KELOMPOK II

ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB

ADVERBS

Adverb (kata keterangan/tambahan) adalah kata yang

dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa yang mana

saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti.

a) Adverb menerangkan kata kerja

Contoh: She speaks English fluently. Ia berbicara bahasa Inggris

dengan fasih

b) Adverb menerangkan kata sifat

Contoh: It’s now too hot to play tennis. Sekarang udara terlalu

panas untuk bermain tenis

c) Adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnya

Contoh: She sings very well. Ia menyanyi dengan baik sekali

d) Adverb menerangkan kata depan

Contoh: The cat was sitting almost outside the door.

Kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di luar pintu

Di sini adverb almost menerangkan kata depan outside.

e) Adverb menerangkan kata sambung

Contoh: I want to know precisely how the accident

happened.

Saya ingin mengetahui secara pasti bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadi

Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalimat asertif (yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). Dalam hal ini adverb harus ditempatkan di posisi awal kalimat.

Contoh: Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself. Jelaslah keberhasilan anda terutama tergantung pada anda sendiri

Adverb dibagi kedalam tiga golongan :

Simple adverb

Interrogative adverb

Relative adverb

1) Simple adverb

Kata-kata tambahan ini dapat dibedakan dari satu dengan yang lain menurut artinya :

a) Time (waktu)

Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu)

Contoh: I did this before, and he has done it since.

Saya melakukan hal ini dulu, dan ia telah melakukannya sejak waktu itu

Kata keterangan waktu yang utama ialah: now, then (pada waktu itu), since (sejak waktu itu), before (lebih dahulu), ago (dulu, dahulu), already (sudah), soon (segera),immediately (segera, dengan segera), instantly (dengan segera), presently (segera, sekarang),late (terlambat), lately (akhir-akhir ini), early (pagi-pagi), afterwards (sesudah itu, kemudian), today (hari ini), yesterday (kemarin), tomorrow (besok), dsb.

b) adverbs of place (kata keterangan tempat)

Contoh: You may sit here.

Anda boleh duduk di sini

Kata keterangan tempat yang utama: here, there, hence (dari sini),thence (dari sana), above (di atas), below (di bawah, ke bawah), in (di atau masuk ke tempat, posisi dsb, ada/tidak absen), out (di luar, tidak di rumah), inside (di dalam, ke dalam), outside (di luar, ke luar), hither (ke/menuju tempat ini, di sana, ke sana), within (dalam), without (luar, di luar), far (jauh), near (di atau ke suatu jarak yang dekat, tidak jauh), dsb.

c) Number (bilangan)

Adverbs of number (kata keterangan bilangan)

Contoh: I did it twice.

Saya melakukannya dua kali

Kata keterangan bilangan yang utama: once (satu kali, sekali), twice (dua kali), thrice, again (lagi), firstly (pertama, pertama-tama), secondly (kedua),always (selalu), never (tak pernah), often (sering), seldom (jarang), sometimes (kadang-kadang), dsb.

d) Manner, quality, or state

Kata keterangan cara, sifat atau keadaan.

Contoh: She did her work quickly. Ia mengerjakan pekerjaannya dengan cepat

Termasuk golongan adverb ini: well (dengan baik), ill (jelek, dengan jelek), badly (jelek, kurang senonoh), amiss (salah), fluently (dengan lancar),probably (mungkin), possibly (mungkin), may be (mungkin), perhaps (barangkali), must be (tentu/pasti), thus (demikian), so (begitu, amat), dsb.

e) Quantity, extent or degree (banyaknya, taraf atau tingkat)

Contoh: He is almost a heavyeater. Ia hampir menjadi jago makan

Termasuk adverb golongan ini: very, too (terlalu), quite (sungguh),much, almost, little (sedikit sekali), a little (sedikit), somewhat (agak),rather (agak, cukup), so (begitu dalam arti sampai sedemikian luas/besar),half (setengah), partly (sebagian), wholly = completely = entirely = totally (sama sekali), really (sesungguhnya), actually (sesungguhnya),honestly (secara jujur), truthfully (dengan sebenarnya), dsb.

f) Affirming or denying (menegaskan atau menyangkal)

Contoh: He did not go after all. Akhirnya ia tidak pergi

Termasuk adverb golongan ini: yea (ya, betul), nay (tidak), yes (ya), no (tidak), not (tidak, bukan), by all menas (tentu saja), not at all (sama sekali tidak).

2) Interrogative adverb

Kata-kata tambahan/keterangan yang dipakai untuk mengajukan pertanyaan:

a) Time (waktu)

Interrogative adverb of time (kata keterangan penanya waktu)

Contoh:

When did you come? kapan anda datang?

How long will you stay here? berapa lama anda akan tinggal disini?

b) Place (tempat)

Contoh:

Where do you live? anda tinggal dimana?

Whence have they come? mereka (telah) datang dari mana?

Whither are you going? kemana anda akan pergi?

c) Number (bilangan)

Contoh: How often do you eat?

berapa kali anda makan?

d) Manner, quality, or state (cara, sifat, atau keadaan)

Contoh:

How did you do that?

bagaimana caranya anda melakukan itu?

How are you today?

bagaimana kesehatan anda hari ini?

e) Quantity or degree (banyaknya atau tingkat)

Contoh: How far was that news true? sampai berapa jauh berita itu benar?

f) Cause or reason (sebab atau alasan)

Contoh:

Why did he leave? mengapa ia pergi?

Wherefore did she weep? mengapa ia menangis?

Catatan :

Adverb how kadang-kadang dipakai dalam pengertian seru

Contoh:

How hot it is today! alangkah panasnya hari ini!

How beautiful that view is! alangkah indahnya pemandangan itu!

How much disappointed he will be! ia akan betapa kecewanya!

Early (pagi-pagi)

Long (panjang)

Loud (yang keras suara)

Hard (keras, sukar, susah)

Late (yang terlambat)

Only (satu-satunya, tunggal)

Fast (cepat)

Enough (yang cukup)

Far (yang jauh)

Near (dekat)

Much (banyak)

High (tinggi)

Low (rendah)

Good (baik)

Early (pagi-pagi)

Long (lama)

Loud (demgam keras [suara])

Hard (keras, sukar, susah)

Late (dengan terlambat)

Only (hanya)

Fast (dengan cepat)

Enough (dengan cukup)

Far (jauh)

Near (dekat)

Much (sangat, jauh)

High (tinggi)

Low (rendah)

Well (dengan baik)

Bentuk adverbBeberapa adverb mempunyai bentuk yang sama seperti adjective.

Positif Komparatif Superlatif

Late (terlambat)

Late (terlambat)

Long (lama)

near(dekat)

soon (segera, dgn

cepat)

Later (kemudian)

Later (kemudian)

longer (lebih lama)

nearer (lebih dekat)

sooner(lebih cepat)

Later (kemudian)

Latest (terakhir)

Longest (terlama)

nearest(terdekat)

soonest( paling cepat)

Degrees of Comparison in AdverbBeberapa kata keterangan mempunyai tingkat perbandinghan seperti kata sifat dan ini dibentuk dengan cara yang sama.a) Kalau adverb merupakan sebuah kata yang bersuku kata satu, komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan er dan superlatif dengan menambahkan est.

Positif Komparatif Superlatif

Busily (sibuk)

Slowly (pelan-

pelan)

More busily

(lebih sibuk)

More slowly

(lebih pelan)

Most busily

(paling sibuk)

Most slowly

(paling pelan)

c) Adverb yang berakhiran ly, komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan more dan superlatif dengan menambahkan most :

Positif Komparatif Superlatif

Well (dengan baik)

ill (jelek)

badly (jelek)

forth (selanjutnya)

far (jauh)

much (jauh)

little (sedikit)

Better (lebih baik)

Worse (lebih jelek)

Worse (lebih jelek)

Further (lebih lanjut)

Farther (lebih jauh)

More (lebih jauh)

Less (kurang)

Best (paling baik)

Worst (paling jelek)

Worst (paling jelek)

Furthest (paling jauh)

Farthest (paling jauh)

Most (paling jauh)

Least (paling sedikit)

b) Beberapa adverb membentuk tingkat perbandingan secara tidak teratur.

Pengertian AdjectiveAdjective adalah suatu kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun

yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal (binatang), maupun thing

(benda, konsep abstrak). Kata sifat ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Kata sifat mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa

— adjective phrase. Frasa ini merupakan kombinasi dari adjective (sebagai head)

dan modifier, determiner, dan/atau qualifier/intensifier (very

dark chocolate, young married couple). Selain itu, mungkin dua kata

sifat bergabung membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective (part-

time jobs, oil-free lotion).

macam – macam adjective. Ada tiga macam adjective yaitu descriptive,

limiting, dan proper adjective.

Descriptive adjective menjelaskan kualitas atau keadaan dari noun atau

pronoun yang dijelaskan.

Contoh : handsome boy (‘handsome’ menjelaskan kualitas dari anak laki-laki

yang tampan), stunning person, etc.

Limiting adjective (membatasi). Ada beberapa macam yaitu :

Demonstrative adjective, menunjukkan atau mengkhususkan noun atau

pronoun yang dijelaskannya. Demontrative adjective antara lain : this, that,

these dan those. Contoh : this table (this menunjukkan secara khusus noun

‘table’ (meja yang mana ? meja yang ini)).

Indefinite adjective, menunjukkan secara lebih luas noun atau pronoun

yang dijelaskan. Contoh : some advices, any person, all women, most …

etc.

Numerical adjective, menunjukkan suatu bilangan ketika menjelaskan

noun atau pronoun. Bilangan ini bisa berupa cardinal number (bilangan

pokok) bisa juga ordinal number (bilangan urut). Contoh : the sixth

princess (Putri raja yang keberapa ? Putri raja yang keenam), six tables,

etc.

Interrogative adjective, mengajukan pertanyaan ketika menjelaskan noun

atau pronoun.

Contoh : What time is it ?, whose pen is on the table ? (‘time’ dan ‘pen’

merupakan noun)

Possessive adjective, menyatakan kepunyaan ketika menjelaskan noun atau

pronoun.

Contoh : my book (buku milik siapa ? buku milikku), its leather, etc.

Proper adjective, menjelaskan noun atau pronoun

dimana modifier (penjelasnya) berasal dari proper

name.

Contoh : Chinese cuisine, Indonesian culture, French

restaurant, etc.

(Masakan apa ? masakan Cina. 'Chinese, Indonesian,

French' merupakan proper name)

chomp!

chomp!

ANSWER MY

QUESTIONS

Adjectives and Adverbs

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

An adjective and/or adverb item

on an objective test might look

like this ...

Quick Test

Directions: In the items that follow, choose

the option that corrects an error in the

underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose

“No change is necessary.”

Blow us away with what you

know.

Item 1

Farzana did poor on her algebra quiz. She

couldn’t concentrate well because her tablemate

was chomping noisily on a piece of gum.

A. poorly

B. good

C. noisy

D. No change is necessary.

Farzana did poor on her algebra quiz. She

A

couldn’t concentrate well because her tablemate

B

was chomping noisily on a piece of gum.

C

A. poorly

B. good

C. noisy

D. No change is necessary.

Farzana did poorly on her algebra quiz. She

A

couldn’t concentrate well because her tablemate

B

was chomping noisily on a piece of gum.

C

A. poorly

B. good

C. noisy

D. No change is necessary.

Item 2

Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is still very

happy with his A.

A. real

B. so

C. well

D. No change is necessary.

Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is still very

happy with his A.

A. real

B. so

C. well

D. No change is necessary.

Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is still very

happy with his A.

A. real

B. so

C. well

D. No change is necessary.

Item 3

The excruciating long school day put Wanda in

a bad mood. She was very tired and just

wanted to go home to relax.

A. excruciatingly

B. worser

C. real

D. No change is necessary.

The excruciating long school day put Wanda in

A

a bad mood. She was very tired and just

B C

wanted to go home to relax.

A. excruciatingly

B. worser

C. real

D. No change is necessary.

The excruciatingly long school day put Wanda in

A

a bad mood. She was very tired and just

B C

wanted to go home to relax.

A. excruciatingly

B. worser

C. real

D. No change is necessary.

Item 4

The horrifying news that Professor Anderson

was assigning another 10-page paper made his

students complain bitter about his very hard

requirements.

A. horrifyingly

B. bitterly

C. real demanding

D. No change is necessary.

The horrifying news that Professor Anderson

A

was assigning another 10-page paper made his

students complain bitter about his very hard

B C

requirements.

A. horrifyingly

B. bitterly

C. real demanding

D. No change is necessary.

The horrifying news that Professor Anderson

A

was assigning another 10-page paper made his

students complain bitterly about his very hard

B C

requirements.

A. horrifyingly

B. bitterly

C. real demanding

D. No change is necessary.

Item 5

The duck quacked loud, hoping that we would throw it some

of our French fries.

A. loudest

B. real loud

C. loudly

D. No change is necessary.

The duck quacked loud, hoping that we would throw it

some of our French fries.

A. loudest

B. real loud

C. loudly

D. No change is necessary.

The duck quacked loud, hoping that we would throw it

some of our French fries.

A. loudest

B. real loud

C. loudly

D. No change is necessary.

Item 6

Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica and finish

typing his report real quick.

A. very quick

B. real quickly

C. right now

D. No change is necessary.

Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica and finish

typing his report real quick.

A. very quick

B. real quickly

C. right now

D. No change is necessary.

Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica and finish

typing his report real quick.

A. very quick

B. real quickly

C. right now

D. No change is necessary.

Item 7

We roasted in the very hot sun, sweat pouring

profuse off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea and

lemonade plagued us mercilessly.

A. real hot

B. profusely

C. merciless

D. No change is necessary.

We roasted in the very hot sun, sweat pouring

A

profuse off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea and

B

lemonade plagued us mercilessly.

C

A. real hot

B. profusely

C. merciless

D. No change is necessary.

We roasted in the very hot sun, sweat pouring

A

profusely off our skin. Thoughts of iced tea and

B

lemonade plagued us mercilessly.

C

A. real hot

B. profusely

C. merciless

D. No change is necessary.

Item 8

We moved into the new apartment real easy.

Rebecca shamelessly flirted with some strong

neighbors who were happy to help with the

heavy boxes.

A. easily

B. shameless

C. happily

D. No change is necessary.

We moved into the new apartment real easy.

A

Rebecca shamelessly flirted with some strong

B

neighbors who were happy to help with the

C

heavy boxes.

A. easily

B. shameless

C. happily

D. No change is necessary.

We moved into the new apartment easily.

A

Rebecca shamelessly flirted with some strong

B

neighbors who were happy to help with the

C

heavy boxes.

A. easily

B. shameless

C. happily

D. No change is necessary.

Item 9

Alex did good during his speeches, addressing

his classmates with confidence and poise. But he

did poorly for the semester because he never

submitted homework punctually.

A. well

B. poor

C. punctual

D. No change is necessary.

Alex did good during his speeches, addressing

A

his classmates with confidence and poise. But he

did poorly for the semester because he never

B

submitted homework punctually.

C

A. well

B. poor

C. punctual

D. No change is necessary.

Alex did well during his speeches, addressing

A

his classmates with confidence and poise. But he

did poorly for the semester because he never

B

submitted homework punctually.

C

A. well

B. poor

C. punctual

D. No change is necessary.

Item 10

The incessant loud barks of her neighbor’s dogs

kept Diane from getting a good night’s sleep. She

did not feel well rested the next day.

A. incessantly

B. well

C. good

D. No change is necessary.

The incessant loud barks of her neighbor’s dogs

A

kept Diane from getting a good night’s sleep. She

B

did not feel well rested the next day.

C

A. incessantly

B. well

C. good

D. No change is necessary.

The incessantly loud barks of her neighbor’s dogs

A

kept Diane from getting a good night’s sleep. She

B

did not feel well rested the next day.

C

A. incessantly

B. well

C. good

D. No change is necessary.

DANGLING AND

MISPLACED

MODIFIERS

DANGLING MODIFIERS

A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that is not

clearly and logically related to the word or words it modifies (i.e. is placed next to).

Two notes about dangling modifiers:

•Unlike a misplaced modifier, a dangling modifier cannot

be corrected by simply moving it to a different place in a sentence.

•In most cases, the dangling modifier appears at the

beginning of the sentence, although it can also come at

the end.

Sometimes the dangling modifier error occurs because

the sentence fails to specify anything to which the modifier can refer.

Example 1

This sentence does not specify who is looking toward the west. In fact, there is nothing at all

in the sentence to which the modifying phrase

looking toward the west can logically refer. Since the modifier, looking toward the west, is

sitting next to the funnel shaped cloud, the

sentence suggests that the cloud is doing the

looking.

Example 2

This sentence means that my mother enrolled in medical when

she was nine years old!

At other times the dangling modifier is placed next to the wrong

noun or noun substitute.

Misplaced Modifiers

A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is

improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.

Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound

awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Furthermore, they can be

downright illogical.

Example

The example above suggests that a gold man owns a watch.

Misplaced modifiers can usually be corrected by moving the

modifier to a more sensible place in the sentence, generally next

to the word it modifies. Example

Now it is the watch that is gold.

Misplaced Modifiers

A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is

improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.

Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound

awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Furthermore, they can be

downright illogical.

Example

The example above suggests that a gold man owns a watch.