum like that ofA. dobsonii. Flower colour is like that ofA. cuneatus but

thestylelacks an indumentum, likeA. dobsonii.[26]

Two plants found nearTwilight Coveare regarded as hybrids

betweenA. cuneatus andA. forrestii, the only twoAdenanthos species to occur in the area.

One was discovered by Nelson in 1972, the other by Alex Georgein 1974. They are about

5 km apart, and differ somewhat. The leaves are triangular and flat like those

ofA. cuneatus, but the leaves of mature shoots are very long and narrow, and the leaves of

younger shoots are deeply lobed.[27]

In his 1995 revision, Nelson refers to putative hybrids withA. dobsoniiandA. apiculatus,

citing the 1978 paper in which he published putative hybrids

withA. dobsoniiandA. forrestii.[2]

It is unclear whether the reference toA. apiculatus is an

error or a fourth putative hybrid.

Common names[edit]

This species has several common names, some highly localised. Two names allude to its

consumption by horses; bridle bush, a name used east ofEsperance, refers to the fact that

horses favour it asfodder; and sweat bush, used aroundHopetoun, derived from the claim that

horses break out insweatafter consuming young growth. The common name of flame

bush derives from the brilliant red new growth. It is also known as coastal jugflower.[1][3][5]

Nelson

also records the use of the names Templetonia and native temp, but ridicules them as obvious

errors.[28]

Distribution and habitat[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobsoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobsoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobsoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_391-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_391-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_391-26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_forrestiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_forrestiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_forrestiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Georgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Georgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Georgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_392-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_392-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_392-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopetoun,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopetoun,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopetoun,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_2005-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_2005-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_2005-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_2005-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_389-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Wrigley_1991:_61-62-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopetoun,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus?veaction=edit&vesection=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1995:_331-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_apiculatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_392-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Georgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_forrestiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Nelson_1978:_391-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_dobsoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_Bay


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Distribution ofA. cuneatus, shown on a map of Western

Australia'sbiogeographicregions.[29]

The most widely distributedAdenanthos species of the south coast,[30]

A. cuneatus is common

and locally abundant betweenKing George SoundandIsraelite Bay, along the coast and up to

40 km (25 mi) inland, with isolated populations extending west toWalpoleand theStirling

Range, and as far east of Israelite Bay asTwilight Cove.[31]

This species is restricted tosiliceoussandplain soils and will not grow incalcareoussoils such

as thelimestoneplains of theNullarbor, or even siliceous dunes with limestone at little

depth.[32]

This restriction explains the disjunctions east of Israelite Bay: the species occurs only

in those few locations where the existence ofcliff-top dunesof deep siliceous sand provide

suitable habitat.[33]

Provided the soil is siliceous and fairly dry,A. cuneatus tolerates a range

ofedaphicconditions: it grows in bothlateriticsand and sands ofmarineorigin,[34]

and it

toleratespHlevels ranging from 3.8 to 6.6.[35]

Consistent with these edaphic preferences,A. cuneatus is a frequent and characteristic member

of thekwonganheathlandscommonly found on the sandplains ofSouthwest Australia.[31]

The

climate in its range ismediterranean, with annual rainfall from 275 to 1,000 mm (10.8 to 39.4

in).[36]

Ecology[edit]

Colletid bees of the genusLeioproctusvisitAdenanthos cuneatus flowers.[37]

A 1978 field study

conducted aroundAlbanyfound thehoney possum(Tarsipes rostratus) occasionally

visitedAdenanthos cuneatus, while thewestern spinebillmuch preferred the species to other

flowers.[38]

A 1980 field study at Cheyne beach showed that theNew Holland

honeyeaterandwhite-cheeked honeyeaterpollinate it[4]

A 198586 field study in theFitzgerald
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River National Parkfound that the nectar-feeding honey possum occasionally eats

it.[39]

Thesilvereye(Zosterops lateralis) feeds on nectar from the flowers, and has also been

observed taking dew-drops from leaves early in the morning.[40]

Adenanthos cuneatus is known to be susceptible toPhytophthora cinnamomidieback, butreports on the degree of susceptibility vary from low to high .

[41]A study ofBanksia

attenuata woodland 400 km (249 mi) southeast of Perth across 16 years, and following a wave

ofP. cinnamomiinfestation, showed thatA. cuneatus populations were not significantly reduced

in diseased areas.[42]

Phosphite(used to combat dieback) has some toxic effects inA. cuneatus,

with some necrosis of leaf tips, but the shrub uptakes little of the compound when compared

with other shrubs.[43]

Specimens in coastal dune vegetation showed some sensitivity to the

fungusArmillaria luteobubalina, with between a quarter and a half of plants exposed

succumbing to the pathogen.[44]

Cultivation[edit]

'Coral Drift'

Adenanthos cuneatus was taken to Great Britain in 1824, and has been grown in cultivation in

Australia[1]

and the western United States.[45]

Its attractive bronzed or reddish foliage is its main

horticultural feature, along with its ability to attract birds to the garden. It requires a well-drained

position to do well,[1]

but will grow in full sun or semi-shade, and tolerates both sand and gravelly

soils. Western Australian nurserymanGeorge Lullfitzrecommends growing it as a rambling

ground cover in front of other shrubs, or in arockery.[46]

The followingcultivarsexist:

A. "Coral Drift" is a compact form in cultivation since at least the 1990s. It is 5070 cm

(19.727.6 in) tall and 11.5 m (3.34.9 ft) wide. The grey foliage has pinkish purple new

growth.[45]

A. "Coral Carpet" is a prostrate form which peaks at around 20 cm (7.9 in) high and spreads

to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across. The new foliage is a pinkish purple. A chance seedling from 'Coral

Drift', it was originally developed by George Lullfitz of Lullfitz Nursery inWanneroo. It
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i/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-DEH-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-Sargent_1928-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvereyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos_cuneatus#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzgerald_River_National_Park


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became available to the public in 2005, and has been registered successfully under Plant

Breeders' Rights.[45]
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