Admin Aayush Mid Sem

7/26/2019 Admin Aayush Mid Sem

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ADMINISTRATIVE LAW RESEARCH PAPER

PERSONAL BIAS AS A PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

SUBMITTED BY - SUBMITTED TO -

Aayush Ojha Mrs. Priya Vijay,

Semester VI, Seti!" #, Assista"t Pr!$ess!r,

R!%% N!. &'(. A)mi"istrati*e La+

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF STUDY AND RESEARCH IN LAW, RANCHI 2016


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic P!" #$%&"'

I"tr!)uti!"......&

Ojeti*e.

Si/"i$ia"e.

S!0e !$ the Stu)y.

Researh Meth!)!%!/y

Literature Re*ie+ 1

#!)y !$ the Pr!jet2-3&

C!"%usi!" 4 Su//esti!"s3

#i%i!/ra0hy..31


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INTRODUCTION

#ias, i" /e"era% terms is a" i"%i"ati!" t! 0rese"t !r h!%) a 0artia% 0ers0eti*e at the e50e"se !$

60!ssi%y e7ua%%y *a%i)8 a%ter"ati*es. A"ythi"/ iase) /e"era%%y is !"e-si)e), a") there$!re %a9s

a "eutra% 0!i"t !$ *ie+. A"!ther mea"i"/ /i*e" is :a"ythi"/ +hih te")s !r may e re/ar)e) as

te")i"/ t! ause suh a 0ers!" t! )ei)e a ase !ther+ise !" e*i)e"e must e he%) t! e iase).

Nemo in propria causa judex, esse debet, i.e.; "! !"e sh!u%) e ma)e a ju)/e i" his !+" ause.

It is 0!0u%ar%y 9"!+" as the ru%e a/ai"st ias. It is the mi"ima% re7uireme"t !$ the "atura% justie

that the auth!rity /i*i"/ )eisi!" must e !m0!se) !$ im0artia% 0ers!"s ati"/ $air%y, +ith!ut

0reju)ie a") ias. #ias mea"s a" !0erati*e 0reju)ie, +hether !"si!us !r u"!"si!us, as

resu%t !$ s!me 0re!"ei*e) !0i"i!" !r 0re)is0!siti!", i" re%ati!" t! a 0arty !r a" issue.

Diti!"ary mea"i"/ !$ the term ias su//ests a"ythi"/ +hih te")s a 0ers!" t! )ei)e a ase

!ther tha" !" the asis !$ e*i)e"es. #ias, i" /e"era% terms is a" i"%i"ati!" t! 0rese"t !r h!%) a

0artia% 0ers0eti*e at the e50e"se !$ 60!ssi%y e7ua%%y *a%i)8 a%ter"ati*es. A"ythi"/ iase)

/e"era%%y is !"e-si)e), a") there$!re %a9s a "eutra% 0!i"t !$ *ie+. A"!ther mea"i"/ /i*e" is

:a"ythi"/ +hih te")s !r may e re/ar)e) as te")i"/ t! ause suh a 0ers!" t! )ei)e a ase

!ther+ise !" e*i)e"e must e he%) t! e iase)

The ru%e a/ai"st ias stri9es a/ai"st th!se $at!rs +hih may im0r!0er%y i"$%ue"e a ju)/e

a/ai"st arri*i"/ at a )eisi!" i" a 0artiu%ar ase. This ru%e is ase) !" the 0remises that it is

a/ai"st the huma" 0syh!%!/y t! )ei)e a ase a/ai"st his !+" i"terest. The asi !jeti*e !$

this ru%e is t! e"sure 0u%i !"$i)e"e i" the im0artia%ity !$ the a)mi"istrati*e a)ju)iat!ry

0r!ess, $!r as 0er L!r) He+art C?@ 3 # ?1(


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#ias ma"i$ests itse%$ *ari!us%y a") a$$ets a )eisi!" i" a *ariety !$ +ays. It a" r!a)%y e

%assi$ie) i"t! si5 ate/!riesB

I. Pers!"a% #ias

II. Peu"iary #iasIII. Sujet Matter #ias

IV. De0artme"ta% #ias

V. Pre!"ei*e) N!ti!" #iasVI. #ias O" A!u"t O$ Osti"ay.

OB(ECTIVES


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T! a"a%yse 0ers!"a% ias as a 0ri"i0%e !$ "atura% justie, +ith s0eia% re$ere"e t! the tests use)

t! esta%ish it. The researher aims t! arri*e u0!" a" e5hausti*e )e$i"iti!" !$ 0ers!"a% ias"ess as

/i*e" y *ari!us !urts !th i" I")ia a") ar!u") the +!r%) y the ai) !$ ase %a+s a") t! +ei/h

0ers!"a% ias +ith res0et t! a)mi"istrati*e )isreti!" a") arri*e u0!" a a%a"e et+ee" the

t+!.

SI)NIFICANCE * BENEFIT OF THE STUDY

O"e !$ the t+! asi te"a"ts !$ "atura% justie is that "! 0ers!" sh!u%) e a ju)/e i" his !+"

matter, %ear%y sh!+i"/ that t! u0h!%) "atura% justie Pers!"a% ias !r ias i" a"y !ther $!rm has

t! e e%imi"ate). The researh aims at esta%ishi"/ a !"rete )e$i"iti!" !$ Pers!"a% #ias. Suh a

stu)y +!u%) sure%y im0art etter u")ersta")i"/ !$ the sujet !th $!r the researher a") the

rea)er.

SCOPE AND LIMIATION OF THE STUDY

The researh 0a0er mai"%y $!uses !" the Pers!"a% #ias as a $eature !$ Natura%


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It arises !ut !$ the 0ers!"a% !r 0r!$essi!"a% re%ati!"shi0 !$ $rie")shi0 !r h!sti%ity et+ee" the

auth!rity a") the 0arties. Its the huma" "ature that +e try t! /i*e $a*!ra%e )eisi!" t! !ur

$rie")s !r re%ati*es, +hereas use the same as a +ea0!" a/ai"st the e"emies.

A0e5 !urts )eisi!" i"Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. *. State of Bihar2

, ser*es as a

/!!) i%%ustrati!" !" the 0!i"t. Here, the 0etiti!"ers +ere /ra"te) a mi"i"/ %ease $!r >> years i"

3>2. #ut i" 3>11, /!*er"me"t 7uashe) the %ie"se. The 0etiti!"ers r!u/ht a" ati!" a/ai"st the

mi"ister 0assi"/ this !r)er !" the eha%$ !$ /!*er"me"t, !" the /r!u") that, the 0etiti!"er i"

3>1? !00!se) the mi"ister i" e"era% e%eti!". There$!re, !" the a!u"t !$ 0!%itia% ri*a%ry, the

mi"ister 0asse) suh a" !r)er, a") he"e the !r)er +as su$$ere) $r!m 0ers!"a% ias. Su0reme

C!urt $!u") the a%%e/ati!" t! e true a") thus 7uashe) the sai) !r)er.

Simi%ar%y i"Baidyanath Mohapatra*. State of Orissa,the Su0reme C!urt 7uashe) the !r)er !$

the triu"a% !"$irmi"/ 0remature retireme"t !" the /r!u") that the hairma" !$ the triu"a% +as

a%s! a memer !$ the re*ie+ !mmittee +hih ha) re!mme")e) 0remature retireme"t.

I" Cottle*. Cottle!3>&>, the hairma" !$ the e"h +as a $rie") !$ the +i$es $ami%y +h! ha)

i"stitute) matrim!"ia% 0r!ee)i"/s a/ai"st her husa"). The +i$e ha) t!%) the husa") that the

hairma" +!u%) )ei)e the ase i" her $a*!ur. The )i*isi!"a% !urt !r)ere) reheari"/. It %ater

tur"e) !ut that the hairma" +as a $rie") !$ the +i$es $ami%y.

I"Mane"lal*.#remchand$, a !m0%ai"t +as $i%e) a/ai"st Ma"e9%a%, a" a)*!ate, y Premha")

$!r 0r!$essi!"a% mis!")ut. A !mmittee +as !"stitute) y the #ar !u"i% t! e"7uire i"t! the

a%%e/ati!". The hairma" !$ the !mmittee +h! +as a se"i!r %a+yer ha) ma"y years a/!

a00eare) !" eha%$ !$ Premha") i" a ase. Ma"e9%a% !"te")e) that there +as a *i!%ati!" !$

"atura% justie eause there +as 0ast $rie")shi0 et+ee" the hairma" a") Premha"). The

23>(' AIR (

33>> AIR ??3

4 129 W. Va. 344 (W. Va. 1946)

5AIR 3>>1 S.C ?1


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Su0reme C!urt a/ree) that there +as "! rea% %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias i" this ase, ut sti%% )is7ua%i$ie)

the Chairma" eause Ma"e9%a% ha) )e*e%!0e) a reas!"a%e sus0ii!" !" him.

I" the %ea)i"/ ase !$%&'& 'raipa"*. (nion of )ndia*, !"e N +as a a")i)ate $!r se%eti!" t! the

I")ia" F!rei/" ser*ie a") +as a%s! a memer !$ the Se%eti!" #!ar). N )i) "!t sit i" the !ar)

+he" his !+" "ame +as !"si)ere). Name !$ N +as re!mme")e) y the !ar) a") he +as

se%ete) y the Pu%i ser*ie !mmissi!". The a")i)ates +h! +ere "!t se%ete) $i%e) a +rit

0etiti!" $!r 7uashi"/ the se%eti!" !$ N !" the /r!u") that the 0ri"i0%es !$ "atura% justie +ere

*i!%ate).

Guashi"/ the se%eti!", the !urt !ser*e)B It is a/ai"st a%% a"!"s !$ justie t! ma9e a ma"

ju)/e i" his !+" ause. It is true that he )i) "!t 0artii0ate i" the )e%ierati!"s !$ the !mmittee

+he" his "ame +as !"si)ere). #ut the" the *ery $at that he +as a memer !$ the se%eti!"

!ar) must ha*e ha) its !+" im0at !" the se%eti!" !ar). Further a)mitte)%y he 0artii0ate) i"

the )e%ierati!"s !$ the !ar) +he" the %aims !$ his ri*a%s 0artiu%ar%y that !$ !"e Mr #asu +as

!"si)ere). He +as a%s! a 0arty t! the 0re0arati!" !$ the %ist !$ se%ete) a")i)ates i" !r)er !$

0re$ere"e. At e*ery sta/e !$ his 0artii0ati!" i" the )e%ierati!"s !$ the se%eti!" !ar) there

+as a !"$%it et+ee" his i"terest a") )uty. ")er th!se irumsta"es it is )i$$iu%t t! eha*e

that he !u%) ha*e ee" im0artia%. The rea% 7uesti!" is "!t +hether he +as iase) !r "!t. It is

)i$$iu%t t!m 0r!*e the state !$ mi") !$ a 0ers!". There$!re +hat +e ha*e t! see is +hether there

is a reas!"a%e /r!u") $!r e%ie*i"/ that he +as %i9e%y t! ha*e ee" iase). This ase is a

%a")mar9 i" the )e*e%!0me"t !$ a)mi"istrati*e %a+ a") it has !"triute) i" a %ar/e measure !$

stre"/the"i"/ !$ the ru%e !$ %a+ i" this !u"try.

6 AIR3>2'SC31'


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P'i#cip+" o P"'o#+ Bi#"

The tra)iti!"a% E"/%ish %a+ re!/"ises t+! 0ri"i0%es !$ "atura% justie:

A8 Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa B N! ma" sha%% e a ju)/e i" his !+" ause, !r "!

ma" a" at as !th at the !"e a") the same time J a 0arty !r a suit!r a") a%s! a ju)/e, !r the

)ei)i"/ auth!rity must e im0artia% a") +ith!ut ias; a")

#8%udi alteram partemB Hear the !ther si)e, !r !th the si)es must e hear), !r "! ma" sh!u%)

e !")em"e) u"hear), !r that there must e $air"ess !" the 0art !$ the )ei)i"/ auth!rity.

The $irst re7uireme"t !$ "atura% justie is that the ju)/e sh!u%) e im0artia% a") "eutra% a") must

e $ree $r!m ias. He is su00!se) t! e i")i$$ere"t t! 0arties t! the !"tr!*ersy. He a""!t at as

ju)/e !$ a ause i" +hih he himse%$ has s!me i"terest either 0eu"iary !r !ther+ise as it a$$!r)s

the str!"/est 0r!!$ a/ai"st "eutra%ity. He must e i" a 0!siti!" t! at ju)iia%%y a") t! )ei)e the

matter !jeti*e%y. A ju)/e must e !$ ster"er stu$$. His me"ta% e7ui0!ise must a%+ays remai"

$irm a") u")e$e%ete). He sh!u%) "!t a%%!+ his 0ers!"a% 0reju)ie t! /! a/ai"st his )eisi!"

ma9i"/. He must thi"9 )is0assi!"ate%y a") sumer/e 0ri*ate $ee%i"/ !" e*ery as0et !$ a ase.

I$ the


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must e im0artia% a") must )ei)e the ase !jeti*e%y !" the asis !$ e*i)e"e !" re!r). It is a

$u")ame"ta% 0ri"i0%e !$te" e50resse) i" ma5im nemo in propria causa judex, esse debet. I"

ase"e !$ statut!ry auth!rity, !"se"sua% a/reeme"t !r the !0erati!" !$ "eessity, "! ma" a" e

a ju)/e i" his !+" ause. He"e, a 0ers!" ha*i"/ a )iret i"terest i" the sujet matter !$ a"

e"7uiry e$!re a triu"a%, i$ ta9es 0art i" a)ju)iati!" u0!" it, the triu"a% is im0r!0er%y

!"stitute) a") the !urt +i%% /ra"t a" !r)er !$ 0r!hiiti!" t! 0re*e"t it $r!m a)ju)iati"/ !r a"

!r)er !$ erti!rari t! 7uash a )etermi"ati!" arri*e) at y it !r !r)er !$ i"ju"ti!" !r !$

)e%arati!" as may e a00r!0riateK A A%% 32


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h!+e*er )! "!t sta") !" the same $!!ti"/. Here the test is +hether there is a rea% %i9e%ih!!) !$

ias i" the ju)/e.Rea% %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias mea"s at %east susta"tia% 0!ssii%ity !$ ias. F!r a ju)/eme"t t! e ias-

$ree the !urt +i%% ha*e t! ju)/e the matter as a reas!"a%e ma" +!u%) ju)/e !$ a"y matter i" the

!")ut !$ his !+" usi"ess. I" +!r)s !$ L!r) He+art, the a"s+er t! the 7uesti!" +hether there

+as a rea% %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias :)e0e")s "!t u0!" +hat atua%%y +as )!"e ut u0!" +hat mi/ht

a00ear t! e )!"e. N!thi"/ is t! e )!"e +hih reates e*e" a sus0ii!" that there has ee" a"

im0r!0er i"ter$ere"e +ith the !urse !$ justie. I" I")ia, the rea% %i9e%ih!!) test is a00%ie) y the

Su0reme C!urt i"%&'& 'raipa" case, the !urt !ser*e)BThe Rea% 7uesti!" is "!t +hether he +as iase). It is the )i$$iu%t t! 0r!*e that state !$ mi") !$

a 0ers!". There$!re, +hat +e ha*e t! see is +hether there is reas!"a%e /r!u") $!r e%ie*i"/ that

he +as %i9e%y t! ha*e ee" iase). a mere sus0ii!" !$ ias is "!t su$$iie"t. There must e area% !r reas!"a%e %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias. I" %sho" 'umar .adav *. State of /aryana0,the !urt

thr!u/h #ha/+ati C.< has *ery sui"t%y s0e%%e) !ut the test !$ reas!"a%e %i9e%ih!!). He

!ser*e)B

It is !"e !$ the $u")ame"ta% 0ri"i0%es !$ juris0ru)e"e that "! ma" a" e a ju)/e i" his !+"

ause a") that i$ there is a reas!"a%e %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias it is :i" a!r)a"e +ith "atura% justie

a") !mm!" se"se that the justie %i9e%y t! e s! iase) sh!u%) e i"a0aitate) $r!m sitti"/.

The 7uesti!" is "!t +hether the ju)/e is atua%%y iase) !r i" $at )ei)es 0artia%%y, ut +hether

there is a rea% %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias. What is !jeti!"a%e i" suh a ase is "!t that the )eisi!" is

atua%%y tai"te) +ith ias ut that the irumsta"es are suh as t! reate a reas!"a%e

a00rehe"si!" i" the mi") !$ !thers that there is a %i9e%ih!!) !$ ias a$$eti"/ the )eisi!". The

asi 0ri"i0%e u")er%yi"/ this ru%e is that justie must "!t !"%y e )!"e ut must a%s! a00ear t!

e )!"e a") this ru%e has reei*e) +i)e re!/"iti!" i" se*era% )eisi!"s !$ this C!urt. It is a%s!

im0!rta"t t! "!te that this ru%e is "!t !"$i"e) t! ases +here ju)iia% 0!+er stricto sensu is

e5erise). It is a00r!0riate%y e5te")e) t! a%% ases +here a" i")e0e")e"t mi") has t! e a00%ie)

t! arri*e at a $air a") just )eisi!" et+ee" the ri*a% %aims !$ 0arties.

83>2 AIR 1


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3. D!tri"e !$ "eessityB Where ias is a00are"t ut the same 0ers!" +h! is %i9e%y t! e

iase) has t! )ei)e, eause !$ the statut!ry re7uireme"t !r the e5%usi*e"ess !$ a

!m0ete"t auth!rity t! )ei)e, the !urts a%%!+ suh 0ers!" t! )ei)e. I" %sho" 'umar

.adav *. State of /aryana44, the !urt he%) that a memer !$ the 0u%i ser*ie

!mmissi!" !u%) "!t e"tire%y )isass!iate himse%$ $r!m the 0r!ess !$ se%eti!" just

eause a $e+ a")i)ates +ere re%ate) t! him. He sh!u%) )isass!iate himse%$ $r!m the

se%eti!" !$ the 0ers!"s re%ate) t! him ut "ee) "!t )isass!iate $r!m the se%eti!" !$

!ther a")i)ates. Th!u/h his ei"/ !" the se%eti!" !mmittee !u%) reate a %i9e%ih!!)

!$ ias i" $a*!ur !$ his re%ati!"s yet, si"e the Pu%i ser*ie !mmissi!" is a

!"stituti!"a% auth!rity, suh a memer a"t e e"tire%y e5%u)e) $r!m its +!r9. I" the

ase !$ )nstitute of Chartered %ccountants*.D&L& 6atna42, the !urt !"%u)e) that the

0resi)e"t a") the *ie 0resi)e"t !$ the i"stitute "ee) "!t e re7uire) t! sit !" a

)isi0%i"ary !mmittee as +e%% as the /!*er"i"/ !u"i%. The !urt there$!re as9e) the

/!*er"me"t t! /et the %a+ ame")e) s! that they +ere "!t !%i/e) t! sit !" !th the

!)ies. Here, the )!tri"e !$ "eessity !u%) ha*e ee" i"*!9e) t! sa*e the i"$irmity

ause) y ias. I" !r)er t! suess$u%%y i"*!9e the )!tri"e !$ "eessity, it is esse"tia% t!

sh!+ that )es0ite the ias, the 0ers!" !jete) t! has t! )ei)e that matter eause "! !"e

e%se !u%) )ei)e it,

O"e suh ase +asMary 7eresa Dias *.%ctin3 Chief ustice4, a !mmittee !$ t+e%*e

ju)/es !$ the Hi/h !urt !$ era%a 0artii0ate) i" a meeti"/ t! se%et a")i)ates $!r

a00!i"tme"t as )istrit ju)/es. A $ema%e a")i)ate, +h! +as "!t se%ete), im0u/"e) the

*a%i)ity !$ the se%eti!"s i" a +rit 0etiti!" e$!re the era%a Hi/h C!urt. The matter ame

u0 e$!re a e"h !"sisti"/ !$ & ju)/es +h! +ere am!"/ th!se t+e%*e +h! ha) ee" !"

the !mmittee $!r se%eti!". The 0etiti!"er !"te")e) that the ju)/es +h! ha)

0artii0ate) i" the se%eti!" !u/ht "!t t! sit !" the e"h t! hear the +rit 0etiti!" a/ai"st

the *ery se%eti!". The era%a Hi/h C!urt rejete) this !"te"ti!" !" *ari!us /r!u")s.

113>2 AIR 1

12 3>2 AIR 23

13AIR 3>1 er ?1


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a8 The se%eti!" ma)e y the !mmittee +as a" a)mi"istrati*e $u"ti!" !$ the Hi/h C!urt,

a") the ju)/es ha) 0artii0ate) i" it a") ta9e" a )eisi!", +hih +as i"stituti!"a% a") "!t

0ers!"a%.

8 The Hi/h C!urt !u%) "!t e sai) t! ha*e 0reju)ie) just eause they ha) "!t se%ete) a

0artiu%ar a")i)ate.8 Whe" the Hi/h !urt re!mme")e) the se%eti!" !$ a")i)ates $!r ju)iia% 0!sts a") it

+as ha%%e"/e), it +as !u") t! !"si)er the *a%i)ity !$ suh se%eti!" as ei"/

"eessary.

I" 7&N& Seshan*. (nion of )ndia4!the Chie$ >18 SCC (33


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CONCLUSION, SU))ESTIONS AND CRITICISMS

E*ery 9i") !$ 0re$ere"e is "!t su$$iie"t t! *itiate a" a)mi"istrati*e ati!". I$ the 0re$ere"e is

rati!"a% a") u"a!m0a"ie) y !"si)erati!" !$ rati!"a% i"terest, 0eu"iary !r !ther+ise, it

+!u%) "!t *itiate the )eisi!". Simi%ar%y, there must e a rea% %i9e%ih!!) a") "!t a mere sus0ii!"

!$ ias, e$!re the 0r!ee)i"/s a" e 7uashe) !" the /r!u") !$ ias. This a00rehe"si!" must e

ju)/e) $r!m a hea%thy, reas!"a%e a") a*era/e 0!i"t !$ *ie+ a") "!t a mere a00rehe"si!" a") a

*a/ue sus0ii!" !$ +himsia% a0rii!us a") u"reas!"a%e 0e!0%e. The 0r!0er a00r!ah $!r !urt

i" suh ases is "!t t! %!!9 i"t! !"es !+" mi") a") as9 am I iase)K #ut i"stea) %!!9 i"t! the

mi") !$ the 0arty e$!re it. The !urt must %!!9 at the im0ressi!" +hih +!u%) e /i*e" t! the

!ther 0arty. There$!re the test is "!t +hat atua%%y ha00e"e) ut the susta"tia% 0!ssii%ity !$ that

+hih a00eare) t! ha*e ha00e"e) .As the justie is r!!te) i" the mi")s !$ the 0e!0%e a") it is

)estr!ye) a") it is )estr!ye) +he" the ri/ht mi")e) 0e!0%e /! a+ay thi"9i"/ that the ju)/e is

iase).


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M.P.

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Admin Aayush Mid Sem