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Di r ecci ó n:Di r ecci ó n: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293
Co nta cto :Co nta cto : [email protected]
Tesis Doctoral
Adsorción de fluidos sobre sustratosAdsorción de fluidos sobre sustratossólidos, estudiada en el marco desólidos, estudiada en el marco de
funcionales de la densidadfuncionales de la densidad
Sartarelli, Salvador Andres
2012
Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la BibliotecaCentral Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe seracompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente.
This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis FedericoLeloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the correspondingcitation acknowledging the source.
Cita tipo APA:
Sartarelli, Salvador Andres. (2012). Adsorción de fluidos sobre sustratos sólidos, estudiada enel marco de funcionales de la densidad. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidadde Buenos Aires.
Cita tipo Chicago:
Sartarelli, Salvador Andres. "Adsorción de fluidos sobre sustratos sólidos, estudiada en elmarco de funcionales de la densidad". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidadde Buenos Aires. 2012.
❯❱ ❯
t ♥s ①ts ② trs
♣rt♠♥t♦ ís
s♦ró♥ ♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s
st ♥ ♠r♦ ♥♦♥s ♥s
ss ♣rs♥t ♣r ♦♣tr ♣♦r tít♦ ♦t♦r
❯♥rs ♥♦s rs ♥ ♥s íss
♦r ♥rs rtr
rt♦r ss r s③ ③②s③
♦♥sr♦ st♦s r rt♥ ③ ③
r r♦
♥tr♦ tó♠♦ ♦♥stt②♥ts ♦♠só♥ ♦♥ ♥rí tó♠ ♥♦s rs
❯♥rs ♦♥ ♥r r♠♥t♦ ♥♦s rs
♥♦s rs
s♦ró♥ ♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦sst ♥ ♠r♦ ♥♦♥s ♥s
s♠♥
s♦ró♥ ss ♥♦s ás♦s r ② ❳ s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s ♠ts ♥♦s s ②
② ♥♦s ♦tr♦s ♦♠♣st♦s s ♥st ♥ ♠r♦ ♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s st♠♦s t♥t♦
s♦ró♥ s♦r ♥ s♦ ♣r ♣♥ ♦♠♦ ♥♦ r♥rs ♣♥s s♠étrs ♥ ♣r♠r r ♣r♦♣♦♥♠♦s
♥ ♦r♠ ♣r ♥tró♥ ♣rs ♦ q ♣ t③rs ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs T ♥tr
♣♥t♦ tr♣ ② rít♦ Tt ≤ T ≤ Tc ❱r♠♦s q ♣ró♥ ♣r t♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs
íq♦♣♦r r ② ❳ s ♦rrt ♠♦s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ② ♣rs ♥s
♥③♠♦s í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ② tr♠♥♠♦s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ Tw ② ríts ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw ♥
♥♦ r♥rs s♠étrs ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ♦ rts ♦♥♦♥s ♦s st♦s ♥♠♥ts t♥♥ ♣rs
♥s q ♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ r♦ ♣♦r s ♣rs ② ♥ ♦rró♥ ♥tr ♣ró♥
st♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦s ② ①st♥ í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ s♦♠♦s ♦s sst♠s ♣♥♦ s stísts
♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦s ♥s♠s ♥ó♥♦ sst♠ rr♦ ② r♥ ♥ó♥♦ sst♠ rt♦ ♦str♠♦s q
♣r sst♠s rt♦s t♠é♥ s ♦t♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♦s ♦s t♠s stá♥ st♦s ♥ t
Prs s s♦ró♥ ♦s r♠♥t♦ ♣ís ♥trss ② ♥ó♠♥♦s ♠♦♦ ♣tr s♣ó♥
t♥ s♠trí
s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦ s ♦♥ s♦ sstrts st ♥t r♠ ♦ t ♥st② ♥t♦♥s
strt
s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦ ♥♦ ss ss r ② ❳ ♦♥ s♦ sstrts ♦ ♠ts ♥ ♦tr ♦♠♣♦sts r
♥②③ ♥ t r♠ ♦ t ♥st② ♥t♦♥ ♦r② ❲ ♥stt ♦t t s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦♥ s♥ ♥
t ♥ ♦ s②♠♠tr ♣♦r sts ♥ rst st♣ ♣r♦♣♦s ♥ ♥②t ♦r♠ ♦r ♣r ♥trt♦♥ t♥
t♦♠s ♥ s ♦r t ♥tr r♥ ♦ t♠♣rtrs T t♥ tr♣ ♣♦♥t ♥ t rt ♦♥ Tt ≤ T ≤ Tc
❲ r tt ♣rt♦♥s ♦r t sr t♥s♦♥ ♦ t q♣♦r ♥tr ♦ r ♥ ❳ r ♦rrt
❲ t s♦r♣t♦♥ s♦tr♠s ♥ ♥st② ♣r♦s ❲ ♥②③ t ♣rtt♥ ♥s ♥ tr♠♥ tt♥
t♠♣rtrs Tw ♥ rt ♣rtt♥ ♦♥s Tcpw ❲ ♦♥ tt ♥r rt♥ ♦♥t♦♥s tr r r♦♥
stts t ♥st② ♣r♦s tt r t s②♠♠tr② ♦ t ♣♦t♥t ①rt ② t s r s ♦rrt♦♥
t♥ t ♦rr♥ ♦ s②♠♠tr ♣r♦s ♥ t ①st♥ ♦ ♣rtt♥ ♥s ♦r s♦♥ t qt♦♥s
♣♣ ♦t t ♥♦♥ ♦s s②st♠ ♥ r♥ ♥♦♥ ♦♣♥ s②st♠ ♥s♠s ❲ s♦ tt ♦r ♦♣♥
s②st♠ ♦♥ s♦ ts s②♠♠tr s♦t♦♥s
②♦rs s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦ s r♦t ♦ ♠s ♥trs ♥ tt♥ ♣♥♦♠♥ ♣♦♥t♥♦s s②♠♠tr② r
♥
r♠♥t♦s
r♦ rr t♦s s ♣rs♦♥s q ♥ ♠♥r ♦tr ♠ ②r♦♥
♦♥rtr st sñ♦
r s③ ③②s③ ♥♦ s♦♦ ♣♦r r♠ ♣t♦ ♣r trr ♥t♦ é s♥♦
t♠é♥ ♣♦r sr③♦ q ♣s♦ ♣r q t♦♦ ♥ ♣rt♦ ♣♦r s s♣♦só♥
② ♣♦r t♦♦ ♦ q rs s ①♥ ♣r♦s♦♥ ♣r♥í ❨ t♠é♥ ♣♦r s
♣♥
r③♦ t♠é♥ s ①♥ts ♣rs♦♥s q t♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♦♠♣ñr♦s tr♦
♦♦♦ rr r♥st♦ ②rs ② r♦ ❱r q♥s ♥ ♠ás ♥ ♦♣♦rt♥
trr♦♥ ♠ás ♥t ♣r q ②♦ ♣r r ♠ás t♠♣♦ st ss
rs ♦♥③ás ♣♦r ♣rstr♠ t ♦③ ♦♠♣t♦r ② t♠é♥ ♣♦r ♦s
♠♦♠♥t♦s st♥só♥
s♣♠♥t rs ♠ ♠ ♣♦r t♦♦ ♣♦②♦ ② ♥t
r♦ t♠é♥ rr ♠② s♣♠♥t ♦s srs ♠♥♦s ①♣♦♥s
rs ♥♦ ② st♥ ♣♦r t♦♦ ♦ q ②r♦♥ ② ♣♦rq ♠ s♥
②♥♦
rs ♥ ② ♥ ♣♦r t♦ q sts ♣rs♦♥ts s♥ ♥trr
♦
♦s srs q qr♦ ♠♦
② q ② ♥♦ stá♥
❮♥ ♥r
srr♦♦ ss
♥tr♦ó♥ ♥r
♦s ♠♣s
♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s
r ♥tr♦ó♥ stór
t♦rí ♣ ♦s s♣t♦s ♥tí♦s ② t♥♦ó♦s
trs rr♠♥ts tórs
ét♦♦s ♠ó♥
♦rís ♦♥s ♥trs
♦rís ♣rtr♦♥s
♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s
♥tr♦ó♥ ♦r♠s♠♦
♦s ♦♠♦é♥♦s
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ s♦ ♦♥ s ♥tr♦♥s
♥♦♥s ♦rró♥
♦s ♥♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦rís ♦s ② ♥♦ ♦s
♦r♠s♠♦ r③♦♥♥s♥rs♦♥
♦rí s s ♥♠♥ts
s♣t♦s ♦r♠s t♦rí
♣t♠③ó♥ ♥♦♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♥ st ss
♥tr♦ó♥
str ♣r♦♣st
st ♥♦♥
st♦s ♦t♥♦s
st ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ó♥
❱ró♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
❱ró♥ ♦♥t s ② ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥
rs ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ó♥
á♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ró♥
❱ró♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
❱ró♥ ♦♥t s ② ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥
rs ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r
á♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳♥ó♥
á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② ró♥ ♣r♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
❱ró♥ ♦♥t s ② ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥
rs ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r
♥só♥ s♣r
r ♥tr♦ó♥
♥só♥ s♣r ② ♣♦t♥ tr♠♦♥á♠♦
♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ó♥
♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ró♥
♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ❳♥ó♥
s♦ró♥ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s
í♥tss ♥tr♦t♦r
♦♥s rr♥
P♦t♥s s♦ró♥
P♦t♥
P♦t♥
P♦t♥ ❩
♦♦ ② í♥ ♣r♠♦♦
♦♦ s♠♣ ♣r tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦
st♦s ♣r♦♣♦s s♦r s♦ró♥
s♦ró♥ ó♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
s♦ró♥ s♦r s ②
s♦ró♥ s♦r ②
s♦ró♥ s♦r
s♦ró♥ ró♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
s♦ró♥ r s♦r ♠ts ♥♦s
s♦ró♥ r s♦r ② 2
s♦ró♥ r s♦r
s♦ró♥ ❳♥ó♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ②
s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ②
s♦ró♥ ❳♥ó♥ ♥s♠ r♥ ♥ó♥♦
♦♥stró♥ ① s t♥♥ts
s♠♥ s♦r s♦ró♥
s♦ró♥
s♦ró♥ r
s♦ró♥ ❳
♥♦ r♥rs ♣♥s
s♠♥ ♥t♥ts
♥st♦♥s ♣r♦♣s
♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ró♥ ♥ r♥rs ♣♥s rrs
r ♥ r♥rs ♥ír♦ ró♥♦
r ♥ r♥rs ts ♥♦s
♠♣rtr í♠t r♣tr s♠trí
♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ❳♥ó♥
❳ ♥ r♥rs rrs ts ♥♦s
❳ ♥ r♥rs rrs ♥s♦
❳ ♥ r♥rs rts ♦♦
♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ó♥
♦♦♥s ♦♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ó♥
♦♦♥s ♦♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ó♥
♥áss s♦ró♥ s♦r ♦♦
s♠♥
♣é♥
P♦t♥ ❲
♦♥s♦♥s
♣ít♦
srr♦♦ ss
r♥t ♦s út♠♦s ñ♦s ♦ r♥♦ ♥trés t♥t♦ ♣rt ís ♦♠♦ qí♠ ♣♦r st♦
s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s ② strtr ♠r♦só♣ ♦s s♦r♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s
s ♥st♦♥s srr♦s ♥ st ss stá♥ r♦♥s ♦♥ ♥ t♠ q s♣rtó ♥str r♦s
♥♦ ①♠♥á♠♦s ♣r♦♣s ♥♦ r♥rs ♦♥ ♦s s♠♣s
② ♠ás ♦s és ♥ ♥ ② ss ♦♦r♦rs str ♥♦ r♥rs ♣♥s s♠étrs
♠♥t té♥ ♥á♠ ♦r ♥♦♥trr♦♥ q ♦ rts ♦♥♦♥s ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♥♦
t♥♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ q r ♣r ♣rs é♥ts s♦r ♦ ❬ ❪ s♣♦♥ ♥r♥
♥ ♣♥♦ xy s ♣rs r♥r ② q ♣r ♥s s ♥ó♥ ♦♦r♥ z ♣r♣♥r
s ♣rs st ♠♥r ♣rí ♥ó♠♥♦ r♣tr s♣♦♥tá♥ s♠trí st t♦ ♣r
♥♦ ♥tró♥ ♥tr sstrt♦ ② ♥ ♣rtí ♦ ♥♦ s ♠♦ ♠ás rt q ♥tró♥ ♥tr
♣rtís ♦ ♥trés ♣♦r t♠ s ♥r♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦s út♠♦s ñ♦s ♥t♠♥t r♠ ② ♥st♥ ❬❪
♥③r♦♥ ♥♦ r♥rs 2 ♦♥ r ♣♥♦ ♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s ♥♦♥tr♥♦
q ♣r rts t♠♣rtrs ♣r t♦ ♦ s q ♣rs s♠étr♦s t♥♥ ♠♥♦r ♥rí r q
♦s s♠étr♦s q♦s á♦s r♦♥ r③♦s ♠♥t♥♥♦ ♦s t♠♣rtr T ② ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís
♣♦r ♥ ár ♥ ♣r n = N/A st♦ s s ♦♥srr♦♥ r♥rs rrs q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥s♠
♥ó♥♦
s♥♦ ♦s á♦s r♠ ② ♥st♥ ♦♥stt♠♦s q st♦s t♦rs tr♦♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♦
② s ♣rs ♣♥tá♥♦s ♦str♠♦s q ♠♥♥♦ ♣♥t♠♥t♦ s♣r♥ ♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦s
❬❪
st♦s út♠♦s rst♦s ♥♦s ♥r♦♥ sr ♦s sst♠s ♠ás ♣r♦♣♦♥s ♣r ♥ ♣♦s r③ó♥
♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ♦s ss ♥♦s r r ② ❳ s♦r♦s s♦r sstrt♦s ♠ts ♥♦s s
② s♦♥ ♦s sst♠s ♠ás ♦s ♥r♠♦s st♦ st♦s sst♠s t③♥♦ ♥ rsó♥
♣r♦♣st ♣♦r ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬ ❪ ② ♦s ♣♦t♥s s♦ró♥ rsts ♣r♦♣st♦s ♣♦r ③♠s②
♦ ② ❩r♠ ❬❪ ♥ ♠r♦ ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q st ♦r♠ó♥ t♥ ♣r♦♠s ♥ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs
r♥♦ tr♣ Tt ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♠♣♦s r t♥só♥ s♣r ♣r Tt ≤ T <
❬❪ rró♥♦ rst♦ ♣r s♦tr♠ ♥ sst♠ r2 ❬❪ ♥t♠♦s q ♥♦♥♥♥t ♦
♣r♦♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♣rtís ♦ Pr♦♣s♠♦s ♦tr ♦r♠ ♣r s ♥tró♥
♣rs ② r♠♦s q ♦t♥♥ s♦♦♥s ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr ♣♥t♦ tr♣ ② rít♦
Tt ≤ T ≤ Tc ♥ ♣rtr ♣r♠♦s ♦rrt♠♥t s t♥s♦♥s s♣rs ② r ❬ ❪
♥ts ♥③r ♥♦ r♥rs st♠♦s s♦ró♥ ss ♥♦s s♦r ♥ s♦ ♣r ♣♥ ♠ts
♥♦s ② ♥♦s ♦tr♦s sstrt♦s ❬ ❪ ♠♦s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ② ♣rs ♥s ♣r
s♦s sst♠s ♥ ♦s s♦s ♦♥ í r♦s ♥ r ❲s ♠♦s s ♦♥str♦♥s ① ♣rt♥♥ts
② ♦t♠♦s í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♦ r♦ sts í♥s q ♦♠♥③♥ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ Tw
♦①st♥ ♥ ♣í ♥ ♦♥ ♦tr rs q ♠ q T ♠♥t s ♣r♥ ③ ♠ás st rs
s rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw ①st♥ sts í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♥ q ② tr♥s♦♥s
s ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♥③á♥♦s tr♠♥♠♦s Tw ② Tcpw ♦♠♣ró♥ ♦♥ t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ② ♣rs
♥s ♦s ♦♥ s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦ s ①t♦s
♦♥t♥ó♥ ♥③♠♦s ♥♦ r♥rs ♣rs é♥ts q ♦♠♦ ② ♦ í♠♦s sñ♦ ♥tr♦r
♠♥t ♣r♦♥ s♦r ♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥ s♠étr♦ rs♣t♦ ♣♥♦ ♣r♦ s ♣rs q ♣s ♣♦r ♥tr♦
r♥r ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q s s♦♦♥s q ♥ st♦s ♥♠♥ts ♦♥ ♣rs ♥s s♠étr♦s
♣r♥ ♥ sst♠s q ①♥ í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ❬ ❪ t♦ ♦rr ♥tr♦ ♥ tr
♠♥♦ r♥♦ n ② s♣r ♣♦r ♦♠♣t♦ ♥♦ T s♣r ♥ ♦r rít♦ Tsb ❯♥ ♥áss t♦ ♠str
q t♦ ♦♥t♥ú ♣r T > Tw st ♥③r Tsb q rst sr Tcpw ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
♦♠♥ó♥ sstrt♦♦ st st ♠♥r tr♠♥♠♦s q ② ♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥tr í♥s
♣r♠♦♦ ② ♣rs ♥♠♥ts s♠étr♦s ♥ ♥ rsr♦r♦ rr♦ st♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s ♥ ♣r♥♣♦
♣♦rí♥ st③rs
♥ ♠r♦ ♦s ①♣r♠♥t♦s ♥r♠♥t s r③♥ ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ ♥ rsr♦r♦ q ♣r♠t ♥ rrstrt♦
♥tr♠♦ ♣rtís ♥♦ ♣rsó♥ ♦ s q♥t ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ µ ♥ sts ♦♥♦♥s T ② µ
♦♥st♥ts ② q str sst♠ ♥ ♠r♦ ♥s♠ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ s♦♠♦s s ♦♥s
♥ st stíst ② ♦t♠♦s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♦♥ ♦s ♠s♠♦s st♦s sts ② ♠tsts q ♦♥
♥ sq♠ ♦s st♦s ♥♠♥ts s♦♥ q♦s q t♥♥ ♠í♥♠♦ r♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥♦
♥rí r ①r st ♦♥ó♥ q ♥ s♦♦ st♦ s♠étr♦ st q q t♥ ♦s ♥
♣r ♣í ♥ ② ♦s ♦tr ♣r ♣í rs q ♦①st♥ ♥ s♦ s♦ró♥ s♦r
♥ s♦ ♣r st st♦ t♥ ♠s♠♦ r♥ ♣♦t♥ q ♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦♥ ② ♥ ♣í ♥
♦s ♥ s ♣rs ♦ ♥ ② ♥ ♣í rs ♦s ♥ s ♣rs ❬ ❪
♥áss sst♠s rsts ♦ ♦ ♥ ♠r♦ s t♦t♠♥t ♦r♥
♣ít♦
♥tr♦ó♥ ♥r
♦s ♠♣s
♦s ♦s s♠♣s s♦♥ q♦s ♦♥stt♦s ♣♦r ♣rtís át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és s♥t♠♥t s♠étrs ♦♠♦
♣r q ss ú♥♦s r♦s rt s♥ ♦s trs♦♥s ❯♥ ♠♣♦ ♦ s♦♥ ♦s ♦s ♦♥stt♦s ♣♦r
ss ♥♦s st♦s stá♥ ♦♥♦r♠♦s ♣♦r át♦♠♦s ♣♦rs s♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣r♠♥♥t ♦♥ s r③s
♥tró♥ s♦♥ s ♣ró♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦s ♣♦rs tr♥st♦r♦s ♦s ♠♦♠♥t♦s tr♥st♦r♦s sr♥ ♦♠♦
rst♦ s t♦♥s ♥ s str♦♥s ♦s tr♦♥s q ♦♥♦r♠♥ s ♥s tró♥s ♦s
át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ♦♠♦ ♦♥s♥ st tó♥ ♥ ♥♦ ♦s át♦♠♦s ♣ ♣rr ♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦
♣♦r tr♥st♦r♦ q ♥ ♦tr♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦r ♥ át♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♥ó♠♥♦ ♦♥♦♦ ♦♠♦ ♥tró♥
s♣rsó♥ ♦ ♦♥♦♥ ❯♥ rsó♥ ♠② t r st t♠át ♣ ♦♥strs ♥ ❬❪
s t♦♥s ♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦r s♦♥ ts q ♥ ♣r♦♠♦ ♥ ♥ ♦r ♥♦ ♥ ♠r♦ s r
♦r♥tó♥ ♣♦r q s ♥r ♥tró♥ q s st ♦♥ át♦♠♦ ♠♦é ♥♦ ♥♦ s ♦♥sr
q ♣rt♣♥ ♥♦ ♠ás ♦s át♦♠♦s ♠♦és s s♠♣r trt
♣♦r③ ♣♥ t♣♦ sst♥ ♣r♦ ♥ st♠ó♥ s ♥rís ♥♦rs ♥ sts ♥tr
♦♥s s ♠t ♥ ♦r ♥♦ s♣r♦r ♥ ♠♦ ♥ ♠②♦rí ♦s s♦s P♦r ♠♣♦ ♣r
s♦ r ♥ s s íq t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít ♥rí ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♦s ♣♦♦s
♥♦s s ♠♦ r ♥ ③ s ♥r♦r s ♥rís ♥♦rs ♥ ♣♥ts r♦♥♦
♦♠♦ ♦s q s ♥r♥ ♥ s♦ ② ♥s ♥ s ♠♥♦r s ♦s ♦♥s ♥ só♦s rst♥♦s
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥♦ ♦s ♦♥stt②♥ts sts sst♥s s ♥ t ♠♥r q s st♥ s rt♠♥t
♣qñ s r③s r♣ss q ♣r♥ ♥tr ss rs♣ts ♥s tró♥s ② ♥tr ♦s ♥ú♦s ♣r♦♠♥♥
♣♦r s♦r s trts ② ♥rí ♥♦r r ♥ r♦s ór♥s ♠♥t
á♦ ♠♥t ♣♦t♥s r♣s♦s s ♠② ♦♠♣♦ ② rqr rs♦r ♣r♦♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
strtr tró♥ sst♠ ♥♦ s ♣r♦ s♦♣♠♥t♦ ♥tr át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és s t♥r ♥
♥t rátr r♠ó♥♦ ♦s tr♦♥s t♦r q r ♦♠♣ ♣r♦♠ ♥ ♠r♦ ♣r ♠♦s
♣r♦♣óst♦s st sr q r♣só♥ ♠♥t rá♣♠♥t s♠♥r st♥ ② q ♣r s sr♣ó♥
♣♥ ♠♣rs ①♣rs♦♥s ts ♦♠♦ Bexp(−αr) ♦♥ r s st♥ ♥tr át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ② ♦s
♣rá♠tr♦s B ② α ♣♥♥ ♥tr ♦trs ♦ss t♣♦ sst♥ st ①♣rsó♥ sr ♥ ♠á♥ á♥t
❬❪ ♣ rrs B/rn ♦♥ r♦ ♦♥ ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts n ♣ t♦♠r ♥ ♦r ♥tr ②
Pr ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr át♦♠♦s q ♦♠♣♦♥♥ ♦s ss ♥♦s n = 12 s ①♣♦♥♥t q ♠♦r ♣r ♦s t♦s
♠♣ír♦s
♥ss rt♠♥t ts ♦♠♦ s q ♣r♥ ♥ ♥ s íq ♥ ♦♥♦♥s ♥♦r♠s s♦♥ s r③s
r♣ss s q tr♠♥♥ strtr ♦ st ♠♥r s s ♦♥♦ strtr ② tr♠♦♥á♠
♥ ♦ ♣r♠♥t r♣s♦ s r③s trts ♣♥ trtrs ♦♠♦ ♥ tér♠♥♦ ♥♥♠♥t ♣rtrt♦
♣r♦♠
sí ♥ st ♦♥t①t♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ ♦ ♣r str ♦s s♠♣s ♦♥sst ♥ ♦♥srr♦s ♦♠♦ ♥ ♦♥♥t♦
♣rtís ♠♦♦ srs rs ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s trts
♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s
r ♥tr♦ó♥ stór
♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s ♦♥stt② ♥ rr♠♥t ♦s ♣r str ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦
♦s ♦s ♥ s srr♦ó ♥ ♦♠♦ ♣r♦♠♥t♦ tr♥t♦ rs♦ó♥ ó♥
rö♥r ♣r ♣♦r ♣r♠r ③ ♠♥r ♠② ♣r♠♥r ♥ ♥♦ ♦s tr♦s ♥ r ❲s
❬❪ r♦♥♦ ♣r♦♠s ♥trss ♥♦ ♦♠♦é♥s ♥ sst♠s síq♦
tr♦ ♥ r ❲s ♥♦ t♦ ♠②♦r trs♥♥ ② ♦ q s♣rr st é ♦♥
♦r ♥t♦ s ♣r♠rs ♥♦♦♥s ♥ t♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s r♦♥ srr♦s ♥
♣♦r ♦♠s ② r♠ st♦s t♦rs rr♦♥ ♥ ♣r♠r rsó♥ t♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s ♥
♦♥t①t♦ ís tó♠ ♥♦ st♥ ♣r♦♠ r ♥rí ♥ át♦♠♦ r♣rs♥t♥♦
s ♥rí ♥ét ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s tró♥ ② ♦♠♥♥♦ st♦ ♦♥ s ①♣rs♦♥s áss
s ♥tr♦♥s ♥ú♦tró♥ ② tró♥tró♥ q t♠é♥ s ♣♥ r♣rs♥tr ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♥s
tró♥ ❯♥ ñ♦ ♠s tr ♠♦♦ ♦♠sr♠ ♠♦r♦ ♣♦r r q♥ ñó ♥ ♥♦♥
♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥rí ♥tr♠♦
Ps ♦s ♦r♦s ♥③♦s ♥ s ♠♦♠♥t♦ t♦rí ♦♠sr♠r ♥♦ rst s♥t♠♥t ♣rs
♣r ♠②♦rí s ♣♦♥s st t ♣rsó♥ st ♦♥ ♠♥r ♣♦♦ r♣rs♥tr
tér♠♥♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥rí ♥ét ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥♦♥ ♥s tró♥
s tór ♣r t ré♥ ♥ ♣♦r ♦♥r ② ♦♥ q♥s ♠♦strr♦♥ q
♥rí ♣♦í ①♣rsrs ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥♦♥ ♥s ② q ♠ás ♥s rr sst♠ s q
♠♥♠③ st ♥♦♥ t♦r♠ ♦♥r ② ♦♥ ❬❪ s á♦ t♥t♦ ♣r ♦s♦♥s ♦♠♦ ♣r r♠♦♥s
♣ó♥ ♠ás ♠♣♦rt♥t t♦rí ♣ró ñ♦ s♥t ♥♦ ♦♥ ② ♠ ♠♦strr♦♥ q ♣rtr
s ♣♦s srr ♥ ó♥ ♣r ♦rts ♥ ♣rtí ♦s s s ♦t♥ ♥s tró♥
st ♦r♠ó♥ ♥ ♥t♦♥s ♦♠♦ ♥ t♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s tró♥ s♥ ♠r♦ ♥♦ st
♠♦s ♦s ñ♦s ♥♦ s ♦♥tr♦♥s ♦♥r ♦♥ ② ♠ str♦♥ ♦r♠s♠♦
tór♦ ♥ q s s ♠ét♦♦ s♦ t♠♥t
♥ ♦♥ ró ♣r♠♦ ó í♠ ♣♦r ss ♣♦rts srr♦♦
ás tr ♦ q ♦r♥♠♥t s srr♦ó ♥ ♠r♦ t♦rí á♥t ♥♦ rtst ♦♥ át♦♠♦s
st♦♥r♦s s ①t♥ó ♦♠♥♦ ♠á♥ á♥t ♣♥♥t t♠♣♦ ② st♦ ♠tr
♦♥♥s ♥ ♥ ② r♦ss ♣r♦♥ ♥r③ó♥ t♦r♠ ♦♥r ② ♦♥ ♣r s♦
♣r♦♠s ♣♥♥ts t♠♣♦ ♦ ♦♥♦♥s s♥t♠♥t ♥rs ♦ q s♥tó s ss ♣r
♥♦♠♥ ♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s ♣♥♥t ♠♣♦ ♦ ♥ ss ss ♥ ♥s ②
♦② í ② s ♥s ♣ó♥ st ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rtst
♥ t ♦s ♠ét♦♦s á♦ r♦s ♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s s♦♥ ♦s ♠ás t③
♦s t♥t♦ ♥ ♣r♦♠s r♦♥♦s ♦♥ strtr tró♥ ♠tr ♦♠♦ ♥ ís ♠tr
♦♥♥s ♥ ♥r ② ♥ qí♠ á♥t
♥ rs♦ó♥ ó♥ rö♥r ♣r♠t srr ♦r♠ ①t ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ sst♠s
♠r♦só♣♦s s ♣ ♣ró♥ s ♠t ♣♦r ♦ q ss ♦♥s s♦♥ ♠s♦ ♦♠♣s
rs♦r ♥♠ér♠♥t ♦ ♠♥♦s ú♥ ♥ít♠♥t ♦♥ s ♣♦ ♦rr st ♣r♦♠ r♦r♠á♥♦♦
♣r sr ♣③ ♦t♥r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♥rí ② stró♥ tró♥ st♦ ♥♠♥t ♣rs♥♥♦
♥ó♥ ♦♥ sst♠ ❯♥ ♥t s♥ ♦r á♦ r ♥ q ♥s ♥ sst♠
N ♣rtís s ♥ ♠♥t ♠♦ ♠ás s♠♣ q ♥ó♥ ♦♥ ♣s ♥ ♣r♥♣♦ r♥ q
♣♥ s♦♦ rs s ♦♦r♥s ♣♥t♦
❯♥ s♥t s q s♦ ♥ ♦s s♦s ♠ás s♠♣s ♥♦ s ♦♥♦ ♠♥r ①t ♥♦♥ q r♦♥
♥s ♦♥ ♥rí sst♠
♣rtr ♦s ñ♦s ♦r♠s♠♦ ♠♣♠♥t t③♦ ♣r á♦s ís st♦
só♦ s♥ ♠r♦ s ♦♥sr q ♥♦ r ♦ st♥t ♣rs♦ ♥ á♦s t③♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ qí♠
á♥t
♠é♥ ♥ s♦s ñ♦s st ♦r♠ó♥ s ♣♦ s♦ ♦s ♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦♥sr♦s ♦♠♦ ♥ ♦♥♥t♦
srs rs ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s t♣♦ trts ♦♥ rs♣t♦ ♦♥tró♥ s s í♥ ♣r♦♣st♦
rs ①♣rs♦♥s rrs ♣r r♣rs♥tr s♠ ♦s tér♠♥♦s ①♣♥só♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥rí
r ♦♠♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♦r♠ s ①t r♥♥ ② tr♥ ❬❪
♥s é s ♦♠♥③ó str sst♠s ♥♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦♠♦ ♦s q ♣r♥ ♥♦ ♥
♦ s s♦r s♦r s♣r ♥ só♦
♥ s és ♦s ② ♦s s ♥tr♦r♦♥ ♠♦rs ♥ ①♣rsó♥ ①s♦ ♥rí r s
♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♥ t♦rí Pr♠r♦ s s♣s♦ q s tér♠♥♦ í ♣♥r ♥ ♥s ♣r♦♠
s♦r ♥ sr á♠tr♦ s srs rs q ♦♠♣♦♥í♥ ♦ st ♣r♦♠♥t♦ q stá
♣♦ ♥ ♥ tr♦ r③♦♥ ❬❪ ♦♥t♥í ♣rá♠tr♦s q s st♥ ♣r r♣r♦r ♥ó♥
♦rró♥ ♦s r♣♦s
♥ s ♣r♦♣s♦ ♦tr ①♣rsó♥ ♣r ①s♦ ♥rí r s q ♥♦ ♦♥t♥í ♣rá♠tr♦s rs
♠ás ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t á♠tr♦ s srs rs q r♣rs♥t♥ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ♦
st ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♣r♦♣st ♣♦r ♦s♥ ❬❪ ② r♦r♠ ♣♦r r ② ♦s♥r ❬❪ s ♦♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♦rí
s s ♥♠♥ts
t♦rí ♣ ♦s s♣t♦s ♥tí♦s ② t♥♦ó♦s
s ♣♥t♦ st ♥tí♦ st♦ st♦ íq♦ ♣♥t ♥♦s sí♦s s♥♦ st♦ ♠tr
q ♣rs♥t ♠②♦r t ♣r s ♦♠♣r♥só♥ ♥trs q ①st♥ ♥♦s ♠♦♦s tór♦s ♣r só♦s ②
ss ♥ ♥♦ s ♣♦s ♦t♥r ♥♦s ♠♦♦s ♣r rátr ♥tr♠♦ ♥tr st♦s ♦s st♦s ♠tr
r♥t st s♦ s ♥ tr♠♥♦ ①♣r♠♥t♠♥t ♦♥ ♥ ♣rsó♥ s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s
♥ r♥ ♥ú♠r♦ íq♦s ♦ q ♣r♠t r ♦s rs♦s ♠♦♦s srr♦♦s ♦♥trst♥♦ ♦s rst♦s
q ♣r♥ st♦s ♠♦♦s ♦♥ ♦s t♦s ♠♣ír♦s
st♦ st♦ íq♦ t♠é♥ rst r♥ ♠♣♦rt♥ s ♥ ♣♥t♦ st t♥♦ó♦ ♣s st
r♦rr q ♠②♦r ♣rt ♦s ♣r♦s♦s ♥strs t♥♥ r ♥ st♦ íq♦ ♥♥rí í♠
♠♦r♥ s ♥r♥t r♦ ♣r♦♠s q rqr♥ ♦♥♦♠♥t♦ ó♥ st♦ ♥ íq♦
♣r♦ ♦ ♥ ♠③ íq ♥t♣í ♣♦r③ó♥ ♣ ♦rí t Pr tr♠♥r sts
♣r♦♣s s t③♥ ♥r♠♥t ♦♥s st♦ ♠♣írs
s ♦♥s st♦ ús ♦♥stt②♥ s♥ s ♠ás ♣♦♣rs ♦ s s♠♣ ♥ r ❲s
♣r♠r♦ ♥ ♣r♦♣♦♥r st t♣♦ ♦♥s s ♥t♦♥s ♥ ♣r♦ ♦trs s♥ s♣r♦rs ♦♠♦
s♦♥ ó♥ ♦♥♦ ② P♥♦♥s♦♥ ♦s sts ♦♥s ♦♥s ♥ ♥ ♣r♥♣♦
♣r sst♥s ♣rs ♥ s♦ ①t♥s ♠③s t③♥♦ s ♥♦♠♥s rs ♠③ s ♣♥t♦
st t♥♦ó♦ s rts st t♣♦ ①♣rs♦♥s s r♦♥♥ ♥♦ s♦♦ ♦♥ s s♥③ s♥♦ ♠ás ♦♥
r♣③ ♦♥ q ♣r♠t♥ r ♦ ♦s á♦s rtrísts s♣♠♥t ss ♥♦ á♦
♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s ♦♣r s♦♦ ♥ ♣qñ ♣rt t♠♣♦ ♠♣♦ ♥ sñ♦ ♣r♦s♦
♥str P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♦ ♥♠♥t♠♥t s é♥ss s ♣♦ss ♠♦rr s ♣r♦♥s q
s ①tr♥ s s♦♥ ♠② ♠ts s s♦♥s rs♣t♦ ♦s rst♦s ①♣r♠♥ts q s ♦t♥♥
♣rtr sts ♦♥s ♠str♥ ♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ rrát♦ q ♦ rátr ♠♣ír♦ s ♠s♠s
♠♣♦s tr tr♠♥r ♦♥ ♣rsó♥ ♦r♥ ts ♥s
♥ s♦ s ♠③s rátr ♣rt♦ s ♦♥s st♦ ús ♠♣írs s ♠② ♠t♦
Ps q t③ó♥ ①♣rs♦♥s ♠♣írs s ♦♣♥♦ ♥ r♦ ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥ t rst ♥t
q ♥ ♠♦r sst♥ ♥ ♣rsó♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s t♥t♦ ♣r sst♥s ♣rs ♦♠♦ ♣r ♠③s
só♦ s ♦♥srá t♥♥♦ ♥tr③ ♠♦r s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr ♣rtís ② t③♥♦ ♠ét♦♦s
q s ♣♦②♥ s♦r s r♠ r ♣♦r á♥ stíst
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥ st♦s út♠♦s ñ♦s ♦ ♥ ♣rt srr♦♦ ♥♥♦t♥♦♦í ♦r♠s♠♦ ♦ró ♥
♥♦ ♠♣s♦ ♥ s ♣ó♥ sst♠s ♦♥stt♦s ♣♦r ♦s s♦r♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s ♣
t ♠♥♣ó♥ ♠tr ♥ s ♠♦r ② tó♠ ♣r♠t sñ♦ ② ró♥ ♦s ♠ás
rs♦s s♣♦st♦s q ♦♥tr♦♥ ♠♥♠♥t♦ ró♥ ② ró♥ rs♦s ♦s ♥tr sí ② ♦♥
♠trs só♦s ② ♥♦s ♦♥t♥♦ ♦♥ ♥s ás ② ♦♠♣rts ♥ ss q ♥ s ♠ró♠tr♦s
st ♥♥ó♠tr♦s ❯♥ ♣♥♦r♠ ♦s st♥t♦s t♣♦s ♣♦♥s ♣♦ss s s♣♦st♦s ♥strs st
♣rt♦s sr t③♦s ♥ ♦♦í ② ♠♥ stá rs♠♦ ♥ ♥ tr♦ qrs ② ❬❪
tr ♣ó♥ t♥♦ó s♠ ♠♣♦rt♥ st r♦♥ ♦♥ t③ó♥ ró♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♥t
♥rí ♥ ♣rtr ♠♥♠♥t♦ ró♥♦ ♠♦r ♦♥♥♦ ♥ r♣♥♦ stá trt♦ ♥
❬❪
P♦r t♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♥ts s ♦♥♥♥t ♦♠♣r♥r ♦s ♥ó♠♥♦s ♦s ♦♥ s♦ró♥ ♦s s♦r
s♣rs strtr ♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ só♦ q tr♠♥ ♣♦r ♥ ♥ s ♥tr♦♥s
só♦♦ ② ♦♦ ♦ s♦r♦ ♣ ♣rs♥trs ♦♠♦ íq♦ ♦ ♣♦r ♦ ♥s ♥ s só
♣♥♥♦ ♥s ♦ ♥r♠♥t ♦ ♠ás r♥♦ sstrt♦ stá ♥ s íq ♦ ♥s
só ♠♥trs q ♠ás ♦ s ♥♥tr ♥ s s♦s st♦s sst♠s s♦r♦s ♣rs♥t♥ ♥trss
íq♦♣♦r ②s ♣r♦♣s strtrs ② tr♠♦♥á♠s s♦♥ ♣r♦s♠♥t ♥③s ♥ ♦r♠ tór
trs rr♠♥ts tórs
♥ ♥r ♦s trt♠♥t♦s ♥trss s♦♥ ♥trí♥s♠♥t t♦s♦s ♣♦rq ♣rs♥t♥ ♣rs ♥s
q ♣♥♥ ♣♦só♥ ♦♥ ♠ás ♦s r♥ts ♣♥ sr ♠② ♥t♥s♦s Pr rs♦r st s
sst♠s s ♣♥ ♣r ♠ás t♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s ♠ét♦♦s s♦s ♥ s♠♦♥s
♦♥t r♦ ♦ ♦rt♠♦s á♦ q t③♥ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥á♠ ♦r ♥tr ♦tr♦s ♥ r♦s
r♦s r♥t ♣ó♥ s ♣♥ ♥♦♥trr rsú♠♥s ♥rs ♦ó♥ sts ♦r♠♦♥s r
♣♦r ♠♣♦ s rr♥s ❬ ❪
♦♠♥③r♠♦s st ♣rt♦ ♦♥ ♥ r rs♠♥ r sts ♦trs rr♠♥ts
s t♦rís ♠♦r♥s st♦ íq♦ q ♦♠♥③r♦♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥t♥t♦ srr ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ tr♠♦
♥á♠♦ íq♦s s♠♣s ♦♠♦ ♦s ♦♥stt♦s ♣♦r ss ♥♦s ♥ st♦ íq♦ ❬❪ ♣♥ r♣rs ♥ trs
r♥s ♠s
ét♦♦s ♠ó♥
♦rís ♦♥s ♥trs
♦rís ♣rtr♦♥s
ét♦♦s ♠ó♥
rs ♥♦r♠ ♥ ♦r♦ ♥ srr♦♦ ♦s sst♠s ó♠♣t♦ s ♦ ♣♦s tr♠♥r s
♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s rs♦s ♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♦♠♣t♦♥s t③♥♦ ♦s srr♦♦s
tór♦s q s s♣r♥♥ á♥ stíst r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪
s té♥s s♠ó♥ ♦♠♣t♦♥ ♦♠♥③r♦♥ srr♦rs ♣rtr ♦s ñ♦s ♦♥ ♥♠♥t♦
♠♦r♥s ② ♣♦r♦ss ♦♠♣t♦rs
s s♠♦♥s ♦♠♣t♦♥s rqr♥ ♦♠♦ ♥♦r♠ó♥ ♥tr ♣♦t♥ ♥tr♠♦r P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦
tr♠♥ó♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és s ♥ ♣r♦♠ ♥♦ t♦♦ rst♦ q
♥♦ ♥ á♠t♦ á♥ á♥t ♦s ♣♦t♥s ♥tr♠♦rs ♦t♥♦s trés á♦s
♠á♥♦á♥t♦s s♦♥ t♦í ♣♦♦ ♣rs♦s ♦ rt♠♥t ♥①st♥ts st♦ s ñ t r♦♥
♦♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr trs ♦ ♠s r♣♦s q ♥ ♠♥r s ss♥ t③♥♦ ♣♦t♥s t♦s Pr
tr♠♥r s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s st♦ íq♦ ♣ sr ♥sr♦ ♥ ♦♥♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦t♥
q s ♦r♥ ♥tr ♠ás ♦s r♣♦s ♣s ♥ st st♦ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ♣♥ ♥trtr ♥♦ s♦♦
♣rs ♥ t s ♦♥♦ ♠② ♣♦♦ ♥ rr♥ ♣♦t♥s ♥tró♥ q ♥♦r♥ ♠ás
♦s r♣♦s P♦r st r③ó♥ t♦♦s ♦s ♠ét♦♦s s♠ó♥ ts s♦s ♥ r♠♦♥á♠ stíst
t③♥ ♦♠♦ ♣♥t♦ ♣rt ♣♦t♥s ♣rs ♠♣ír♦s ♦ s♠♠♣ír♦s q ♣♥ ♦♥srrs ♦♠♦
♣♦t♥s ♣rs t♦s q ♥ ♥t ♥t♦♥s ♣rs♥ st t♣♦ ♥tr♦♥s
s té♥s s♠ó♥ t♠♥t t③s s♦♥ ás♠♥t ♦s s♠ó♥ ♦♥t r♦
❬❪ ② ♥á♠ ♦r ❬❪ ♥ ♠s s tr ♦♥ ♥♦s ♣♦♦s ♠s ♠♦és ♣r tr ♥ t♦
♦st♦ ♦♠♣t♦♥ ♣♦só♥ ② ♦ sts ♠♦és ♦♦♥♥ ♦r tr♠♥s ♦♥s
♠♦♠♥t♦
♥ s♦ s♠ó♥ ♦♥t r♦ s s q s r♥ts ♦♥r♦♥s q s ♥ ♥r♥♦ rst♥
♣r♦♣♦r♦♥s t♦r ♦t③♠♥♥ st t♣♦ s♠♦♥s ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥♥ s♦♦ ♣r♦♣s qr♦
sst♠
♥ s♦ ♥á♠ ♦r s rs♥ ♣r ♦♥ró♥ ♥r s ♦♥s ♠♦♠♥t♦
♦♥♥t♦ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és t♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t s r③s ② ♦s t♦rqs r♦s s♦r ss ♣rtís ♥
st út♠♦ s♦ s ♦t♥♥ t♠é♥ ♣r♦♣s ♥á♠s sst♠ ♥ stó♥
Pr ♠s té♥s ♦s t♠♣♦s ó♠♣t♦ s♦♥ ♥r♠♥t r♥s ② ♠♥t♥ rá♣♠♥t ♦♥ ♥ú♠r♦
♣rtís ♥♦rs
♦rís ♦♥s ♥trs
s t♦rís s♦r ♦♥s ♥trs ♥r♦♥ ♣r♥♣♦s st s♦ ♠r ♦s tr♦s r♥tí♥ ②
❩r♥t q ♦♥r♦♥ ♥♦♠♥ ó♥ r♥st♥❩r♥ ❩ ❬❪ st ó♥ s ♥ r
♥ ó♥ ♥tr q r♦♥ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ t♦t ♦♥ ♥♦♠♥ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt
♣r♦♠ ♥♠♥t s ♦♥s ♥trs s ♥♦♥trr ♥ s♥ ró♥ ♥tr sts ♥♦♥s
♥♦♠♥ ró♥ rr st ró♥ ♣r♠t rs♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t sst♠ ♦♥s r♦
♦r♠s♠♦ s ♣r♦①♠♦♥s t♦rí stá♥ ♣s ♦♥t♥s ♥ ró♥ rr ①st♥ ás♠♥t s
s♥ts r♦♥s rr
ró♥ rr ♦r♠ ♣♦r Prs ② ❨ P❨ ❬❪
ró♥ rr ♥ í♣r♦♥t
ró♥ rr ♥ í♣r♦♥t rr♥ ❬❪
♥ ♥ tr♦ rsó♥ ♥s s ♣ ♥♦♥trr ♥ ró♥ ó♥ ❩ ② ♥s ss
r♦♥s rr s ♣rtr t♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s ❬❪
♦s sts ♦♥s ♥trs s ♥ ♣♦ st♦ íq♦s ♦♥ r♥ts ♣♦t♥s ♣rs ♦♥
st♦s ♣♦t♥s ♥tró♥ ♥r♠♥t ♣♦s♥ s♠trí sér
♥ ♠②♦r ♣rt ♦s s♦s s ♥sr ♥ rs♦ó♥ ♥♠ér ó♥ ♥tr ② ♥ ♠② ♣♦♦s s♦s
s♦ó♥ s ♥ít
Pr ♠♦♦ srs rs ❲rt♠ ❬❪ ♥♦♥tró ♥ s♦ó♥ ♥ít ó♥ ❩ t③♥♦
ró♥ rr P❨ st♦ ♣r♠tó ♦t♥r ♦rs ♥ít♦s ♥ó♥ stró♥ r
P♦str♦r♠♥t ❱rt ② ❲ss ❬❪ ♦rrr♦♥ ♠♣ír♠♥t s♦ó♥ ó♥ ❩ ♦♥ ró♥
rr P❨ ② ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥r♦♥ ór♠s ♥íts ♠ás ♣rss ♣r tr♠♥ó♥ strtr ♥ ♦
srs rs
♦rís ♣rtr♦♥s
s t♦rís ♣rtr♦♥s ♥♥ ♥ ♦s ñ♦s ② s ♣♥ ♦♥ ♥♦s rst♦s r♥t é ♦s
s♥ ♥ ♦ q ♥rí r ♠♦t③ ♥ íq♦ q ♥tr♦♥ sú♥ ♥ ♣♦t♥ U
♣ srr♦rs ♥ t♦r♥♦ ♥ sst♠ rr♥ q ♦♥sst ♥ ♥ ♠♦♦ ♦ ②s ♠♦és
♥trtú♥ sú♥ ♥ ♣♦t♥ U0 ♥♦♠♥♦ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ♥ s♥t♦ q U = U0 + δU s♥♦
‖δU‖ << ‖U0‖♦s tér♠♥♦s srr♦♦ ♥ sr ♥♦♠♥♦s tér♠♥♦s ♣rtrt♦s ♠♣♥ ♣r♦♠♦s ② t♦♥s
♣♦t♥ ♣rtró♥ ♦ rr♥
ó♥ sst♠ rr♥ stsr ♦s rqst♦s ♥♠♥ts
r♥t③r ♥ rá♣ ♦♥r♥ srr♦♦ ♣rtr♦♥s
Pr♠tr q strtr ② s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s sst♠ rr♥ s♥ á♠♥t tr♠
♥s
sí ♣r íq♦s s♠♣s ♥♦♥tr♠♦s só♥ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ② ♣rtró♥ ♣♦r rr ②
♥rs♦♥ ❬❪ ② ♣♦r ♣♦r ❲s ♥r ② ♥rs♥ ❲ ❬❪ ② ♣é♥
♣r♠r ♣♦t♥ sú♥ s s♥♦ ② s♥ sú♥ s♥♦ s ♣r♠r r st♦ s s
r③s ♥tr♠♦rs ♦ ♥trtó♠s
sr ♣rtrt ♦♥r ♦♥ ♠②♦r r♣③ ♥♦ s t③ só♥ ♣♦t♥ sú♥ rtr♦ ❲
q ♥♦ s t③ só♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥ ♣st♦ ♠♥st♦ ♦s st♦s s♠ó♥ s♦♥ s r③s
r♣ss s q tr♠♥♥ ts ♥ss strtr ♦ ❬❪ ♣r♦♦♥♦ ♥ rá♣ ♦♥r♥
srr♦♦ ♣rtrt♦ ♥♦ s ♥②♥ t♦t♠♥t ♥ sst♠ rr♥
sst♠ rr♥ ❲ ♣ r♦♥rs á♠♥t ♦♥ ♥ ♦ srs rs ♣r q s s♣♦♥
♥ ó♥ st♦ t ♦♠♦ r♥♥tr♥ ❬❪ ② ♥ ♣r♠tr③ó♥ ♠② ♣rs ♥ó♥
stró♥ r ❬❪
sí ♣s t③ó♥ ♣♦t♥ ❲ ♥tr♦ ♦s sq♠s ♣rtrt♦s ♣r♠t ♣rr rst♦s q
stá♥ ♥ ♥ r♦ ♦♥ ♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦♥ ♥t ♦♣rt rr ♦s t♠♣♦s ♦♠♣t♦ ♥ ró♥
♦s ♠♣♦s ♥ rs♦ó♥ s ♦♥s ♥trs ♦ s s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs
P♦r ♦ t♥t♦ ♣♦♠♦s r♠r q ♣rtr ♦s ñ♦s ② ♣r♠r ♠t ♦s s ♣r♦♥ r rs
♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s ♣rtr ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♦ ❬❪
♣ít♦
♦rí ♥♦♥ ♥s
♥tr♦ó♥ ♦r♠s♠♦
❯♥ ♠♦♦ ♦ s♠♣ ♦♥sst ♥ ♥ sst♠ N ♣rtís ♠s m q ♥trtú♥ ♥tr s ♥ ♣r♥♣♦
♣rs ♠♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ U ♦♥sr♠♦s t♠é♥ q ♥ sts ♣rtís s ♥ s
♣♦s♦♥s ri ♣♥ str s♦♠ts ♥ ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ Uext P♦♠♦s srr st sst♠ ♠♥t ♥
♠t♦♥♥♦ ♦r♠
HT =∑
i
− ~2
2m∇2
i +∑
i,j
U (ri − rj) + Uext(r).
s rtrísts íss sst♠ stá♥ ♦♥t♥s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♦ ψ s♦ó♥ ó♥ rö
♥r
HTψ = Eψ.
E r♣rs♥t ♥rí st♦ ψ srá ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣♥♥t ♣r♦r N+1 rs ψ = ψ(r1,r2,........rN,t)
♦ ♥s ♥ó♥ ♥ r♣♦ ♣ sr ♦t♥ ♣rtr ①♣rsó♥
ρ(r1) = N
´
dr2dr3.......drNψ2(r1, r2, ........rN)
´
dr1dr2.......drNψ2(r1, r2, ........rN).
①st ♠ás ♥ sq♠ ♣r♦①♠♦♥s ♣r ♦rr st ♣r♦♠ ♠♦s r♣♦s
❯♥ ♣♦s ♠♥♦ ♣r s trt♠♥t♦ ♣r♦♥ st♠♥t t♦r♠ ♦♥r ♦♥ ❬❪ ② r♠♥ ❬❪
q ♠str ①st♥ ♥ ró♥ ♥í♦ ♥tr ♥s ρ ② ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦ sst♠
Uext
Uext(r) ⇐⇒ ρ(r).
Pr ♥str♦ sst♠ N ♣rtís ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s s♦♠t♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦♠♦s ♦♥strr r♥
♣♦t♥ Ω ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥♦♥ ♥s sst♠
Ω[ρ, Uext] = Fint[ρ] +
ˆ
drρ(r)Uext(r)− µN.
♥ st ①♣rsó♥ µ s ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ② Fint r♣rs♥t ♥rí r ♥trí♥s ♠♦t③ st s ♥
♦♠♦ ♥rí r sst♠ N ♣rtís ♥♦ ♥♦ ♥trtú ♦♥ ♥♥ú♥ ♠♦ ①tr♥♦
♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís s ♣ ①♣rsr ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s trés ①♣rsó♥
N =
ˆ
ρ(r)dr,
♥t r♥ ♣♦t♥ s ♣ ♦t♥r ♥s rs♦♥♦ s♥t ♣r♦♠ r♦♥
δΩ[ρ, Uext]
δρ(r)= 0,
♦ q♥t♠♥t
δFint[ρ]
δρ(r)= µ− Uext(r).
♥rí r ♥trí♥s ♠♦t③ sst♠ s ♣ ♦♥strr ♣rtr ♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♥ó♥
QN (V, T )
Fint(V, T ) = −kBT lnQN (V, T ).
st ♥rí s ♣ srr ♦♠♦ s♠ ♥ ♥rí q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ s Fid) ♦♥ ♥
♥rí s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr s ♣rtís ♦♥ s ③ ♣r ♥str♦ ♠♦♦ st t♠ s ♣
♣♥sr ♦♠♣st ♣♦r ♦s tér♠♥♦s ♥♦ ♦ ♦♥ ♥ sst♠ srs rís ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s ♣r♠♥t
r♣ss FHS ② ♦tr♦ s♦♦ s ♥tr♦♥s trts ♥ ♦♥♥t♦ ♠♦és ♣rt♠♥t sérs
Fatt s
Fint = Fid + FHS + Fatt.
♦s ♦♠♦é♥♦s
♦s ♦s ♦♠♦é♥♦s s♦♥ q♦s ♦♥ ♥s ♦♥stt② ♥ ♠♣♦ sr ♥♦r♠
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♥ó♥ ❬❪ ♦♥t♥ ♠t♦♥♥♦ srt♦ ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥
♣rs U(rij) ♦♥ rij = ri − rj ② ♥rí ♥ét s N ♣rtís p2i /2m
H =
N∑
i=1
p2i2m
+
N∑
i=1
N∑
j>1
U(ri,j).
♦ ♥ s♦ ás♦
QN (V, T ) =1
N !h3N
ˆ
..
ˆ
exp
−β
N∑
i=1
p2i2m
+N∑
i=1
N∑
j>1
U(ri,j)
dp1...dpN =
=1
N !h3N
ˆ
..
ˆ
exp
[
−β∑
i
p2i2m
]
dp1..dpN .
ˆ
..
ˆ
exp
−βN∑
i=1
N∑
i>j
U(ri,j)
dr1..drN =
=1
N !
[
(
2πm
βh2
)1
2
]3Nˆ
..
ˆ
exp
−βN∑
i=1
N∑
i>j
U(ri,j)
dr1...drN =
=1
N !
[
(
2πm
βh2
)1
2
]3N
ZN (V, T ).
♥ st ①♣rsó♥ β = 1/kBT ② kB s ♦♥st♥t ♦t③♠♥♥
♥ s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr s ♣rtís stá♥ ♦♥t♥s ♥ ♥♦♠♥ ♥tr ♦♥ró♥
r♣rs♥t ♣♦r
ZN (V, T ) =
ˆ
..
ˆ
exp
−βN∑
i=1
N∑
i>j
U(ri,j)
dr1...drN .
rst♦ st ①♣rsó♥ s ♣ ♥tr ♦♥ ♥rí ♥ét ♥ sst♠ N ♣rtís ♦♥ s ♣♥
s♣rr ♦s t♦s á♥t♦s
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♥ó♥ s t♦r③ ♥t♦♥s ♥ tér♠♥♦s q ①♣rs♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ sst♠
② ♦tr♦s tér♠♥♦s q ♥ ♥t s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr s ♣rtís s r
QN−int(V, T ) = QN−id(V, T )ZN (V, T )
V N= QN−idQN−inter.
♠♥t ①♣rs♠♦s ♥♦ st♦s t♦rs ♣r ♦ srr s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥rís rs s♦s
♦♥ ♦s
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s
s ás♦
t♦r s♦♦ s s ♦t♥ ♦♥sr♥♦ q ♦s tér♠♥♦s r♦♥♦s ♦♥ s ♥tr♦♥s Uij s♦♥
é♥t♠♥t ♥♦s st ♠♥r ♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ s sr ♦♠♦
QN−id(V, T ) =1
N !
[
(
2πm
βh2
)1/2]3N
Z0N (V, T ) =
1
N !Λ3NZ0N (V, T ) =
V N
N !Λ3N,
♦♥ Λ s ♦♥t ♦♥ ❵r♦ ♥ ♣♦r
Λ = h/(2πmkBT )1/2.
♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ ♥rí r ♥trí♥s ♠♦t③ s s r♦♥ ♦♥ ♥ó♥
♣rtó♥ ♥ó♥ ♠♥t st ♠♥r
FN,id(V, T ) = −kBT[
Nln
(
Λ3
V
)
+NlnN −N
]
= kBTN
[
ln
(
Λ3N
V
)
− 1
]
,
sí ♥rí r ♣♦r ♥ ♦♠♥ s ①♣rs ♦♠♦
FN,id(V, T )
V= kBTρ
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1]
,
♦♥
ρ =N
V,
r♣rs♥t ♥s ♥ s♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦
s á♥t♦
♥rí r ♣r ♥ s ♦s♦♥s s ♣ srr ♦♠♦
FN,id(V, T )
V= kBTρ
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1
Λ3ρg5/2(Λ
3ρ)
]
,
♦♥ ♥íó♥
g5/2(ρΛ3) =
∞∑
s=1
(ρΛ3)s
s5/2.
óts q s ρΛ3 ≪ 1 ♦ s s s ♠♦és stá♥ ♠② st♥s ♥ ♦♠♣ró♥ ♦♥ ♦♥t ♦♥
r♦ q t♥♥ s♦s s r♣r ①♣rsó♥ ás ♥rí r
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ s♦ ♦♥ s ♥tr♦♥s
♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ s♦ ♥ sst♠ N ♣rtís q ♥trtú♥ ♥tr sí ② q qí ♠♦s ♥♦t♦
♣♦r QN,inter s sr ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥tr ♦♥ró♥
QN,inter(V, T ) =ZN (V, T )
V N.
♣rtr st út♠ ①♣rsó♥ s ♣ ♦t♥r ♥rí r ♠♦t③ s♦ s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr
s ♣rtís q ♦♥stt②♥ ♦
FN,inter(V, T ) = −KBT ln [QN,inter(V, T )] =
= −KBT ln
[
ZN (V, T )
V N
]
.
♦ ♥rí r ♣♦r ♥ ♦♠♥ s sr ♦♠♦
FN,inter(V, T )
V= −KBT
1
Vln
(
ZN (V, T )
V N
)
.
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♣♦♠♦s ①♣♥r ①♣♦♥♥ q ♦♠♣♦♥ ZN (V, T ) ♦♥sr♥♦ q s ♥tr♦♥s s
s♥ ♠②♦r♠♥t ♣rs ♥tr♥♦ s ♣ rsrr s♥t ♠♥r
exp
−βN∑
i=1
N∑
i>j
U(ri,j)
=∏
pares
exp [−βU(ri,j)] .
♦ ♦♥sr♠♦s q ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♦s ♣rtís ♣♥ s♦♦ st♥ q s♣r
s ♣rtís
s s
U(ri,j) = U (‖ri − rj‖) = U(rij)
♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♥ ♥ ♠♦♦ ♦ ♦♥ s ♦♥sr q s ♠♦és q ♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥ s♦♥ ♣rt♠♥t
sérs ♣♦♠♦s srr t♦♦ ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♥♦♠♥s ♥♦♥s ②r fij ❬❪
exp [−βU(ri,j)] = 1− βU(ri,j) +1
2β2U2(ri,j) + ............ = 1 + fij .
♦ ♥ s♦ ♥ q s ♣rtís sté♥ ♠② rs ♦♠♦ ♦rr ♣r ♦s ♠② ♥s♦s fij s ♣qñ ② ♥t♦♥s
s♥t srr♦♦ ♦♥ s rt♥♥ s♦♠♥t ♦s tér♠♥♦s q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ r♠s rrs ❬❪
r♣r♦ ♠♥t ♥tr♥♦
exp
−βN∑
i=1
N∑
i>j
U(ri,j)
=∏
pares
exp [−βU(ri,j)] =∏
pares
[1 + fij ] =
=∑
ij
fij +∑
ijk
fijfjkfki + ...........,
♦
ZN (V, T )
V N=
1
V N
ˆ
....
ˆ
∑
ij
fij +∑
ijk
fijfjkfki + ...........
dr1dr2.......drN =
= 1 +N(N − 1)
2
1
V 2
ˆ ˆ
f12dr1dr2 +N(N − 1)(N − 2)
6
1
V 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
f12f13f23dr1dr2dr3 + ..... .
② ♥ í♠t tr♠♦♥á♠♦
N
V≃ N − 1
V≃ N − 2
V≃ ... ≃ ρ.
s t♥ ♥ ♥t ♠ás q ♦s tér♠♥♦s ♥trs s♦♥ tér♠♥♦s ♦rró♥ ♣♦r ♥ ♣qñ♦s ♥t♦♥s
s ♣ ♣r ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ln(1 + x) ≃ x
♦FN,inter(V, T )
V= −KBT
1
Vln
(
ZN (V, T )
V N
)
=
= −kBT1
Vln
[
1 +1
2ρ2ˆ ˆ
f12dr1dr2 +1
6ρ3ˆ ˆ ˆ
f12f13f23dr1dr2dr3 + ......
]
=
= −kBT1
V
[
1
2ρ2ˆ ˆ
f12dr1dr2 +1
6ρ3ˆ ˆ ˆ
f12f13f23dr1dr2dr3 + ......
]
.
st♦ út♠♦ ♦♥stt② ♥ srr♦♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥s ♥s srr♦♦ r
♥áss s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦♥tr♦♥s ♥rí
♥ts srr s ♦♥tr♦♥s ♥rí r ♠♦t③ ♥trí♥s q s r♥ srr♦♦
♥tr ♦♥ró♥ ♠♦s ♥s ♦♥sr♦♥s rs♣t♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ s ♣rtís
q ♦♥stt②♥ ♦ Pr ♦ q s s♠r♠♦s q
st ♣♦t♥ s ♣ s♦♠♣♦♥r ♦♠♦ s♠ ♥ ♣♦t♥ r♣s♦ Urep q tú st ♥ st♥
r0 ② ♦tr♦ trt♦ Uatt q tú ♣r st♥s ♠②♦rs r0 ❱ r
U =
Urep r < r0
Uatt r ≥ r0.
♦♥sr q sst♠ ♦♥st N srs rs r♦ r0 ♦
Urep ≡ ∞ r < r0.
♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t t♦♦ st♦ s ♣♥ r s ♦♥tr♦♥s r♥ts ór♥s
♦♥tró♥ ♦r♥ rát♦F
(2)N,inter(V, T )
V= −kBT
1
2Vρ2ˆ ˆ
f12dr1dr2 = −kBT1
2ρ24π
ˆ
∞
0
f12(r)r2dr =
−2πkBTρ2
[ˆ r0
0
(−1)r2dr +
ˆ
∞
0
[
exp
(
Uatt(r)
kBT
)
− 1
]
r2dr
]
⇒
F(2)N,inter(V, T )
V=
2π
3kBTr
30ρ
2 + 2πρ2ˆ
∞
r0
Uatt(r)r2dr.
♣r♠r tér♠♥♦ r ♥ út♠ ①♣rsó♥ st r♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥rí r ♥ sst♠ srs
rs ♠♥trs q s♥♦ st ♦ ♥ sst♠ N ♣rtís ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s t♣♦ trts
♦♥tró♥ ór♥s s♣r♦rs
♥ s ♦♥tr♦♥s ♠②♦r ♦r♥ ♥ ♥s s♦♦ s rt♥ ♣♦t♥ r♣s♦ srs rs sí ♣♦r
♠♣♦ trr ♦r♥ ♦rró♥ s sr ♦♠♦
F(3)N,inter(V, T )
V= −kBT
1
6Vρ3ˆ ˆ ˆ
f12f13f23dr1dr2dr3 = kBT5
16
(
2π
3r30
)2
ρ3.
♦♥
η =π
6r30ρ,
s ró♥ ♦♠♥ ♦♣♦ ♣♦r s srs rs ró♥ ♠♣qt♠♥t♦
♦ ♦rró♥ trr ♦r♥ s ♣ srr ♦♠♦
F(3)N,inter(V, T )
V= kBTρ4η.
♥á♦♠♥t s ♣♦s ①♣rsr s ♦rr♦♥s rt♦ ② q♥t♦ ♦r♥
F(4)N,inter(V, T )
V= kBTρ5η
2,
F(5)N,inter(V, T )
V= kBTρ
3673
600η3.
♥♦s st♦s tér♠♥♦s r♦♥ ♦s ♣♦r ② ♦♦r ❬❪
st ♦r♠ ①♣rsó♥ ♥rí r ♥trí♥s q srt ♦♠♦Fint(V, T )
V= kBTρ
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1]
+ kBTρ
[
4η + 5η2 +3673
600η3 + .....
]
+
+2πρ2ˆ
∞
r0
Uatt(r)r2dr.
s♠ tér♠♥♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦♥tró♥ srs rs ♣r ♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♥♥t♦ tér♠♥♦s
♠♥r ♣r♦①♠ ♣♦r r♥♥ ② tr♥ ❬❪ rst♦ s
4η + 5η2 +3673
600η3 + ..... ≃ 4η − 3η2
(1− η)2 = fHS [ρ]
tér♠♥♦ fHS [ρ] s ♥s ①s♦ ♥rí r ♣r ♥ s srs rís
♦ t♥♥♦ ♦♠♦ s sr tér♠♥♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s ♣♦♠♦s st♥r ♦s st♦♥s
s♦ ás♦
FN,int(V, T )
V= kBTρ
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1]
+ kBTρfHS [ρ] + 2πρ2ˆ
∞
r0
Uatt(r)r2dr.
s♦ á♥t♦
FN,int(V, T )
V= kBTρ
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1
Λ3ρg5/2(Λ
3ρ)
]
+ kBTρfHS [ρ] + 2πρ2ˆ
∞
r0
Uatt(r)r2dr.
♥♦♥s ♦rró♥
s ♥♦♥s ♦rró♥ ♥♦ ② ♦s r♣♦s s ♣♥ ♦t♥r ♣rtr ①s♦ ♥rí r Fexc
❬❪ ♥ s♦ ♥ q ♦ ♥trtú ♦♥ ♠♣♦s ①tr♥♦s st tér♠♥♦ ♦♥t♥ ♠ás ♥rí
♥tr♦♥s ♥tr♥s q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦s ♠♣♦s ①tr♥♦s sts ♥♦♥s s ♦t♥♥ ♥t♦♥s
♠♥t ró♥ ♥♦♥ ①s♦ ♥rí r s ② ❬❪
c(1)(r) = −δ(
1kBT Fexc[ρ]
)
δρ(r),
c(2)(r, r′) = −δ2(
1kBT Fexc[ρ]
)
δρ(r)δρ(r′).
♦s ♥♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦rís ♦s ② ♥♦ ♦s
s ♣r♠rs t♦rís srr♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥♦♥ ♥s r♦♥ s ♥♦♠♥s t♦rís
♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♦ ♥s
s s ♥ tr♠♦♥á♠ ♥ ♦ ♥♦r♠ ρ(r) = ρ0 ♣r
F [ρ] = Nf(ρ0),
s♥♦ f(ρ0) ♥rí r ♠♦t③ ♣♦r ♣rtí
st ♠♥r ♦r♠ó♥ ♦♥sst s♠♣♠♥t ♥ ♥ ♥r③ó♥ ♣r s♦ ♥♦
♥♦r♠ ♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ①♣rsó♥ ♣r ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ❬ ❪
FLDA =
ˆ
ρ(r)f(ρr)dr.
st ♣r♦①♠ó♥ s ♣ str s ♦♥sr♠♦s ♥ ♦ q ♣rs♥t r♦♥s s♣s ♠② ss
♥s ♥ ♠♥r s ♦♠♦ trtr ♦ ♥♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦ ♦♠♦ tr♦③♦s ♥♣♥♥ts ♦
♦♠♦é♥♦
③ ♥ sst♠s ás♦s s ♠② ♠t ♥♦ sí ♥ sst♠s á♥t♦s ♦♥ ♠♥♦r ♥ s
♦rr♦♥s ♦♥rt ♥ ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ r③♦♥♠♥t ♥ ♥ ♠s st♦♥s
♦r♠ó♥ s ①t ♣r s ♦ s ú♥♦ sst♠ q s sr ♠♥t ♦♥
st ♣r♦①♠ó♥ Pr ♦rr♦♦rr st♦ st ♦♥ ♥tr♦r ♥ rst♦ s
c(2)(r) ≈ δ(r).
s r st ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♥♦ t♥ ♥ ♥t s ♥tr♦♥s ♥ ♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ ♣♥t♦ s♣r♥♦ ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦
♦s t♦s s ♦rr♦♥s
♠♦♦ s ♣ ♠♦rr ♦♥ ♥ srr♦♦ ♥ r♥ts ♥s ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥♦♠♥♦
sr♥♦ ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♥rí r ♣♦r ♥ ♦♠♥
f(ρ(r)) = ρ(r)ψ(ρ(r)),
② tr♥♥♦ st srr♦♦ ♥ s♥♦ tér♠♥♦ ①♣♥só♥ ❬❪ st ♥t♦♥s
FSGA[ρ] =
ˆ
dr[
f(ρ(r)) + f2(ρ(r))(∇ρ(r))2 + .........]
,
♦♥ f(ρ(r)) ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥rí r sst♠ ♥♦r♠ ② tr♠♥♦ f2(ρ(r)) ② ♦s ss♦s tér♠♥♦s
♥ s♦ ♦♥t♥r ①♣♥só♥ t♥ ♥ ♥t s r♦♥s s♣s ♥s
Pr ♦t♥r ①♣rsó♥ f2(ρ(r)) t♥♠♦s q ♠♣♦♥r ♥ ♦♥ó♥ ♦♥ ♥str♦ ♥♦♥ ♦♠♦
♣♦r ♠♣♦ q r♣r♦③ rs♣st ♥ s♣r ♥♦ ♣rtr♠♦s sst♠ ♣r♦①♠ó♥
s á ♥s♦ ♥ st♦♥s ♦♥ ♥s rí rt♠♥t ♣r♦ ♦♥ strt rstró♥ q ♦
♠♦ ♣r♦rs ♦ r♦ ♥ st♥ ♠② r♥ ♥ ♦♠♣ró♥ r♥♦ ró♥ ♣♦t♥
♥tr♠♦r ♥ ♣rát st rstró♥ ♠t ♠♦ s♦ s ♥ s s♦ ♦♥ é①t♦ ♣r srr
s rtrísts ♥trs íq♦♣♦r r ♥ ♣♥t♦ rít♦ ♣r♦♠s ♦♥ ♥trss íq♦íq♦
♥ ♠③s ♣r♦♠s ♠♦♦ t
s t♦rís ♥♦ ♦s ♥♦♥ ♥s r♥ s ♦s t♥♥ ♥ ♥t s
♦rr♦♥s ♠♦rs ♦rt♦ r♥♦ ② ♥t♦♥s ♣r♦♥ ♥ rr♠♥t ♠♣rs♥ ♣r str sst♠s
♥♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦♥ rts r♦♥s ♥ ♣r ♥s st♦s ♣r♦♠s ♣r♥ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♥
st♦ s♦ró♥ ♦s s♠♣s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s ♦s ♠ét♦♦s r♦s sr♥
♣r♦♣♠♥t ♥ó♠♥♦s ts ♦♠♦ tr♥s♦♥s s ♦♥♥só♥ ♣r ♥ó♠♥♦s ♠♦♦ t
♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s ♥♦ ♦s ♥ ♥t t♠é♥ s ♦s♦♥s q ♣r♥ ♥ ♣r ♥s ♥♦
♦ s s♦r s♦r ♥ ♣r rst♦ ♥♦ t♥t♦ ♥ s♠♦♥s ♦♥tr♦ ♦♠♦ ♥á♠
♦r q st s♥t ♥ ♦s á♦s ♦s ♥t ♠♥t ♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s ♦s
♥ s♦ s st♥ ♦s ♦r♠♦♥s ♥ s r③♦♥ ♥s ② ♥rs♦♥
q ♠♦s ♥♦♠♥♦ s♠♦♦t ♥st② ♣♣r♦①♠t♦♥ t③ ♥ ♠♣♦ ♥ss ♣r♦♠♦ ♦♥
rt♦s t♦rs ♣s♦ q ♦♥stt②♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s rs t♦rí
♦tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♦rí s s ♥♠♥ts srr♦♦ ♣♦r ♦s♥ r
② ♦s♥r ♥♦ ♦♥t♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s rs
trs ♦♥sr♦♥s rrs ♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s ② s♦♥ s s♥ts ❬❪
♥♦ s st♥ tr♥s♦♥s ♠♦♦ tt♥ s t♦rís ♦s r♥ s♦rst♠♥
á♥♦ ♦♥tt♦ ♥tr ♣r ② ♦ ♥ ♥ stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r
♥ ♦♥trst ♦♥ s ♣r♦♥s st ♦r♠s♠♦ sr ♠♥t ♦①st♥ íq♦s ♥
sst♠s ♦s ♠♥s♦♥s ♦♥♥♦s ♥ ♣♦r♦s ♠② str♦s t♠♣rtrs ♥r♦rs rít
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥♦ s st tr♥só♥ ♣r ♦s ♦♥♥♦s ♥tr ♣rs tr♥só♥ ♦♥ s
♣s ♥ íq♦ ♥s♦ ♥ s ♦ ♣rs♦♥s ♠②♦rs stró♥ s í♥s ♦①st♥ ♣r
s ♠♥t ♥♦ r♥ ♠s♦ s ♦t♥s ♠♥t ♦ st♦ sr q s
♦rr♦♥s ♦rt♦ ♥ ♥♦ s♦♥ ♥ st s♦ ♠♣♦rt♥ts
Pr ♥ stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r ♣rsó♥ ♦♥♥só♥ ♦t♥ ♠♥t st ♥ ♥ r♦
♦♥ s ♣r♦♥s q ② ♣ ♦ ♥ ♣r s♦ró♥ ♥ ♣♦r♦s str♦s ♦♥ r♦s s♣r♦rs
♦s ♥♦ á♠tr♦s ♠♦rs ♦ ♣rs st♥s ♥ ♥♦s ♣♦♦s á♠tr♦s ♠♦rs
♥ st tr♦ t③♠♦s ♥♠♥t♠♥t ♠♦♦ ♥q ♣rs♥t♠♦s ♥ r sr♣ó♥ ♠♦s
♦r♠s♠♦s
♦r♠s♠♦ r③♦♥♥s♥rs♦♥
trt♠♥t♦ sst♠s ♥♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦♥ ♦♥ ♦s ♥tr♦rs ♠ét♦♦s ó♥ f(ρr) ❬ ❪
♥ st♦♥s ♦♥ ρ t♦♠ ♦rs ♠② t♦s ♥ ts r♥st♥s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ♥ sst♠ ♥♦r♠
srá ♣rs♠♠♥t ♠② r♥t q ♣rs♥tr sst♠ r ❯♥ ♠♣♦ st♦ út♠♦ ♦ ♦♥stt②
s♦ ♥ ♦ srs rs ♥ st s♦ ♥♦ ♣♦rí♠♦s trtr st♦♥s ♥ ♦♥ ♥s ♦ s♣r
í♠t ♠♣qt♠♥t♦ ♠á①♠♦
♦s ♥♦♥s ♣s trtr ♦s sst♠s s srr♦r♦♥ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♥ é ♦s s
❬ ❪ t③r♦♥ ♣r ♦ té♥s ♦♠♦ srr♦♦ ①s♦ ♥rí r Fexc[ρ] r♦r
♥s ♦ ♥♦r♠ srr♦♦ ♣rtrt♦ r♦r ♥ ♦ rr♥ ♥ ♦♥♦♦ t
♥♦ s s ♦r♦♠ ❬❪ r③♦♥ ♣r♦♣s♦ ♥tr♦r ♦rr♦♥s ♥♦ ♦s ♥♦♥ ♠♥t
s♦ ♥ stró♥ ♥s ♣s ♦rs r♥ ρ(r) q s ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥♦ ♦ ρ(r) ♥ ♣♥t♦
r sst♠ ♦ ♣ ♠♥r ρ(r) ♦♠♦ s r ♥ s♣ ♥s ♣r♦♠ ♥ ♥ ♦♠♥
r♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥ s ♥tr♦♥s ♦s ♣♦s ♥ ♥s ♦ s♦♥ s③♦s ♥ ρ(r) ② ♥♦ s ♦rr
rs♦ r ♥rí r ♥ ♣♥t♦s ♦♥ ♠♣qt♠♥t♦ ♥③ ♦rs r♥ts s♥t♦ ís♦
♥ st ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♥rí r ①s♦ ♦♥ s srs rs s sr ♦♠♦
Fexc−HS [ρ] =
ˆ
drρ(r)fHS [ρ(r)],
♦♥ fHS s ♥s ①s♦ ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí q ♦rrs♣♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦r♠ Pr
sst♠ srs rs á♠tr♦ σ ♣♦♠♦s sr ó♥ st♦ r♥♠tr♥ ❬❪
Pr ♣♦r ♦♣rr ♦♥ s ♥sr ♥ sr♣ó♥ ρ(r) ❯♥ ♣♦s s s ❬ ❪
ρ(r) =
ˆ
d3r′ρ(r′)w (|r− r′|) ,
♦♥ w(r) s ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣s♦
Pr tr♠♥r s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ s ♠♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♦♥♦♥s
♥ó♥ ♣s♦ str ♥♦r♠③
♥♦♥ r♣rr ♦r♠ r③♦♥ í♠t ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♦ ♥♦r♠
s r ♥ ♠♥r ♦ ♣♦s ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt q rst r♥ó♥ ♥♦♥
❬ ❪ str ♥ ♥ r♦ ♦♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ Prs❨ ❬❪ q ♦♥stt② ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥
rr♥t ♥ t♦rí íq♦s ♦♠♦é♥♦s
ó♥ ♠ás s♥ ♣♦s ♣r w(r) s ♥ó♥ só♥
w(r) =
34πσ
−3 r < σ
0 r > σ.
st ó♥ r♣r♦ ♥ rtríst ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt ♦♠♦ s♦♥t♥
♥ r = σ ♣r♦ s♦rst♠ ♥ ♠s♠ ♥ sí s ♦t♥ ♥ ♥♦♥ q ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥ rst♦s
tt♠♥t ♥♦s ♥ ♣r♦♠s ♦♥ s st♥ ♥trss ♥tr ♦s srs rs ② ♥ ♣r r
♦ tr♥s♦♥s ♦só♦ ❬ ❪
r③♦♥ ❬❪ ♣r♦♣s♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣s♦ ♦♥ ♥ ♣♥♥ ♥ ♥s ♣r ♠♦rr sr♣ó♥
♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt c(r) q s s♣r♥ ♥♦♥ ♦♥ st ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♣s
rst
ρ(r) =
ˆ
d3r′ρ(r′)w (|r− r′| ; ρ(r)) .
st ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥tr♦ r r ♥♦♥ ♥♦s tér♠♥♦s ♥ c(r) ② ♣♦r t♥t♦ s ♣ ♦t♥r
♥ ♣s♦ q r♣r♦③ ♠♦r s ♦rr♦♥s ♦♠♥
s♠ q w(r, ρ) s ♣ srr♦r ♥ ♥ sr ♣♦t♥s ♥s
w(r; ρ) = w0(r) + w1(r)ρ+ w2(r)ρ2 + ....... .
♦♥ó♥ ♥♦r♠③ó♥ s♦r w(r, ρ) ♠♣ ♥sr♠♥t
ˆ
drwi(r) =
1 i = 0
0 i = 1, 2, ....
❯s♥♦ srr♦♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥s ♥s w(r) ♦ ♣♦r ② r♥♥♦ ♥♦♥ sú♥
s ♦t♥ ♥ srr♦♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥s ♥s ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt P♦♠♦s
♦♠♣rr ♦ srr♦♦ ♦♥ q s ♦t♥ ♥ ①♣♥só♥ r c(r) ② s ♦r♠ rr
♥♦r♠ó♥ ♥sr ♣r r s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ wi
st ♠♥r w0(r) s ♥♦ ♥ó♥ só♥ ♣♦r ② ♣r w1(r) s ♦t♥ ♥ ó♥
♥tr q rs♦rs ♥♠ér♠♥t
Pr rst♦ ♦♥ts wi, i ≥ 2 s ♥st♥ t♠é♥ ♦s tér♠♥♦s srr♦♦ fHS(ρ)
óts q ♥ st ♣♥t♦ ② ♥ ♣qñ ♥♦♥sst♥ ♣♦r ♥ ♦ s t③ ó♥ st♦ r♥♠
tr♥ ② ♣♦r ♦tr♦ s ♣rt♥ r♣rr s ♦rr♦♥s ♣r♦①♠ó♥ Prs❨ ♥ ♠r♦ s
♦rr♦♥s ② ♥rí ①s♦ ♣♦r ♣rtí stá♥ r♦♥s ♣♦r ♠♦ ♥tr ♦♠♥ c(r)
♦ st ♥♦♥sst♥ ♥♦ s ♣♦s ♥tó♥ tér♠♥♦ tér♠♥♦ wi ♣r i ≥ 2 ❯♥ tr♥t
♣r ♦rr ♦♥sst♥ s tr♥r srr♦♦ ♥ i = 2 r③♥♦ ♥ st ♥ó♥
♣s♦ w2(r) ♣r q s ♦t♥ ♥ ♥ sr♣ó♥ c(r) ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ ♥ss s s tr♥
srr♦♦ ♥ i = 1 ú♥♠♥t s r♣r♦ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ c(r) ♥ ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♣qñ♦ ♥
sr ♥rs♦♥♥♦ ♥ srr♦♦ ♠ét♦♦ tr♥sr♠♦s ♦♥t♥ó♥ ♦s rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥ ♣r
s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦
w0(r) =
34πσ3 r < σ
0 r > σ,
w1(r) =
0,475− 0,648(
rσ
)
+ 0,113(
rσ
)2r < σ
0,288(
σr
)
− 0,924 + 0,764(
rσ
)
− 0,187(
rσ
)2σ < r < 2σ
0 r > 2σ
,
w2(r) =
5πσ3
144 (6− 12)(
rσ
)
+ 0,113(
rσ
)2r < σ
0,288(
σr
)
− 0,924 + 0,764(
rσ
)
− 0,187(
rσ
)2σ < r < 2σ
0 r > 2σ
.
♦ ♦♥ ρ(r) sí ♦♥str s r♣r c(r) Prs❨ ♥ ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♠② ♠♣♦
♥♦♥ q s ♦t♥ ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♦♥str♦ st ♠♥r s ♣③ srr stst♦r♠♥t
st♦♥s s♣♠♥t ♠② ♥♦♠♦é♥s ♦♠♦ s q ♣r♥ ♥ ♣r♦♠s só♦s srs rs ♦
♥trss ♥tr srs rs ② ♣rs rs ❬❪
①st♥ ♦trs t♦rís ♦♥ s tr ♦♥ ♥ss ♣r♦♠s ♣♦♠♦s tr rs♣t♦ t♦rí rt♥ ②
sr♦t ❬❪ ♥ st ♦r♠ó♥ ♥ r r ♥ ①♣♥só♥ ♥ ♥s ♣r r s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦
sts s ♥ ♥♠ér♠♥t ♣r q ♥♦♥ r♣r ♦rró♥ Prs❨ ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦
♥ss ♥ st út♠♦ s♦ ♦st♦ ♦♠♣t♦♥ s ♠♦ ♠②♦r
♠é♥ ♠r♥ ♥ ♠♥ó♥ s t♦rís ss ♥ ♥ ♣s♦ q s ♥♣♥♥t ♣♦só♥ ♣♦r ♠♣♦
♦ ❲ ♥t♦♥ ② sr♦t ❬❪ ♦ ts♦ ② s ❬❪
♠♣♠♥tó♥ sts ♣r♦①♠♦♥s s ♠ás s♥ ♦st ♥ sr♣ó♥ ♠ás r♠♥tr sst♠
♦rí s s ♥♠♥ts
♥ út♠ é s♦ ❳❳ ♦s♥ ♣r♦♣s♦ ♦ q ♥♦♠♥♦ ♦rí s s ♥♠♥ts
② ♥ s ♦t♦ ♥ ♥♦ t♣♦ ♥♦♥s ❬ ❪ st♦s ♥♦♥s s♦♥ s♣í♦s ♣r
r♣♦s r♦s s♦s srs ♥r♦s t ② t♥♥ ♥ strtr ♦♠♣t♠♥t r♥t ♦s r♦s
♣r♦①♠ó♥ s ♥ ♦♠trí ♠♦r ♥ r ♦♠♥ ①♦ ♥tr ♦s ♣rtís st
t♦rí srr♦ ♥ ♣r♥♣♦ ♣r trtr ♣r♦♠s ♠③s ♦s
♥ s ♦r♠ó♥ ♦r♥ ♥rí ①s♦ ♣r ♥ ♠③ srs rs s ♣ srr ♦♠♦
Fexc−HS [ρi(r)]
kBT=
ˆ
dr′fHS [nα(r′)] ,
♦♥ ρi s ♥s s♣ i ② fHS s sr ♦♠♦ ♥ó♥ s nα q ♦♥stt②♥ ♣r♦♠♦s s
♠s ♥♠♥ts s ♣rtís r♦ só♥ ♦♠♥ t
nα(r′) =
∑
i
ˆ
dr′ρi(r′)ω
(α)i r− r
′
s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ ω(α)i stá♥ r♦♥s ♦♥ ♦♠trí s ♣rtís q ♦♥stt②♥ ♦ át♦♠♦s ♦
♠♦és ② s♦♥ ♣♥t♦ ♥ t♦rí ♦r α st ♦ ♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥ s♣♦ q
♥♦♠♥r♠♦s D 0 < α < D st♦s ♣s♦s s ♦t♥♥ ♥♦ ♦ ♥ s♦♠♣♦só♥ ♥ó♥
②r ❬❪ ♥ tér♠♥♦s s♠s ♦♥♦♦♥s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ ♥ s♦ srs rs ①st ♥ ú♥
s♦♠♣♦só♥ st t♣♦ q ♥♦r ♥♦♥s ω(α)i ♥ s♦ ♣rtr ♥ q ♠♥só♥ s♣♦
s ♦s ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ s♦♥ srs ② r♣rs♥t♥ ♦♠♥ ② s♣r sr ② ♥ trr s ♥
t♦r s♣r s rst♥ts s♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥s sts trs ♥♦ ♥ ♥áss ♠♥s♦♥ ② t♥♥♦
♥ ♥t s r♦♥s q s ♦t♥♥ t♦rí ♣rtí s ❬ ❪ ♥ ♣rtr q rr ♥ ♥
♦ ♥♦r♠ ♥ sér r♦ R → ∞ s♣♦♥ ♥ tr♦ q PV ♦♥ P s ♣rsó♥
② V ♦♠♥ s ♦t♥ á♠♥t ♥ ①♣rsó♥ ♣r ♥rí ①s♦ ♥♦♥ sí
♦♥str♦ ♣r ♠♥t ♦s rst♦s q ♣r♥ ♥ ♣r♦♠s ♦♥ ♠♣♦s ♥s t♠♥t
♥♦ ♥♦r♠s ♣r♦♠s ♦♥ s st s♦ró♥ srs rs s♦r ♥ ♣r r
trs ♥ts ♠♣♦rt♥ts stá♥ r♦♥s ♦♥ ♦ q s ♥♦♥s ♦rró♥ s ♦t♥♥
rá♣♠♥t ♣rtr ♦s ♣s♦s ♣r ♥ ♦ ♥♦r♠ ♠♦♥♦♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♥♦♥ ♦s♥
r♣r ó♥ st♦ ② ♦rró♥ Prs❨ ♥óts r♥ ♦♥ s t♦rís ♦♥strs
①♣ít♠♥t ♣r q s ♦t♥ st ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦
♣sr sts ♥ts ♥♦♥ ♣rs♥t rt♦s ♣r♦♠s ♥ st♦ só♦ srs rs ♣s
♣r q s s♠♣r ♥st r♥t íq♦ ♥ ♥ s só ♣rtí stá ♦♥♥ ♥ ♥
s ♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦♠♦ ♦♣ó♥ rí ♥tr ② ♥♦ s st í♠t ♦♥ ♥♦♥
♦s♥ s ♦t♥ ♥ r♥ ♥ ♥rí r q ♥ s♥ s ♦r♥ ♦ t♦rí st
♥tr♣rtó♥ ♣r♦♣ó srr♦♦ ♥♦♥s s♦s ♥ s ♦tr♦ ♣♥t♦ st ♦♥♦♦ ♦♠♦
ró♥ ♠♥s♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥ r♦ss♦r ♥ st s♦ s ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦♥ q r♣r í♠t ①t♦
♥ s s ❬ ❪ rst♦ s♦♥ ♥♦♥s q ♣r♦s ♥ ♦trs ♠♥s♦♥s r♣r♥
s♦ó♥ ①t Prs❨ ♥ ❬❪ ② ♥ s♦ó♥ q rr♦ t♦rí ♣rtí s
♥ trs ♠♥s♦♥s s♥ ♠r♦ s ♦t♥ ♥ ó♥ st♦ q ♥♦ ♣r♦ rst♦s ♣ts Pr
rs♦r st ♥♦♥♥♥t r③♦♥ ❬❪ ♣r♦♣s♦ ♥ ♠♦ó♥ ♥ ♥♦ ♦s tér♠♥♦s ♥♦♥ ♦
s♥ ♥♦r♣♦r♥♦ ♥ ♣s♦ t♥s♦r ♦ ♥♦♥ ♥♦ t♥ r♥s ♥ í♠t r♣r rst♦
①t♦ ♥ ② r♣r♦ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ② ó♥ st♦ Prs❨ ♣r ♦ ♥♦r
♠ s♣t♦ s só sr ♠♥t strtr ♥q ♥ ♣ró♥ ♥ss
♦①st♥ ♦ q ♦ s sr ♦♥ ó♥ st♦ Prs❨ ♣♥ ♠♦rr
s ♣r♦♥s ♣r ♦①st♥ s s ♠♦ ♥♦♥ ♦r♠ q s ♦t♥ ó♥ st♦
r♥♥tr♥ ❬❪ ♣r♦ ♥t♦♥s ♠♣♦r sr♣ó♥ só♦
s♣t♦s ♦r♠s t♦rí
♦♠♦ s ①♣rs♦ ♥ts ♦r♠ó♥ stá ♥s♣r ①st♥ ♥♦ís ♥tr s t♦rís ♣rtí
s ② Prs❨ ♣r srs rís t♦rí ♣rtí s ♥ st ♦♥t①t♦ s♦♦ ♣♦rt
tr♠♦♥á♠ ♣r♦♠
ró♥ t♦rí ❬ ❪ ♣rt ♥ ♦sró♥ ♥r ①♣rsó♥ Prs❨
r♦♥ ♦♥ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt ♦s ♣rtís ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♦ srs rs
P♦♠♦s ①♣rsr ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ♦♠♦
c(x) =
−λ1 − 6ηλ2x− 12ηλ1x
3 x < 1
0 x > 1,
r ♦♠trí ♦s srs rís q s ♥trs♥ t♦rí s s ♥ ♦♥t♥♦ ♦♠étr♦ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ st s♦ ♦s srs rís q s ♥trs♥ ♥ r R ♦rrs♣♦♥ r♦ s srs ② r s st♥ ♥tr ss ♥tr♦s st♦r ∆S ♠r ár tr♥srs ♥trsó♥
♦♥ x = r/d, η s ró♥ ♠♣qt♠♥t♦ ②
λ1 =(1 + 2η)
2
(1− η)4 ,
λ2 =− (2 + η)
2
4 (1− η)4 .
♣ sr rsrt ♥ ♥ó♥ rts ♥ts q rtr③♥ ♦♠trí ♦s srs q
s ♥trs♥ sts srs t♥♥ r♦ R ② stá♥ s♣rs ♥ st♥ r ♦♥
r < 2R
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ sq♠ stó♥
s ♥ts ♠♥♦♥s s♦♥ ♦♠♥ ♥trsó♥ V só♥ tr♥srs ♥trsó♥∆S(r)
② r♦ ♠s♠ ∆R(r) = 2R−R ♦♥ R = R+ r/4
①♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ sts ♥ts ♣r♠♥t ♦♠étrs ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ s sr ♦♠♦
−c(r) = χ(3)∆V (r) + χ(2)∆S(r) + χ(1)∆R(r) + χ(0)Θ(|r| − 2R),
♦♥
χ(0) =1
1− ξ3,
χ(1) =ξ2
(1− ξ3)2 ,
χ(2) =ξ1
(1− ξ3)2 +
ξ22
4π (1− ξ3)3 ,
χ(3) =ξ0
(1− ξ3)2 +
2ξ1ξ2
(1− ξ3)3 +
ξ32
4π (1− ξ3)4 ,
♦♥
ξα = ρR(α).
qí s R(α) ♦♥stt②♥ s ♠♥ts ♦♠étrs ♥♠♥ts ♣r♦♠ ♥trsó♥
R(0) = 1,
R(1) = R,
R(2) = 4πR2,
R(3) =4
3πR3,
♥ s♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦ sts ♥ts ♦♥♥ ♦♥ ♦s t♦rs ♣s♦ q ♣r♥ ♥ t♦rí
♣rtí s ❬❪
s ♥ts r♦♥s ♦r♣ ♦♠♥ ár ② r♦ ♣♥ sr ①♣rss ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♦♥♦♦♥s
♥♦♥s ♦♥ s q s♣és s ♥ ♣sr s ♥ss s♦s ♦♥ ♦♠trí s srs ♥♠♦s
♥t♦♥s s s♥ts ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ srs q s♦♦ ♥♦r♥ ♥ts ♦♠étrs ♥♠♥ts
ω(3)(r) = Θ(|r| −R),
ω(2)(r) = δ(|r| −R),
ω(1)(r) =ω(2)(r)
4πR,
ω(0)(r) =ω(2)(r)
4πR2,
Pr ♦tr♦ ♦ t♥♠♦s s s♥ts ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ t♦rs
ω(V 2)(r) = −∇ω(3)(r) =r
Rδ(|r| −R),
ω(V 1)(r) =ω(V 2)(r)
4πR,
♥t♠♥t r♦♥ ♣r♦♣sts ♦trs ♥ts t♥s♦rs ♣r ♦♥sr ♣r♦①♠♦♥s ♠ás ♣rss sts
♥ts ♥♦ srá♥ t♥s ♥ ♥t ♥ ♣rs♥t tr♦
♥t ♠♣♦ sts ♥♦♥s ♣s♦ ♣♦♠♦s ①♣rsr ♦♠♥ ② ár ♥trsó♥ ♦♠♦
∆V (r) = ω(3) ⊗ ω(3) =
ˆ
Θ(|r′| −R)Θ(|r− r′| −R)dr′ =
=2
3π(
2R3 − 3R2r + r3)
Θ(|r′| − 2R),
∆S(r) = 2ω(3) ⊗ ω(2) = 2
ˆ
Θ(|r′| −R)δ(|r− r′| −R)dr′ =
= 4πR2Θ(|r′| − 2R)(
1− r
2R
)
,
∆R(r) =∆S(r)
8πR+
1
2RΘ(|r| − 2R) =
(
R− r
4
)
Θ(|r| − 2R),
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ①s♦ ♥rí r ♦ srs rís s ♣ ①♣rsr ♦♠♦ s ♥ ♥
♦♥ nα(r) ♦rrs♣♦♥í ♥s ♣r♦♠ q ♥ s♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♥ ♥s ♥♦r♠
♦♥ ♦♥ s rs ♥ t♦rí ♣rtí s
n0 = ρ,
n1 = Rρ,
n2 = 4πR2ρ,
n3 =4
3πR3ρ,
♥s ♣r♦♠ ♣r ♥ ú♥ s♣ ♣rtís s ①♣rs ♦♠♦
nα(r) =
ˆ
dr′ρr′ω(α)r− r′.
♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ rt ♥ ♣rtí s ♣ r trés ró♥ ♥♦♥ ♥rí
r
c(1)(r) = − 1
kBT
δFHS [ρ]
δρ(r)=
ˆ
dr′∑
α
∂fHS
∂nαω(α)r− r
′,
② ♥s ♥rí r s ♣ r♦♥r ♦♥ s ♥ss ♣r♦♠s ♠♥t ①♣rsó♥
fHS = n0ln(1− n3) +n1n2 − nV1 nV2
1− n3+
1/3n32 − n2(nV2 nV2)
8π(1− n3)2.
qí nV1 ② nV2 s♦♥ t♦rs
st ♠♥r ♥ í♠t ♦s ♦♥ ♥s ♥♦r♠ s r♥♥tr ①♣rsó♥ Prs❨ ♣r
♥rí r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♦ srs rs
fHS [ρ] = −ln(1− η) +1
2
6η − 3η2
(1− η)2.
♣ít♦
♣t♠③ó♥ ♥♦♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♥
st ss
♥ st ♣ít♦ ♣rs♥t♠♦s ♥ ♥ ♣r♦♣st ♣r ♦♣t♠③r ♥♦♥ ♥s ♥ ♦ s♦r♦
♥♦♥ sí ♦♣t♠③♦ ♦ trs q ♣r♠tó r♣r♦r ♦♥ ♣rsó♥ t♥só♥ s♣r
♣r♦♣s r♦♥s ♦♥ ♠♦♦ s♣rs t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦ ② ♦trs ♣r♦♣s
s ♦♥ s♦ró♥ ♥ ♣rs ② r♥rs strs ts ♦♠♦ ♥ó♠♥♦s r♣tr s♠trí ♥ ♦s ♣rs
♥s q ♣♥ ♣rr ♥♦ ♦ s s♦r ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣♥ ♣rs é♥ts
♥tr♦ó♥
❯♥ t♦rí ♠♦r ♦s sr ♣③ ♣rr ♠♥t s ♣r♦♣s qr♦ t ♦♠♦
♦①st♥ s ss íq♦♣♦r ♥♦ ♦ ♥♦ s ♥♥tr s♦♠t♦ ♥♥ú♥ ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦
♥ ♦s á♦s t♦s ♣r ♦s ♦♥♦r♠♦s ♣♦r ss ♥♦s ♥tr♦ sq♠ t♥t♦ ♥á♠
♦r ♦♠♦ ♦s ♠ét♦♦s s♠ó♥ ♦♥t r♦ ♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♦♥t r♦ ②
s s♠ q ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♠♦és ♣♦rs ♦♠♦ s q ♦♥♦r♠♥ st s sst♥s
s ♣ r♣rs♥tr ♠♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ Φ t♣♦ ♥♥r♦♥s ♦ ú♥ ♦tr♦ ♣♦t♥ q
r ♥s ss rtrísts s♥s ❬❪ ①♣rsó♥ ♣r st ♣♦t♥ s
Φ(r) = ΦLJ(r) = 4εff
[
(σffr
)12
−(σffr
)6]
,
♦♥ εff s ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♦♥ q ♥trtú♥ s ♣rtís át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és σff s s
á♠tr♦ ② r s st♥ ♥tr s
♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s εff ② σff ♣♥♥ t♣♦ sst♥ r r♦ ♥ st st♦ ♥♦s♦tr♦s tr♠♦s
♦♥ ♦s q s ♥♥tr♥ ♣rs♦♥s q ♥♦ s♦♥ ①tr♠s ♥ st s♦ ♠②♦r ♦♥tró♥ ♥tró♥
♥tr♠♦r ♦ ♥trtó♠ ♣r♦♥ ♠♦és ♦ át♦♠♦s q ♥trtú♥ ♣rs ♣♦r ♦ ♦s
r s ♥tr♦♥s ♦s r♣♦s s♦♥ s ♦♠♥♥ts ❬❪
♥t s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs ♣rtr ♦ s ♦r r♣r♦r ♦♥ ♥ ♣rsó♥ r
♦①st♥ ①♣r♠♥t ♥♦ s ♠♣ ♥ st ♣♦t♥ ♦rs t♣♦s ♣r εff ② σff
0 10 20 30 4025
30
35
40
45
50
ρ [nm−3]
T [K
]
Tc
Ne
r rs ♦①st♥ ss íq♦♣♦r ♣r ♦s ír♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ② r ♥r♦r ♦s ♦rs ♦s ♥♦ s t③ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦r Tc rr♥ t♠♣rtr rít
♥ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥r♠♥t ♣r ♥ó♥ stró♥ ♦s r♣♦s ρ(2) s t♦♠ ♥ ♥t
s♥t ♣r♦①♠ó♥
ρ(2)(r, r′) = g(r, r′)ρ(r)ρ(r′) ∼ ρ(r)ρ(r′) ,
r q s s♣r strtr ♦♥t♥ ♥ g ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ♣rs ♥ st ♣r♦①♠ó♥
t③♥♦ ♦s ♦rs εff ② σff ♥ ♣♦t♥ q ♣r♠t♥ r♣r♦r ♠♥t r♠
s ♥ s s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs ♥♦ s ♦r r♣r♦r ♠♥r ó♣t♠ r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r
♥ s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦s rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥ ♠♥t ♥♦ s t③ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥
♣rs ♣r ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦ Pr rst♦ ♦s ♦s q qí st♠♦s ♥♦ s ♦r♥ ♠♦rs
sts r s s ②
♦rs rst♦s s ♣♥ ♦♥sr s s tr ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ srr♦♦ ♣♦r ❲s ♥r ② ♥rs♥
♦ ❲ r ❬❪ ② ♣é♥ ② ①♣rsó♥ s
ΦWCA =
4εff
[
(σff
r
)12 −(σff
r
)6]
si r ≥ 21/6σff
−εff si r ≤ 21/6σff.
rá♦ ♣ ♦srrs ♥ ♦♥ s ♦ ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♥ ♥ st s♦ s ♦♥sr♦ q
á♠tr♦ sr rí s ♣rá♠tr♦ σff ❲ ♣rsr ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ♣r
r♦ r♥♦ ♣♦t♥ ♦ ♦♥ tér♠♥♦ trt♦ ♠s♠♦ s r ♦♥ tér♠♥♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
r−6 ♦ q s r♥t ♣r st♦ ♥ó♠♥♦s s♦ró♥
♥ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ s ♣ ♦srr r ♦①st♥ íq♦
♣♦r ♣r ♥ ♦ ♥♥r♦♥s ♠♥t st t♣♦ ♣♦t♥s t♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t tr♠♥s
♣r♦①♠♦♥s ♥ st rá♦ ♦s trá♥♦s s r♥ ó♥ st♦ ♣r♦♣st ♣♦r ♦♥s♦♥ ② ♦♦r
L−J
WCA
dHS
r P♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥tr♠♦r ♥ ♥s rtrrs r ♣♥t♦s ② r②s♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ❲ r tr③♦ só♦ r♣rs♥t ♣♦t♥ ♥ st s♦ s ♦♥sr♦ q dHS = σff
♦rs ❬❪ q st ♣rt♠♥t ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦s r♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ á♦s r③♦s
♠♥t s♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t srs rs ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s trts
r♣rs♥ts ♣♦r ♣♦t♥ ❲ ♦♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r dHS s srs s t♦♠♦ ①♣rsó♥
rr♥rs♦♥ ❬❪
í♥ ♣♥t♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥ á♦s r③♦s t♠é♥ ♠♥t ② ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ❲ ♣r♦
♦♥ s t③ó ♠♦♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ ♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ♣♥
t♠♣rtr ♥ s♦ í♥ só s ♦♥sr♦ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ♦♠♦ ♥ ♦♥st♥t
σff
Pr ♠♦rr s ♣r♦♥s r♦♥s ♦①st♥ ss r♥♦ ♠♦ ② r③♦♥ ♥
st♦s s♦r s♦ró♥ r ♥ O2 ♥ ♥s②♦ ♦tr♦s ♣r♦♠♥t♦s ♥②♥♦ ♥ ss á♦s ①♣rs♦♥s
rs ♦r♠♦♥s ♥♦ ♦s ♦♠♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ r ♣ít♦ ♥♦ ♦rrt♦
rr♥ ❬❪ ♦①st♥ ss ♣ sr tr♠♥ s♥♦ ♣r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ② ♣rsó♥
①♣rs♦♥s q r♥ ♥rí r ♠♦t③
F [ρ(r)] = FHS [ρ(r)] +1
2
ˆ
dr
ˆ
dr′ρ(r)ρ(r′)Φatt(|r− r′|) ,
♦♥ FHS ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥rí r ♠♦t③ ♥ s srs rs ② Φatt s ♣rt trt
♣♦t♥ ♥tr♠♦r
Pr s♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦ ♥s ρ s s♣r♥♥ s ♦♥s st♦ ♥r③s
♥ r ❲s
P = PCSHS +
1
2bρ2,
µ = µCSHS + bρ,
0 0.3 0.6 0.90.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
ρσ3
kT/ε
r r♠ ♦①st♥ ss íq♦♣♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♦ st rá♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ ♦s trá♥♦s s ♦t♥♥ ó♥ st♦ ♦♥s♦♥ ❬❪ ♦s r♦s í♥ ♣♥t♦s ② í♥ ♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ á♦s r③♦s ♠♥t s♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ❲♦♥ s ♥ t③♦ trs ♣r♦①♠♦♥s st♥ts ♣r á♠tr♦ q s s♥ s ♠♦és r t①t♦
♦♥
b =
ˆ
drΦattr,
s♥♦ PCSHS ② µCS
HS ♣rsó♥ ② ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ rs♣t♠♥t ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ó♥ st♦
r♥♥tr♥ ♣r ♥ s srs rs ❬❪
sts ♦♥s s r t♠♣rtr rít Tc Pr s♦ r
kBTc =−0,09010
d3HS
b.
♥ tr♦s ♣r♦s ♥s ② r③♦♥ ❬ ❪ ♦♥ s ♥③ r s ♦♥sr ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ trt♦
Φatt t♦ ♣rt ♥t ♣♦t♥ t♠♣rtr rít q s r st♦s ♠♦♦s st s♥
t♠♥t ♣♦r ♦ t♠♣rtr rít ♠ ② trés ♦♥s ♥trs ♦ s
s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦
r③ó♥ st♦ s q ♣♦t♥ q ♣rt♣ ♥ ♥♦♥ ♥rí r ♠♦t③ r♣rs♥t
♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ r ♣s♦ ♦♥ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ♣rs ♣♦s ♥ ♣r♠r ♣♦ ♠②
♣r♦♥♥♦ r♦r ♠í♥♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ❱ r st ♠♥r s ♥r♠♥t r♦ s ♥tr♦♥s
trts ♣r♦ ♥ st ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦ ♠♦ s st ♦♥sr♥♦ q g = 1 ♥ t♦♦ ♣♥t♦ ♦ ♦ ♣r
♥tr♦r ♥ ♠♥r ♦s t♦s g s♥ ♣rr st q ♠♣rs
Φatt(r) = ΦL−J(r → ∞) = −4ε(σffr
)6
,
♣r ♣rr ♦rrt♠♥t s ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♦s t♦s t♦rs r♥ ♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ λ ♥ tér♠♥♦
r♣s♦ ② sí ♦♣t♥ s♥t ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♣rs
0 0.3 0.61.1
1.2
1.3
ρ*
T*
Ar
r r♠ ♦①st♥ ss ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r st r ♦rrs♣♦♥ rr♥ ❬❪♥ rá♦ s ♦♠♣r♥ s rs ♦t♥s ♠♥t t③♥♦ ♣♥t♦s í♥ só r♥t q♦t♥♥ ♦s t♦rs í♥ r② ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦
ΦBCT =
4εff
[
λ(σff
r
)12 −(σff
r
)6]
si r > λ1/6σff
0 si r ≤ λ1/6σff.
st♥♦ ♦r ♣rá♠tr♦ λ ♠♥r t ♦t♥r ♣r t♠♣rtr rít ♠s♠♦ ♦r q s
♦t♥ ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥s ♣r♦♥ts ♠♦♦ q ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥ ♥ ♠② ♥
st ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts
♥ s ♠str r ♦①st♥ r trés ♠♣♠♥tó♥ st ♣r♦♠♥t♦
st ② s ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♦t♥ s t③♥♦ ♣♥t♦s st r ♦rrs♣♦♥
❬❪ óts q s ♦t♥ ♥ st rt♠♥t ♣t s♦♦ ♣r s ♣♦r
P♦str♦r♠♥t ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦ ❬❪ ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥ t♦rí ♠♣♦ ♠♦ ♣rt♥♦
♣r♦♣st ♦♥sr♥ q t♠ñ♦ t♦ ♣r á♠tr♦ ♠♦r σff ♣♥ t♠♣rtr
♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ΦBCT−AT ♦♣t♦ ♣♦r st♦s t♦rs s é♥t♦ ♦♥ s q
σff = σff (T )
ΦBCT−AT =
4εff
[
λ(
σff
r
)12
−(
σff
r
)6]
si r > λ1/6σff
0 si r ≤ λ1/6σff
.
♥ st s♦ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s λ ② σff (T ) s st♥ ♣r t♠♣rtr ♣r r♣r♦r ♠♥t s
♦♥♦♥s ♦①st♥ ♥tr íq♦ ② s ♣♦r ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ ② r ♥tr♦♥s ①tr♥s
s
P (ρv) = P (ρl) = Pcoex,
♦♥ ρv ② ρl r♣rs♥t♥ ♥ss ♣♦r ② íq♦ rs♣t♠♥t ② Pcoex s ♣rsó♥ ♦①st♥
♠s ss ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦①st♥ ♣♥ ①trrs ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪
♥ ♥ ♥áss ♣♦str♦r ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ t③♥ ♠s♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣r♦
r♥ ♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♥ tér♠♥♦ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s st♦s trs ♣rá♠tr♦s ♦
s♦♥ st♦s s♠tá♥♠♥t ♣r r♣r♦r s ♦♥♦♥s ♦①st♥ ② st r
P (ρv) = P (ρl) = Pcoex
µ(ρv) = µ(ρl)
st ♠♦♦ ♣rs♥t ♣r♦♠s ♥♦ s ♥t♥t str ♦tr s ♠♣♦rt♥ts ♣r♦♣s qr♦ ♥
♦ ♥♦s rr♠♦s t♥só♥ s♣r s♣t♦ q ♥③r♠♦s ♥ ♣ít♦
str ♣r♦♣st
♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s ♦♣t♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♥t♦ ♣rt ♣r♦①♠ó♥ r ♣ít♦ ♦♥ s ♥♦♥s
♣s♦ r♥ ♦ q ♦rr ♥ stá♥ ss ♥ ♦♠trí s ♣rtís q ♦♥stt②♥
♦
♥ ♣r♥♣♦ t③r♠♦s ♥ rsó♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs Φ q ♦♥t♥ ♥ tér♠♥♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥
♣♦t♥ srs rs ② ♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t trt s♦ ♣♦t♥ ❲
r♥♦ ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♠♥t t③ó♥ st ♣♦t♥ ♠ás ♦r♦ t♠♣♦♦ s ♦r
♦♥sr ♥ ♥ st ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦①st♥ ss ♦♠♦ ♣
♣rrs ♥ s s
♣r♦♣st st tss ♦♥sst ♥t♦♥s ♥ ♠♣r ♦♠♦ ♣♥t♦ ♣rt ♥ ♥♦♥ ♥s ♦♥ s
s♥ts rtrísts
♦♠♦ s ♦♠♥t♦ ♥ts ♦♠♣♦♥♥t trt ♣♦t♥ ♣rs srá ❲ ♣r♦ ♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s εff (T )
② σff (T ) st♦s s εff ② σff ♠♥r t r♣r♦r ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦①st♥ íq♦
♣♦r ② ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♦ ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ r ♥tr♦♥s ①tr♥s
♣rt r♣s st ♣♦t♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥rá srs rs á♠tr♦ dHS = σff (T )
s r
Φ =
∞ si r < σff
ΦWCA si r ≥ σff
tér♠♥♦ ♥♦♥ ♥s ♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s ♣♦rá ♦♥t♥r ♦tr♦ ♣rá♠tr♦
♦♥ q t♠é♥ s st ♥ s♠tá♥♦ ♦♥ ♦s ♦s ♥tr♦rs ♣r r♣r♦r r ♦①st♥ ②
♦♥ó♥ st
♥ s♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♠♦tó♥ t③r ♥ t♦r ♦rró♥ ♥ tér♠♥♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
s q ♣♦r ♣rs♥ t♦s á♥t♦s Pr s♣rr st♦s t♦s ♥ s♦ ♦s
tó♠♦s rrs q ❬❪
Λ ≪ l
♦♥ Λ s ♦♥t ♦♥ tér♠ r♦ ② l r♣rs♥t s♣♦ ♥tr♣rtí r
l ≈ (V/N)1/3
= ρ−1/3
r♦
t♥ ♣r ♥ s sst♥s t♠♣rtr tr♣ ♥ ♥s ♦♥st♥t ♦t③♠♥ ② t♦r Λ/l q ♥ ♠♥t ♦s t♦s á♥t♦s ♥t♦ ♠ás r♥♦ ♥♦ s ♦r st ró♥♠ás ♠♣♦rt♥ts s♦♥ ♦s t♦s á♥t♦s
íq♦ Tt ❬❪ Λ/l
r♦♥♦ 2 ó♥ ró♥ ❳♥ó♥ Λ = 0,01194x10−9m
s ♥s s íq s tí♣ q ♣♦s ♣♦ró♥ ♥ ♣rsó♥ q ♦rrs♣♦♥
♦①st♥ ♦♥ s s ♣♦r s t♠♣rtr ♥ t s t♥ ♦s ♦rs ró♥ Λ/l
t♠♣rtr tr♣ ♣r ♦s ♦s ♦♥ ♦s q trt♠♦s ♥ st tr♦ ② s ♦♠♣r♥ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
ró♥♦ ♦♥ ró♥ ♣rát♠♥t ♥
st ♠♥r ♥ tér♠♥♦ ♦rró♥ s ás♦ s st t♥t♦ ♣r s♦ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♠♥♦r
r♦ ♣r r
P♦r ♦tr ♣rt ♣r t♠♣rtrs r♥s rít ♦♥ s t♦♥s s ♥ ♠♣♦rt♥ts ♣♦rí
strs ♣rs♥ st tér♠♥♦ ♦ ♣rt♠♥t♦ ♦♥ó♥ s ♦♠♦ ♦♥s♥
sts t♦♥s
st ♥♦♥
♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ♦s ♣r♥♣♦s tr♠♦♥á♠ r♥ ♥rí ♥tr♥ s ♣ ①♣rsr ♥ tér♠♥♦s
r♥ ♥rí r
dE = dF + d(TS) =⇒ dF = dE − TdS − SdT = −PdV + µdN − SdT.
♣rsó♥ ② t♠é♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♣♥ rrs ♥rí r ♠♦t③
P = −(
∂F
∂V
)
T,N
= ρ2∂f
∂ρ,
µ =
(
∂F
∂N
)
T,V
= f + ρ∂f
∂ρ.
♥ sts ①♣rs♦♥s f = F/N s ♥rí r ♠♦t③ ♣♦r ♣rtí
st ♥rí s q ♦t♥r♠♦s s ♦♥s q sr♥ ♥str♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ② ♠r♠♦s fDF
Pr s♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦ ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥s trts ♥tr s ♣rtís q ♦ ♦♥stt②♥ ♥rí
r s ♣ ①♣rsr ♦♠♦
fDF = fid +∆fHS +1
2bρ+ αkBT
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1]
=
= fHS +1
2bρ+ αkBT
[
ln(
Λ3ρ)
− 1]
♦♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ts s ♥ b =´
Φattrdr Pr ♣♦t♥ b = −(32π/9)εffσ3ff ♠♥trs q ♣r
♣♦t♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ srá
b = −(32π√2/9)εff (T )σ
3ff (T )
tér♠♥♦ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s ♠♦s r♦ ♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ♦♥ q ♠♠♦s α q ♦rr
só♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ♦ ♦s t♦s á♥t♦s ♦ ♣r str ♠♦r ♦s ♦rs ♦①st♥
♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t s s ②
P (T ) = PHS(T ) + αkBTρ− (32π√2/18)εff (T )σ
3ff (T )ρ
2
µ(T ) = µHS(T ) + αkBT ln(
Λ3ρ)
− (32π√2/9)εff (T )σ
3ff (T )ρ
♥ ♥str♦ ♦♥t①t♦ tr♦ t♥t♦ ♣r ♣rsó♥ ♦♠♦ ♣r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♠♦♦ srs rs
PHS ② µHS ♦♣t♠♦s s q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦r♠ó♥ Prs❨ ❬❪ ♦♠♣t ♦♥ ♦r♠s♠♦
s r
PHS(T ) = PPYHS = kBTρ
(
1 + η + η2
(1− η)3
)
µHS(T ) = µPYHS = kBT
η
2
(
14− 13η + 5η2
(1− η)3
)
− ln(1− η) + ln(Λ3ρ)
♦♥ η s t♦r ♠♣qt♠♥t♦
η =π
6ρσ3
ff (T )
♦ t♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ♦ ♥tr♦r ♣r t♠♣rtr s ♠♣♦♥ st ♦s ♦rs ♦①st♥
r♦s á♦ ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts
P (ρl) = P (ρv) = P0
♥t♦ ♦♥ ♦♥ó♥ st
µ(ρv) = µ(ρl)
st ♠♣♦só♥ ♦s ♥♦s ♦rs εff σff q ♠♦s r♥♦♠r♦ ♦♥ εff (T ) ② σff (T ) ② ♦r α
♣♦st q st♦s ♦rs ♦s ♣r ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦ s♦♥ ♦s ♣r♦♣♦s ♣r str ♣r♦♠s
♦s ♥♦♠♦é♥♦s ♦♠♦ ♦s q s ♣rs♥t♥ ♥♦ st♦s s♦♥ s♦r♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s
st♦s ♦t♥♦s
♦♥t♥ó♥ ♥ ♦s r♥ts rá♦s s ①♥ ② s ♦♠♣r♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♣r ♦r♠s♠♦
♦♥ ♥♦♥ ♠♦♦ sú♥ ♥str ♣r♦♣st ♣r r ② ❳ ♥ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs q
r♦
♥ st t s ♣♥ ♣rr ♦s ♦rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥t♥s ♥tró♥ ♦♦ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② s t♠♣rtrs tr♣s ② ríts r ② ❳ ♥t♦ s rr♥s ♦♥ r♦♥①trí♦s
♦ εff/kB ❬❪ σff ❬♥♠❪ Tt ❬❪ Tc ❬❪ ❬❪r ❬ ❪❳ ❬ ❪
♥ s ♣♥t♦ tr♣ rít♦ ♠♥t♦ ♥ st♦s rá♦s s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦s sts r
♦①st♥ ♥♦ s t③♥ ♣♦t♥s t♣♦ ♦ ❲ t♦♠♥♦ ♣r ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s σff ② εff ♦s ♦rs
rr♥ q r♥ ♥ t
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥ ró♥ ♣r♦♣st st tss s rr♦♥ s s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♥ ♦r ♦s
♣rá♠tr♦s ❲ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ② ♦♥t s♦♦ s
♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr q ♣r♠t ♦rrt♦ st ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦①st♥
óts q s r♦♥s ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s s♦♥ ♠á①♠s ♣r♦①♠rs t♠♣rtr rt ♦♥ ♦♠
♣rs s♦tér♠ χT r ② ♣♦r ♥ s t♦♥s ♥ ♥s s♦♥ ♠♣♦rt♥ts ♣s
< N2 > − < N >
< N >= ρkBTχT
♠é♥ s ♠str ♦♠♦ s ♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ r ♥tr ♠♦és
st ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ó♥
❱ró♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
♥ ♦s rá♦s s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦♠♦ s ♠♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣r str ♦s
t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦①st♥ ♥ s♦ st ♦ í s ♠str♥ ró♥ ♣♦r♥t á♠tr♦
♠♦r tí♣♦ δσ ② ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs δε
s♦ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r sts s♦♥s s ♠♥t♥♥ ♣♦r ♦ ♠♥trs q ♣r ♣♦t♥
♥♦ s♣r♥ ♣r t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít
❱ró♥ ♦♥t s ② ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥
♥ ♦s rá♦s s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦♠♦ ♠ ♦♥ t♠♣rtr tér♠♥♦ ♦rró♥ s
♣rá♠tr♦ ♥♦t♦ ♣♦r α ② t♠é♥ ♦♠♦ s ♠♦ ♠♥t ♣♦t♥ ♣r s t♠♣rtrs tr♣
② rít
t♦r q ♦rr tér♠♥♦ s s r ♥♦ t♠♣rtr st ♣rt t♠♣rtr
rít ♥ ♠♥♦s ♥ ❱ r st t♦r s ♠♥t♥ ♣rát♠♥t ♣qñ♦ s♦ ♥♦ t♠♣rtr
s r ♠s♦ rít ♥ ♥ st t♠♣rtr α s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦
♥ s♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s s♦♥s rs♣t♦ ♣♦t♥ ❲ ♦ ♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s σ ② ε ♦s
♥♦ s♣r♥ ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít
25 30 35 40 450
10
20
30
40
50
T [K]
δσ(%
)
Tc
Tt
Ne
25 30 35 40 45
10
20
30
40
50
T [K]
δε
Tt
Tc
Ne
r ♠♦s rá♦s ♠str♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♠♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣♦t♥ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♣rstr r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ♥ rá♦ ③qr s ♣ ♦srr ó♠♦ ♠♦rs á♠tr♦ ♠♦r r s ♣ ♦srr ♠♦ ♥sr♦ ♥ ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s ♠á①♠s s♦♥s ♥srs s♦♥ ♣r t♠♣rtrs r♥s rít
25 30 35 40 450
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
T [K]
Tt
Ne
Tc
α
0 0.2 0.4 0.6−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
r [nm]
Φa
ttr [
k BT
]
Ne
WCA
Tc
Tt
L−Jd
HS
r ③qr s ♦sr ♦r ♦♥t s ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♦r ♣♦r♥t r ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦ ♣r t♠♣rtr rít r ♠r ♦♥ Tc ② tr♣ rsñ ♦♥ Tt s r ♥t♦ ❲ r r② rst♥t r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥
0 10 20 30 4025
30
35
40
45
50
ρ [nm−3]
T [
K]
Ne
WCA
L−J
r ♦①st♥ ss íq♦♣♦r ♦sr ♥ í♥ ♥ r ♦①st♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦s ír♦s ♥r③♦s ♥ s í♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦s t③♥♦ ♥str♣r♦♣st P♦r ♦ ♥ í♥ r②s s ♠str♥ ♦s rst♦s á♦ ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥♦♥ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s t③ó ♥ ♥ í♥ r②s ② ♣♥t♦s s ♠str♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦s♥tr♦ ♠s♠♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♣r♦ t③♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ❲
rs ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ó♥
♥ s ♠str ♦♠♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♦s ♣♦t♥ t③♦s ♥tr♦ ♥ ♦r♠s♠♦ st♥
r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r óts ♦s ♠r♦s rst♦s q s ♦♥s♥ s s t③ ♥ ♣♦t♥
♦♥ ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♦♠♦ ❲ st s ♠ás ♣rs♦ ♥ ♥ r♥♦ ♥♦ ♠② ♠♣♦ ♥ss
á♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ró♥
❱ró♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
♥ st s♦ ró♥ ♣♦r♥t á♠tr♦ ♠♦r s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦ ♣r
♣rát♠♥t t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtr ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s sí ♥ ♥♦ ♠ás
♠♥t♥é♥♦s ♣♦r ♦ st ♦s s r st ♥ t♠♣rtr ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
rít
❱ró♥ ♦♥t s ② ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥
♦r ♦♥t α s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦ st ♥ t♠♣rtr ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t rít
♦r ♠á①♠♦ q ♥③ s ♥ t♠♣rtr rít
♥ s♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s s♦♥s rs♣t♦ ♣♦t♥ ❲ ♦ ♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s σ ② ε ♦s
♥♦ s♣r♥ ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít
rs ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r
80 100 120 140 1600
10
20
30
40
50
T [K]
δσ(%
) Ar
Tt T
c
80 100 120 140 1600
10
20
30
40
50
T [K]
δε
ArT
cT
t
r ♠♦s rá♦s ♠str♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♠♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣♦t♥ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♣rstr r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ♥ rá♦ ③qr s ♣ ♦srr ♦♠♦ rrs á♠tr♦ ♠♦r r s ♣ ♦srr ♠♦ ♥sr♦ ♥ ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s ♠á①♠s s♦♥s ♥srs s♦♥ ♣r t♠♣rtrs r♥s rít
80 100 120 140 1600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
T [K]
α
ArT
cT
t
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8−150
−125
−100
−75
−50
−25
r [nm]
Φa
ttr [
k B T
]
dHS Ar
WCA
Tc
Tt
r ③qr s ♦sr ♦r ♦♥t s q ♣r ♥ ♥str♦ ♥♦♥ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr r ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦ ♣r t♠♣rtr rít í♥ ♠r ♦♥ Tc ② tr♣í♥ sñ ♦♥ Tt s r ♥t♦ ❲ í♥ r② rst♥t r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥
0 5 10 15 20 2580
100
120
140
160
ρ [nm−3]
T [
K]
Ar
WCA
L−J
r ♦①st♥ ss íq♦♣♦r r ♦sr r ♦①st♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts í♥ ♥ ♦s ír♦s ♥r③♦s ♥ s í♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♦rs st♦s t③♥♦ ♥str♦♥♦♥ ♥s P♦r ♦ ♥ í♥ r②s s ♠str♥ ♦s rst♦s á♦ ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ ♦♥ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s t③ó ♥ ♥ í♥ r②s ② ♣♥t♦s s ♠str♥ ♦srst♦s ♦s ♥tr♦ ♠s♠♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♣r♦ t③♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ❲
♥ s ♣ ♦srr r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r r óts q q ♥
s♦ ♥tr♦r ♥♦ s ♦♥s♥ ♥♦s rst♦s ♥♦ s t③ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♠♥trs q
♣♦t♥ ❲ s ♥ ♦♥s ♥ ♠♦r rst♦ t♥♥ r ♥t ♥ st ♥♦ ♥♦r♠
♥♠♥t♠♥t ♣r r♥♦ ♥s q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s íq
á♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳♥ó♥
á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ② ró♥ ♣r♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
♥ ♦s rá♦s s ♠str♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♠♦rs ♦r st♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣r ♦♥sr str
r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ró♥ ♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦ st
♥ t♠♣rtr ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t rít ♠á①♠ só♥ s ♣r♦① ♥ ② s ♥③ ♥
t♠♣rtr rít ♥ ♥t♦ ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ s ró♥ s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦
st ♥ t♠♣rtr s rít ♥ st ♦r t♠♣rtr st ró♥ ♥③
♥ ♠á①♠♦
❱ró♥ ♦♥t s ② ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥
Pr ❳ ♦♥t α s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦ st ♣r♦①♠♠♥t ♥ t♠♣rtr
s r st ♣r♦① rít ♥③♥♦ ♦r ♣rát♠♥t ♥ t♠♣rtr rít
♥ s♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s s♦♥s rs♣t♦ ♣♦t♥ ❲ ♦ ♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s σ ② ε ♦s
♥♦ s♣r♥ ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít
rs ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r
150 200 250 3000
10
20
30
40
50
T [K]
δσ(%
) XeT
tT
c
150 200 250 3000
10
20
30
40
50
T [K]
δε
Tt
Tc
Xe
r rá♦ ③qr ♠str ó♠♦ ♠r á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ♣r ♦♥sr ♥ ♥ st r ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r r s ♣ ♦srr ♠♦ ♥sr♦ ♥ ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s ♠á①♠s s♦♥s ♥srs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♠♣rtrs r♥s rít
150 200 250 3000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
T [K]
α
Tc
Tt
Xe
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8−300
−250
−200
−150
−100
−50
r [nm]
Φa
ttr [
k BT
]
Xe
L−J
TcT
t
WCA
dHS
r ③qr s ♦sr ♦r ♦♥t s q ♣r ♥ ♥str♦ ♥♦♥ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr r ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦ ♣r t♠♣rtr rít í♥ ♠r ♦♥ Tc ② tr♣í♥ sñ ♦♥ Tt s r ♥t♦ ❲ í♥ r② rst♥t r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥
0 5 10 15150
200
250
300
ρ [nm−3]
T [
K]
Xe
WCA
L−J
r ♦①st♥ ss íq♦♣♦r ❳ ♦sr r ♦①st♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts í♥ ♥ ♦s ír♦s ♥r③♦s ♥ s í♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♦rs st♦s t③♥♦ ♥str♦♥♦♥ ♥s P♦r ♦ ♥ í♥ r②s s ♠str♥ ♦s rst♦s á♦ ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ ♦♥ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs s t③ó ♥ ♥ í♥ r②s ② ♣♥t♦s s ♠str♥ ♦srst♦s ♦s ♥tr♦ ♠s♠♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♣r♦ t③♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ❲
♥ s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦s sts ♦r♦s ♥♦ ♥ s t③♥ ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥s ♣rs
♦ ❲ s♦ s t♥ tr♦ ♦♠♦ ♣r ② r ♥ ♥t♦ ❲ ♥ s♦ s
♣♦r s ♦t♥ ♥ st r③♦♥ ♣r ♥ ♣r♦① r♥♦ ♥s q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s s
♣ít♦
♥só♥ s♣r
♥t ♣r♦♠♥t♦ ♦♣t♠③ó♥ ♥♦♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♥ st ss s ó t♥só♥ s♣r
♥trs íq♦♣♦r ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♣r r ② ❳ ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts
r♦♥ ①trí♦s ❬❪ ♣r♦♠♥t♦ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♥ st ss ♣r ♦♣t♠③r ♥♦♥ ♥♦s ♣r♠tó
♣rr ♦♥ ♣rsó♥ ♦s ♦rs t♥só♥ s♣r ♣r ♦s ♦s q qí st♠♦s só♥
rs♣t♦ ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♥♦ s♣r ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít
r ♥tr♦ó♥
t♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♦ ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ s
♦♥s♥ ♥ r③s ♥tr♠♦rs ♦ ♥trtó♠s ② ♣♥ s t♠♣rtr
st t♥só♥ γlv ♣ r♦♥rs ♦♥ t♠♣rtr rít ♦ ♠♥t ♥ ①♣rsó♥ sr t♦rí
♥ó♠♥♦s rít♦s
γlv = γ0lv
[
1− T
Tc
]p
.
♥ st ①♣rsó♥ γ0lv ♣♥ s rtrísts ♦ ② p s ♥ ①♣♦♥♥t rít♦ ②♦ ♦r s♦ st♠♦
♣♦r r♥ts t♦rs ♦ r♥ts ♦♥sr♦♥s ❬❪
P♦r ♠♣♦ ❲♦♠ ❬❪ ♦ st♠ó ♥t♥♦ s♣s♦r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ♦♥ ♦♥t
♦rró♥ q ♣r♦♥ ♦rí ♦rró♥ ♦r srr♦ ♣♦r r♥st♥ ❩r♥ ② ②
r♦ ♠♦♦ ♦♣t♦ s st♦s ♦ ♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♦s ♦rs q ♦t♦ r♦♥ ♦
♥ ♥ tr♦ ♣♦str♦r ♠t ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ s ♥③ó ♥ ♠str ❳ t ♣r③ ♦♥t♠♥♦
♦ s♠♦ ♦♥ ♣♣♠ ♥ ♦♠♥ ♥tró♥♦ ② ♣♣♠ r Pr st ♠str s ♥♦♥tró q ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s
ó♣t♠♦s ♥
γ0lv = 54.6± 0.1 dyn cm−1
p = 1.287± 0.017
r rt♥r t③ ♣r rs♦r s ♦♥s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ s ♣rs ♣rs ♥trs stá♥ s♣rs ♥ st♥ ② ♥♦ ♥trtú♥ ♦♥ ♦ q s ♥♥tr ♥tr s Pr á♦ s♦♥sr q ①t♥só♥ ♥ sts ♣rs ♥ ♥♥t ♥ st sq♠ z r♣rs♥t ♦♦r♥ ♣♦só♥ t♦♠♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♦r♥ ♦♦r♥s ♣r ③qr
♥ ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít st♦s ♦rs ♣r♠t♥ ♣rr ♦♥
♣rsó♥ t♥só♥ s♣r ♥ ♥ r♥♦ str♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥ t♦r♥♦ rít ♦s ♦rs q ♣r
st ♠♦♦ ♦♥ ♦s ♥tr♦rs ♣rá♠tr♦s s sí♥ ♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♥ ♠ás ♥ t♥só♥
s♣r ♥ st r♥♦ str♦ ♠ ♣r ❳ ♣♦r ❩♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ t③♥♦ té♥s
s♣tr♦s♦♣ ó♣t ♠③ ♥ st té♥ s ♥③ s♣tr♦ ③ q s ♥ ♥ást♠♥t ♥
♥trs íq♦♣♦r ♦ s ①t♦♥s tér♠s ❬ ❪
♥só♥ s♣r ② ♣♦t♥ tr♠♦♥á♠♦
t♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r s ♣ r trés r♥ ♣♦t♥ Ω
γlv =1
2A[Ω + P0V ] =
1
2[Ω/A+ P0L] .
♦♥
Ω = F − µN .
♥ P0 r♣rs♥t ♣rsó♥ stró♥ ♣♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ tr♠♥ t♠♣rtr
N s ♥ú♠r♦ ♠♦és ♦ ② L s ♥♦ r ♥tr♦ s rs♥ s
♦♥s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ t③♥♦ ♣r ♦ ♣r♦♣st ♣rs♥t ♣r ♥♦♥ ❬ ❪
♥ ♦s á♦s s t♦♠ ♥ ♦r ♦ ♣r N r ♦s á♦s s♦♥ r③♦s ♥tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦
s ♣rs ♥♦ ♥trtú♥ ♦♥ s ♠♦és ♥q ♥ ♦♥♦♥s ♦♥t♦r♥♦ s♦r ♥s s
♠♦és ♦ ♥trtú♥ ♥tr sí ♠♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ Uff (r) = Φ (|r− r′|)
s s♣♦♥ q ♣r♦♠ s ♥♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♦♥srr q ár s ♣rs t♥ ①t♥só♥
♥♥t ♥♥♦ z ♦♠♦ r ♣♦só♥ s ♠♣♦♥
ρ(z = 0) = ρ(z = L) = 0 .
Pr rs♦r s ♦♥s ♦♥ s s ♦♥♦♥s ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♣rós s ♦ s♥t♠♥t
♥ ♦♠♦ ♣r srr q ♦ s ♥♥tr ♥ s íq ♥ ♥tr♦ r♦♦ s ♣♦r
♥ s ♣rs ♠s♠ s r
ρ(z ≃ L/2) = ρl(T ) .
♥ ♥str♦s á♦s ♠♦s ♦♣t♦ ♥♦s ♦ 60σff
s ♦♥s s ♣♥ srr ♦♠♦
νidkBT ln[
Λ3ρ(z)]
+Q(z) = µ .
♦♥
Q(z) = fHS [ρ(z); dHS ] +
ˆ L
0
dz′ρ(z′)δfHS [ρ(z′); dHS ]
δρ(z′)
δρ(z′)
δρ(z)
+
ˆ L
0
dz′ρ(z′)Φatt (|z − z′|) + Usf (z) .
♦♠♦ s ♦♥sr q ♥♦ ①st ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♦ ② s ♣rs r♣♥t q ♦ ♦♥t♥♥ Usf (z) = 0
Pr rs♦r sts ♦♥s s út rsrrs s♥t ♠♥r
ρ(z) = ρ0 exp
( −Q(z)
νidkBT
)
,
♦♥
ρ0 =1
Λ3exp
(
µ
νidkBT
)
,
♣♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ s ♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♣♦r ♥ ár
n =1
A
ˆ L
0
ρ(z)dz .
ró♥ ♥tr ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦ ♠t♣♦r r♥ s t♥♠♦s ♥ ♥t q tr♠♦s ♥
♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ ② n q ♦♥stt② ♥ t♦ ♥str♦ ♣r♦♠ s ♦t♥ sstt②♥♦ ♥
st ♠♥r
µ = −νidkBT ln[
1
nΛ3
ˆ L
0
dz exp
( −Q(z)
νidkBT
)
]
.
st sst♠ s rs trt♠♥t ♥♥♦ ♦♠♦ s♠♥t s rs ♠♥s♦♥s ts ♦♠♦
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
z*
Ne
ρ*
r ♥s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♣r r♥ts ♦rs t♠♣rtr ♦st ♦♥♥♦ ♥ ♥ rt♥r ♥ ♥♦ q♥t 60σff s t♠♣rtrs ♥ í♥ ♣♥t♦s í♥ r②s ② í♥ só
z∗ =z
σff,
ρ∗ = ρσ3ff ,
L∗ =L
σff.
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦ ♥♦s ♣rs ♥s q s ♦t♥♥ ♦ rs♦r
sts ♦♥s ♣r s♦ ♣r r♥ts ♦rs t♠♣rtr ♥ st s♦ s t③ó ♥
60σff ♥♦ ♦♥ σff = ♥♠
♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ó♥
♥ ♥ tr♦ ♥♦tt♦ rtr♦♦ ♦♦ ② ♦ ❬❪ s t♥só♥ s♣r st ♦ ♥
♦♥t①t♦ ♥ t♦rí ♠♣♦ ♠♦ t③♥♦ ♣r ♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs t♣♦ ♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦s
♣♥♥ts t♠♣rtr r ♣ít♦ ♦s ♦rs st♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s r♦♥ ♦s ♣rtr ♥
♣r♦♣st r♥♦ ♠♦ ② r③♦♥ ❬❪ ♦s t♦s t♦rs ♦♥str②♥ ♣♦t♥ ♠♥r t
s♠r t♦ ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ♣rs g(|r− r′|) ♥♦ ♠ás ♣r♦♥♦ ♠í♥♠♦ q ♣♦s
♣♦t♥ ♥ s ♦♠♣r ♣rt trt ♣♦t♥ ♦♥ ❲ ② ♦♥ ♣r♦♣st
♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1
r [nm]
Φa
ttr(r
)/k B
T T=30 K
dHS
Ne
r P♦t♥ ♣rs ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥trtó♠ ♣r r só ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣♦t♥ r ♥ í♥ r② s ♣♦t♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♣♦r ♥♦tt♦ rtr♦♦ ♦♦ ② ♦ ❬❪♦ ♥ t♠♣rtr í♥ ♣♥t♦s ② r②s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ❲ á♠tr♦ ssrs rís s ♥ ♦♥ dHS
♥ ♣♥ ♦srrs ♦s rst♦s ♦s á♦s ♥t♦ ♦s rst♦s q ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s
♦ ♠♣♥♦ ♥str ♣r♦♣st st ♥♦♥ ♥ s rs s ♣ ♣rr ♥
t♥♥ r♥ t♥só♥ s♣r ♥♦ t♠♣rtr s ♣r♦①♠ tr♣ ♦s t♦rs
♥♦ ♠str♥ rst♦ ss á♦s ♣r ss t♠♣rtrs s ♠♥t ♠á①♠ q ♥ s r♥♦ ①st♥
t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♣r ❬❪
♥ s ①♥ rrs q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♦s rst♦s ② s
♦♠♣r♥ ♦♥ s s♦♥s ♦s rst♦s q ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s ♦t♥♦
♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ró♥
♥ s ①♥ ♦s ♦rs t♥só♥ s♣r r q ♠♦s ♦t♥♦ ② t♠é♥ ♦s ♦rs
♦s ♠♥t t♦rí ①♣♦♥♥ts rít♦s ② s♠♦♥s q ♠♣♥ s ♥t ♣♦r r♦②♠
①♥r ❬❪ Pr r③r s s♠♦♥s ♦s t♦rs ♥ ♦♠♦ r♦ ♦rt ♣♦t♥
st♥s ♥trtó♠s s♣r♦rs ♦s ② á♠tr♦s ♠♦rs s r ♣♦t♥ s t♦♠ ♦♠♦ ♥♦
♣r st♥s s♣r♦rs st♦s ♦rs
♥ s ♥ r♦ s s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♥tr ♦s ♦rs ♦s ♣♦r ♦s rs♦s ♠ét♦♦s ②
♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts
20 25 30 35 40 450
1
2
3
4
5
T [K]
γ lv/k
B
Tt T
c
Ne
r ♥só♥ s♣r ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪ ♦s r♦s ♥r♦s♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts í♥ ♣♥t s ♦t♥ ♠♥t t♦rí ♥ó♠♥♦s rít♦s ♦♥ γ0lv = 1135 ♥♠2 ② p = ♦s trá♥♦s s♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦s ♣♦r ♥♦tt♦ rtr♦♦ ♦♦ ②♦ ❬❪ óts q ♦s ♠♥♦♥♦s t♦rs ♥♦ ①♥ á♦s ♥ ③♦♥ ♦♥ ② ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦sír♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥str♦s á♦s
25 30 35 40 45−10
0
10
20
30
40
T [K]
∆γ
Tt
Tc
Ne
r s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♥tr ♦s ♦rs ♦s t♥só♥ s♣r ② ♦s sts t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts s ♦♠♥s ③s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s á♦s s ♦♠♥s r♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥str♦sá♦s óts t♥♥ s s♦♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦s á♦s ♥♦ t♠♣rtr sr tr♣ P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥ s r♥ís ♣♥t♦ rít♦ ♥strs s♦♥s s ♠♥t♥♥ ♣♦r ♦ ② ♥♦ s♣r♥ ♥ ♠♣♦ r♥♦ st ♦r ♠♥trs q ♦s t♦s t♦rs ♥③
80 100 120 140 1600
2
4
6
8
10
12
T [K]
γ lv/k
B [1
02 K/n
m2 ]
Tt
Tc
Ar
r ♥só♥ s♣r r ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ r r②s ♦rrs♣♦♥ t♦rí ♥ó♠♥♦s rít♦s ♦s r♦s r♥♦s s♦♥ t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ❬❪ ♥t♦ trá♥♦s ♦♠♦♦s ♠♥ts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ á♦s ♥á♠ ♦r ♦♥ r♥ts r♦s ♦rt t♦ rc ♣r ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦s trá♥♦s s s♦♥ ♥ r♦ ♦rt rc = σff ② ♦s ♠♥ts rc = σff ❬❪♦s ír♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥str♦s á♦s
80 100 120 140 1600
10
20
30
40
50
60
T [K]
∆γ
Tt
Tc
Ar
r s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♥tr ♦s ♦rs ♦s ② ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts t♥só♥s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r r s ♦♠♥s ③s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ só♥ q ♣r♦♥♥t ♦♠♣rr ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦♥ ♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♥á♠ ♦r ♣r r♦s ♦rt rc = σff ❬❪ s ♦♠♥s rs ♦s á♦s r♦s ♠s♠♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♣r♦ ♦♥ rc = σff❬❪ s ♦♠♥s r♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦♠♣ró♥ ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦♥ ♥str♦s á♦s
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 3000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
T [K]
γ lv/k
B [1
02 K /n
m2 ] Xe
Tt T
c
r ♥só♥ s♣r ❳ ♦♠♦ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♦s trá♥♦s r♥♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ❬❪ ♦s r♦s r♥♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♠é♥ t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦s trés ♣r♦♠♥t♦s♠ás s♦st♦s ♦♠♦ ♦ ♦♥stt②♥ s té♥s s♣tr♦s♦♣ ó♣t ♠③ ❬❪ s rs r②s ② ♦♥r②s ② ♣♥t♦s s♦♥ rst♦s ♦t♥♦s s ♥ t♦rí ①♣♦♥♥ts rít♦s ❬ ❪ ♦s ♠♥ts ② strs♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s♠♦♥s ♦♥ s t③ó ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦♥ r♥ts ♦rs r♦ ♦rt❬ ❪ ♦s ír♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥str♦s á♦s
♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs íq♦♣♦r ❳♥ó♥
♠str t♥só♥ s♣r ❳ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr í s ♦r♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦t♥♦s
s♥♦ ♥♦♥ ♥str♦ srr♦♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ♥t♦ ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ② ♦s ♦s trés
té♥s s♣tr♦s♦♣ ó♣t ♠③ ❬❪
r♥ t♠é♥ ♦rs ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♥ t♦rí ①♣♦♥♥ts rít♦s ② ♠♥t s♠♦♥s
♥á♠ ♦r ♥ rá♦ s rs r②s ② ♦♥ r②s ② ♣♥t♦s s♦♥ rst♦s ♦t♥♦s s ♥
t♦rí ①♣♦♥♥ts rít♦s ❬ ❪ r♦s st♦s t♦s s ♦t♥♥ ♦s ♦rs γ0lv = 3950 ♥♠2 ②
p = ♣r r ♦♥ r②s ② γ0lv = 4460 ♥♠2 ② p = ♣r rst♥t
♥ s ♣ ♣rr ♠♦♥t♦ s s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♥tr ♦s r♥ts ♦rs ♥ st
s♦ s ♦♠♣r♥ ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦♥ ♦s q s ♥ ♠♥t ♥á♠ ♦r ② Pr
s♦ s t③♥ r♦s ♦rt ② σff
150 200 250 300−20
−10
0
10
20
30
T [K]
∆γ
XeT
tT
c
r s♦♥s ♣♦r♥ts ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♥tr ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ② ♦s ♦s ♠♥t♥á♠ ♠♦r ② ♥ r s♦♥s ♦s ♦rs ♦t♥♦s ♥ s♠♦♥s q ♥ s♦ ♥á♠ ♦r ♣r ♥ r♦ ♦rt σff q ♣r s ♦♠♥s rs ♣r♦ ♦♥ ♥ r♦ ♦rt σff ♥ r♦♦ s♦♥s ♦s ♦rs q ♣r♥ ♦s á♦s r③♦s ♦♥ ♥str♦ ♥♦♥
♣ít♦
s♦ró♥ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s
♣rs♥t♥ ② ♥③♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s st♦ s♦ró♥ r ② ❳ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s
♦♥♦r♠♦s ♣♦r r♥ts ♠♥t♦s ♥♦s sr s ② ♥ ♥♦ st♦s sstr
t♦s s ♠♥st♥ ♥ó♠♥♦s ♦♥ rtrísts ♣r♦♣s ♦ ás♠♥t ♥t♥s ♣♦t♥ ♦♥
q ♥trtú♥ ♦♥ ♦ q s s♦r s♦r ♦s ♦s ♣♦t♥s t③♦s t♥t♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs
♦♠♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ s♦♥ ♣♦t♥s rsts ♥ s♥t♦ q ♣r♠t♥ ♣rr
♠♥t ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts q t♦♠♥ rts ♠♥ts r♥ts ts ♦♠♦ ♣rsó♥ ♦①s
t♥ ♥s ② ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥ ♦ ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ ② ♦trs ♣r♦♣s
r♦♥s ♦♥ ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦ s s♣rs s♦r s q s s♦r♥
í♥tss ♥tr♦t♦r
♥ ♦s út♠♦s ñ♦s ♦ r♥♦ ♥trés t♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣rt ís ♦♠♦ qí♠ ♣♦r st♦
s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s ② strtr ♠r♦só♣ ♦s s♦r♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s
s ♣♥t♦ st tór♦ ♦s ♣r♦♠s ♥trs s s♦♥ ♥trí♥s♠♥t t♦s♦s ② q ♦♥t♥♥
♥sr♠♥t r♦♥s s♣s ♥ ♣r ♥s ② ♥♦♥s ♦rró♥ ♥sótr♦♣s
♥ st ss s tr♥s♦♥s s ♥ ♥trs s ② ♥ ♦s s♦r♦s s♦r ♣rs ♦ ♦♥♥♦s
♥ r♥rs s ♠♦s ♥st♦ t③♥♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥♦♥ ♥s ♥tr♦♦ ♥ ♦s
♣ít♦s ♥tr♦rs
♦s sstrt♦s só♦s s♦r ♦s s s s♦r ♦ s♦♥ ♠♦♦s ♣♦r ♣rs s♣r♦sts strtr
q s♦♦ ♣♦rt♥ ♣r♦♠ ♥ tr♠♥♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥♦ ést ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♣r♣♥r z
♥tr át♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦é ♦ ② ♣♥♦ sstrt♦
♥ s ♦s út♠s és srr♦♦ ♥♦♥s s♦ ♥ ♠♣♦ ♠② t♦ ♥tr♦ ís
♠tr ♦♥♥s ♦tr♦♥ ss♦s r♥♠♥t♦s s♦r s ♣r♦①♠♦♥s ♠ás s♠♣s ♥♦♥
♥s ♥♦♥s ♥s ♥ s srs rs q ♣r♠tr♦♥ ♠♣♦rt♥ts ♥s ♥
♦♠♣r♥só♥ ② sr♣ó♥ ♦s ♣r♦s♦s s♦ró♥ ♦s s♦r só♦s st♦s ♦r♠ó♥ ♣s
♣r♦s♦s s♦ró♥ ♥ ♣♦r♦s str♦s ② ♥ ♥♥♦strtrs t
Pr ♦♥t♥r ♣♦♠♦s s♥tt③r s st♦♥s s♥s q s ♥ rt♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ② ♠♥♦♥r ♥s
♦trs
r♦rr ♥t♦♥s q sr♣ó♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ ♣r q s r
s ♦♥s ♣r♦ r♥t♥❩r♥ ❩ ♣rs♥t ♥s ts r♦♥s ♦♥ á♦
♥♦ s ♣ st♦♥s ♥ ♦♥ s r③s ♥tr ♠♦és ♦ ♥②♥ t♥t♦ tér♠♥♦s trt♦s
♦♠♦ r♣s♦s ♦ ♥ s♦s ♦♥ ♣r ♥s s ♠② ♥♦♠♦é♥♦ ♦ r♥♦ ♥ ♣r ♦ ♦♥
♦ st ♠② ♦♥♥♦ ♦s ♥tr♦ ♣♦r♦s ♦ r♥rs strs ❬ ❪ ♥ st út♠ rr♥
s ♦♠♣r♥ rst♦s ♣r♦♥♥ts ♣r st t♣♦ ♣r♦①♠♦♥s ♦♥ ♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♦s ♠ét♦♦s
♦♥t r♦
♥ ♥t♦ t♦rís ♦♠♦ ♠♦s ♥ r r♦♥t♦ ♦ ♦♠♥t♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ♣r r♦rr q
①st♥ ás♠♥t s s♥ts ♣r♦①♠♦♥s
♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♦ ♥s ♥ s ♦♠t♥ s ♦rr♦♥s ♠♦rs ♦rt♦ r♥♦
s ♣r♦①♠♦♥s rátr ♥♦ ♦ ♦♠♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♥s s③ ♦ q ♦rrs♣♦♥
t♦rí s ♠s ♥♠♥ts
♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ srr♦ ♠♦s é ❬ ❪ s t♥ ♥ ♥t st t♣♦
♦rr♦♥s trr ♦♥ ♥ ♥s ♣r♦♠♦ ♣s ♦♥ ú♥ t♣♦ ♥ó♥ ♣r♦♣ tr ♦♥
ró♥ ♠♣qt♠♥t♦ r♦♥ ♦♥ t♠ñ♦ ♠♦r
♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♣r♦♣st ♣♦r ♦s♥ ♥ ❬❪ ♥r♥t r s♦♥ s ♠s ♥
♠♥ts ♦♠étrs s ♠♦és ♦ s r♦ s s♣r ② s ♦♠♥
♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s ② r♥ ♣r♠t♥ ♦rr ♣r♦♠s rt♠♥t ♥♦♠♦é♥♦s ♥tr♦
♥♦ s ♥tr♦♥s ♦rt♦ ♥ st ♠♥r ♦s sq♠s ♥♦ ♦s ♥ ♥t ♥tr ♦trs ♦ss
s ♦s♦♥s ♥ s á♠tr♦ ♠♦r ♣r ♥s q ♣r ♥ ♥ ♦ ♥♦ s
s♦r s♦r ♥ sstrt♦ só♦
♥ st♦s út♠♦s ñ♦s s ♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♦tr♦s r♥♠♥t♦s sts ♦r♠♦♥s ♦♥ ♦s q s ♦r♦ ♦rr
♦♥ st♥t é①t♦ ♣r♦♠s ♦①st♥ ss íq♦rst♥s ♥ ♦s srs rs ♦ ♥r♦s
rí♦s ♥ ♥ ♠♥só♥ s♦r♦s s♦r rt♦s sstrt♦s ♥ rr♥ ❬❪ r③♦♥ r③ ♥ r r♦♥t♦
t♠
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥ tr♦ ♦t ❱s♥②♦ ② ♠r ❬❪ s ♣♦♥♥ r s♠ts ② r♥s
♥ s ♣r♦♥s q rr♦♥ s ♣r♦①♠♦♥s ② ♥♦ s♦♥ ♣s st♦ ♥ s♦ró♥
♦s s♦r s♣rs sós ♣♥s ♥ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ s ♥
♦♠♣ró♥ ♥tr ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ② ♥ s♠ó♥ ♦♥t r♦ ❬❪ ♣r
s♦ ♥ ♦ srs rs ♦♠♦ s ♣ ♣rr ♥ st r s r♥s ♦s r♦♥s ♦♥
♦r♠ ♣r s♦♥ ♠í♥♠s ♠ás ♦s t♦rs ❬❪ ♣r♦♥ rst♦s s♦ró♥ 2 s♦r
rt♦ sst♠ ②♦ ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥ s ♠ás ♥t♥s♦ q ♦s t③♦s ♥ ♥str♦s á♦s ♥
t rr♥ s ♠str q ①st ♥ ♥ r♦ ♥tr ♦s ♣rs ♦t♥♦s ♣r s sst♠ ♦♥ ♦s rs♦s
♦r♠s♠♦s
♦s♦tr♦s trr♠♦s ♠②♦r♠♥t ♥tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♦♥ t♥t♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♣rsó♥ ♦♠♦
♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s♦♦ srs rs s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♣r♦♣st Prs❨ ❬❪
♦♥s rr♥
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
5
10
15
z*
ρ*
−MC (Diamantes)−SDA (línea sólida)−FMT (línea de puntos)
r ♥s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ ♣r só ♣r ♥ ♦ srs rs ♦♥ ηbulk = ② T = 150 st rá♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ ♣♦t♥ q r ♣r s♦r ♦ s ♥ ♦s♠♥ts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦ s ♦ ♣♦r ♦♦♦s ② sr ❬❪ s í♥ssós s♦♥ á♦s ♦s t③♥♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥♦ ♦ ♥♦♥ ♥s ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ í♥ ♣♥t♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥ á♦s r③♦s ♦♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥
Pr ♦s ♣r♦♠s s♦ró♥ s♦r ♥ ♣r ♥r♦s ♥ st ss s♣♦♥r♠♦s q ♦s ♣rs ♥s
s♦♦ ♣♥♥ ♦♦r♥ z ♣r♣♥r sstrt♦ ❬ρ(r) ≡ ρ(z)❪ ♦ s q s♦♥ ♥r♥ts ♥ ♣♥♦ xy
♣r♦ sstrt♦ s♦r♠♦s s ♦♥s ❬♣ít♦ s ② ♥tr♦ ♥
tr♠♥♦ ♥♦ ♦♥ s ♦♥♦♥s ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ρ(z > L) = ρ(z → ∞) = ρB ♦♥ ρB s ♥s
qr♦ q ♣♦s ♦ ♣♦r r ♥tró♥ ♦♥ ♣r ♥ ①♣rs♦♥ Q ♣♦r
s ♥tr♦rá ♣♦t♥ Usf (z) ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
sts ♦♥s s rs♥ ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ sí ♦♠♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ s s♦♦♥s
q s♦♥ sts ♦ ♠tsts ♣r s s dµdn > 0 q s ♦t♥♥ s♥♦ st♦s ♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s s♦♥ é♥ts
s♦ ♥ s♦s ①♣♦♥s ♥ ❬❪ ♣ ♥♦♥trrs ♥ ♥áss tór♦ r♦♥♦ ♦♥ s ♣r♦♥s
q s s♣r♥♥ ♠♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s í s ♠str q s♦♦ ♣r sst♠s ♠② ♦♥♥♦s ♦♥ ♥ ♣qñ♦
♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♣♥ ①str r♥s s s tr ♦♥ ♥♦ ♦tr♦ sq♠
r r♥♦ st ♦ ♠tst r♥ s ♣♥t♦ st s s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s
r s♠♣♠♥t ♥ q ♦r♠s♠♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♥♦ ♣r♠t ♦t♥r s♦♦♥s ♥sts P♦r ♦tr ♣rt
s ♣♥t♦ st á♦ ♦st♦ ♦♠♣t♦♥ s ♠♥♦r ♥♦ s tr ♦♥ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦
♦ q ♥ ♣s♦ tró♥ s♦ó♥ ♦t♥ ♥tr♦ st ♣r♦①♠ó♥ stá ♥♦r♠③ ②
q ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♣r♠♥ ♦♥st♥t
♥ts ♣rs♥tr ♥str♦s rst♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦ró♥ r ② ❳ s♦r r♥ts sstrt♦s
srr♠♦s ♦s ♣♦t♥s sstrt♦♦ ♠ás t③♦s ② rs♠r♠♦s ♦s ♦♥♣t♦s ás♦s r♦♥♦s ♦♥
♠♦♦ s♣rs
P♦t♥s s♦ró♥
♥ trtr ①st♥ r♦s ♣♦t♥s ♣r♦♣st♦s ♣r srr ♥tró♥ ♥ át♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦é
♦ ♦♥ ♥ sstrt♦ ♦s ♠ás s♠♣s s♦♥ ② q s ♦t♥♥ s♣♦♥♥♦ q ♥ át♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦é
♦ ♥trtú ♦♥ ♥ át♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦é sstrt♦ ♠♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ sótr♦♣♦
V paressf (r) = 4 εsf
[
(σsfr
)12
−(σsfr
)6]
.
qí sí♥ s rr♥ sstrt♦ ② f ♦ εsf r♣rs♥t ♠ó♦ ♦r ♠á①♠♦
♥tró♥ ♥tr ♥ át♦♠♦ ♦ ♦♥ ♦tr♦ sstrt♦ ② σsf s r♥♦ s ♥tró♥
♥t♦ εsf ♦♠♦ σsf r♥ ♥♦♠r ♣rá♠tr♦s r ② ♥ ♣r♠r ♣r♦①♠ó♥ s ♣♥ r
s♥♦ s rs ♦r♥t③rt♦t
εsf = (εff εss)1/2
,
σsf =σff + σss
2.
t♦ t♦t s tr♠♥ ♥tr♥♦ s♦r t♦t ♦s át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ♣rtís sstrt♦
♠é♥ ② ♣♦t♥s ♠ás ♦r♦s ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♦s srr♦♦s ♣rtr ♣r♠r♦s ♣r♥♣♦s ♦
r♦ ss sr♠♦s st♥t♦s t♣♦s ♣♦t♥ ♣♥♥♦ sstrt♦ ♦♥t♥ó♥ ♣r♦r♠♦s
srr♦s ♦♥ ú♥ t
P♦t♥
st ♣♦t♥ s ♠ás s♠♣ r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪ ② s ♦t♥ s♣♦♥♥♦ q sstrt♦ s ♥ ♦♥t♥♦
tr♠♥s♦♥ ♦♥ ♥ stró♥ ♥♦r♠ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ② ♥s s ρs st♥
♣r♣♥r ♥ ♣rtí ♣♥♦ sstrt♦ s z ♥trr ♣♦t♥ V paressf (r) ♦ sts ♦♥♦♥s
s ♦t♥
Usf (z) =
2π3 εeff
[
215
(σsf
z
)9 −(σsf
z
)3]
si z > 0
0 si z ≤ 0,
♦♥
εeff = εsfρsσ3sf .
st ♣♦t♥ ♦ sr♠♦s ♣r str s♦ró♥ r s♦r ♥ sstrt♦ 2 ♦♥ s ♥ sr♠♦s ♦s
♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s sr♦s ♣♦r ♥r ② ♠ ❬ ❪
♥ trtr ♣♦t♥ ♦ ♣♦r t♠é♥ ♣r srt♦ ♣r z > 0 ♥ ♠♥r tr♥t
❬❪
Usf (z) =4C3
3
27W 2sf
(
1
z
)9
− C3
(
1
z
)3
,
♦♥ Wsf s ♣r♦♥ ♣♦③♦ ♣♦t♥ ② C3 s ♠rs ♣rá♠tr♦ ♥ r ❲s ♠♦s
♠♥♦♥r q ❩r♠ ② ♦♥ ❬❪ r♦♥ ♦rs Wsf ② C3 ♠♦r♥♦ s♠♣ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♦r♥t③
rt♦t
P♦t♥
♥ r ♦♥srr q sstrt♦ s ♥ ♦♥t♥♦ ♥ s ♣ s♣♦♥r q stá ♦♠♣st♦ ♣♦r ♥ ssó♥
♣♥♦s ♣r♦s ♥♦r♠s t ❬❪ st♥ ♣r♣♥r ♥ ♣rtí ♦ ♥ ♣♥♦
sstrt♦ s z ♣r♦s♦ ♥tró♥ V paressf (r) s♦r s ♣♥♦
Usf (z) = 4π εsf ρs σ2sf
[
1
5
(σsfz
)10
− 1
2
(σsfz
)4]
,
♦♥ ρs s ♥s s♣r ♣rtís sstrt♦ st ♣♦t♥ s ♦r♠
sstrt♦ ♥♦ s s♦♠♥t ♥ ♠♦♥♦♣ só s♥♦ q stá ♦♥stt♦ ♣♦r r♦s ♣♥♦s ② q s♠r s♦r
t♦♦s ♦s ♦t♥é♥♦s
Usf (z) = 4π εsf ρs σ2sf
np∑
j=0
[
1
5
(
σsfz + jd
)10
− 1
2
(
σsfz + jd
)4]
,
♦♥ d s st♥ ♥tr ♦s ♣♥♦s sstrt♦ ② np ♥t ♦s ♣♥♦s st ♣♦t♥ s ♦
♥♦♠♥ ♣♦r s♠♠ ♥ ❬❪ ♣♦♠♦s r st ♣♦t♥ srt♦ s♥t
♠♥r
Usf (z) = ε1s
3∑
j=0
[
2
3
(
σsfz + jd
)10
− 5
3
(
σsfz + jd
)4]
,
s♥♦ ♣r♦♥ st ♣♦t♥ Wsf/kB ≃ ε1s/kB
P♦t♥ ❩
♦♥ ♣♦str♦r tr♦ ❩r♠ ② ♦♥ ❬❪ r♦s t♦rs ♠♦rr♦♥ trt♠♥t♦ t♦
♥ tró♥ sstrt♦ ♦ r♦ st í♥ ③♠s② ♦ ② ❩r♠ ❬❪ srr♦r♦♥ s ♣r♠r♦s
♣r♥♣♦s ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ ② ①♣rsó♥ s
Usf (z) = V0 (1 + αz) e−αz − f [(z − zvdW )β(z − zvdW )]CvdW
(z − zvdW )3,
♦♥
f(x) = 1− e−x(1 + x+x2
2) ,
r♦ ❱♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣♦t♥ ❩ ♣r r ② ❳ ♥ ♥tró♥ ♦♥ sstrt♦s ♥♦st♦♠♦s rt♠♥t r♦ ❬❪ V0❱ α−1
0 0 = CvdW ❱30 ② zvdW 0
V0 α CvdW zvdW
s
r V0 α CvdW zvdW
s
❳ V0 α CvdW zvdW
s
β(z) =α2z
(1 + αz).
♦s ♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s V0 α CvdW ② zvdW ♣♥♥ t♥t♦ ♦ ♦♠♦ sstrt♦ ♣r♠r tér♠♥♦
st ①♣rsó♥ st r♦♥♦ ♦♥ tér♠♥♦ r♣s♦ rtr♦ ② r♠♣③ ♦♥tró♥ ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥
1/z9 s♥♦ tér♠♥♦ ♦♥stt② ♦♠♣♦♥♥t trt ♥ r ❲s q ♣r z >> zvdW
t♥ −C3/z3 ♥ó♥ ♠♦rt♠♥t♦ f(x) ♥t s♦♣♠♥t♦ s ♥♦♥s
♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦s át♦♠♦s sstrt♦ ♥ó♥ β(z) ♦rr ♣r♦♠ r♥ q st
♣♦t♥ ♣♦s ♥ z = zvdW ② q ♥♦ s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦♥ ♥♥ú♥ ♦ ís♦ ❬❪
st ♣♦t♥ ❩ ♦ ♠♦s t③r ♣r ♠②♦rí ♦s sst♠s q ♥str♠♦s ♥ r♦ s
♠str♥ ♦s ♦rs q t♦♠♥ ♦s st♥t♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦s ♠♥t♦s ♥③♦s ♥ st tr♦
♦♦ ② í♥ ♣r♠♦♦
♥③♠♦s ♥s st♦♥s rr♥ts s tr♥s♦♥s ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r sst♠s íq♦♣♦r
s♦r♦s s♦r s♣rs
♦♥srr s♦ró♥ ♥ sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s ♣r♥ ♥ó♠♥♦s ts ♦♠♦ ♠♦♦ tt♥ ② ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r
tt♥ ♣r str st♦s ♥ó♠♥♦s s ♥sr♦ ♦♥srr ♥ ♣r♦♠ s♦ró♥ ♥ ♠ás ♥ ♠♥só♥
s tr♥s♦♥s tt♥ r♦♥ sts ♣♦r ♣r♠r ③ ♥ ♥ ♦s tr♦s ♥♣♥♥ts ♥ ❬❪
② ♥r ② ♠ ❬❪ ♥ st só♥ ♠♦s ♦♠♥tr ♥♦s ♦s s♣t♦s ♠ás r♥ts ♥ trtr
s ♣♥ ♥♦♥trr ts rs♦♥s tórs s♦r t♠ ♦♠♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♥♥s ❬❪
s ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♥ s♣r ♣♥♥ ás♠♥t t♠♣rtr ② ♦♥t ♥tr
♠á①♠ ♥t♥s ♥tró♥ q ①st ♥tr sstrt♦ ② ♦ Wsf ② ♠á①♠ ♥t♥s
r③s ♥tr ♠♦és ♠s♠♦ ♦ εff
W ∗
sf =Wsf
εff.
①st♥ ♠tt sst♠s q ①♥ tr♥s♦♥s ♠♦♦ ♦s ♠♦s ②r ♥♦ ♠② s♥♦ ♣r
r s rtrísts ♥rs trt ♥ sst♠ ♦♥stt♦ ♣♦r ♥ ♦ ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ ♥ s♣r
❯♥ sq♠ st stó♥ stá r♣rs♥t♦ ♥ ♥ st s♦ r♣rs♥t s íq ② ❱
s ♣♦r
í s r♦♥ s t♥s♦♥s s♣rs sstrt♦íq♦ γsl sstrt♦♣♦r γsv ② íq♦♣♦r γlv ♥
qr♦ ♦rrr q
γsv = γsl + γlv cosθ ,
♦♥ θ s ♦ ♥♦♠♥ s♠♥t á♥♦ ♦♥tt♦ st ①♣rsó♥ s ♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠r ó♥
❨♦♥ ② tr♠♥ st♦ ♥ sst♠ ♥♦ θ = 0 s r ♥ ♥ stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♦♠♣t♦ s
t♥ q
γsv = γsl + γlv
② stó♥ ♥rét♠♥t ♠ás ♦r s ♥tr♣♦♥r ♥ ♣ ♠r♦só♣ íq♦ ♥tr sstrt♦ ②
s ♣♦r ♥t♦♥s q ①st ♠♦♦ t♦t ♦ ♦♠♣t♦ ♦ s♠♣♠♥t ♠♦♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♣st♦ s
t♥ θ = π ♦♥ó♥ ♥♦ ♠♦♦ s ♥ s t♠é♥ ♦♠ú♥ rrrs é ♦♠♦ tt♥ ♦♠♣t♦ ♣♦r s
♣♦r ② ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦
γsl = γsv + γlv
♥ st s♦ ♥ ♣ ♠r♦só♣ ♣♦r r ♥tr sstrt♦ ② íq♦ rst♦ st♦s ♥tr♠♦s
♦♥ 0 < θ < π ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦♥s ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥ st♦s st♦s ♣ s♦r s♦r
s♣r t♥ ♥ s♣s♦r ♠r♦só♣♦ s ♣ srr ♦♠♦
|γsv − γsl| ≤ γlv
♠♦♦ ♦♠♣t♦ s ♥③ ♥♦ s r ①♣rs st ♠♦♦ ♥♦s ♥ s
♦♥♦♥s ♥srs ♣r q s é ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ s r ♣s♦ ♥ stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r
♦♠♣t♦ ♣♦♥♠♦s q ♥♦s st♠♦s s♦r í♥ ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ② r♠♦s t♠♣rtr
rá♥♦♥♦s ♣♥t♦ rít♦ st♦ q γlv s ③ ♠ás ♣qñ ② t♥ r♦ ♦♠♦
γlv ∼(
Tc − T
T
)
−α
♦♥ ①♣rsó♥ ♣ré♥tss ♦rrs♣♦♥ t♠♣rtr r ② α ①♣♦♥♥t rít♦
♥ r♠♥tó q γsv − γsl t♥í r♦ ♦♠♦ r♥ ♥ ♥ss s ss íq ② ♣♦r
γsv − γsl = [ρv − ρl]
(
Tc − T
T
)β
r ♥ r s ♦sr♥ s trs st♦♥s q s ♣♥ ♠♥str ♥♦ ♥ íq♦ stá ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ ♥s♣r s trs ❱ ② ♥t♥ s ss só ♣♦r ② íq rs♣t♠♥t ② θ r♣rs♥t á♥♦ ♦♥tt♦ ♥ ♦ ♣rt s♣r♦r ③qr íq♦ s ①♣♥ r♥♦ t♦ s♣r ♦r♠♥♦♥ ♣ s♣s♦r ♥♥♦ q ♣♥ ♥t íq♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ st s♦ s q íq♦♠♦ ♦♠♣t♠♥t s♣r ♥ ♦tr♦ ①tr♠♦ ♦ s♣r♦r r♦ s ♥tr♣♦♥ ♥ ♣ ♣♦r ♥tr s♣r ② íq♦ st ♠♥r íq♦ ♥♦ ♥tr ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ só♦ q ♦♥stt② s♣r st ♦ s ♦ ♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠r s♦ ♦♠♣t♦ r②♥ stó♥ ♥tr♠ sq♠t③ ♥ ♣rt ♥r♦r r ♥♦♠r ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥ s ♠s♠♦ ♦ s ♥ sq♠t③♦ s r③s q sr♥ ♥tr só♦ íq♦ ② ♣♦r γsl r♣rs♥t r③ q só♦ r s♦r íq♦ γsv s r③ q só♦ r s♦r ♣♦r ② γlv q íq♦ r s♦r ♣♦r
r ♠♦s ♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ② t♥só♥ s♣r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts tr♥s♦♥s ♠♦♦ ♣r♠r ② s♥♦ ♦r♥ ♦ ♠♦♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♥ r♦ s♣r♦r ♣♦♠♦s ♦srr ♦♠♦ ♠♥sts rs ♣r ♥ tr♥só♥ s♥♦ ♦r♥ ② ♥ ♥r♦r rs♣t♦ ♠♦ ♣r ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ r t①t♦
♦♥ ρv ② ρl s♦♥ s ♥ss ♣♦r ② íq♦ rs♣t♠♥t ② ♦♥ ♠ás β < α st ♠♥r
s♥t♠♥t r ♣♥t♦ rít♦ s ♠♣r q γsv −γsl = γlv ② ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦ t♥ r ♥ tr♥só♥
♠♦♦ ♥q r③♦♥♠♥t♦ s ♥ ♣rt rró♥♦ ♣s r♥ ♥tr s t♥s♦♥s s♣rs t♥
r♦ ♦r♠ ♠ás ♦♠♣ ♦ q s♥t♠♥t r ♥ ♣♥t♦ rít♦ t♥ r ♥ tr♥só♥
♠♦♦ s ♥ ♦♥só♥ só
♥♦ r③ sstrt♦ s ♠♦r ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♥t♥s ♥tró♥ s ♠♦és
♦ ①strá ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♣r t♠♣rtrs ♥r♦rs rít
♥ ♥r s tr♥s♦♥s ♠♦♦ s♦♥ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♣r♦ t♠é♥ s ♥ó♠♥♦s ♠♦♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♦
tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ s♥♦ ♦r♥
❱r♥♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♦ ② sstrt♦ s ♣♦s ♦t♥r ♦s ♦s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦s ♥
♠♦s s rtrísts ♠s tr♥s♦♥s ♦s rá♦s s♣r♦rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥ ♣♦tét
stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ② ♦s ♥r♦rs ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r♠r ♦r♥
♥ ② ♠♦s r♠ ss ♥ ♣♥♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦t♠♣rtr qí µ0 s ♣♦t♥
qí♠♦ ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ íq♦ q ♥♦ st s♦♠t♦ ♥♥ú♥ ♣♦t♥
①tr♥♦ ♥ts r t♠♣rtr rít Tc s ♣r♦ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ Tw tr♥só♥ s
♣r♠r ♦r♥ ② s♦ ♥ í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ r ♦①st♥ q rr♥ t♥♥♠♥t ♥ Tw② ♥③ ♥ ♥ ♣♥t♦ rít♦ rátr ♠♥s♦♥ ❯♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ q ♣ rstr ♠② út ♣r str
sts tr♥s♦♥s s r♠♥t♦ Γℓ ♥ó♥ ♠ás ♣r♦♣ ♣♥ sst♠ ♥ ♥str♦ ♠♣♦
s q r s íq ② ♣♦♠♦s ♥r♦ ♦♠♦
Γℓ =
ˆ
[ρ(z)− ρv] dz
st ♥tr s ①t♥ s♦r t♦♦ s♠s♣♦ ♦♣♦ ♣♦r ♦ ♠♥tr ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís
t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ Tw s ♣r♦ ♠②♦r st♦ ♥ ♦r r♠♥t♦ q tr♠♥ s♣s♦r
♣í s♦r ♣sá♥♦s ♥ ♣í ♣♦♦ s♣s♦r ♥ ♠②♦r s♣s♦r st s♦♥t♥
♥ r♠♥t♦ ♣rr r♥t t♦♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ r♠♥ ♣r♠♦♦ q s ①t♥ ♥tr Tw ②
t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw P♦r ♥♠ st út♠ t♠♣rtr ♥ ♥r♠♥t♦ ♥ ♥ú♠r♦
♣rtís q r♠♥t♦ r③ ♦♥ ♦♥t♥ r s s ❬ ❪
sí ♥ s♦ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ s♦ró♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ s♦♥t♥ ♥♦ trs♠♦s
r♠♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ② r ♥ ♦①st♥ ♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs ♥ ♣♦♥♠♦s ♦r
q ér♠♦s ♣s str t♥só♥ s♣r ♥ ♥ó♥ s♣s♦r ♣ íq♦ s♦r
strt♠♥t st♦ ♥♦ s ♣♦s ♣s s ♥s ♦♥♦♥s tr♠♦♥á♠s ①st ♥ s♣s♦r q ♠♥♠③
t♥só♥ s♣r s♥♦ ♥sts rst♦ ♦s st♦s ♦ ♦st♥t s♣s♦r ♣ íq♦ s♦r
s ♥ r ♠② ♥t s♥♦ ♥ ♣rát t r ♥ st♦ st t♣♦ ♦♥ t♦rí ♥♦♥
♥s r ❬❪ ♥ ♠♦s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ r♠♥t♦ ♥ s♦ ♠♦♦
♦♥t♥♦ sú♥ ♠♥t♠♦s ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s tr②t♦rs ♠rs ♣♦r s ♥ Pr T < Tw
í♥ ♦♥t♥ s♦ró♥ r ② s ♠♥t♥ ♥t ♥ ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r Pr T > Tw í♥
s♦♥t♥ ♣ s♦r r ♦r♠ ♦♥t♥ ② r ♥♦ s ♥③ ♦①st♥ st r♥
s ♦rít♠ ♣r ♣♦t♥s ♦rt♦ ♥ ♥♠♦s ♦r t♥só♥ s♣r ♥♦s st♠♦s s♦r
í♥ ♦①st♥ íq♦♣♦r ♥ s♦ ♠♦♦ ♦♥t♥♦ rí♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦ ♣r T < Tw
í♥ ♦♥t♥ ② ♥ ♠í♥♠♦ ♣r ♥ ♦r ♥t♦ Γℓ q s s♣③ r sú♥ ♠♥t♠♦s
t♠♣rtr st q ♥♠♥t r ♣r ♦rs T ≥ Tw í♥ s♦♥t♥ P♦r ♦♥trr♦ s
tr♥só♥ s ♣r♠r ♦r♥ t♥só♥ s♣r ♣rs♥t ♦s ♠í♥♠♦s óts q ♥ ①st♥ ♦s
♠í♥♠♦s s♦t♦s ♣r Tw ♥♦ ♣r ♦rs ♥t♦s Γℓ ② ♦tr♦ ♣r Γℓ → ∞
♣ rr ♥ ó♥ q ♣r♠t tr♠♥r ♦r Tw r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪ ♣rt
s♥tót ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥ tér♠♥♦ ♦ ♦♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t trt st ♣♦t♥ t♥ ♦r♠
♣♦t♥ t♣♦ ♥ r ❲s s r s
Usf (z) ∼ − C3
z3,
♠♥t r♠♥t♦s tr♠♦♥á♠♦s s
∆µpw(T ) = apw(T − Tw)3/2 .
♥ st ①♣rsó♥ ∆µpw s ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ s r q ② rr♥ s ♦①st♥
íq♦♣♦r ♥ ♦ ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ s♥ ♥tr♦♥s ①tr♥s ♥t st ①♣rsó♥ s
♣ tr③r í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ q ♠♦r st ♦s ♦rs ∆µpw − T ② ♦t♥r ♦r Tw
♠ q ♠♥t ♥t♥s rt ♣♦t♥ trt♦ sstrt♦ Tw s r♥♦ ♣♥t♦
tr♣ ♣♥♦ ①str ♦ q s ♦♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♠♦♦ ♣♥t♦ tr♣ Tw = Tt
s tr♥s♦♥s ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♥ s♦ ♦srs ♣r r♦s ♦s s♦r♦s ② ①st ♥ ♥♥t ♥t
♠♦♥s ①♣r♠♥ts r♦♥s ♦♥ st ♥ó♠♥♦ ❯♥ ♠♣♦ ♦ ♦♥stt② s♦ 4 s♦r♦
s♦r rt♦s sstrt♦s só♦s r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ s ♦srr♦♥ tr♥s♦♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r ró♥♦ ♠♦r 2 ♥♦ s s♦rí s♦r
② s ❬ ❪
s♦ró♥ s♦r ② s st ♥tr ♦tr♦s ♣♦r ss t♥ ② ♥ ❬❪ Pr st♦s
t♦rs ♥♥tr♥ ♠♦♦ ♥♦♠♣t♦ ♣r t♠♣rtrs ♠♥♦rs Tc = ② ♠♦♦ ♦♠♣t♦ ♣r
t♠♣rtrs s♣r♦rs ♥ s♦ s ♥♦ s ♦t♦ ♦♥ó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥♥♥ t♠♣rtr
♥tr♦ ♥tr tr♣ ② rít
♠♦♦ ♣♥t♦ tr♣ stá ♥st♦ ①♣r♠♥t♠♥t ♥ ♦s s♦s s♦ró♥ r ② ❳ s♦r
❬ ❪
♦s st♦s ♠r♦só♣♦s s r③r♦♥ ♠♥t ② s♠♦♥s ♦♠♣t♦♥s q t③♥ ♦♥t r♦ ②
♥á♠ ♦r ♥ s s ❬ ❪ ♣♥ ♥♦♥trrs st♦s r♦♥♦s ♦♥ s ♣r♦♥s
q s ♦tr♦♥ ♠♥t st♦s ♠ét♦♦s á♦
sr♥♦ strtr ♦♥♥t♦ s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♣♦♠♦s ♥rr ♥s st♦♥s r♦♥s
♦♥ ♦s ♥ó♠♥♦s ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦
❯♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠♦♦ s ♠♥st ♥♦ strtr s♦tr♠s s t q s ♣s ♥ s♦tr♠
q ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦♦♣ ♥ r ❲s ♥ q ♥♦ ♦ ♣♦s ♥ st s♦ t♠♣rtr ♦rr st
tr♥só♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥ t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ s r q ♥
♦s ♣♥t♦s ♥ ♥ r♠ s ∆µpw−T q s ①t♥ s Tw st Tcpw ❯♥ ♣♥t♦ s♦r st r t♥
♦♠♦ ♦♦r♥s ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ q ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① ② t♠♣rtr s♦tr♠
♦rrs♣♦♥♥t st ♠♥r strtr ♦♥♥t♦ s♦tr♠s r ♣rs♥ ♥ tr♥só♥
♣r♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠t r Tw ② t♠é♥ Tcpw
♥♦ r③ sstrt♦ s ♠♦r ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♥t♥s ♥tró♥ s ♠♦és
♦ ①strá ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ tt♥ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♣r t♠♣rtrs ♥r♦rs rít
t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ Tw ♥ ♣í ♦ s♦r♦ ♦①st ♦♥ ♥ ♣í rs ♠s♠♦
❯♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♣rtt♥ st rtr③ ♣♦r s♥ s♦♥t♥ ♥ ♦r t♦r
r♠♥t♦ ❬❪ ♥ s♥t♦ q t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ s ♣r♦ ♠②♦r st♦ ♥ ♦r t♦r
r♠♥t♦ ② st s♦♥t♥ s♣r t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ ❬❪ Pr t♠♣rtrs
♠②♦rs Tcpw s♣s♦r ♣í s♦r r ♦♥t♥♠♥t
♦♦ s♠♣ ♣r tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥tr♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♦♦ ♠♣ ❬❪ s ♣ str ♥ ró♥ ♥tr ♠♦♦
♥ s♣r só ② s t♥s♦♥s s♣rs ♥ s ♥trss só♦íq♦ ② íq♦♣♦r r♦ ♦♥
❬❪ ♦♥ó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣ sr srt ♦♠♦ ♥ ♦♥ó♥ s♦r ♥tr ♣♦t♥
s♦ró♥ Iu
Iu = −ˆ
∞
zmin
Usf (z)dz ≥2γlv(T )
[ρl(T )− ρv(T )]=Wγρ(T ) .
s♣♦♥ q ♦♥ó♥ ♠♦♦ r ♥ s ♣ s♦ ♦s s♠♣s s♦r♦s s♦r
sstrt♦s trt♦s s♠s② ♦ ② ❩r♠ r♦♥ Iu ♥tr♥♦ s ♣r♦♣♦ ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥
❩ ♦♥t♥ó♥ tr♠♥r♦♥ Tw ♥♦ Wγρ(T ) ♦♥ ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts γlv(T ) ρl(T ) ② ρv(T )
♥②r♦♥ ♦s rst♦s ♣r Tw ♥ r♦ ❬❪
♦♠♦ ♠♣♦ ♦s ♦rs Iu ♣r ♦s ♣r r♥ts sstrt♦s stá♥ st♦s ♥ r♦ ②
♠r♦s ♦♥ í♥s ♦r③♦♥ts ♥ ♥ st r t♠é♥ stá♥ ♥♦s ♦s ♦rs Wγρ(T )
r♦ ❱♦rs ♦s ♦♥ts Iu ♥ ♥s ❬ ♥♠❪ ♣r ♥♦s ♠ts ♥♦s ② ♣r ❬❪ st ♦♥ts ♥tr♥♦ ♣♦t♥ ❩
s
20 25 30 35 40 450
5
10
15
20
25
T [K]
Wγρ
e
Iu
[Knm
] Ne T
t
Tc
Mg
Li
Na
K
Cs, Rb
r ❱♦rs Wγρ Iu ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♣r s♦r♦ s♦r rs♦s sstrt♦s rtr ③②s③ ②❯rrt ❬❪ sts rs s♦♥ ♥srs ♣r ♥③r s ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥♦♠♥♦♦♦ ♠♣ s í♥s ♦r③♦♥ts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥tr Iu ♦s ír♦s s♦♥ Wγρ s t♠♣rtrs tr♣② rít s ♥♥ ♦♥ Tt ② Tc rs♣t♠♥t
♥ s r s ♣ ♦rr♦♦rr q ♦♥ ♦s ♦rs Tw ♣♦s ♣♦r s♠s② ♦
② ❩r♠ ❬❪ ♣r st♥t ♥ Tw ♣r ② q s♦♥ ♦rs ♦s ♥ ③♦♥ ♥tr
♥tr♦ Tt ↔ Tc ♣r♦ ss rst♦s ♣r ② ♠str♥ sr♣♥s ♦♥ ♦s t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts
Pr s♦r♦ s♦r t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ ♦t♥ ♦♥ Tw = 38 s s♥t♠♥t
♠ás q ①♣r♠♥t Tw =
sí ♦♠♦ stá ♦r♠♦ tér♠♥♦ Wγρ(T ) ♥r ♥ ♣r♦♠ ♥ s ❬ ❪ r♠♦s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦
s♥tót♦ Wγρ(T ) ♣r T r♥s Tc ♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ①♣rsó♥ ♣r t♥só♥ s♣r íq♦♣♦r
♣♦r
γlv(T ) ≃ γ0lv (1− T/Tc)5/4
,
② ①♣rsó♥ ♥♠ ♣r r♥ ♥ss íq♦ ② ♣♦r ♥ ♦①st♥ ❬
❬❪❪
ρl(T )− ρv(T ) ≃2
7ρc (1− T/Tc)
1/3,
♦♥ ρc s ♥s ♦ Tc s ♣ r Wγρ(T ) ② rsrr ♦♥ó♥ ♠♦♦ ①♣rsá♥♦
♦♠♦
Iu = −ˆ
∞
zmin
Usf (z)dz ≥Wγρ(T ) ≃4γ0lv7ρc
(
1− T
Tc
)11/12
.
♦♠♦ Wγρ(T → Tc) → 0 ♣♦r ♠ás é q s tró♥ ♥ sstrt♦ s♦r ♥ ♦ ♥tr Iu srá
♣♦st ♥♥♦ q ♦ s♠♣r ♠♦r sstrt♦ ♣r ♥ T < Tc ♥ ♠r♦ st ♣ró♥ ♥♦ s
♦rrt ♣és s ♦sró q ♣r ♥tr♦♥s sstrt♦♦ és ② ♦s q ♥♦ ♠♦♥ sstrt♦ ♥ ú♥
t♠♣rtr rít st s s♦ ♥♦ s s♦r s♦r s ❬❪
tr ♥ st ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥ s♦ s♦r♦ s♦r q ♣rs♥t ♥ Tw r♥ Tt
t③rs ♣r♦①♠ó♥
−ˆ
∞
zmin
ρ(z)Usf (z)dz ≃ − ρl
ˆ
∞
zmin
Usf (z)dz ,
s ♣r ♥ ♣rt ♠♣♦rt♥t ♦♥tró♥ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♠á①♠♦ ♣r ♥s ♦ ♦rr
st♦ ♥ ♠í♥♠♦ ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥ ♥só♥ st t♦ tr ♦♠♦ ♦♥s♥ ♥ s♥s♦ ♥
♦r ♦t♥♦ ♣r Tw
P♦r ♦ ①♣st♦ ♥ st só♥ ♣♦♠♦s r♠r q s s♦♦ ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ r ♣r♦♠ ♠♦♦
st♦s ♣r♦♣♦s s♦r s♦ró♥
♥ st só♥ srr♠♦s s♦ró♥ r ② ❳ s♦r rs♦s sstrt♦s ♥ ♦s s♦s ② r ♣rs♥
tr♠♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♥ ♠r♦ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦ ♥ ♠♦ ♣r ❳ ♣rs♥tr♠♦s rst♦s
♣r♦st♦s ♣♦r ♠♦s ♥s♠s ♥ó♥♦ ② r♥ ♥ó♥♦
Pr♠íts♥♦s ♥t③r q ♥str ♣r♦♣st ♣r ♣r♠t ♣rr ♥ó♠♥♦s r♦♥♦s ♦♥ ♠♦♦
s♣rs ♥ t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ Tt ② rít Tc ♦ s♦r♦ ñ♥♦
s ③ q q ♥♦r ♦r♠s♠♦ r ② ♦s♥r ❬❪ ② ♦s ♣♦t♥s ♣rs q sr♥
♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬ ❪ ♥ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs r♥♦ Tt st ♥♦♥♥♥t ② s ♠♦stró
①♠♥r γlv(T ) ♣r ♥ ♣ít♦
s♦ró♥ ó♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
♥ rá♦ ③qr s ♠str ♣♦t♥ ❩ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥tró♥ ♦♥
trs ♠ts ♥♦s ② ♥ rá♦ r st ♠s♠ r s ♥ r♦ ♥ ♥ s ♠ás
−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3−100
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
z−zmin
[nm]
Usf/k
B [K
]
Rb
Na
Li
Mg
Ne
−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4−60
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
z−zmin
[nm]
Usf
[K]
Ne
Cs, Rb
K
Na
Li
r P♦t♥s ♥tró♥ ❩ ♥tr ② rs♦s sstrt♦s rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪ ♥ rá♦ ③qr s ♠str♥ ♥♦s ♦s sstrt♦s t③♦s qí ♥ r r s ♦sr ♥ ♠♣ó♥ st r ♦♥ s ♥ r♦ ♦s ♣♦t♥s ♥tró♥ ♦♥ s ② ♥ í♥ r②s ② r②s ②♣♥t♦s ♥ ♣♦t♥ t♣♦ ♣r Wsf/kB = ② rs♣t♠♥t ♥ ♠s rs r♦ ssss s ♦♥ ♦s ♣♦t♥s ♥③♥ s ♦r ♠í♥♠♦
♦♥♥♥t s rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥tró♥ ♦♥ s ② óts q ♦s ♣♦t♥s ♣r
② s s♦♥ ♠② s♠rs ♥ st rá♦ t♠é♥ s rr♦♥ rs ♣♦t♥ ♣r sst♠
s ♦♥ ♣r ♦s ♥t♥ss Wsf/kB = 48 ② s♥♦ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s σsf = ♥♠ ②
d = ♥♠ t♦♠♦s ❬❪ óts q ♥ s♦ Wsf/kB = 50 ♣♦t♥ rst♥t s ♠②
s♠r ❩
s♦ró♥ s♦r s ②
s ♣ ♦♥r q ♦s sstrt♦s s ② tr♥ é♠♥t ♥ trtr
s r♣♦rt t♦s ①♣r♠♥ts q ♥♥ q s ♠♦♦ ♣♦r ❬❪ t♠♣rtrs r♥s
rít ② q s ♥♦ ♦ s s st♠♦♥s tórs s♦♥ ♦♥trt♦rs rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♦♥ s♠♦♥s
♦♥t r♦ ❬❪ sr♥ q ♥♦ ♠♦ ♠♥trs q á♦s ♦♥ ❬❪ ♥♥ q s ♥ ♠r♦
♦s t♦rs st út♠♦ tr♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦♥ tr♠♥r ♥ ré♠♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♠♦ sí ♦ ♣♠♦s r
♥♦s♦tr♦s
♥ s ró ♥ ♦♥♥t♦ s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ s♦r strtr ♥ q
t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ Tw st ♣♦r ♦ ♦s r sñ ♦♥ trá♥♦s ♦sr♠♦s sts
rs ♠ás t♠♥t ♠♦s q ①st ♥ st♦ ♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ Γl ♥ s rs trá♥♦s ②
r♦s ♠á①♠♦ ♥ r trá♥♦s ② q st st♦ s♣r ♥③rs t♠♣rtr
♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s♦tr♠ sñ ♦♥ ír♦s st♦ ♥ q Tcpw st ♦♠♣r♥ ♥tr ②
í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♥str ♦♥ ♦s t♦s sts s♦tr♠s s ♠str ♥ st ♦♥
rr♦ ♥ ♦r Tw = st rst♦ stá ♥ ♥ r♦ ♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts t♦s
♥ s s ❬ ❪ ♦♥ s r♣♦rt q st tr♥só♥ ♦rr ♦s
−0.25 −0.2 −0.15 −0.1 −0.05 00
2
4
6
8
10
12
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
Ne/Rb
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ s♦r rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪ r sñ ♦♥ trá♥♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr sñ ♦♥ r♦s s s♦tr♠ ② q ♣♦s ír♦s♦rrs♣♦♥ strtr ♦♥♥t♦ s♦tr♠s ♣♦♥ ♥ í♠t Tcpw st t♠♣rtr rístr ♥ ♥tr♦ t♠♣rtrs q ♥ ♥tr ♦s ②
35 37 39 41 43 45−1
−0.8
−0.6
−0.4
−0.2
0
T [K]
∆µpw
/kB [K
]
Li
Na
K
Rb
Tc
Ne
r í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦r♦ s♦r r♥ts sstrt♦s rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪Pr s ② ♥t♥s tró♥ s s é♥t ♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs ♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ s ♥st♥s
−0.25 −0.2 −0.15 −0.1 −0.05 00
5
10
15
20
25
30
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
Ne/K
r s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ s♦r rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪ r sñ ♦♥ strs ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr r sñ ♦♥ trá♥♦s s s♦tr♠ q q ♣♦s r♦ss s♦ t♠♣rtr ② ír♦s ♥ óts st♦ ♥ ♦r t♦r r♠♥t♦ ∆Γl = ♥ t♠♣rtr ② ∆Γl = 25 ♣r
Pr♠íts♥♦s ♦♠♥tr s s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs s ♦ ♣♦r rtr♦♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ♥ ♠r♦
❬❪ s ♠s♠s r♦♥ r③s ♥tr♦♥♦ ♥ ♦rt ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♠♥r t q
♣r ♥ st♥ ♥trtó♠ s♣r♦r ♦s 5σff st ♣♦t♥ s ♦♥sr ♥♦ ♥ ♥r♠♥t ♦s
♦rs r♣♦rt♦s ♣♦r s♠♦♥s s♦♥ t♦♠♦s ♦♠♦ rr♥ ♦ q ♠♥t st t♣♦
s♠♦♥s ♥♦ ♣ ①♣rs ♠♦♦ ♣♦r s ♥ ♥ ♠♣♦rt♥t rí q rr s
t♠ñ♦ ♥ t③ ♥ ♣♥♦ xy 10σff ×10σff s s♥t♠♥t r♥ ♣r srr
♦♥t ♦rr♦♥ sst♠ ♦♥ ♣rsó♥ rqr r Tc
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥ s♦ s ② ♦s ♣♦t♥s ❩ s♦♥ ♣rát♠♥t é♥t♦s s r ♥tr♦ ♥str♦
sq♠ ♣r♦①♠♦♥s s t♥ s ♠s♠s ♣r♦♣s q P♦r ♦ t♥t♦ t♠é♥ ♠♦rí
s Pr ♦t♥r ♥♦♠♦♦ rí q tr tró♥ s st ♣♦s ② s♦ ♣r♦♣st ②
st ♣♦r ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ r♣♦ ♦♥ ♥♦ ♦s ♦♦r♦rs s t♦r ♣♦t♥ ❩
♥ s ♠str♥ s♦tr♠s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦ró♥ s♦r st sstrt♦ tr ♠ás
♥t♥s♠♥t q ♣♦r s r③ó♥ ♣r q ♣s♦ t♠♣rtrs s ♦t♥ ♠ás s♦tr♠s ♥tr Tw ②
Tc ♣ ♦srr q ①st ♥ st♦ ♠② ♣qñ♦ ♥ ♦r t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♣r♦①♠♠♥t
∆Γl = ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠♥trs q ♦s st st♦ ♥③ ♥ ♦r ♠②♦r ♣r♦①♠♠♥t
∆Γl = 25 st ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ t tr♠♥ó♥ t♥t♦ Tw ♦♠♦ Tcpw q s stú ♥tr ♦s ②
♦s
í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r sst♠ stá ♥ ♥ st ♦s t♦s ♦♥
Tw =
P♦r út♠♦ ♥ r♦ s ♥ ♠♦♦ rs♠♥ ♦ sñ♦ st qí ♦s rst♦s ♥str♦s
á♦s ② s ♦s ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♦s q ♣r♥ ♥ ♦rí
r♦ Pr♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦r♦ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s ♦♥♦r♠♦s ♣♦r ♠ts ♥♦s② ♦♥ st♦s W ∗
sf
s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ Tw ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw ①♣rss ♥ ♥ s♦ Tcpw s♥ ♦t s♣r♦r ♣r st t♠♣rtr ♣ ♠♦r ♦ ♥♦ s♣r ♥ st s♦ ❲ ♥♦♥tt♥ ♥ q ♥♦ ♠♦ sstrt♦② r②♥ ♥ s♦ t♦r apw q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ó♥ st ❬ ❪P❲ rr♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♥str♦s á♦s ② ♦s rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥s♥♦ ♦tr♦s ♥♦♥s ♥tr ♣ré♥tss s ♥ rr♥ ♦♥ r♦♥ t♦♠♦s st♦s t♦s
Pr♦♣ s W ∗
sf Tw①♣r♠♥t ❬❪ ❲
Tw ❬❪ Tw ❬ ❪ ❲ ❲
Tw ❬❪ Tw ❬P❲❪
apw/kB [−1/2]❬P❲❪
Tcpw ❬❪ Tcpw ❬❪ Tcpw ❬P❲❪
0 1 2 3 4−1.75
−1.5
−1.25
−1
−0.75
−0.5
−0.25
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Ne/Li T=38 K
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦r♦ s♦r ♥ sstrt♦ rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪♥ rá s ♦sr ♦♠♦ ♠ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♣r sst♠ ♥ t♠♣rtr r só ♦♥ trá♥♦s ♥srt♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥ á♦s ♦♥s t③ó ♣♦t♥ ❩ ♠♥trs q s rs ♦♥ r♦s ② ír♦s r♦♥ ♦t♥s t③♥♦ ♣♦t♥ t♦♠♥♦ Wsf/kB = 48 ② rs♣t♠♥t ♥ s♦ s í♥s r②s ♥♥ s ♦♥str♦♥s ①
s♦ró♥ s♦r ②
♥ s♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ② ♥ ♣r♥ ♥s ♦♥tr♦♥s ♥ trtr á♦s r③♦s ♣♦r
♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦ ♥ s rst♦s ❬❪ sr♥ ①st♥ ♠♦♦ ♣♦r ♦ t♠♣rtr
rít ♠♥trs q ♦♥ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ s♦r s s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs ♦♥ r③s ♣r
♣♦t♥ rr♥ ♦♥só♥ ♦♣st
♠♦s ♥③♦ s ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♦♠♣t♥♦ s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ s♦r ♠♦s sstrt♦s s♥♦
♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣♦t♥s ❩ ♦s rst♦s ♥str♦s á♦s stá♥ r♦ ♦♥ s ♦♥s♦♥s
♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs Pr ♠♦s sstrt♦s ② ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ ①st♥ tr♥s♦♥s
♠♦♦ ss ♣♦r ♥ ré♠♥ ♣r♠♦♦
Pr ♦♠♣tr st♦ t♠é♥ ♠♦s ♦♥ ♥str s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♣r T = 38 s♥♦
♣♦t♥ ♦ ♣♦r ♠♦s ♦rrs ♣r ♦s ♦s ♦rs Wsf ♦♥sr♦s ♥
♦♥s♥t♠♥t ♣rs♥t♠♦s ♥ rst♦s ♣r s♦r♦ s♦r ♦t♥♦s t③♥♦
♣♦t♥ ❩ ② ♣r ♦s ♦rs Wsf/kB = 48 ② ♦s sts s♦tr♠s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥
t♠♣rtr P♦♠♦s ♣r♦r ♦♣♦rt♥ ♣r srr ♣r♦♠♥t♦ q s s ♣r r
s ♦♥tr♦♥s ① árs s q tr♠♥♥ s í♥s ♦r③♦♥ts r②s ♥
♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦ ♥♦s ♣r♠t r ∆µ(T ) = µ(T )−µ0(T ) ♣r t♦♦ ♦r n ♥♦ ♥ st ♦♥t①t♦
r ① ♥ ♦♦♣ ♥ r ❲s ♦s ♦s st♦s ♥ ♦①st♥ st ♦③♦s ♥ nmin ② nmax sts♥
µ(nmin) = µ(nmax) = µe(Ωe/A) .
st♦s st♦s s♦♥ tr♠♥♦s trés ♦♥stró♥ ① árs s
ˆ nmax
nmin
[µ(T )− µ0(T )] dn = µpw(T ) [nmax − nmin] .
strtr s s♦tr♠s ♥t ①st♥ rí♠♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r t♦♦s ♦s
♣♦t♥s ♥③♦s st ♠♥r ♣♦♠♦s ♦♥r q t♥t♦ ♣r ♣♦t♥ ❩ ♦♠♦ ♣r
♠♦ ♥tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦
♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t q s s♦tr♠s s♦r ② ♥♦ ♣rs♥t♥ r♥s ♥♠♥ts ♦♥ s
s♦r ♥♦ ♣rs♥t♠♦s rs ♦♥ s ♦♥str♦♥s ① rt♠♥t ♥♠♦s s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts
í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♥
st♥♦ ♦s t♦s ♣r ♦♥ ♦t♠♦s Tw = ♣♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♦t s♣r♦r ♣r
t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ s Tmaxcpw = 42 Pr ♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦rs ♦t♥♦s s♦♥ Tw =
② Tmaxcpw = 39
♦s rst♦s ♥str♦s á♦s stá♥ ♥♦s ② s ♦♠♣r♥ ♦♥ ♦s s♣♦♥s ♥ ♦rí ♥ r♦
♥ st s♦ r♥ ♦♥ rs♣t♦ ♦s ♦rs ♦t♥♦s ♥ tr♦ ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦ ❬❪ s tr
t♥t♦ s♦ r♥ts ♣♦t♥s ♣rs ♦ sí ♦♠♦ t♠é♥ t③ó♥ r♥ts ♦rs ♣r
♦♥t q ♦rr tér♠♥♦ s ♥ ♥♦♥
0 2 4 6 80
20
40
60
80
100
z*
ρ [n
m
]−3
Ne/Mg T=28 K
ρl
ρv
r Prs ♥s s♦ró♥ s♦r ♣r ♦s r♥ts ♥ú♠r♦s ♣rtís rtr ③②s③ ②❯rrt ❬❪ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❩ t♠♣rtr s ♦ ♥ ♦s sí♠♦♦sρl ② ρv ♥♥ ♥s ♣r♦♠♦ ♣♦ró♥ íq ② ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♣♦r rs♣t♠♥t ♥ sts♦ ρl = ♥♠−3 ② ρv = ♥♠−3 ♣♥ ♦srr ♥ rá♦ ♦s ♣rs s♦♦s st♥t♦s t♦rs r♠♥t♦ r ♥r♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥ Γl = ② rst♥t Γl = ♥ ♠s♠ rá s ♦♠♣r♥♥str♦s rst♦s ♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦s ♠♥t ír♦s ①trí♦s ❬❪
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 00
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Γ l
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 020
22
24
26
28
30
∆ µ /k B [K]
T [K
]
(a) Ne/Mg
(b) T
w
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♣r s♦r♦ s♦r ♥ sstrt♦ rtr ③②s③ ② ❯rrt ❬❪ ♦♠♥③♥♦ s r ③qr s t♠♣rtrs s♦♥ ♠r ♦♥ ír♦s í♦s ② ♠str ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t í♥ ♣r♠♦♦
s♦ró♥ s♦r
♥ s♦ s♦ró♥ s♦r ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥ ♦♥Wsf/kB = 95 s rt♠♥t trt♦
♦ ♥tró♥ s s ♦ ♠ás ♥t♥s q ♦♥ ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦ s s♣r ♥ Tw r♥ t♠♣rtr
tr♣ ♦♥ ♥ ré♠♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦r st ①♣tt ♦♥r♠ ♣♦r s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦ q
sr♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠♦♦ r♥ t♠♣rtr tr♣ ♠♥trs q ♥♦ ①st♥ r♣♦rts á♦s
r③♦s ♥ ♠r♦ s ♥ s s♠♦♥s ♦rrs ♣♦r ♦♥ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ s♥♦
♥ ♣♦t♥ t♣♦ s tr♠♥ó q ♠♦♦ s♣r s ♣r♦ ♥ t♠♣rtr
♥ ♠♦ ♥♦ s ♣♦ r③r ♣r st sst♠ á♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♦r♠ ♦♥ ♣r♦♣st
r ② ♦s♥r ② ♦s ♦♠♣♠♥t♦s sr♦s ♣♦r ♥♦tt♦ ♦♦ rtr♦♦ ② ♦ ♥ s s ❬ ❪
st ♠♣♦s s q ♥ s ♣r♦①♠ó♥ s ♣r♦ ♥ s♦ó♥ t♠♣r♥ ♣r T > Tt ②
s s♦♦♥s r♥ ♥♦ t♠♣rtr s ♣r♦①♠ tr♣ st ♥♦♥♥♥t ♥♦ s ♣rs♥t ♥♦
tr♠♦s ♦♥ sr ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s
♥ s ♠str♥ ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♣r s♦r♦ s♦r ♦s ♦♥ ♥str ♣r♦♣st
♣r ② s♥♦ ♣♦t♥ ❩ ② s ♦s ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦
❬❪ ♥ ♥ s s♠♦♥s ♥♦ s t③r♦♥ ①t♠♥t ♦s ♠s♠♦s ♣♦t♥s q s♠♦s ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♦s
♣rs r♥ ♠♥t ♣r ♥ r♥ rt♠♥t ♣♦♦ ♣r ♥ ♦r ♠á①♠♦ q ♥③
♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r s♦ ♦♥ ♠②♦r ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís st r♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥
♥ só♥ ≃ 13% rs♣t♦ ♦s ♦rs q rr♦♥ ♦s á♦s r③♦s ♦♥ s♠♦♥s s
♥rís t♠♣♦♦ r♥ sst♥♠♥t s s♦♥s ♥♦ s♣r♥
s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ stá♥ s ♥ ♦♠♦ s ♣ ♦srr s♦tr♠ ♥♦
♣rs♥t ♥♥ú♥ ♦♦♣ ♥ r ❲s ♣♦r ♥ ♥♦ s ♥sr♦ tr③r ♥♥♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① st♦
s s♣r♥ q t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ r♦♥rá r♦r ♦s í♥ ♣r♠♦♦
♦♥str ♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ∆µpw ♥ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr stá r ♥ st♥♦ st♦s
t♦s ♦♥ ♦t♠♦s q t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ stá ♠♥t ♣♦r ♦ tr♣ Tw =
s r ♠♦ qr t♠♣rtr T > Tt ♦s s t♠♣rtrs tr♠♥s ♥ st ♥áss
stá♥ ♥s ♥ r♦ str♦ ♦r Tw s s♠r Tw = 22 tr♠♥♦ ♣♦r ♦♥ ② ♦♦r♦rs
❬❪ ♠ás r♥ Tcpw − Tw ♦t♥ ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♦♥ ♦♥ ♠♥t ss s♠♦♥s
s♦ró♥ ró♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
♦r ♦♥ ❬❪ r ♠♦ t♦s s s♣rs ♥s ♠♥trs q ♦s á♦s r③♦s ♠♥t
♦r♠s♠♦ ❬❪ sr♥ ♠♦♦ s♦♠♥t ♣r sstrt♦s ♦♠♦ ② P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ s♠♦♥s
♥♠érs ❬❪ ♥ ♦♠♦ rst♦ q r ♠♦ ♣r♦ ♥♦ ♥
♥ s♦ 2 str ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ sr♥ q r♠♥t♦ ♣í s♦r s ♦♥t♥♦
♣st♦ ♠♥st♦ ♥ ♦s ①♣r♠♥t♦s ② q ♣ srrs ♣rt♠♥t ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ss á♦s
r③♦s ♣♥♦ st♦s t♦rs srr♦r♦♥ ♥ ♣♦t♥ s♥♦ rst♦s á♦s q ♥ s♦
r♦s ♣r♠r♦s ♣r♥♣♦s ♦s ♥t ♣♦r rs ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ ♥ ♠r♦ ♦s r♣♦rt♥
s♦tr♠s ♣r T = 105 ② q s♦♥ ♥♦♥sst♥ts ♥tr sí ♦♠♦ r♠♦s ♠ás ♥t
−0.1−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−500
−400
−300
−200
−100
0
z − zmin
[nm]
Usf
/kB [K
]
Ar
Cs Rb
K
Na
Li
Mg
CO2
r P♦t♥s ♥tró♥ ♥tr r ② rs♦s sstrt♦s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ sstrt♦ rtr ② ③②s③❬❪ ♦♦s ♦s ♣♦t♥s ①♣t♦ 2 ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♣♦t♥s t♣♦ ❩
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♦♠♦ ② ♠♥♦♥♠♦s ♥tr♦r♠♥t ♥ s♦ s♦ró♥ r s♦r s ♦sr♦ ①♣r
♠♥t♠♥t ♠♦♦ ♣♥t♦ tr♣ ❬❪
♦♦s st♦s s♦s ♦s ①♠♥♠♦s ♥ st ss ♣♥♦ rsó♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣ít♦s ♥tr♦rs
q ♥ s♦ ♣r str s♦ró♥ r s♦r t♦♦s ♦s sstrt♦s ♥♦s ② ♣r
♠♦s t③♦ ♣♦t♥ ❩ ♦s ♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s q ♥tr♥♥ ♥ st ♣♦t♥ stá♥ st♦s ♥
r♦
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♦♠♦ ♣♥♥ st♦s ♣♦t♥s st♥ sstrt♦ Pr 2 ♠♦s
t③♦ ♠s♠♦ ♣♦t♥ q sr♦♥ str ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ ♥ rá♦ t♦s sts rs stá♥ ♥trs
♥ ♦r z ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♠í♥♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣♦t♥ r s♦r q r s
st r
s♦ró♥ r s♦r ♠ts ♥♦s
♣ ♦rr♦♦rr ♥ trtr q r s♦r♦ s♦r s ♥♦ ♦s sst♠s ♠ás st♦s
♠str s s♦tr♠s ♦t♥s ♦♥ ♥str♦s á♦s ♥ rá♦ ③qr st r ② s ♥
♦ s rs♣ts ♦♥str♦♥s ① í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ q í s r s ♠str ♥ rá♦
r
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♣rs ♥s ♦t♥♦s ♣r T = 114 ♠ q ♥ú♠r♦
♣rtís ♠♥t s ♣s♥♦ s ♦s ♣rs ♥r♦rs ♠♥♦r s♣s♦r ♥ í♥s r②s ♦s ♣rs
♠ás rs♦s q stá♥ ♦s ♦♥ í♥s ♦♥t♥s st♦ ♥ s♣s♦r s ♣ís s stá ♦
st♦ ♥ ♦r t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♠♦str♦ ♣♦r s♦tr♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Ar/Li
108 110 112 114 116 118 120−4
−3.5
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
0
T [K]
∆µpw
/kB [K
]
Ar/Li
Tw
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ r s♦r rá♦ ③qr ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ s ♣♦srr ♥ rá♦ r rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ Pr rá♦ ③qr ♦s trá♥♦s rr ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s ír♦s ♦s ♠♥ts r♦s trá♥♦s ♦ ② s strs ♥ r r ♦s ír♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥str♦s á♦s ② r st ♦rrs♣♦♥
st♥♦ ♦s t♦s í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♥ ♦t♠♦s Tw = 110 ♣♦r
♦♠♣tt st í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ t♠é♥ ♥♠♦s ♥ ♦t s♣r♦r ♣r Tcpw s
♦ ♠♦str♠♦s rá♦s ♦♥ s s♦tr♠s s♦rsó♥ r s♦r ② rt♠♥t ♥♠♦s s ♦rrs♣♦♥
♥ts í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♥ s♦ s s♥ts t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦
Tw = ♣r ② Tw = ♣r Pr st út♠♦ sst♠ ♥♦ s ♥ r♣♦rt♦ st
♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦tr♦s st♦s ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♥ ♦r♠s♠♦
♥ ♠♦ ♠♦str♠♦s s s♦tr♠s s ♣r s♦ró♥ r s♦r ♥ strtr
sts rs ♥t ①st♥ ♥ í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥
t♠♣rtr ♠♥t ♥r♦r ♦s st í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ Tw = ♠s♠♦ rá♦
s ♥r q Tcpw t♥ ♦♠♦ ♦t s♣r♦r ♦r
♥ q ♠str s í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ s ♣r r s♦r♦ s♦r r♥ts sstrt♦s
♠ás ♥str♦s t♦s ♠♥ts r♦s trá♥♦s ② ír♦s s♥ r♥♦ ♠♦s ♥♦ í♥s ♣r
② ♠♥ts ② r♦s r♥♦s ♦s s♥♦ ♦tr ♥ ❬❪ ♣ ♦srr q s ♦s
í♥s r♣♦rts ♥ st út♠ rr♥ ①♥ ♥ ♦rr♠♥t♦ Tc
♥ r♦ r♥♠♦s ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♦♥ ♥str♦s á♦s ♣r s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ ②
♣r♠♦♦ ♣rá♠tr♦ st apw ♥t♦ ♦♥ t♦s q ♣♦s ♥ ♦rí
♦♦s ♦s á♦s sr♥ q r ♠♦ s ♥ ♦s ♦rs Tw ♥♦ ♦♥♥ s r♥s ♥tr
♥str♦s rst♦s ② ♦s ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦ ❬❪ ♣r r ② t♠é♥ ♣r r s ♣♥ trr ♦♠♦ ♥
s♦ s♦ r♥ts ♣♦t♥s ♣rs f f ② t③ó♥ r♥ts ♦rs ♣r ♦♥t
tér♠♥♦ s ♥♦♥
♦tr♦ rst♦ ♣r r ♦ ♣♦r ❩♥ ② ❩♦♥ ❬❪ ♣♦str♦r♠♥t ♥str♦ tr♦ ❬❪
t③ ♣♦r s♦s t♦rs ♦♥t♥ ♥ ♦rró♥ s ♥ ♥ tr♥s♦r♠ r♣♦ r♥♦r♠③ó♥
❬ ❪ q rí sr ♣r trt♠♥t♦ ♥ó♠♥♦s rít♦s st ♥♦ ♦r Tw s s♦♠♥t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
z*
ρ*
Ar/Li T=114 K
r Prs ♥s ♥ s♦ró♥ r s♦r ♣r r♥ts ♥ú♠r♦s ♣rtís rtr ②③②s③ ❬❪ s rs r②s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♣ís ♥s ♠♥trs q s♦♥ ♣ís rss st♦ ♥ strtr ♣rs stá ♦ ♦♥ st♦ q ♠str s♦tr♠ ♥
105 115 125 135 145 155
−3.5
−3
−2.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
0
T [K]
∆µpw
/kB [K
]
Ar
Tc
Li
Li Na
Na Rb K
r í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts r s♦r♦ s♦r ♠ts ♥♦s rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ ♦srs♦s sí♠♦♦s s♥ r♥♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ á♦s r③♦s t③♥♦ ♥str♦ ♥♦♥ ♦s t♦s sñ♦s♦♥ sí♠♦♦s r♥♦s ♦♥ ♥r♦ r♦♥ ①trí♦s ❬❪ s í♥s sós s♦♥ s q st♥ st♦s t♦s♠♥t
r♦ Pr♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts r s♦r♦ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s ♦♥♦r♠♦s ♣♦r ♠ts ♥♦s 2 ② ♦♥ st♦s W ∗
sf
s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ Tw ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw ①♣rss ♥ r♦s ♥ ♥ s♦ Tcpw s ♥ ♦t s♣r♦r ♣r st t♠♣rtr ♣ ♠♦r ♦ ♥♦ s♣r ♥ st s♦ ❲ ♥ q r ♥♦ ♠♦ sstrt♦ ② ♥♠♦♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♣rtr ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠②♦r ♦ tr♣ t♦r apw q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ó♥ st ❬ ❪P❲ rr♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♥str♦s á♦s ② ♦s rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥s♥♦ ♦tr♦s ♥♦♥s ♥tr ♣ré♥tss s ♥ rr♥ ♦♥ r♦♥ t♦♠♦s st♦s t♦s
Pr♦♣s s 2 W ∗
sf Tw ①♣r♠♥t ❬ ❪
Tw ❬❪ Tw ❬❪ ❲ ❲ ± Tw ❬ ❪ Tw ❬❪ Tw ❬P❲❪ Tt Tt Tt
apw/kB [−1/2]❬P❲❪
Tcpw ❬❪ Tcpw ❬❪ Tcpw❬P❲❪
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14−1
−0.8
−0.6
−0.4
−0.2
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Ar/Rb
r s♦tr♠s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts r s♦r♦ s♦r rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ r sñ ♦♥ ír♦s♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr q ♣♦s ♠♥ts ♥ ♥ ♦♥ r♦s♦rrs♣♦♥ ② ♠r ♦♥ trá♥♦s ♥
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
Γl
∆µ/
k B [K
]
Ar/Mg
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ r s♦r ♣r rs t♠♣rtrs rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ í♥ ♦♥ ír♦s♦rrs♣♦♥ T = 105 q ♣♦s ♠♥ts í♥ ♦♥ r♦s Tnb = ② trá♥♦s Tt =
♥ ∼ 15% ♠ás ♦ q ♥str♦
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♦♠♦ s ♥ ♥ r♦ s s♠♦♥s r③s ♦♥ sr♥ ♦♥trr♠♥t
♦ ♥♦♥tr♦ ♣♦r ♥♦s♦tr♦s q r ♥♦ ♠♦ ♥ ❨ ♠♦s ♥tr♦r♠♥t q st♦s rst♦s
♣♦s ♣♦r rtr♦♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪ t♠♣♦♦ ♥ ♥t ♠♦♦ ♣♦r r♦
①♣r♠♥t♠♥t ❯♥ ♣♦s s st ② ♠♥♦♥♠♦s ♥ ó♥
s♦ró♥ r s♦r ② 2
♥ s ♠str♥ s♦tr♠s ♣r r s♦r ② ♥ s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦ró♥
r s♦r 2 ♥ st út♠♦ s♦ s ró ♥ í♥ ♣♥t♦s ② r②s ② ♥t♦ s rs rs ♥str♦s
á♦s r q ♦tr♦♥ str ② ♦♦r♦rs ♣s ♥ ♥ P ❬❪ ② q ♥♦s♦tr♦s
♣rs♥t♠♦s ♥ í s ♠str♥ ♦s s♦tr♠s ♣r s s♥♦ ♥♦ ♣♦t♥
í♥ ♦♥ ír♦s q ♣r♦♣♦♥♥ ♦s t♦rs ❬ ❬❪❪ ② ♣♦t♥ í♥ ♦♥ trá♥♦s
♦ ♣♦r ♦♥ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣r♦♣st♦s ♣♦r ♥r ② ♠ εeff/kB = (εff εss)1/2
/kB =
σsf = (σss + σff )/2 = ♥♠ ② ρsσ3sf = ♣r♦♠ s ♦♠♦ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ q
s♦tr♠ t♠♣rtr r♥ tr♣ s♥♦ ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥ q ♣r♦♣♦♥♥ ♥ s
tr♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦r♠ ♠s♦ ♦st♦r ② ♥ rró♥♦ r ♦♥ s♦tr♠ ♣r ♥ ♦r
t♦r r♠♥t♦ Γl ≈ 3 st ♥ s q ♣♦t♥ ♣rs ♦ ♦ ♣♦r
♣r♦ ♥ s♦ó♥ ♣r♠tr ♣r T > Tt
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
Γl
∆µ/
k B [K
]Ar/CO
2
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ r s♦r 2 ♣r ♥s t♠♣rtrs rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ í♥ ♦♥ ír♦s♦rrs♣♦♥ T = 105 ♠♥ts r♦s ② trá♥♦s s rs r②s ② ♣♥t♦s ② r②s s♦♥ s♦tr♠s s ♣♦r str ② ♦♦r♦rs ♥ ❬❪
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8−25
−20
−15
−10
−5
0
5
10
Γl
µ [K
]
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ r s♦r 2 s ♣♦r str ② ♦♦r♦rs st rá♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ í♥ ♦♥ trá♥♦s s s♦tr♠ ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ s s♦tr♠ss ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ s♦ró♥ ♣r♦♣st♦ ♣♦r st♦s t♦rs stá♥ ♥s ♣♦r rs ♦♥ ír♦s ② ♦♥r♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥♦ rs♣t♠♥t T = 105 ②
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7−700
−600
−500
−400
−300
−200
−100
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Ar/Au
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ r s♦r rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ ♠str♥ s s♦tr♠s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts st♠♣rtrs trá♥♦s ② ír♦s óts strtr s♠♦♥♦♣ q ♣r ♥ sts♦ ♣r s♦tr♠
s♦ró♥ r s♦r
♦♥stt② ♥ sstrt♦ rt♠♥t trt♦ ♣r r ♥ st s♦ t③ó ♥ ♣♦t♥ srt♦ sú♥
♦♥ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s Wsf/kB = 987 ② C3 = ♥♠3 st♦s ♦rs r♦♥ ①trí♦s ♦s r♦s
② ❬❪
str♦ st♦ r q ♥♦ r s s♦r s♦r st sstrt♦ s ♦♥♥s ♥ sss ♣s ② ♣r ♥
strtr s♠♦♥♦♣ s♦tr♠ ♠r ♦♥ ♥ trá♥♦ ♥ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr
st ♥ó♠♥♦ s s♠r r♣♦rt♦ ♥ rr♥ ❬❪ ♦♥ s st s♦ró♥ r s♦r
♥ sstrt♦ rt♦ r t rr♥ s♠t s q ♣r ♠♦s sst♠s s
♥t♥ss s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr ♦ ② sstrt♦ s♦♥ ♣rs
s♦ró♥ ❳♥ó♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
♥st♠♦s s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s ♠ts ♥♦s ② s♦r ♥ st út♠♦ s♦ ①st♥
t♦s ♠♣ír♦s ♦t♥♦s ♥ ①♣r♠♥t♦s s♦s t♥t♦ ♥ só♥ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♦♠♦ ♥ ró♥
tr♦♥s ♥rí ❬❪
♥ ♥str♦ st♦ t③♠♦s ♦s ♣♦t♥s ❩ ♦♥ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s st♦s ♥ r♦ ♥ s
♠str♥ ♦s ♣♦t♥s s♦ró♥ ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ sstrt♦
s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r st♦s sstrt♦s ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠♣ r st♦♥s r♦♥s ás♠♥t ♦♥
♣♦s ♣♦r r♦rrr ♥ ♠♣♦ r♥♦ W ∗
sf
♥ s♦ s tr♥s♦♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ❳ ① rts rtrísts q ♥♦ stá♥ ♣rs♥ts ♥ ♥
♥ r ♥♦ s s♦r♥ s♦r ♦s ♠s♠♦s sstrt♦s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
z [nm]
Usf
/εff
Xe
Mg
Li
Na
Cs
r P♦t♥s ♥tró♥ ❩ ♣r ❳ ♦♥ r♥ts sstrt♦s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ sstrt♦ rtr② ③②s③ ❬❪
♣r♦♣st♦ ♥ st ss ♥♦s ♣r♠t♦ ①♠♥r t♠♥t rs sts rtrísts
s s♦♦♥s s tr♠♥r♦♥ rs♦♥♦ s ♦♥s t♥t♦ ♣r r♥rs rrs ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦
♦♠♦ ♣r r♥rs rts r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♦♠♥③r♠♦s sr♥♦ rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♥ ♠r♦
♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦
♥ s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦s ♣rs ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r sstrt♦s s ② ♥ ♥♦
st♦s rá♦s s ♠str r♠♥t♦ ♣r ♥ss ♥♦ ♠♥t ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♣♦r
♥ ár ♥ s♦ t♠♣rtr ♦rrs♣♦♥ ó♥ ♥♦r♠ Tnb =
❳ ♣♦st♦ s♦r st♦s sstrt♦s ① s rtrísts tí♣s ♥ ♦ s♦r♦ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♦s
♦♥s ♥ ♣rt ♣r r♥ ♣r ♦ sts ♦s♦♥s s♠♥②♥ ♥③á♥♦s ♥ ♦r s
♦♥st♥t ♣r ♥s q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s íq ρl ás ♦s ♣r ♦ ♣rs♥t t
♥trs íq♦♣♦r ② ♥♠♥t s ♥s s st③ ♥ ρv
s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ②
♥ s ♠str♥ s♦tr♠s ② í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r
♦r Tw tr♠♥♦ ♣♦r st ♦♥ s ♦t s♣r♦r ♣r Tcpw s
s♦ró♥ s♦r ♥r ♥ sr s♦tr♠s q ♣♥ sr ♣rs ♥ strtr st
♦♥♥t♦ s♦tr♠s ♥t ①st♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ ♦♥ ♥ Tw ♣♦r
0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
ρv
ρl
↑
↓
Xe/Cs T=270 K
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 180
5
10
15
20
25
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
Xe/Na T=246 K
ρl
↑
ρv
↓
0 5 10 15 200
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
↑ ρl
↓
ρv
Xe/Li T=209 K
0 3 6 9 12 150
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
z*
ρ [n
m−3
] Xe/Mg T=Tnb
↓
ρl
r Prs ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r ♣rs ♣♥s sós s ② r♦♦♥ ♦ ♥♦ ♥ rá♦ ♦s á♦s r♦♥ r③♦s s♥♦ ♣♦t♥s t♣♦ ❩ ♣r ♥tró♥♥tr sstrt♦ ② ♦ ♥ s♦ t♠♣rtr s ó♥ ♥♦r♠ Tnb s ♥ts ρl ②ρv s♦♥ s ♥ss s ss íq ② ♣♦r ♥ ♦①st♥ s t♠♣rtrs ♦♥srs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7−1.2
−1
−0.8
−0.6
−0.4
−0.2
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Xe/Na
(a) 241 243 245
−1.2
−1
−0.8
−0.6
−0.4
−0.2
0
T [K]
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Xe/Na
Tw
Cpw
(b)
r rá♦ ③qr s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ s t♠♣rtrs t♦♠♥ s♥t r♥♦ ♦rs trá♥♦s ♦ st ír♦s ♥ ♣s♦s ♥ r♦ rá♦ r í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ s rá♦ s♦tr♠s t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ q rr♦♥ st♦s rst♦s s ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ t♥ ♦♠♦ í♠t s♣r♦r ♦s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6−0.7
−0.6
−0.5
−0.4
−0.3
−0.2
−0.1
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]Xe/K
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r s t♠♣rtrs t♦♠♥ ♦s ♦rs trá♥♦s rr st ír♦s ♥ ♣s♦s ♥ r♦ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ q rr♦♥ st♦s rst♦s s ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ t♥ ♦♠♦ í♠t s♣r♦r ♦s
st ♦r s ♠②♦r q q s ♦t♥ ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ q ♣r ♥ t♠♣rtr
♠♦♦ t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ t♥ ♦♠♦ ♦t s♣r♦r ♦r
♦s ♦rs ♦t♥♦s Tw ② Tcpw stá♥ st♦s ♥ r♦
s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ②
♥ ♦s rá♦s s ② s ♠str♥ s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ q ♠♦s ♦ ♣r ♦s sst♠s
❳ ② ❳ ♥t♦ ♥♦ s♦s rá♦s r s ♥♥tr♥ s rs♣ts í♥s ♣r♠♦♦
♥ s♦ s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ s♦r s ♥ tr③♦ s rs♣ts ♦♥str♦♥s ① árs
s
♥ st♦s sst♠s ♦♥ ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ s ♠ás ♥t♥s q ♥ s♦ ② s ♠♥st ♥
strtr s♦tr♠s ♠út♣s ♦♠♦ s ♠♥♦♥s ♥ ♥ tr♦ P♥t ② ♦♦r♦rs s ❬ ❪
♥ st s♦ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ sts ♠s♠s strtrs tr♥♦ ♦♥ ♦s ♣♦t♥s rsts ú♥
♥ s♦ rt♠♥t trt♦ s ♣♦ ♥r ♥ strtr í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♠♦ s ♣
♦srr ♥ rá♦ r
Pr ♥③r ♦♥ st ♥áss q s r③ó ♣r r♥rs rrs ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ ♥
s ♠str♥ ♥ ♥ s♦♦ rá♦ ♠♦♦ ♦♠♣ró♥ s í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♠út♣s q s ♦t♥♥
♥♦ s ♥③ s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ♦s rs♦s sstrt♦s st♦s qí
♥ r♦ ①♣♦♥♠♦s r♦s ♦s rst♦s q ♠♦s ♦t♥♦ r♦♥♦s ♦♥ s ♣r♦♣s
♠♦♦ ❳ s♦r ♥♦s sstrt♦s ② ♠♦str♠♦s t♠é♥ ♦s rst♦s ①trí♦s s rr♥s q í s
♥♥
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [
K]
Xe/Li
(c) 198 201 204 207 210
−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
T [K]∆µ
/kB [
K]
Xe/Li
(d)
↑T
w
Cpw1
Cpw2
Cpw3
Cpw4
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ② í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ rá♦ ③qr s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ♥ ♦♥ s ♠str♥ s ♦♥str♦♥s ① ♣r ♥ s rs s t♠♣rtrs t♦♠♥ ♦s ♦rs trá♥♦s ♦ st ír♦s ♥♣s♦s ♥ r♦ rá♦ r strtr í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−100
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Xe/Mg
161 165 169 173 177 181−120
−100
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
T [K]
∆µ/k
B [
K]
Xe/Mg
(f)
← Tt
Cw4
Cw3
C
w2
Cw1
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ② í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ rá♦ ③qr s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ s♦r ♥♦ s ♠str♥ ♥ st s♦ s ♦♥str♦♥s ①♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣rs♥t♥ rs ♣r t♠♣rtr tr♣ ② ♣r ♥s ♦trs t♠♣rtrs st ♦s rá♦ r í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
r♦ Pr♦♣s ♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s ♦♥♦r♠♦s ♣♦r ♠ts ♥♦s ② ♦♥ st♦s W ∗
sf
s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ Tw ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw ①♣rss ♥ ♥ s♦ Tcpw s ♥ ♦t s♣r♦r ♣r st t♠♣rtr ♣ ♠♦r ♦ ♥♦ s♣r ♥ st s♦ ❲ ♥ q ❳ ♥♦ ♠♦ sstrt♦ ② ♥q ❳ r ♦♥t♥♠♥t s♦r sstrt♦ ♣rtr ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠②♦r ♦ tr♣ t♦r apw q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ó♥ st ❬ ❪P❲ rr♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♥str♦s á♦s ② ♦s rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥s♥♦ ♦tr♦s ♥♦♥s ♥tr ♣ré♥tss s ♥ rr♥ ♦♥ r♦♥ t♦♠♦s st♦s t♦s
Pr♦♣ s W ∗
sf Tw ❬❪
Tw ❬ ❪ ❲ ❲ ❲ Tw ❬P❲❪ Tt
apw/kB [−1/2]❬P❲❪
Tcpw ❬P❲❪
s♦ró♥ ❳♥ó♥ ♥s♠ r♥ ♥ó♥♦
♦♦s ♦s rst♦s ♣r♦s ♥ s♦ ♦t♥♦s rs♦♥♦ s ♦♥s ♥ ♥ rt♥r rr
♦♥ s ♠♥t♥ ♦ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♣♦r ♥ ár ♠ás t♠♣rtr
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♥ ♦s ①♣r♠♥t♦s ♦♥ ♥ ♦ ♣♦s rt♦ r♦ ♦♥♥♠♥t♦ st♥♦ ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥
♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ ♣ rs t♥t♦ t♠♣rtr ♦♠♦ ♣rsó♥ ♦ ♥ s t♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s♥ ♠♣♦♥r
♥ rstró♥ s♦r n ♣r♠t♥♦ ♥ ♦ rrstrt♦ ♣rtís s ♦ s ♥t♦r♥♦ ♥ st út♠♦
s♦ s♦ st♦♥s t♦ ♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ♦ r♦ ♦r n ♥ú♠r♦ ♠♦ ♣rtís ♦
♦rrs♣♦♥rs ♦♥ q ♣♦s ♠s♠♦ sst♠ ♥♦ st rr♦ s r < n >≡ n = N/A
♥ st ♥♦ sq♠ tr♦ ♥ sst♠s rt♦s ♦♥ s ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s ♦♥s
tró♥ rs s ❬s ② ♣ ❪ s♦♥ rsts ♣♥♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ r♥
♥ó♥♦ st ♥③r s s♦♦♥s ♣r ρ(z) ② n ó♣t♠s
st ♠♥r ♣r ♥ ♦ ♦r r ♥♣♥♥t µ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♥s ♣ sr
♥rt♥♦
ρ(z) =1
Λ3exp
(
µ−Q(z)
νidkBT
)
.
s s♦♦♥s t♦♦♥sst♥ts s♦♥ ♦t♥s tr♥♦ st ①♣rsó♥ st ♥③r r♦ ♦♥r♥
rqr♦
♦ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♣♦r ♥ ár s ♦t♥♦ ♠♥t ①♣rsó♥
150 180 210 240 270 300−12
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
T [K]
∆µ
/kB
[K]
← Tt
Tc
Cw3
Cw4
Cw5
Cpw4
C
pw3
Cpw2
Cpw1
Xe
r í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r rs♦s sstrt♦s rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ ♥ rá s ♣ ♦srr s í♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦ró♥ s♦r s ♥ ♦♥ ír♦s s s ♥ sstrt♦ ♥s ♦♥ trá♥♦s s s♦s ♠rs ♦♥ r♦s ② s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts sñs ♦♥ r♦♠♦s ♦♦s st♦s á♦s r♦♥ r③♦s ♥ ♥tr♦ t♠♣rtr q s tr♣ sñ ♣♦r Tt st t♠♣rtr rít ♥ ♦♥ Tc
n =1
Λ3exp
(
µ
νidkBT
)ˆ L
0
dz exp
( −Q(z)
νidkBT
)
.
♦♥ µ sr ♣r♦ ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦ s ①♥ ♥♦s rst♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦ró♥
❳ s♦r ♥ ♣r ♣♥ t♠♣rtr ♥ ♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♥
s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ ♣r st t♠♣rtr í♥ só ♦rrs♣♦♥ s s♦♦♥s q s ♦t♥♥ t③♥♦
♦r♠s♠♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♠♥trs q r②s ♦rrs♣♦♥ s s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦
♥ó♥♦ ♦s st♦s C1 ② C2 s♦♥ ♦s st♦s sts ♥ér♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣ís s♦rs r♥ts
s♣s♦rs C1 st s♦♦ ♣í ♠ás
♠s rs s s♣r♣♦♥♥ s♦ ♥ ró♥ q ♥tr ♦s ♣♥t♦s s♣♥♦s S1 ② S2 ♦♥ dµ/dn = 0 s
r ♦♥ s s♦♦♥s s♦♥ ♥sts
r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♣♦rt s♦♦♥s ♦♥ st r♥t③ ♦♥① ♥rí r FDF st ♣r♦♣
t♠é♥ s ① ♣♦r á♦s ♠r♦só♣♦s r♦♥s ♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥áss ♦♥♦♥s ♣r♦s
♥ ♦♥♥ó♥ ♦♥ ♥s ♣r♦♥ts PP r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ s s ❬ ❪
♥ t r í♥ rt ♦r③♦♥t ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① árs s ❬ ❪
st ♦♥stró♥ s ♣ r s♦♦ ♣r r ♣♥t♦s ♣r r ♦①st♥ ♥♦ s tr ♦♥
♦s rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥ s♥♦ ♥s♠ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ①st ♦tr♦ ♠ét♦♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♦♥stró♥
① s t♥♥ts q ♠ás ♥t s rr♥
❯t③♥♦ s s♦♦♥s s ♠♥t r♥ ♥ó♥♦ s ♠♣♦s r s árs ♥♦rs ♥
♦ q ♥♦ ①st♥ t♦s ♥ ró♥ ♥♦ ♦♥① ♥tr S1 ② S2 ♣♦r s♦ ② q t③r ú♥ ♠ét♦♦
tr♥t♦
0 1 2 3 4 5−1
−0.9
−0.8
−0.7
−0.6
−0.5
−0.4
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Xe/Na T=245 K
C1
S1
S2
C2
M1 M
2
r s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ❳ ♣♦st♦ s♦r ♥ ♣r ♣♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ r só s♦♥ rst♦s ♦t♥♦s s♥♦ ♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s ♥ó♥♦ ② r♥♥ó♥♦ ♠♥trs q r r② s♦♥ rst♦s q s ♦t♥♥ s♦♠♥t ♦♥ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦ ♦s♣♥t♦s s♣♥♦s stá♥ ♠r♦s ♦♥ S1 ② S2 ♠♥trs q C1 ② C2 s♦♥ ♦s st♦s sts ♥ér♦s rt r②s ② ♣♥t♦s q ♥ ♦s st♦s M1 ② M2 ♥♦t ♦♥stró♥ ① árs s
♦♥stró♥ ① s t♥♥ts
♦s ♠ét♦♦s tr♥t♦s ♣r r③r ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① stá♥ sr♣t♦s ♥ r♦s t①t♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦
♥ ❬❪ ② ♥tt ❬❪ st út♠ rr♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ sí♥tss s ♣♦ss ♦♦s
♦s ♣r♦♠♥t♦s s s♥ ♥ ♦♥sr♦♥s ♥réts ♦♥t♥ó♥ ♠♦s ♥r ♠ét♦♦ t③♦
♥ st ss
♥rí r s s♦r s ♣ srr ♦♠♦
dF = d(E − TS) = −SdT + γdA+ µdN,
♦♥ E s ♥rí ♥tr♥ t♦t ② γ r♣rs♥t t♥só♥ s♣r ♦ ♥rí s♣r ♣♦r ♥ ár
t♠♣rtr T ② ár A ♦♥st♥t ♣♦♠♦s srr ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦♠♦
µ =
(
∂F
∂N
)
T,A
= f + n∂f
∂n,
st ♠♥r ♣♦♠♦s ①♣rsr t♥só♥ s♣r ♥ ♦r♠
γ =
(
∂F
∂N
)
T,N
=∂f
∂n−1= −n2 ∂f
∂n= n(f − µ) =
F − µN
A=
Ω
A= ω,
♦♥ Ω s ♣♦t♥ r♥ ♥ó♥♦
s ♦♥♦♥s qr♦ ♣r ♥ ♦ ♥ s♦♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t q ♣♦s ♥ t♠♣rtr ♥♦r♠ s♦♥ q
t♥t♦ t♥só♥ s♣r ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s♥ ♠♣♦s ♥♦r♠s P♦r ♦ t♥t♦ s ss ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts
íq♦ ② ♣♦r ♣♥ ♦①str ♥ t♠♣rtr s ② s♦♦ s ♦♠♦ ♦ rqr ♣r
ú♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ qr♦ µe ♠s ss t♥♥ ♠s♠ t♥só♥ s♣r γe ♥ ♦trs ♣rs s
♠s ss ♣♦s♥ ♠s♠♦ ♦r ω sí s ♥ ♦♥♥t♦ (n, µ, fDF ) ♦t♥♦ ♥ st♦r ♦♥①♦ FDF
♦ r♦ ♦s st♦rs C1 − S1 ② S2 −C2 r s ♣ r ω ② ♦♥ st♦ tr③r ♦♥stró♥
① s t♥♥ts ❬ ❪ ♠ét♦♦ q ♣s♠♦s srr r♠♥t
♠ét♦♦ s t♥♥ts s s ♥ r s í♥s y t♥♥ts s rs f(n−1) ♣r ♠♦s st♦rs
C1 − S1 ② S2 − C2
♦r t♥♥t ∂f/∂n−1 s ω ♦①st♥
ωe =
(
∂f
∂n−1
)
nmin
=
(
∂f
∂n−1
)
nmax
,
♦
y − f (nmin)
n−1 − n−1min
=y − f (nmax)
n−1 − n−1max
.
sts ♦♥s ♦♥♥
y = f (nmin) +
(
∂f
∂n−1
)
nmin
(
n−1 − n−1min
)
= f (nmax) +
(
∂f
∂n−1
)
nmax
(
n−1 − n−1max
)
,
s♥♦ s s ② ♣♦♠♦s srr
y = µ (nmin) + ω (nmin)n−1 = µ (nmax) + ω (nmax)n
−1 ,
s ♦♠♥ó♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ② ♣♦t♥ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ω ♦rrr ♣r s ♦s ss ♥
♦①st♥ ♥♦ s í♥s t♥♥ts ♦♥♥ q
y = µe + ωen−1 .
st ♠♥r s ♣♥ ♦t♥r t♥t♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦♠♦ r♥ ♣♦t♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts qr♦
µe ② ωe s ♦♠♦ s ♥ss ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥ s ss ♥ ♦①st♥ nmin ② nmax
♥ ♠r♦ st ♣r♦♠♥t♦ ♥♦ s ♠ás ♣rs♦ ♣r tr♠♥r tr♥só♥ s st ♦ s♦
♥③♦ ♣♦r s♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ♥♦ st♥ s♦r ❬❪
❯♥ ♠♥♦ tr♥t♦ ♣r tr♠♥r ♦①st♥ ♦♥sst ♥ ♣rtr µ ② ω ♦♠♦ ♥♦♥s ♥ú♠r♦
♣rtís ♣♦r ♥ ár ♦ rr ω s µ ② st ♠♥r tr♠♥r ♦r sts rs
♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦①st♥ ss ♥ qr♦ µe ② ωe r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪ s
♦♥str♦♥s ♠♦strs ♥ ❬❪ ② ❬❪
♥ ♣♥t♦ r ♠r♦ ♦♠♦ Mcross tr♠♥ t♥t♦ µpw(T ) ♦♠♦ ωpw ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
♦①st♥ ss ♥ st ♣♥t♦ r ② ♥ qr rtríst♦ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠r ♦r♥
♦♠♦ sr s s♣rr ♦s ♦rs µpw(T ) ♥ s s ② ♦♥♥
♦s st♦s ♦ r♦ í♥ C1 −Mcross − C2 s♦♥ sts ♠♥trs q ♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts M1 − S1 ②
S2 −M2 s♦♥ ♠tsts ú♥ ♥s♥ ② ♦♥ ♣ít♦ ❬❪ ♦s st♦s ♠tsts ♣♥
♣rr ♥ ①♣r♠♥t♦ s s ♣r♦ ♦♥ s♥t ♦ ♠♥r ♥♦ ♣r♠tr q sst♠ ♥
♥ st♦ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ st
−0.9 −0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4
−1.498
−1.496
−1.494
∆µ/kB [K]
ω/k B
[K/n
m2 ]
Xe/Na T=245 K
C1
S1
S2
C2
Mcross
r r♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣♦r ♥ ár ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r ♥ ♣r ♥ t♠♣rtr ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♦♦s ♦s t♦s rá♦ r♦♥ ♦s ♥ ♦r♠s♠♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ r q ♦♥t♥ ♦s ♣♥t♦s C1 ② S1 ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣ís s ♦s♦rs s♦r ♣r ♠♥trs q q ♦♥t♥ C2 ② S2 st tr♠♥ ♣♦r ♣ís rss ♣♥t♦ r ♥♦ ♦♥ Mcross ♥t ♦①st♥ ♠s ♣ís
s♠♥ s♦r s♦ró♥
s♦ró♥
str♦s á♦s ♣r♥ ♦♦ ♣♦r ♥ ♥ r♦ ♦♥ ♦s rst♦s ①♣r♠♥ts ♦t♥♦s
♣♦r ss t♥ ② ♥ ❬❪ q ♦♥tr♥ s ♦♥s♦♥s s q s ♥♦ s ♠♣♥ s♠♦♥s
♥♠érs r♣♦rts ♥ r♦ s s ❬ ❪
♠♦s ♣♦♦ ♣♦♥r ♥ ♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠♦♦ ♥ s♦ sst♠ ♥ st s♣t♦
①st♥ t♦s ♠♣ír♦s ② st♠♦♥s tórs q ♦♥r♠♥ ♠♦♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦ st st ♠♦♠♥t♦
♥♦ s r♣♦rtr♦♥ á♦s q ♣♦♥♥ ♥ ♥ ①st♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠♦♦
Pr sst♠ r♥ ♦ q s ♦tr♦♥ ♥ st♦s ♦♥ t③♥♦ ♥♦♥s ts
♥str ♣r♦♣st ♦♥r♠ ①st♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠♦♦ t ♦ ♣r♥ á♦s
r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ❬❪
♠é♥ ♦t♠♦s ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ r♥ tr♣ ♥ ♦♥ t③ó♥ ♦s ♥♦♥s
ts ♣r♦♦ r♥s á♦ ♥♠ér♦ ♦r st t♠♣rtr st ♥ ♥ r♦ ♦♥
♦t♥ ♣♦r rtr♦♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬❪
♣♦rt♠♦s á♦s s♦r sst♠ st ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♥♦ ①st♥ ♦tr♦s rst♦s s♦r st sst♠
t♠♦s ♥ ♥ st ♣r ♥s s♦r s♦r ♥ sstrt♦ t♥ rt ♦♠♦ ♥ st
s♦ ♦s ♦rs q ♦t♠♦s s ♦♠♣rr♦♥ ♦♥ ♦s ♦s ♥ s♠♦♥s r③s ♣♦r ♦♥ ②
♦♦r♦rs ❬❪
s ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥♦tr q ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♥♦ s ♥ ♣♦♦ ♦t♥r r♠♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r
t♠♣rtrs r♥s rít ❬❪
s♦ró♥ r
♥ st♦ s♦ró♥ r s♦r 2 ♥♦♥tr♠♦s strtrs s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ②s ♦r♠s
s♦♥ s s♣rs r s ②
Pr sst♠ r ♦♥ ♥♦ ①st♥ ♣rát♠♥t r♣♦rts s♦r st♦s ♠♦♦ ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ①st
♠♦♦ r♥ ♦ q sñ♥ ♥♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs
s ♥ ♦s ♦rs q rr♦♥ s s♠♦♥s s♦♥ t♦♠♦s ♦♠♦ rr♥ ♥ ♥♦s s♦s ♦
♠♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♥ sst♠ ❬ ❪ s ♣r♦♥s ♥♦ st♥ t♦♦ ♥ ♦s t♦s
①♣r♠♥ts
str♦s rst♦s s st♥ ♦s ♦rs ①♣r♠♥ts ♦s s ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ t♥t♦ ♣r 2
❬❪ ♦♠♦ ♣r ❬❪
♦sr ♥ s♦ ♣ró♥ ♥ strtr s♠♦♥♦♣s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ s♠r r♣♦rt♦
♥ trtr ❬❪ ♥♦ s st s♦ró♥ r s♦r rt♦ ♦♥ ♥t♥s ♥tró♥ s t♥
♥t♥s ♦♠♦ sst♠ r
s♦ró♥ ❳
str♦ ♥♦♥ ♣r♠tó r♣r♦r ♥♦ s♦ ♣♦t♥s rsts strtr í♥s ♣r♠♦♦
s♦r s q s t♦r③♦ ♥ ♦tr♦s st♦s s♦r t♠ s ❬ ❪
♥♦♥tr♠♦s ♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r sst♠ ❳ ♣r ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠♥t ♥r♦r ♦s
② ♥ í♠t t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ ♥ ♦s
♥ s♦ ❳ ♦t♠♦s ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ ♦r♥ ② ♥ í♠t ♣r Tcpw
Pr sst♠ ❳ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ q ♦t♥♠♦s s st♥t r♥♦ q ♣r
Tw = 201K ♦♠♦ s ♣ r ♥ r♦ ❬❪ st ♦r st ♣♦r ♦ ♦t♥♦ trés
s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs ♦♥ ♥ sts s♠♦♥s s ♦t♦
Pr sst♠ ❳ ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ r♠s s♦tr♠s s♠rs s r♣♦rts ♥
❬❪
r♥♦ ♦♥ sst♠s rt♦s ♦♥ s ♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ② ♥ t♠♣rtr s ♦s ♠s♠♦s
rst♦s q ♥♦ s tr ♦♥ sst♠s rr♦s ♦♥ n ♣r♠♥ ♦ s ♣♥t♦ st ♣r
t♦ ♦ ♠♥♦r ♦st♦ ♦♠♣t♦♥ q ♥s♠♥ ♦s á♦s s ♦♥♥♥t trr ♦♥ sst♠s rr♦s
rs♦♥♦ s s ♥ ♠r♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦
♣ít♦
♥♦ r♥rs ♣♥s
♥③ s♦ró♥ r ② ❳ ♥ r♥rs ♣♥s ♦♥♦r♠s ♣♦r sstrt♦s ♠ts ♥♦s
② 2 q ♣r s♦ ♣rs s ♣rs♥t♥ ♦s rst♦s rs♦r s ♦♥s
♣r sst♠s t♠♣rtr ♦♥st♥t t♥t♦ rr♦s ♦♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♦ ♦♠♦ rt♦s sst♠s q
♣♥ ♥tr♠r ♣rtís ♦♥ ♥ rsr♦r♦ ② ♣r ♦s s s ♠♥t♥ ♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦
st♥ s ♣r♦♣s r♦♥s ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦ s s♣rs q ♦♥♦r♠♥ r♥r s
♣r♦♣s s ♣ís s♦rs ② r♣tr s♠trí s s♦♦♥s
♣♥t ①st♥ ♥ ró♥ ♥tr s♠trí ♣r♠♦♦ ② ♠♦♦ ♥♥tr q ♦ rts
♦♥♦♥s ♥t♦ ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s ♣♥ ♦①str st♦s s♠étr♦s
♦s á♦s r♦♥ r③♦s ♥tr♦ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ② ♥tró♥ ♦s
♦♥ sstrt♦s stá r♣rs♥t ♣♦r ♣♦t♥s rsts sr♣t♦s ♥ ♣ít♦s ♥tr♦rs s♦ ♣r s②st♠
r2 q ró ♥ trt♠♥t♦ ♣rtr
s♠♥ ♥t♥ts
s ♣r♠rs ♥st♦♥s s♦ró♥ ♦s s♠♣s ♥ r♥rs ♣♥s r♦♥ r③♦s ♣♦r ♥ ♥ ②
♦♦r♦rs q♥s ♥③r♦♥ st s sst♠s ♥♦ ♦ s♠♦♥s q í♥ s♦ ♥á♠
♦r r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ s s ❬ ❪ st♦s á♦s r♦♥ r③♦s ♥ t ♦r ②♥♠s
Pr♦ss♦r P s♣♠♥t ♦♥str♦ ♣r t ♥
♥tr ♦s ñ♦s ② ♥ t ❬ ❪ ② ♠r t ❬ ❪ ♣♥ ♦s rst♦s ss st♦s
♥ s♦s ♥áss s s♠í q s ♠♦és ♦ ♥trtú♥ ♥tr s ② ♦♥ ♦s át♦♠♦s q ♦♥stt②♥ s
♣rs r♥r ♠♥t ♣♦t♥s t♣♦ s ♣rs s r♥rs st♥ st♥s ♥
á♠tr♦s ♠♦rs st♥ q s ♦♥sr s♥t ♦♠♦ ♣r s♣rr s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr s
♠♦és ♦ s♦rs ♥ s ♣rs ♦♣sts r♥r
♥ s s♠♦♥s t③s ♣♦r st♦s t♦rs s ♥③ó ♥ sst♠ ♦♥♦r♠♦ ♣♦r ♦s t♣♦s ♣rtís
t ♠♥r q rt ♥t ♣rtís ♥ s♣ ♦r♠♥ sstrt♦ só♦ ② ♥ ♠♥♦r ♥t
−8 0 8
0.4
0.8
1.2
z*
ρ*
−8 0 8
0.4
0.8
1.2
z*
ρ*
r ♥ ♠s rs s ♦sr ♦♠♦ s ♠♦ ♥s ♥ ♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ s ♣rs st♦s rá♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s s ② ❬❪ ♦♥sr q s ♠♦és ♦♥trtú♥ ♥tr s ② ♦♥ ♦s át♦♠♦s q ♦♥stt②♥ s ♣rs r♥r ♠♥t ♣♦t♥s t♣♦ st♥ st ♠♥s♦♥③ ♦♥ á♠tr♦ ♠♦r t♠ñ♦ s ♠♦és ♦ σff ♥ rá♦ ③qr ♦s rst♦s q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ W ∗
sf = ♠str♥ ♥ s♦ó♥ st q ♥ st s♦ ♣r
s♣és 104 ♣s♦s á♦ r③♦s ♦♥ ♣♦str♦r qr♦ s í♥s rts ♠ás rss♦rrs♣♦♥♥ sstrt♦ ② s s ♥♥ ♦♥♦♥s ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♣rós ♥ rá♦ r s♦sr ♥ s♦ó♥ r♠♥t s♠étr ♦t♥ ♣r W ∗
sf = st ♣r st ♣r s♣és 104
♣s♦s á♦ ♣♦str♦rs qr♦
♦tr s♣ ♦♥♦r♠♥ ♦ s♦r♦ st ♦r♠ s str♦♥ ♥ó♠♥♦s ♠♦♦ r♥♦
ró♥W ∗
sf =Wsf/εff ♥ ♥tr♦r♠♥t ♥r♠♥t♥♦ ♣t♥♠♥t ♦r W ∗
sf ♥ s s♠♦♥s
♥♠érs s ♥♦♥trr♦♥ s s♥ts st♦♥s
Pr ♦rs ♦s W ∗
sf ♣r ♥s ♣rs♥t ♠s♠ s♠trí q ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥
sstrt♦♦ s r ♣r r s♠étr♦ ♥ st s♦ ♣rí♥ ♦s ♥trss só♦♣♦r ❱ ② ♦s
íq♦♣♦r ❱ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♥ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦
♥ s♦ ♦rs ♥tr♠♦s W ∗
sf s♦ó♥ ♣♦í r♦♠♣r ♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣r
♥♦ ♥t♦♥s ♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ stó♥ r t q s ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥trs só♦íq♦ ♦tr
❱ ② ♥ trr ❱ ♠♦♦ r s♦♦ ♣r ♦♥sst♥t ♥ ♣ró♥ ♥ ♣óst♦ ♦ s♣s♦r
♣r s♦r ♥ s ♣rs ♠♥trs q ♣♦r s ♦♥♥tr s♦r ♦tr ♣r
s ♦♥t♥ ♠♥t♥♦ ♦r W ∗
sf ♦s ♣rs ♦í♥ ♣rs♥tr s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥
sstrt♦♦ ② ♣rí♥ ♦s ♥trss ② ♦s ❱ ♥ st út♠♦ s♦ ♦ ♠♦ ♦♠♣t♠♥t ♠s
♣rs
♥ s ♠str♥ ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦ ♦r♠ st s ♣rs ♦t♥♦s ♦♥ ♦s á♦s
♠♥♦♥♦s ♥á♠ ♦r r ❬❪
t♦r s♠trí ♣♥ ás♠♥t ♥ s t♥s♦♥s s♣rs q ♣r♥ ♥♦ íq♦
♥trtú ♦♥ s ♣rs ❬❪ ú♥ ② ❨♦♥ ♣♦♠♦s srr ①s♦ ♥rí r ♣r s♠étr♦
♦♠♦
γtot = γSL + γLV + γSV = 2γSL + γLV (1 + cosθ) ,
r ♥s ♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♥ r♥r ♦r♠ ♣♦r ♣rsé♥ts st rá♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ st s♦ ♦♥ W ∗
sf = ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r ♦s t♦rs ♥ rá♦ ♥r♦r ♦♠♣r♥ ss rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦ r í♥ ♥ ♦♥ ♦s ♦t♥♦s ♥ ♦tr♦s tr♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♦♠♣t♦♥s r③s ♠♥t ♥á♠ ♦r r s s ❬ ❪ ♥ ♣rt s♣r♦r rá♦ s ♣♦srr ♣r ♥ s t♦t
♦♥
cosθ =γSV − γSL
γLV< 1.
s ♥r♠♥t tró♥ s ♣rs
γSV − γSL → γLV =⇒ cosθ → 1 ,
♦♥ ♦ sst♠ r③ ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣s♥♦ s♦ó♥ s♠étr s♠étr ♦♥
γtot = 2(γSL + γLV ) .
♥ st s♦ ♠s ♣rs r♥r s♦♥ ♠♦s ♣♦r íq♦
P♦str♦r♠♥t ♦s ♥áss ♥ ♥ st♦s ❱③♦ ② r③♦♥ ❬❪ ♥ ♥t ①st♥
♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦t♥♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♥♦♠♥ q ② ♥♦s
♠♦s rr♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ t rr♥ ♥ ♦♥ s ♦♠♣r♥
♦s ♣rs ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs ♦♥ ♦s q s r♥ t③ó♥ ♦r♠s♠♦
st♦s á♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ W ∗
sf = ♣r ♦t♥♦ ♣♦r ♠♦s ♠ét♦♦s s r♠♥t s♠étr♦ ②
♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ stó♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r ♦♥ ♥ ♥trs ② ♦tr ❱ ♥ ♣r r r♥r
♦s á♦s r♦♥ r③♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦
♥ ♥ tr♦ ñ♦ r ② ö♥ ❬❪ r③♥♦ s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦ ② á♦s ♥♦♥
trr♦♥ q ♥ s♦ r♥rs rts ♥s ♦♥ ♦s t♠é♥ ♣♥ ♣rs♥trs ♣rs s♠étr♦s
♥t♠♥t r♠ ② ♥st♥ ❬❪ ♠♦strr♦♥ q ♦ rts r♥st♥s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣♦rí♥
♦rrr ♥♦ r s s♦r♦ ♥ r♥rs rrs 2 ♠ás ②s♦ Ptr② ② ♦♦♦s ❬❪
s♦♥ ② ♦♥s♦♥ ❬❪ r♣♦rtr♦♥ ①st♥ ts s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦
② ♥tr♦ ♠r♦ ♦rí ♥á♠ ♠♣♦ ♦ rs♣t♠♥t
♥st♦♥s ♣r♦♣s
♠♦s ♥③♦ s♦ró♥ rs♦s ♦s ♥♦s r ② ❳ t♥t♦ ♥ r♥rs rrs s r ♥s
♦♥ ♥ ♥t ♠♦és ♦♠♦ rts ♦♥ r♥r s ♠♥t♥ ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ ♥ rsr♦r♦
♣rtís ♦ ♠♥r t q ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s ♠♥t♥ ♦ ♦♥s♥t♠♥ts ♦♥s
r♦♥ rsts ♥tr♦ ♦♥t①t♦ ♦s ♦r♠s♠♦s ♥ó♥♦ ② r♥ ♥ó♥♦ sr♣t♦s ♥tr♦r♠♥t
♠♥t ①♣♦♥♠♦s ♦s rst♦s st♦ s♦ró♥ r ❳ ② ♥ r♥rs ♣♥s rrs
♥ srr♠♦s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ❳ ② ♥ sst♠s rt♦s
♦ ①♣rs♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ s ♦♥s ♣r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ② ♥s ❬s ② ❪
s ♦t♥♥ ♥srt♥♦ ♥ Q ❬ ❪ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ ♦ r L q ♥
s♦ ♥ ♣r r t♠ñ♦ ♦♥ s rs♦í sst♠ ♦r s ♥♦ r♥r ♦♠♦
♥ts s♦ó♥ s tr♠♥ tr♥♦ s ♦♥s st ♥③r ♥ tr♠♥♦ ♦r ♦♥r♥
♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ró♥ ♥ r♥rs ♣♥s rrs
♥ st só♥ ♣r♠r♦ ♥③♠♦s r ♥ s ♦♥s♦♥s ♣rs♥ts ♣♦r r♠ ② ♥st♥
♥ s tr♦ r♥t s♦r ♥♦ r♥rs 2 ❬❪ ♦♥ st ♥ ♣♠♦s ♠s♠ q t③r♦♥
♥ s st♦ st♦ s ♦♥ ♣♦t♥s é♥t♦s ♦s ♦♣t♦s ♣♦r s♦s t♦rs ♦ ♣rs♥t♠♦s
♥ rst♦ ♣r sst♠ r2 ♦t♥♦ ♦♥ ② ♥ ♣♦t♥ Usf (z) rst
♦♥t♥ó♥ ①♠♥♠♦s ♣♦s ♦t♥r s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣r ♣rs r s♦r♦s ♥
r♥rs ♠ts ♥♦s t③♥♦ t♦rí ② ♣♦t♥s rsts ❩
r ♥ r♥rs ♥ír♦ ró♥♦
♥ s rtí♦ r♠ ② ♥st♥ ❬❪ r♣♦rt♥ ①st♥ ♣rs ♥ss q r♦♠♣♥ s♠trí
♣♦t♥ q r♥ s ♣rs s♦r ♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ q t③♥ st♦s
t♦rs s q ♦♣♦rt♥♠♥t ♥♦s ♠♦s rr♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ♥tr♦r ❬ ❪
♥ tr♦ ❬❪ ♦s t♦rs ♥③r♦♥ ♥ r♥r ♣♥ rr ♥♦ L ♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs
é♥ts 2 ♣sr♦♥ s♥t ♣♦t♥ ♣r ♥tró♥ ♦ ♦♥ s ♣rs
r ♦r♠ r♥r t③ ♣♦r r♠ ② ♥st♥ st r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ qíW1 ② W2 ♦♥stt②♥ ♦s ♣rs sós 2 s♣rs ♣♦r ♥ st♥ L ♥ st rá♦ q ♦♦r♥ ③ ♥ st ♦ σfw1 ② σfw2 r♣rs♥t♥ ♦s á♠tr♦s s ♠♦és ♣r ♦♥srs ♦♠♦srs rís ♠♥trs q σff r♣rs♥t á♠tr♦ tó♠♦ ♦ ♦ s ♠s♠s ♦♥sr♦♥s r♥r s ♥♥tr rr ♥ ss ①tr♠♦s
Usf (z) = Usf1(z + σsf ) + Usf2(lw − z + σsf ) ,
♦♥ lw = L− 2σsf s ♥♦ t♦ r♥r ② s ♦♥tr♦♥s ♣r t♥♥ ♦r♠
Usfi(zi) =2π
3εeff
[
2
15
(
σsfzi
)9
−(
σsfzi
)3]
.
sí ♥ st♥ σsf s ♣rs rs q ♦♥♦r♠♥ r♥r ♥tr♦í♥ ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥♥t♦ r♣s♦
♥ tr♥sr♠♦s tr♦ st♦s t♦rs ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s r sstrt♦♦ q
♣r♥ ♥ st ♣♦t♥ εeff =Wsfρsσ3sf ② σsf ♥ Wsf/kB = 153 ρ∗s = ρsσ
3sf = ② σsf = ♥♠
♥ st ♦♥t①t♦ ♠♦s ♥♦tr q ♥ ♥ tr♦ s♦♥ ② rts ❬❪ s ♣r♦♣♦♥ q st ♣♦t♥
t♦♠ ♦r♠
Usf (z) = Usf1(z +σsf2
) + Usf2(lw − z +σsf2
)
st♦ s ♦③♥♦ r♣só♥ ♥♥t ♥ st♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t σsf/2 s ♣r r r♥r
s♥♦ ♥t♦♥s ♥♦ t♦ r♥r lw = L− σsf
♥ s ♠str♥ ♠♦s ♣♦t♥s ♥ ♠s♠ rá ♣rs♥t♥ ♦s st♦♥s q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥
♦s ♣♦ss ♠♦♦s D r♣rs♥t st♥ s ♠♦és ♦ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♥ s ♣rs
♦t♥♠♦s
D =
z + σsf (BR)
z +σsf
2 (NG) ,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10−400
−300
−200
−100
0
100
200
ξ/10 [nm]
Usf
[K]
Ar/CO2
o minimum
σsf
σsf
/2
< >
< >
r P♦t♥s ♥tró♥ ♥tr r ② 2 ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥tr♠♦r ξ ③②s③ ② rtr❬❪ r só s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦♥ ♠♦♦ t③♦ ♣♦r r♠ ② ♥st♥ ♥ st s♦ s ♦♦ ♥st♥ σsf ♣r r r♥r ♥ r♣só♥ ♥♥t ♣r t ♠♣♥♦ st ♠♥r q ♣♦t♥ ♥ s ♠í♥♠♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ s♦♥ ② rts r r② ♣♦t♥ ♥♥t♦ ♦♦♦♥ σsf/2 ♣r♠t ♥③r s ♠í♥♠♦
q r♠♦s q ♦♥♥ r♥ts ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦
st rs♣t♦ s ♣ ♦♥sttr q t♥ ♥ ♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♦t r♣só♥
tér♠♥♦ (σsf/z)9 ♣♦t♥ ♥trs q ♠♦♦ ♦rt ♣♦t♥ ♥ts q st
♠í♥♠♦ s ♥③♦ st♦ ♣r♦ r♥s ♠♣♦rt♥ts ♥ ♣r ♥s ♦ ♠♦♦
q ♥s ♥♦ s ♥ ♥ ♥ z = 0 ♥ ♥ z = lw ♦ q ♥ q ♦ st ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥
♣r rí q ♦♥♦r♠ r♥r ♠♥trs q ♠♦♦ ♦♥ q ♦ s ♦♥♥tr ♦r♠♥♦
♥ ♣r♠r ♣ q s ♠♥t♥ s♣r ♣r
♦ q st♦s ♦s ♠♦♦s s ♣rs♥t♥ ♦♠♦ ♣♦ss ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♥③r♠♦s ♠♥t ♥str ♣r♦♣st ♥
sq♠ q ♦♥t♠♣ s ♦s st♦♥s Pr ♦ ♣♦t♥ ♦♥ q trr♠♦s srá srt♦ ♦r♠
Usf (z) = Usf1(z +σsfν
) + Usf2(lw − z +σsfν
)
♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ν t♦♠rá ♥t♦♥s ♦rs ♥tr ②
s♦♠♦s s ♦♥s ♥tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ tr♥♦ ♦♥ s rs ♠♥s♦♥s
z∗ = z/σff ρ∗ = ρσ3ff ② T ∗ = kBT/εff
Pr♠r♦ st♠♦s ♣r♦♠ ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ q t③r♦♥ rs♦♥♦ s ♦♥s ♥ ♥ r♥r
15σff ♥♦ ♥ t♠♣rtr t♠♣rtr ó♥ ♥♦r♠ T ∗ = ♣r r♥ts ♦rs
♥s ♠ ρ∗av = nσ3ff/lw = n∗/l∗w ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ rr s♦♥
εff = ② σsf = ♥♠ ♥♦ st r♥r ♥③♦ ♣♦st♥♦ ♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♦ át♦♠♦s
r
ró♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr♦ [0, l∗w] s ó ♥ ♥ qs♣♦ q ♣r♠t s♦♥s ♣♦r á♠tr♦
tó♠♦ st♦ s ♥♦ s ♠ás ♥♦ q t③♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ s s♦♦♥s s ♣t♥ s♦♦ s ♥♦r♠
rt r♥ ♥tr ♦s s♦♦♥s ♦♥sts s ♠♥t♥ ♣♦r ♦ 10−15
♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ♣♦r ♦ ♥ tr♠♥♦ ♦r ♥s ♠ ♥ st s♦ ♣r♦① ♦r q
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8−12.2
−12
−11.8
−11.6
−11.4
−11.2
−11
−10.8
ρ*av
µ/k BT
T = 87 K lw
= 15 σff
Ar/CO2
r P♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ r♥r 15σff ♥♦ st♦♥stt ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts 2 ♦ s r ♥ t♠♣rtr r só ♦rrs♣♦♥ st♦s ♥♠♥ts q ♣♦s♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦t♥ sstrt♦♦ í♥ r②♦rrs♣♦♥ st♦s ♥♠♥ts q ♦♥ s s♠trí ♦♠♦ s ♦♠♥t ♥ t①t♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrss ①t♥♥ ♥ ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ρ∗sb1 < ρ∗sb < ρ∗sb2 ② ①t♥só♥ ♣♥ t♠♣rtr r ♣♥t♦s ② r②s st s♦ s♥ ♦♠♣t ♠♦♦ ② ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ tr♥só♥ s ♣r
♥♦♠♥r♠♦s ρ∗sb1 ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♠♥t♥♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣r♦ ②
♠ás sr sts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦s ♥♠♥ts
s ♠♥t ♦r ♥s ♠ ♣r♥ ♦♠♦ s♦♦♥s ♥♠♥ts ♣rs q r♦♠♣♥ ♦♥
s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ st út♠ stó♥ s s♦st♥ st q s ♥③ ♥ ♦r tr♠♥♦
♥s ♠ q ♥ ♥str♦ s♦ ρ∗sb2 = ♣r♦ st ♦r st♦ ♥♠♥t r♦r
s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ qr s t♠♣rtr
❱ r q ♥♦♥tr♠♦s ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♠s
ρ∗sb1 < ρ∗sb < ρ∗sb2
t q ♥ t♠♣rtr s♦ó♥ ♥♠♥t r♦♠♣ ♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ q s ♣
♦ ♠é♥ ♦♠♣r♦♠♦s q s ♠♥t♠♦s t♠♣rtr st r♥♦ s t♦r♥ ♠ás str♦
♥ s ♠str ♦♠♦ ♠ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ sts s♦♦♥s
♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥ st♦ ♥♠♥t ♦♥ s♠trí r♦t ♣r♥ ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♣rs♥t
♥ró♥ ♦♠♦ s ♣ r ♥ rá ♥ r♥♦ s♠trí ♥ ú♥♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ q♥
s♥♦s ♠ás ♥ ♦r ♥s ♠
♥ s ♣♥ ♦srr ♣rs ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts r ♥ r♥rs ♣rs 2 ♦♥
ss r♥ts s♠trís st♦s ♣rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥ stó♥ ♥♦ ♠♦♦ ♠♦♦ ♥ s♦ ♣r ②
♠♦♦ s ♦s ♣rs q ♦♥♦r♠♥ r♥r ② s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦♥ ♦s r♣♦rt♦s ♥ s s ②
❬❪ ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♥á♠ ♦r ♦♠♦ s ♠str ♥ r ♣r ♦ r♦♠♣ ♦♥
s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦
♥ t s ♠str♥ ♣r r♦s ♦rs ♥s ♠ s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥rís rs q ♠♦s
♦t♥♦ sí ♦♠♦ s ♦t♥s ♣♦r r♠ ② ♥st♥ sr♥♦ ♦♠♥ q ♦♥t♥ s s♦♥s
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 150
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
z*
ρ*
T = 87 K lw
= 15 σff
ρ*av
= 0.3865
r ♥s ♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♥ r♥r ♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♣rsé♥ts 2 ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ s r♥ts st♦♥s s♦♥ s ♠♥♦♥s ♥ t①t♦ r ♣♥t♦s ② r②s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ ♦♥ s♥ ♠♦♦ ♥ ♠s ♣rs s♦ r r②s s ♥ ♣♦s s♦ó♥ s♠étr ② ♥t ♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r s♦ r só s ♥♠♥t♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr q ♣r♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ t♦t r♥r s♦ ♦s á♦s s r③r♦♥ ♣r ♥ r♥r 15σff ♥♦ t♠♣rtr ♥ ② ♥s ♠ ♥ ρ∗av =
♣♦r♥ts s q s r♥s s♦♥ ♣qñs
♥ s ♠str ♦ó♥ ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♦t♥♦s ♥r♠♥t♥♦ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís q
s ♣♦st ♥tr♦ r♥r 15σff ♥♦ ♦♦s ♦s ♣rs s♦ sñ♦ ♦♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥
s♦♦♥s s♠étrs r sñ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♥s ♠ ρ∗av = ② r
♥ ♦♥ ♣♦s ♥ ♥s ♠ q ρ∗av = ♥tr sts ♦s rs ♣r ♥ sr rs
s♦s ♥ss ♥tr♠s ♣ ♦srr q t♦s sts rs ♣rs♥t♥ ♦s♦♥s ♠② rts
r ♥ s ♣rs r♥r ② q sts ♦s♦♥s ♥r♠♥t♥ ♦r ss ♠á①♠♦s ♠ q
♠♥t ♥s ♠
♥ ♣r ♠r♦ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s♦ó♥ s♠étr ♠②♦r ♥s ρ∗av = ♦s ♣♦s
r♦ ❱♦rs ♥rí r ♠♦t③ ♣r ♥s ♥ss ♠s ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♦♠♣r♥ ♦s♦rs ♥rí r t♥t♦ ♣r s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♠♦ ♣r s s♠étrs sí ♦♠♦ s s♦♥s♣♦r♥ts ♥tr ♦s rst♦s ② ♥str♦s rst♦s P❲ ♥ út♠ ♦♠♥ Fcap ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥rí r ♥ s♦ ♦♥♥só♥ ♣r ♥ t♦♦s ♦s s♦s s t③ó ♥ r♥r 15σff ♥♦ t♠♣rtr s ó ♥ ② ν = 1 s ♥ss ♣r♦♠♦ ♥ ♥s kBT/σ
2ff ♣rt♥♥ ♥tr♦
♥ ♦♥ ①st♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♦♥s s♠étrsρ∗av P❲ r♥ P❲ r♥ Fcap
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 150
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
z*
ρ*
T = 87 K lw
= 15 σff
1 2 3
4
Ar/CO2
r ♥s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♣r r s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣♥ ♥♦st 15σff ♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts 2 ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♥ rá♦ s ♠str♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts st♦s ♥♠♥ts q s ♦t♥♥ rs♦♥♦ s ♦♥s ♣r r♥ts♥ss ♠s s r sñ ♦♥ st sñ ♦♥ ♦s ♦rs ♥s s♦♥ ② ♣r ♠r♦ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥♣r ♦♥ ♥♠♥t s rst♦ s♠trí
sts ♦s♦♥s ♦♠♥③♥ rr s r s♦♥ ♥r♦rs ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣r
♣rtr qí s s ♥r♠♥t ♥s s rr ♥ s♦ó♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦
♣r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ s♦♦ ♥ ♥s ♠ ρ∗av = óts ♥ st s♦
q ♥ ♥r♠♥t♦ ♣♥s ♥ ♦r ♥s ♠ ♥r ♥ ♠♦ r♣t♦ ♥ s♠trí
s♦ó♥ s ♣s ♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr ♥ s♠étr
♣s ♥ ♣r ♦♠♦ ♦tr♦ ♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ r♥r q s ♥♦
íq♦ st tr♥só♥ s ♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠r tr♥só♥ s ♣r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t st♦
♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ q s ♣r♦ ♥ st stó♥ s ♣rs♠♥t ♥ ♠♥stó♥ ♠ás st t♣♦
tr♥s♦♥s
r♦ s♠trí s ♥t ♠♥t ♦♥t s♠trí ∆N q s ♥ ♦♠♦
∆N =1
2Ns
ˆ lw
0
|ρ(z)− ρ(lw − z)| dz
stó ♦♠♦ s ♠♦ s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ L r♥r ♣r T = 87 ♥ rá♦ ③qr
s ♠str♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦♥t s♠trí ♣r r♥rs r♥ts ♥♦s ♥ ♥ó♥
♥s ♠ ρ∗av ♣ ♦srr q s rs s♠trí ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s r♥rs ② σff ♥♦ ♥♦ r♥ sst♥♠♥t ♥ ♥t♦ s ♣r♥ r♥♦ ρ∗av ♦♥ ② s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
s♠♥② s♠♥r ♥♦ L∗ st t♥♥ q ♣r r♥rs σff ♥♦ s ♥♥tr♥ s♦♦♥s
s♠étrs ♣r t♠♣rtrs ♥tr tr♣ ② rít ♥ r r s ♠str ♦♠♦ s ♠♦
t♦r s♠trí ♣r r♥r σff ♦♥ t♠♣rtr ♦s rst♦s s♦♥ ♦♠♣ts ♦♥ ♦s q
♦tr♦♥ r♠ ② ♥st♥ ❬❪
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
ρ*av
∆N
30
15
12
7.5
6
T = 87 K
Ar/CO2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
ρav
*
∆N
Ar/CO2
Iw
=15σff
T=104 K
T=96 K
T=87 K
r s rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♣r r s♦r♦ ♥ ♥r♥r q st ♦♥stt ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts 2 ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ r ③qr♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥str♦s á♦s ② ♠str ♦♠♦ ♠ st ♣rá♠tr♦ t♥t♦ ♠♦r ♥♦ r♥r♦♠♦ ♠r ♦r ♥s ♠ ♥ st s♦ ♠♦s ♦ ró♥ t♦r s♠trí ♣rr♥rs ♦♥ ♥♦s ② σff ♣r ♥ t♠♣rtr ♠é♥ s r♦♥ á♦s♣r ♥ r♥r σff ② í ♥♦ s ♥♦♥trr♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣r ♥♥ú♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♥ t♠♣rtrs ♥ r r s ♠str♥ ♦s rst♦s ♣r t♦r s♠trí ♦ ♣r r♥r σff r♥♦ t♠♣rtr t♥♥ s s♠r ♦t♥ s♠♥r ♥♦
P♦str♦r♠♥t s ♥③ó s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ν q ♠♦ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♣r♦♥
♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♠♥♦ ♣♦só♥ ♥ ♣r t ♥ st♥ ♥tr σsf/2 ② σsf♦♠♦ s ♣ ♦srr ♥
Pr ♥ r♥r 15σff ♥♦ ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ♥r♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦r ν ♣r♦ ♥ ró♥ ♥
♥tr♦ [ρ∗sb1, ρ∗
sb2] ♥ s ♠♥st r♣tr s♠trí s♣t♦ st út♠♦ t♦ s ♣
♦srr ♥ ♦♠♦ ♠ s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♣r ♥♦s ♦rs ν
♥ st♠♦s ♦ó♥ s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ν ♣r ♥ ♥s ♠ ρ∗av =
str♦s á♦s rr♦♥ q s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s♣r♥ ♥♦ ν >
P♦r út♠♦ ♥ s ♠str♥ ♦♠♦ ♦♦♥♥ ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♣r ♥♦s ♦rs ν ♥
rá s ♣ ♦srr ♦♠♦ s ♥♥♦ r ♦♥♥tr♦ ♥ ♣r ③qr ♥ r♥r 2
♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s♦ó♥ ♠②♦r s♠trí ♣r r ♠ q r ♦r t♦r ν
♣♦r ♥ ♠ q s♠♥② s♠trí ♥ s♦ ♥ q ♣rá♠tr♦ ♥③ ♦r ν = s♦ó♥
♣s sr ♦♠♣t♠♥t s♠étr ② ♦ ♠♦ ♠s ♣rs r♥r
♥♠♦s ♦r ♦ q ♦rr ♥ t♦r♥♦ ♦r ♣rá♠tr♦ ν q ♣♦rí♠♦s ♥♦♠♥r ♦♠♦ rt♦ ♣♦r
♥♠ ♥♦ ①st♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣♦só♥ ♣r rí q s♠ ♣♦t♥ ♥♥t♦ q
♥tr♦♥ ♥ s tr♦ r♠ ② ♥st♥ st ♦③ ♥ ν = 1
♦♠♦ s ♠str ♥ ♣♦só♥ ♣r ③qr ♣r ♥tr♦r ♥ st r rs♣t♦
♣r r s
ξHW =σsfν
Pr ♥ r♥r ♦♥ ♥ ♥♦ t♦ 15σff ♦r ♠í♥♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ ♦
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
ρ*av
∆ N
T = 87 K
lw
= 15 σff
Ar/CO2
r t♦r s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♣r r♥ts ♦rs ♣rá♠tr♦ ν ♣r r s♦r♦♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts 2 ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♥ st r ♣ ♦srrs r♥♦ ♥ss ♣r ♦s s s♦ó♥ s s♠étr s r ♠ás ①tr♥ ♠ás ♥tr♥ ν t♦♠ ♦ss♥ts ♦rs ② r♥r ♣♦s ♥ ♥♦ σff ② t♠♣rtr st ♥
1 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1
ν
∆ N
T = 87 K
lw
= 15 σff
ρ*av
= 0.1932
Ar/CO2
r t♦r s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ν ♣r ♥ sst♠ ♦♥ ♥s ♠ ♦♥st♥t ③②s③ ② rtr❬❪ ♥ st s♦ ♥s ♠ t♦♠ ♦r ρ∗av = ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s♦♦ ♣r♦rs ν st r♥r ♣♦s ♥ ♥♦ σff ② st ♦♥stt ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts 2 ♦ s r ♥ t♠♣rtr
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 150
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
z*
ρ* av
T = 87 K
lw
= 15 σff
ρ*av
= 0.1932
Ar/CO2
r Prs ♥s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts 2 σff ♥♦ ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ rá♦ ♠str ♦ó♥ ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♣r ♥♦s♦rs ♣rá♠tr♦ ν r só q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s♦ó♥ ♠②♦r s♠trí s s♦ ♦♥ ♦rν = ♥ r r② ν = Pr r ♣♥t♦s ② r②s ν = ② ♣r ♣♥t♦s ν = ♦r ♣r ♣r s ♦♠♣t♠♥t s♠étr♦ ♥ st út♠♦ s♦ ♦ s ♥♥tr ♥ s s íq♠♦♥♦ ♠s ♣rs
♣♦r s t♠é♥ ♥ ♠② ♥ ♣r♦①♠ó♥ ♠í♥♠♦ q ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
♥tró♥ ♦♥ ♣r ③qr r♥r st ♠í♥♠♦ st ♦③♦ ♥
ξmin =
(
2
5
)1/6
σsf
♦♥t sts st♥s ξmin
ξHW=
(
2
5
)1/6
νc ≃ 1,013
♦♠♦ ♦r st ♦♥t s♣r ♥ ♠í♥♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣r st νc s ♥③ ♥tr♦
r♥r Pr t♠♣rtrs ♠②♦rs ♦s ② ♦rs ν ♥tr ② ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
s♣r♥ ♣r ♦tr♦ ♦r νc q ♥♦♠♥♠♦s rít♦
♠é♥ s ♥ ♦ á♦s ♥ r♥rs ♠② ♥s ② st 120σff ♥♦ ♥ s s ♣s
♥ stó♥ s♠trí ♥ s♠trí s ♣♦í ♣r♦r ♥ ♠♥r ♠② rs ♥♦ s r③
♥ ♠♦ ♠② ♣qñ♦ ♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís
Pr ♥③r ♥áss sst♠ r2 ♣♠♦s t♦rí ♦♥ ♣♦t♥ Usf (z) rst ♦♥tr♦
♣♦r str t ❬❪ q ② ♥tr♦♠♦s ♥ ♣ít♦ ♥ s ♠str q st ♣♦t♥ rst
s ♠ás ♥t♥s♦ q st rtríst ♥♦ ♦r ♣ró♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♥ ♥ r♥r ♦r♠
♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts 2
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ sr ♣rs s♠étr♦s q ♣r♥ ♥ ♥ r♥r 60σff ♥♦ s
♥♥♦ ♦♥ r t♠♣rtr s ♣♥t♦ tr♣ Pr t♦♦s ♦s ♣rs ♥s ♠
íq♦ ♦♠♦ ② ♦ ♠♦s ♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ♣r st sst♠ ♦♥ 2 ♦♥stt② ♥ sstrt♦
rt♠♥t trt♦ ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ s t♠♣rtr ② ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦ ♥♦ ② í♥s
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2−600
−400
−200
0
200
z [nm]
V[K
] Ar/CO2
r P♦t♥s ♥tró♥ r ♦♥ 2 ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ❬❪ r ♥ í♥ r② ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ♠♥trs q r só s ♣♦t♥ t③♦ ♣♦r ♦st♦rs t rr♥ ♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs st ♣♦t♥ s ♠ás ♥t♥s♦ q ♦ ♥♦♦r ♣ró♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
♣r♠♦♦ ❬❪ ♦♥s♥t♠♥t s r③♦♥ q ♥♦ s ♦t♥♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s r ♣r ♥♥♥
t♠♣rtr
r ♥ r♥rs ts ♥♦s
♥ st ó♥ ♥st♠♦s ♥♦ r♥rs ② ♦♥ r ♦s á♦s s r③r♦♥ s♥♦
② ♣♦t♥s rsts ❩ ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ ♥ ♦♥①ó♥ ♥tr ♣r♦♣s s♠trí ② ♠♦♦
ú♥ ♣♦r ♥♠ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ Tw ♦t♠♦s s♦♦♥s s ♦♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts
st♦ ♥♠♥t q r♦♠♣♥ ♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ sstrt♦♦ sts s♦♦♥s ♣rsst♥ ♣r
t♠♣rtrs T > Tw st q s ♥③ t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ Tcpw ♣rtr í ♥♦ s
♥♦♥trr♦♥ ♥tr♦s ♥s ♥ ♦♥ s s♦♦♥s ♥♠♥ts s♥ s♠étrs r♠♦s ♥t♦♥s q
t♠♣rtr s rst s♠trí st♦ ♥♠♥t s Tcpw
ú♥ ♥str♦ sr ② ♥t♥r ♥♦ ② ♥ trtr ♦tr♦s tr♦s ♦♥ s r♣♦rt st ♦ ♥ sst♠s
ís♦s ♦♥ ♣♦t♥s rsts
♥ ♥str♦ st♦ s♦ró♥ s♦r ①♣♦r♠♦s ró♥ ♥tr s♠trí ♦s ♣rs ② ♥♦ s
r♥rs Pr st ♣r♦♣óst♦ tr♠♦s ♦♥ r♥rs ② 60σff ♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♠♣♦ ♣♦♠♦s tr
q ♦ ♥s ② ❲♥ ❬❪ ♥ tr♦ ♦♥ r♥rs ② 40σff ♣r r ♥t ss st♦s
s♦r ♦♥♥só♥ ♣r íq♦s ♥tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦
s r♥rs ♥s r♥t③♥ q ♥tró♥ ♥tr s ♠♦és s s♦rs ♥ s ♣rs ♦♣sts s
♣rát♠♥t s♣r ❯♥ ♥♦ 40σff ♣r st ♦ s♦r♦ ♥ ♦s sstrt♦s st♦s s ♠ás q
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
1
2
3
4
z*
ρ*ρ*
l
Ar/CO2 T=83.78 K
r ♥s ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♣r r s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣♥ ♥ 60σff ♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts 2 rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ t♠♣rtr s ♣♥t♦ tr♣ ♥ r s ♠str♥ r♦s ♣rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss q ♥ s st ♦♥ ♥ ♣s♦ ♦♥st♥t í♥ ♦r③♦♥t ♥ ♦♥ ρ∗l ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥s ♠ s q ② Pr st sst♠ ♦♥ s ♣rs 2 ♦♥stt②♥ ♥ sstrt♦ rt♠♥t trt♦ ♥♦ ♠♦s♥♦♥tr♦ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
s♥t ♣r r♥t③r st♦
s ♦♥♥♥t str q ♦s á♦s r③♦s ♠♥t s♠♦♥s q ♠♣♥ ♥á♠ ♦r ♦rt♥
♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♣rs ♦ ♥ ú♥ ♦r tr♠♥♦ r♦s tó♠♦s ♠ás ♥r♠♥t
♥ sts s♠♦♥s s tr ♦♥ r♥rs ♥♦ ♠s♦ ♥s ② ú♥ ♣r r♥rs ♥♦sts 10σff ♥♦
♥ ♥♦s s♦s s ♦♥sr♦ q ♥tró♥ ♥tr s ♣♦r♦♥s s ♦ss s ♣rs ♦♣sts
r♥r s s♣r
♦s á♦s ♥str♦s r③♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥♦ t♥♥ ♦rts ♥ ♣♦t♥ ② ♦st♦ ♦♠♣t♦♥
s r③♦♥ ú♥ tr♥♦ ♦♥ r♥rs ①tr♠♠♥t ♥s st 120σff ♥♦
r♦ ♦ sñ♦ ♣r♠♥t ♦t♠♦s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts st♦ ♥♠♥t
t♠♣rtrs ♠ás r♥s q Tw q ♥ s♦ r s♦r♦ ♥ sú♥ ♥str♦s á♦s s Pr
st sst♠ í♥ ♣r♠♦♦ t♥ ♥ ♦♥t ♠♣♦rt♥t ①t♥é♥♦s st s r♦s ♣♦r ♥♠
t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ t ♣ ♦srrs ♥ rá♦ r ♣ít♦
♥ s ♠str♥ ♥♦s ♦s ♣rs ♦t♥♦s ♥♦ r s s♦r ♥ ♥ r♥r ♥ 40σff
♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♣rs é♥ts T = 115 Tw í ♣♥ ♦srrs ♣rs s♠étr♦s q
♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦s ♥♠♥ts sñ♦s ♣♦r ② ♥t♦ ♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ ♠②♦r ♥s ♠
♦♠♦
s ♠♣♦rt♥t str q ①st♥ ♦s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥rs ♥ r s rs ② ♦rrs
♣♦♥♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦♥ r st s♦r♦ ♠②♦r♠♥t ♥ ♣r ③qr r♥r s♦ó♥
q ♥♦♠♥r♠♦s ♣é♥♦s ♦t♥r ♥ ♣r t♦t♠♥t q♥t s♣r st ♦♥ r
st s♦r♦ ♠②♦r♠♥t ♥ ♣r r s♦ó♥ ♥♦♠♥ ♦♠♦ ♠♥♦♥♠♦s ♦s ♣rs
② s♦♥ ♥r♦s
♥ s ♠str ♥í r s♦ s s♦♦♥s t♥t♦ s♠étrs ♦♠♦ s♠étrs ♣r T = 115
♥ st r ♣♦♠♦s ♦srr ♥ r♥♦ st♥t ♠♣♦ ♥ss ♠s ♥ ♦♥ s s♦♦♥s q r♦♠♣♥
s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦s♥ ♠♥♦r ♥rí q s s♦♦♥s q ♠♥t♥♥ s s♠trí ♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
z*
ρ*
Ar/Li T=115 K
1
2 3
r ♥s r s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ ♥ s ♣rs r♥rrtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ r♥r ♣♦s ♥ ♥♦ 40σff ② s ♦♥s s rs♦r♦♥ ♣r ♥t♠♣rtr s rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ r♥ts ♦rs ♥s ♠ r sñ ♦♥ ♦♥stt② ♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ ♥♦st♦ ② ♥s ♠ s ρ∗av = ♣r sñ♦ ♦♥ ♣rρ∗av = s t♠é♥ s♠étr♦ ② s s♠étr♦ ♦♥ ρ∗av =
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25−11.5
−11.4
−11.3
−11.2
−11.1
−11
ρ*av
f DF/k
BT
Ar/Li T=115 K
r ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♣r r s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts ♥ t♠♣rtr rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ ♥ st s♦ r♥r ♣♦s ♥ ♥♦ 40σff r ♥ ♦♥ ír♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♠♥trs q trá♥♦s s s♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♠♦ ♠str rá♦ ①st ♥ r♥♦ st♥t ♠♣♦ ♦♥ st♦ ♥♠♥tr♦♠♣ ♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ st r♥♦ s ①t♥ st ♥ ♦r ρ∗av =
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ρ*av
∆ N
Ar/Li
L*=10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ρ*av
∆ N
Ar/Li
L*=20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ρ*av
∆ N
Ar/Li
L*=40
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ρ*av
∆ N
L*=60
Ar/Li
r ♦♥t s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♣r r s♦r♦ ♥ r♥rs ♣rs é♥ts ♦ r♥ts t♠♣rtrs rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ ♠str♥ rst♦s ♣r L∗ = 10, 20, 40 ② 60σff s s rs ♠ás ①tr♥s s ♠ás ♥tr♥s s t♠♣rtrs ♥ ②
♦t♥♦ q st r♥♦ s ①t♥ s ρ∗av = st ρ∗av = ♣r r s♦r♦ s♦r ♥♦
t♠♣rtr s Pr t♠♣rtrs ♠ás ts r♥♦ s♠♥② ② ♣♦r ♥♠ ♦s ♥♦ s
♥♦♥trr♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
♥ ♠♦str♠♦s rst♦s ♣r t♦r s♠trí ∆N ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♣r r♥rs
r♥ts ♥♦s Prs♥t♠♦s rá♦s ♣r ♥ r♥r ♥♦st 10σff ♥ ♦♥ ♥♦ s ♣♥ s♣r
r ♦♠♣t♠♥t ♦s t♦s s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr ♠♦és s s♦rs ♥ s ♣rs ♦♣sts q
♦♥stt②♥ r♥r ② ♠ás ♥s ② 60σff
♥ rá♦ ② rs s ♣r r♥ts t♠♣rtrs ♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs ♥ t♦♦s ♦s rá♦s
♣r ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♠s ♥ st♦ ♥♠♥t r♦♠♣ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ②
s r♥♦ s r ♠ q t♠♣rtr ♠♥t P♦r ♥♠ í♠t s♣r♦r Tcpw s s♦♦♥s
s♠étrs s♣r♥
♠é♥ s ♦sr q r♥♦ s♠trí ♥ t♠♣rtr s ♠ás str♦ ② s ♥tr ♥ ♦rs ♠s
♣qñ♦s ρ∗av ♠ q s ♥r♠♥t ♥♦ r♥r
st ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ①♣♦r♦ t♠é♥ ♥ s♦ró♥ s♦r sstrt♦s ♠ás és ② ♥ í♥s
♥rs s ♥♦♥tr♦ ♣r ♦s rtrísts t♦t♠♥t s♠rs ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦s s♦ró♥ r
♥ r♥rs ♦♥♦r♠s ♣♦r sstrt♦s ② 60σff ♥♦ s ♠str ♥ s s ②
Pr s♦ s st♦ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ♣r ♦rs t♠♣rtr tr♣ t♠♣rtr
q st ♣♥s ♣♦r ♦ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ Tw = ② ♥♦ ♦rs ♠ás ♣♦r ♥♠
t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ s♠trí s♣r ♥♦ s s♣r ♥ t♠♣rtr q st ♣♦r ♥♠
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ρ*av
∆ N
Ar/Na
L*=60
r ♦♥t s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r s♦r♦ ♥ rtr ② ③②s③❬❪ ♥ st s♦ s r♥rs s♦♥ s♥t♠♥t ♥s 60σff ♣é♥♦s s♣rr ♦♠♣t♠♥t ♦s t♦s s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr ♠♦és s s♦rs ♥ s ♣rs ♦♣sts s s rs ♠ás ①tr♥s s♠ás ♥tr♥s s t♠♣rtrs t♦♠♥ ♦s s♥ts ♦rs ②
Tw
♥ s♦ s ♥③ó s♠trí ♣r t♠♣rtr tr♣ ♥ t♠♣rtr q st ♣♥s ♣♦r ♦
♠♦♦ Tw = ② trs ♦rs q stá♥ ♣♦r ♥♠ st t♠♣rtr ♥ st s♦ ♠♦s
♥♦♥tr♦ ♥ í♠t s♣r♦r ♣r Tcpw
Pr s♦ ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ rtrísts ♠♦♦ t♦t♠♥t ♥á♦s
♠♣rtr í♠t r♣tr s♠trí
tr♠♥♠♦s ♦r ♠♥r sst♠át ♣r s♦ s♦ró♥ ♥ r♥rs t♠♣rtr ♠á①♠
♣♦r ♥♠ s♣r♥ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♠♦ s♦♦♥s ♠ás ♥rí st ♥áss
♦ ♠♦s t③♥♦ ♦s ♦rs ♦s q r♦♥ ♦♦s ♥ ♦s rá♦s
Pr t♦♦s ♦s t♠ñ♦s r♥r t③♦s s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s♣r♥ t♠♣rtrs ♠②♦rs ♦s
tr♠♥ ♥t♦♥s ♦r ♥s rt ♠ ρ∗av(crit) q s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦♥ ♠á①♠♦ ∆N
♣r L∗ st ♦r ♣ sr ①♣rs♦ ♦♠♦
ρ∗av(crit) =A
Bσ2ff
♦♥ σff ①♣rsrs ♥ ♥♥ó♠tr♦s Pr L∗ = 60 ♦t♥♠♦s A/B = 9/16 ② ♣r L∗ = 40 ♦t♥♠♦s
A/B = 17/24 Pr r♥rs 20σff st ♦♥t 55/48 ② ♣r r♥rs t♥ ♥♦sts ♦♠♦ 10σff 97/48
♠str ♦s ♦rs q t♦♠ ♦♥t s♠trí ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ρ∗av(crit) ♦s t♥t♦
♣r s♦♦♥s t♣♦ ♦♠♦ t♠♣rtrs ♠②♦rs s ♠♦♦
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ρ*av
∆ N
Ar/Rb
L*=60
r ♦♥t s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ ♥s ♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r s♦r♦ ♥ ♣r r♥rs♠② ♥s rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ r♥r ♣♦s 60σff ♥♦ s s rs ♠ás ①tr♥s s ♠ás♥tr♥s s t♠♣rtrs t♦♠♥ ♦s s♥ts ♦rs ②
−0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8110
112
114
116
118
120
∆N
T [K
]
Tcpw
Ar/Li
r ♠♣rtr ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ s♠trí ♣r s♦♦♥s ② ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r s♦r♦ ♥r♥rs rtr ② ③②s③ ❬❪ st♦s á♦s ♥ s♦ r③♦s ♣r r♥rs ♥♦s 10σff trá♥♦s rr 20σff r♦s 40σff trá♥♦s ♦ ② 60σff ír♦s ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ρ∗av = ρ∗av(crit) s rs sós ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st s♦s t♦s ♠♥t ♣♦♥♦♠♦
2 3 4 5 6 7 8−0.85
−0.8
−0.75
−0.7
−0.65
−0.6
−0.55
−0.5
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K
]Xe/Na T=245 K
CS1
SS1
SS2
SA2
CS2
MS1
MA
MS2
SA1
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣♥ ♣rs é♥ts ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ t♠♣rtr T = st á♦ r③♦ t♥t♦ ♣r ♥ r♥r rr ♦♠♦ rt ♦s ♦rs s♦♦s s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs stá♥ ♦♥t♥♦s ♥ r q ♥ ♦s ♣♥t♦s ♠r♦s ♦♥ CS1 SS1 SS2 ② CS2 ss♦♦♥s s♠étrs stá♥ ♦♥t♥s ♥ r q ♥ SS1 SA1 SA2 ② SS2 ♦s tr♠♦s ♥♦s ♦♥ í♥s tr③♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s♦♦♥s ♦♥ dµ/dn < 0 rt ♦r③♦♥t ♣♥t♦s ② r②s s ♦♥stró♥ ① árs ♦s st♦s MS1 ② MS2 s♦♥ s♠étr♦s ② MA s ♥ st♦ s♠étr♦ st♦s st♦s s♦♥ sts
♦s t♦s r♦♥ st♦s ♦♥ s♥t ♣♦♥♦♠♦
T = Tsb + a2∆2N + a4∆
4N + a6∆
6N
s ♣ ♦srr q t♦s sts rs st s♦♥ ♦♥sst♥ts ♦♥ ♦r t♠♣rtr ♣♦r ♥♠
♥♦ ①st♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs Tsb =
♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ❳♥ó♥
♥ s♦ st s ♥♦ ♣rs♥t♠♦s ♣r♠r♦ ♥áss ♥♦ r♥rs rrs ② P♦r
út♠♦ ♦♠♦ ♠♣♦ r♥rs rts sr♠♦s ♦s rst♦s ♣r
❳ ♥ r♥rs rrs ts ♥♦s
♥ s rr♦♥ s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♣r ❳ ♣♦st♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r q stá T = 245
st t♠♣rtr stá st♦ ♦ Tcpw ♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs ♥
♥ rá♦ s ♥♥ ♦rs ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts t♥t♦ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♠♦
s♠étrs s s♠étrs stá♥ ♦♥t♥s ♥ r q ♥ ♦s ♣♥t♦s sñ♦s ♣♦r CS1 SS1 SS2 ② CS2
0 4 8 32 36 400
5
10
15
20
25
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
Xe/Na T=245 K
r Prs ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r rr ♣rs é♥ts ♥t♠♣rtr ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ rá ♠str ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts tr♦♦rs t♦r r♠♥t♦ ② r ♥ í♥ rs Γℓ = ♦rrs♣♦♥ st♦♠r♦ ♦♥ MA ♥ ♠♦s ♥♦tr q st♦s ♣rs t♠é♥ s ♦t♥♥ ♣r r♥r rt
4 8 12 160
20
40
60
80
Γl
∆N
(%)
Xe/Na
r t♦r s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r rr ③②s③② rtr ❬❪ s t♠♣rtrs ♥ s r ♠r ♦♥ ♥ trá♥♦ st t♠♣rtr r sñ ♦♥ ♥ ír♦ ♥③♥♦ ♥ r♦ sts t♠♣rtrs stá♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ q s t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ st t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
Γl
∆µ/k
B [
K]
Xe/Li
2 3 4 5 60
5
10
15
20
25
Γl
∆ N (
%)
Xe/Li
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ ② t♦r s♠trí ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ r ③qr ♦rrs♣♦♥ s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♥ st r ♣♥ ♦srrs s sss ♦♥str♦♥s ① ♣r ♥ s s♦tr♠s s t♠♣rtrs s♥♥ ♥ ♣s♦s ♥ r♦ s trá♥♦ ír♦ ♥ r r s ♠str t♦r s♠trí ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♦♠♦ s ♣ ♦srr ♣r ♠ás ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♣r ♦s s s s♦♦♥s r♦♠♣♥♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♥ ♦s trs r♥♦s s t♠♣rtrs ♥ s trá♥♦s st ír♦s
♠♥trs q s s♠étrs stá♥ ♥s ♦ r♦ r q ♥ SS1 SA1 SA2 ② SS2 ♦s tr♠♦s
♥♦s ♦♥ í♥s ♦♥t♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦s sts ② ♠tsts ♦♥ dµ/dn > 0 ♥ ♠♦ s í♥s
tr③♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s♦♦♥s ♦♥ dµ/dn < 0 ♥ s ♠str♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♣r r♦s
♦rs r♠♥t♦
♦♥t s♠trí ♣r st sst♠ rr♦ ♦ ♣r rs t♠♣rtrs stá ♦ ♥
í s ♣ ♦srr ♥ ♦♥t♥♦ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
♥ ♠♦str♠♦s strtr s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ❳ ♥ ♥ r♥r 40σff
♥♦ st r ♦♥ ♦♥ ♠♦str ♥tr♦r♠♥t ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ s♦r ♥ ♣r Pr
♥ sts s♦tr♠s s ♥ ♦ s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦♥str♦♥s ① árs s
♣♦str ❳ ♥ r♥rs r♥ s♦ ♥♦ r♥rs ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ q ♥
t♠♣rtr ♣♥ ①str ♠ás ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥ss ♣r ♦s s s ♣rs♥t♥ r♣trs ♥
s♠trí s s♦♦♥s
♠str ♦♥t s♠trí í s ♦sr♥ trs ♥tr♦s ♥s ♥ r♥♦s ♣r
♦s s s s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s ♣rs♥t♥ s♠trí ♥ st s♦ r♥ ♦s st♦s ♥tr♦r♠♥t
s♦r ♠s ♣rs ♦ s s♦r ♥ s íq s ♠♣♦rt♥t rstr t♠é♥ q q ♥ ♦s s♦s
①♣st♦s ♥tr♦r♠♥t ♣♦r ♥♠ rt ♥s s♦ó♥ r♣r s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦
♥ ♦s rá♦s ② s ♠str♥ ♣rs ♥ss q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♥♦
♦s ♥tr♦s ♥s ♠♦str♦s ♥ í s ♦♠♣r♥ ♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ ♦♥ s♠étr♦ st
♠♥♦r r♠♥t♦ óts q ♥ t♦♦s ♦s s♦s s♠trí ♦s ♣rs s♠♥② ♥♦ ♠♦s ♣s♥♦
♣r♠r ♥tr♦ út♠♦
♥ s ♣ ♦srr t s♦tr♠ ♦♥str t♥t♦ ♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs r
tr③♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♦♠♦ s♠étrs tr③♦ s♦♥t♥♦ s♦ ♦s ♣rs q s ♠str♥ ♥ s
0 3 6 34 37 400
10
20
30
40
z*
ρ [n
m−3
] Xe/Li T=205 K
(a) 0 3 6 34 37 400
10
20
30
40
z*
ρ [n
m−3
] Xe/Li T=205 K
(b)
0 3 6 34 37 400
10
20
30
40
z*
ρ [n
m−3
] Xe/Li T=205 K
(c)
r ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ r♥r ♣♦s ♥ ♥♦ 40σff ♦s rá♦s ② stá♥ s♦♦s ♣r♠r s♥♦ ② trr ♥tr♦ ♥s rs♣t♠♥t ♣r ♦s s ①st♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs r ♥ t♦♦s ♦s rá♦ss ♦♠♣r ♣r s♠étr♦ ♦♥ s♠étr♦ ♠♥♦r r♠♥t♦ ♥ s♦ rá♦ ♣r s♠étr♦♣♦s ♥ ♦r Γ = ② s♠étr♦ Γ = ♥ rá♦ t♦r r♠♥t♦ t♦♠ ♦s ♦rs ② ♥ rá♦ ♣r s♠étr♦ ♣♦s ♥ ♦r Γ = ② ♣r s♠étr♦ Γ = ótsq st s♦ ♦♥t s♠trí ♥♦ s♣r 5%
5.4 6−1.69
−1.68
−1.67
∆µ/k
B [K]
2 3 4−4
−3
−2
Γl
∆µ/k
B [K]
Xe/Li
T=205 K
r P♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rsé♥ts ♥ t♠♣rtr ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ rá♦ r t♦♦ r♥♦ ♥ss♥ ♦♥ s ♠♥st♥ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s rs sós ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s s♠étrs ② s r②s s s♠étrs ♥ st rá♦ ♥♦ s ♠str♥ s ♦♥str♦♥s ① ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts sts s♦tr♠s
−20 −10 0 10 20−120
−100
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
∆N
(%)
∆ f D
F/kB [
mK
]Xe/Li
1
2
3 4
r ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r s♠trí ♣r ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♥ r s ♣♥ ♦srr s rrrs ♥rí ♥tr s s♦♦♥s s♠étrsír♦s ② s s♠étrs trá♥♦s ♣r s t♠♣rtrs ② s q s s♥r♦♥ ♦s♥ú♠r♦s ② rs♣t♠♥t ♦s ♥♦ s ♥♦♥tró ♥♥♥ rrr
s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣r♥ ♥ ♥ ♠á①♠♦ rt♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s s♦♦♥s
s♠étrs q ♠r♠♦s µsym ② s♣r♥ ♥ s♥t ♠í♥♠♦ rt♦ st ♠♥r s s♦♦♥s
s♠étrs ♣r♥ s♦♦ ♥ ró♥ ♦♥ ♣♥♥t µsym s ♥t ♦ q ♠♣ ♥st s
s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥rs♠♥t ♣♥♥t ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s♦ó♥ s♠étr µasym s ♥t
s♦r ♥ r♥ ♣♦ró♥ ró♥ ♥ ♦♥ s sts♥ s ♦♥♦♥s st s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♣♦♠♦s r ♥ st♠ó♥ rs rrr ♥rét q s♣r ♠s s♣s
s♦♦♥s s♠♥♦ ♥ t♠♣rtr T ② ♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♦ ♣rtís ♣♦r ♥ ár ①♣rsó♥
ρ(z) = (1− α)ρasym(z) + αρsym(z)
♥♦s ♣r♠t ♣sr s ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s ♦s s♠étr♦s ♠♦♥♦ ♥tr ② ♦r ♣rá♠tr♦ α
♥t♦ ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí fDF = FDF /N ♦♠♦ ♦♥t s♠trí ∆N s♦♥ ♦s r♥♦
♦r st ♣rá♠tr♦
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ ♦♠♣ró♥ s♦r ♠s♠ s ♥rí ♣r rs t♠♣rtrs
í s ♠str♥ s rrrs ♥réts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ② s♠étrs ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥ó♥
t♦r s♠trí ♣r ♥ ♦r ♦ n q ♥ st s♦ s st ♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣r
♥s ♠á①♠ s♠trí
Pr ♦♦r t♦♦ ♥ ♠s♠ s ♥rí s rst♦ ♥ ♦♥st♥t q ♠♠♦s f0DF st ♠♥r
♥ ♦r♥s s t♥ ♦s ♦rs ∆fDF = fDF − f0DF
str♦s á♦s rr♦♥ q rrr ♥rí s♠♥② ♦♥ ♥r♠♥t♦ t♠♣rtr ② s♣r ♥
t♠♣rtr
❳ ♥ r♥rs rrs ♥s♦
2 3 4 5 6 70
3
6
9
12
15
Γl
∆ N (
%)
Xe/Mg
r t♦r s♠trí ♣r sst♠ ❳ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♦♠♦s ♣ ♦srr ♣r ♠ás ♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♣r ♦s s s s♦♦♥s r♦♠♣♥ ♦♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♦s trá♥♦s ♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♠♣rtr tr♣ ♦s ír♦s Tnb ♦s trá♥♦s rr ② ♦s r♦s
r♥sr♠♦s s♦♦ ♥♦s rst♦s ♥str♦ st♦ s♦ró♥ s♦r ♥ sstrt♦ t♥ rt ♦♠♦
♣s s ♣rs♥t♥ rtrísts s♠rs ❳ ♠♦ ♠♥r ♦♥t♥ ♣rtr
t♠♣rtr ♣♥t♦ tr♣
str♦s á♦s ♥♦s ♣r♠tr♦♥ ♥♦♥trr ♣r rss t♠♣rtrs ② ♣r sstrt♦s rt♠♥t rts
♦♠♦ ② st♦♥s ♥ ♦♥ ♣r ♠ás ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥s ♣r♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
r s♦s ♥tr♦s st♦ ♥♠♥t r s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ Pr♥♣♠♥t ♣♦♠♦s
rstr ♥áss st sst♠ q t♠é♥ ♣r♥ ♠út♣s ♥tr♦s ♦♥ ♣♥ ♣rs♥trs st♦s
s♠étr♦s s ♥á♦ ♥ s ♣♥ ♦srr trs ♥tr♦s ♠② str♦s ♦♥
♣♥ ♣rs♥trs st♦s s♠étr♦s ♦♠♦ ♣r ♦s ♠ás sstrt♦s st♦s ♥tr♦s s♦♥ ♠ás ♥♦st♦s ♠
q s t♠♣rtr ♥ ♥á♦ s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦s ♣rs ♥♦ ♦s
♣♥s ♣♦r ♥♠ ♦tr♦ ♦s t♠♣rtr ♣♥t♦ tr♣ s♦♦s r♠♥t♦s q ♥
② ♣r r s♣r♦r
❳ ♥ r♥rs rts ♦♦
♥③♠♦s s♦ró♥ ❳ ② ♥ r♥rs rts ♦♠♣r♥♦ ♥ ♥♦s s♦s ♦♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s
♥ r♥rs rrs ♥ st s♦ r♥r s ♦♦ ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ ♥ rsr♦r♦ ♦ ♦♥ ♣
♥tr♠r ♥ ♦ rrstrt♦ ♣rtís ♣r♦ t ♦r♠ q t♦♦ sst♠ q rtr③♦ ♣♦r ♥
♦r ♣r♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ µ
♦♠♦ ② ♠♦s ♥ ♣ít♦ ♥s♠ ♠ás ♦ ♣r trtr st t♣♦ sst♠s ♦♥ µ T ② V
0 1 2 3 37 38 39 400
20
40
60
80
z*
ρ [n
m−3
] Xe/Mg T=Tt
r Prs ♥s s♠étr♦s ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts t♠♣rtr ♣♥t♦ tr♣ ❳ ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♦s t♦rs r♠♥t♦ ♥ ② r s♣r♦r
♣r♠♥♥ ♦♥st♥ts s r♥ ♥ó♥♦
♦♠♦ sí ♥ s♦ s♦ró♥ s♦r sstrt♦s ♣♥♦s s s♦♦♥s q s ♦t♥♥ ♥ st s♦
♥♦ r♥ sst♥♠♥t s ♦t♥s ♥♦ s tr ♦♥ r♥rs rrs s♦ ♣♦rq s s♦♦♥s
♦t♥s s♦♥ qs ♦♥ dµ/dn > 0 q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦s sts ♦ ♠tsts
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ ♣r st t♠♣rtr ♥ rá♦ s ♥♥ ♦rs
♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t t♥t♦ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♠♦ s♠étrs ♦t♥s ♣r
r♥r rt sí ♦♠♦ ♣r ♠s♠ r♥r rr ♥ s ♠s♠s ♦♥♦♥s
♦s st♦s ♦t♥♦s ♠♥t ♠♣♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ s♦♥ ♠♦str♦s ♥ í♥ só ♥ í♥ r②s s
♠str♥ ♦s rst♦s q s ♦tr♦♥ ♣r ♠s♠ r♥r rr ♦♥ ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís s ♦♦
♥ú♠r♦ ♠♦ ♣rtís q rr♦♥ ♦s á♦s ♣r r♥r rt ② ♦♥ ♠ás rs
♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦♠♦ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ rá ①st♥ ♥tr♦s ♦♥ ♠s
rs s s♣r♣♦♥♥ ♦♠♦ ② s ♦♠♥tó ♥♦ s st♦ s♦ró♥ s♦r ♣rs ♦r♠s♠♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦
s♦♦ ♣r♠t ♥♦♥trr rst♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦♦♥s sts ♦ ♠tsts dµ/dn > 0 í♥
r②s ♦r③♦♥t ♥ st r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① árs s st í♥ ♥ ♦s st♦s
sts ♠r♦s ♦♥MS1 ②MS2 ♣r♦ t♠é♥ ♣s ①t♠♥t ♣♦rMA q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ st♦ s♠étr♦
st
♥ rá s ♣♦♥ ♥ ♥ q ♥ ♠♦s s♦s r♥rs rts ♦ rrs ①st♥ s♦♦♥s q r♦♠♣♥
s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦ ♦ ② q ♣r st sst♠ ♥ s ♦♥♦♥s ♣rs t♠♣rtr
② ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♥♦ r♥r s rt ①st♥ trs st♦s ♥ ♦①st♥ ♥♦ ♦s s s s♠étr♦
❱ r ♣r st sst♠ ♥♦ stá rr♦ ♦♠♦ s ♠str ♥ ♣♥ ①str ♥ ♦♥t♥♦
s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥♦ r♥r s r s♦♦ ♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr st q s ♥ ♦♥ MA
♥ t♥ s♦♦ ♠s♠♦ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ q s s♠étrs MS1 ② MS2 q ♦①st♥ ♥tr♦
r♥r
♥ s ♣♥ ♦srr ♦♥str♦♥s ① tr♠♥s ♠♥t ♠ét♦♦ s t♥♥ts q
♦♥sr s♦♦♥s sts ② ♠tsts q ♣r♠t♥ ♦t♥r ♦s ♦rs ♦①st♥ ♥♦ s tr
−0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5
−1.664
−1.662
−1.66
∆µ/kB [K]
ω/k B
K/n
m2 ]
Xe/Na T=245 K
CS1
SS2
SS1
CS2
SA1
SA2
Mcross
r r♥ ♥rí r ♣♦r ♥ ár ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ❳ s♦r♦♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ st rá♦ r③♦ t♥♥♦ ♥ ♥tt♥t♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦♠♦ s s♠étrs ♦♥ ♦s ♦rs r♥ ♥rí r ② ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s ♦♥♦♥♥ s rs q ♥♥ ♦s ♣♥t♦s CS1 ♦♥ SS1 ② SS2 ♦♥ CS2 ♦♥ ss♦♦♥s s♠étrs s r♠ó r q ♥ SA1 ♦♥ SA2 ♦s sts rs s ♦rt♥ ♥ ♥ s♦♦ ♣♥t♦♠r♦ ♦♥ Mcross st♦ ♠♣rí q ♦ rts ♦♥♦♥s ♣♥ ♦①str trs st♦s ♥ qr♦ ♦s ♦s s♠étr♦s ② ♥♦ s♠étr♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s♦♦ Mcross s ♠s♠♦ q s ♥♦ s ♠♣♠♥t ♦♥stró♥ ① s árs ♣r s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
♦♥ s s♦♦♥s s ♠♥t r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♦♥ stá♥ s♥ts ♦s st♦s ♥sts ♦s rs ♥
♣♥t♦Mcross s í♥s ②♦s ①tr♠♦s ♥ s♦ ♠r♦s ♣♦r CS1−SS1 ② SS2−CS2 tr♠♥♥ ♦s ♦rs
♦①st♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs q ♥ ♥ s♦ sñ♦s ♣♦r MS1 ② MS2 s
♠♣♦rt♥t r♠rr q ♦s t♦s r♦s ♥ st r ♥♥ q ♣r ♦r µ ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s
♠tsts s♠♣r t♥♥ r♥ ♣♦t♥ ω ♠ás ♦ q ♦s ♠tsts s♠étr♦s s♦ ♥ ♣♥t♦ Mcross
í♥ SA1 − SA2 st s♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs q ♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs ♥ rá s ♦rt ♦♥
s ♦trs í♥s ♥ ♠s♠♦ ♣♥t♦
s r ♦ q ♦t♦r s♥t♦ r♠ó♥ q ♠♦s ♥ st tr♦ s♦r ♦①st♥ trs st♦s
sts ♦s ♦s s♠étr♦s ② rst♥t s♠étr♦ s st♠♥t q ♦r ♦①st♥ ♦
♣rtr s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs rr♦ ①t♠♥t ♠s♠♦ ♦r ♥tr♦ ♣rsó♥ ♥♠ér ♦♥ q s
tr q ♦t♥♦ ♣r st♦ s♠étr♦
♣r ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t st♦ MA s♦ ♠r♦ ♦♥ ♥ í♥ rs ♥ ♦♥
♣r♥ ♠ás ♣rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♥♦s ♦rs r♠♥t♦ ♦s ♣rs q ♣r♥ ♥ st r
r♦♥ ♦s ♣r ♥ r♥r rr ♥q ♥ s♦ st♦ MA t♠é♥ s ó ♣r ♠s♠
r♥r rt ♥♦ ♦♠♦ rst♦ ♠s♠ r
♠str ♣rs ♦s ♣r r♥rs rts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♦s s♥ts ♦rs r
♠♥t♦ ② í ♥♠♥t s ♠str st♦ MA r ♥tr é♥t♦ ♦ ♣r
r♥rs rrs ♥t♦ ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s q ♣♥ ♦①str ♦♥ é MS1 ② MS2 ♦s st♦s MA
♦s t♥t♦ ♣r r♥rs rrs ♦♠♦ rts s♥ é♥t♦s s ♥ ♦♥s♥ q♥ ♥tr
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
z*
0
10
20
ρ [n
m−3
] 0
10
20 Xe/Na T=245 K MS1
Γl = 2.72
MA Γ
l = 4.53
MS2
Γl = 6.35
r Prs ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r rt ♦♥stt ♣♦r ♣rs é♥ts t♠♣rtr ③②s③ rtr ❬❪ st♦s ♣rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s trs s♦♦♥s q ♣♥♦①str ♥ r♥r r♦ ♥tr sñ♦ ♦♥ MA ♦rrs♣♦♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr ♦s ♣rs MS1 ②MS2 s♦♥ s♠étr♦s ♦♦s st♦s ♣rs t♥♥ s♦♦s ♥ tr♠♥♦ ♥ú♠r♦ ♠♦ ♣rtís ♣♦r ♥ ár ♣r s♠étr♦ ♣ ♣♥srs ♦♥stt♦ ♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦ss♦r♦s ♥ ♥ s
♦s ♥s♠s ♥ó♥♦ ② r♥ ♥ó♥♦ s s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s ♥tr♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ ♣rát♠♥t ♥♦
r♥ s q s ♦t♥♥ ♥ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ s♦ ♥ s♦ sst♠s ♠② ♦♥♥♦s q ♠ás ♣♦s♥
♣♦s ♣rtís ♠é♥ s ♦sró q s♦ó♥ s♠étr s s ♣♥s ♦♠♦ ♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♦s ♣♦r♦♥s
♦ s♦rs ♥ ♥ s ♣rs s ♣ ♦t♥r ♦♠♥♥♦ s ♣♦r♦♥s ♦ s♦rs
♥ ♣r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦①st♥
♥ s st ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥ ró♥ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
s s♠étrs ② s ①♥ rst♦s ♦s t♥t♦ ♣r r♥rs rrs ♦♠♦ ♣r r♥rs rts ♥
♦r♥s s ♦♦ r♥ ♥tr ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí s♦ s♦ó♥ s♠étr ②
s♦ó♥ s♠étr ♥ st rá♦ ♦s ♦rs ♦t♥♦s ♣r r♥rs rrs stá♥ ♥♦s ♦♥ í♥
r②s ② ♦s ♦t♥♦s ♣r s ♠s♠s r♥rs rts ♦♥ í♥ ♣♥t♦s ♥ ♥ st♦r ♦♥ s s♦♦♥s s♦♥
sts ♠s rs s s♣r♣♦♥♥ r♠♥t s ♣ ♦srr ①st♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ s SA1 st
SA2) ♦♥ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣♦s♥ ♠♥♦r ♥rí q s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♠étrs ♥ st r s
♠r♦ ♥ ♣♥t♦ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ st♠♥t st♦ ♦①st♥ s♠étr♦ MA
♥ s♦ ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s MS1 ② MS2 ♣í ♦r♠ s♦r ♣r r♥r ♦♥
rs♣t♠♥t ♦♥ s strtrs ② rs q ♣r♥ ♥ ♦①st♥ ♥♦ s st ♥ó♠♥♦
s♦ró♥ s♦r ♥ ♣r P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♣r MA s ♣ ♦srr ♦①st♥ ♥ ♣í rs ♥
♣r r ♦♥ ♥ s♦r ♣r ③qr
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ rr t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥ ♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦s st♦s s♦♦s
♦♥ ♦r ♠ás ♦ r♥ ♣♦t♥ s ♥ ♣♦r s♦r r ♥♦t ♣♦r CS1 − Mcross − CS2 ② s
strtr ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♣í ♥♦r♠ q s ①t♥ s♦r ♣♥♦ ♣r♣♥r ③ P♦r ♦ t♥t♦
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6−0.6
−0.5
−0.4
−0.3
−0.2
−0.1
0
Γl
[f DF(a
s)−f
DF(s
)]/k B
[10−4
K]
Xe/Na T=245 K S
S1
SA1
MA
SA2
r r♥ ♥tr s ♥rís rs ♣♦r ♣rtí ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s♦♦♥ss♠étrs ② s♠étrs s t♥t♦ ♣r r♥rs rrs ♦♠♦ rts ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪ ♥ str fD(as) r♣rs♥t ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♠♥trs qfD(s) r♣rs♥t ♠s♠ ♠♥t ♣r♦ ♣r s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥ ré♠♥ ♠t♦ ♣♦r SA1 ② SA2 ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ① rtr ♣♦st ② ♣♦r ♥ st♦s rst♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts♥t♦♥s s♦♦♥s sts t♠é♥ s♦♥ ♦t♥♦s t③♥♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ r♥rs rts♥ rá♦ s ♥♦ ♥rí st♦ s♠étr♦ MA ú♥♦ st♦ s♠étr♦ ♣♦s ♦♥ s♥t♦ ís♦ q♣r ♥♦ s rs ♣r♦♠ r♥r rt
0 5 10 15 20 25
241
242
243
244
245
246
Γl
T [K
]
Xe/Na
Tw
Tcpw
r ♦①st♥ st♦s ❳ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♣rs é♥ts ③②s③ ② rtr ❬❪s t♠♣rtrs rí♥ ♥tr ♠♦♦ ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ st♦s ♦rs r♦♥ ♦s t♥t♦ ♣rr♥rs rrs ♦♠♦ rts ♦s ír♦s sñ♥ st♦s s♠étr♦s ♠♥trs q ♦s ♠♥ts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦s s♠étr♦s í♥ ♣♥t♦s r ♠♥♦ ③ s♦♦ ♣r ♠rr t♥♥ q s♥♦s ♦rs ♠ q t♠♣rtr ♠♥t st ♥③r t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ t♦♦s ♦sst♦s ♦♥r♥ ♥♦ s♦♦ q ♣♦s s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦
♥♦ ② r♣tr s♠trí s♦r s ♣♥♦
♠str ♦ó♥ ♦♥ t♠♣rtr ♦s st♦s ♣rs♥ts ♥ ♦①st♥ ♣r ♥s
t♠♣rtrs ♥tr ♠♦♦ ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ st♦s ♦rs r♦♥ ♦s t♥t♦ ♣r r♥rs
rrs ♦♠♦ rts st ♠♥r ♦ ♣♦st♦ ♥ ♥ s ♣rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t st♦s
s♠étr♦s s r♥♥ ♥ s s♣s♦r st q t♠♣rtr ♥③ rít ♣r♠♦♦ ♦♥ s
s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s♣r♥ q♥♦ ♥t♦♥s ♥ s♦♦ st♦ q r s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦
s♦♦ ♥ ♣♦ró♥ ♦♥ s♣s♦r tr♠♥♦
♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s ♣r s s♦tr♠s sst♠ ❳ ♥③♦ rr ♣♥ ①t♥rs ♣rt♠♥t
♣r ♦tr♦s sst♠s ts ♦♠♦ ❳ ♦ ❳ ♦♥ ♣r♥ ♦tr sr ♦♦♣s ♥ r ❲s
♦♥♥♠♥t♦ ó♥
♥ st s♦ ♦♠♥③♠♦s ♥③♥♦ ♥♠♥t ♥s ♣r♦♣s ♦♥r♥♥ts ♦♥ ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦
♠♥t st♦ s♦ró♥ ♥ r♥rs ♥ ③ ♣r♦r ♦♠♦ ♥ ♣ít♦ ♦♥ s ♥③ó s♦ró♥
s♦r ♣rs ♥ sí s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♠♥t s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs q ♣r♥ ♥ r♥rs
② t♠♣rtrs q stá♥ ♣♦r ♥♠ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦
Pr ② s t③r♦♥ r♥rs 40σff ♥♦ ♥ s♦ s t③r♦♥ r♥rs ♠ás ♥s
60σff ♣r tr ♦s t♦s s ♥tr♦♥s ♥tr s ♣ís s s♦rs ♥ s ♣rs ♦♣sts
r♥r
♦♦♥s ♦♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ó♥
♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♥ s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ ♣r sst♠ q ♦rrs♣♦♥ t♠♣rtr
st t♠♣rtr s ♠ás t ♣r ♥ s♦tr♠ st sst♠ ♣rs♥t ♥ ③♦ ♥ r
❲s í s ♠str♥ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦t♥s t♥t♦ ♣r r♥r rr tr③♦ r②s ♦♠♦ ♣r
♠s♠ r♥r rt tr③♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♥tr ♦s ♣♥t♦s CS1 ② SS1 sí ♦♠♦ ♥tr SS2 ② CS2 sts rs s
s♣r♣♦♥♥ ró♥ ♥st s ①t♥ ♥tr ♦s ♣♥t♦s s♣♥♦s SS1 ② SS2 ♦s st♦s MS1 ② MS2 stá♥
s♦♦s ♦♥ ♣ís s st♥t♦s s♣s♦rs q ♦①st♥ ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ ♥tr♦ r♥r
♦s st♦s ♥tr MS1 ② SS1 ② ♦s ♣rs♥ts ♥tr SS2 ② MS2 s♦♥ ♠tsts ♥ ♥♦ r♥r ♣♥
sr ♥③♦s qr ♦s st♦s ♥tr MS1 ② SS1 s♠♣r ② ♥♦ ♥ ♥♦ r♥r sst♠
♥♦ ♥ st♦ st MS1 ♥á♦♠♥t ♥ ♦ r♥r ♣♥ sr ♥③♦s qr
♦s st♦s ♥tr SS2 ② MS2 s ♥ st ♣r♦s♦ s t♥ ♦ ♣r q sst♠ ♥♦ ♥ st♦ MS2
Pr s♦ r♥r rr ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦①st♥ s ♦t♥ tr③♥♦ ♥ ♦♥stró♥
① árs ♥ ♦♥ ♥ rt rt ♥ tr③♦ r②s ② ♣♥t♦s ♥ st s♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥
qí♠♦ r♦ s s♦♦ qr ♦s st♦s sts MS1 ② MS2 sñ♦s ♥ rá♦
♥ s♦ ♠s♠ r♥r ♣r♦ ♦r rt ♦s st♦s ♦①st♥ st s ♦t♥♥ ♥♦ st
♠s♠♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♥ st s♦ ♣r ♦t♥r ♣♦t♥ ♦①st♥ s rá♦
s♦tr♠ s r③ ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① t♥♥ts ♦s rst♦s s ♠str♥ ♥
♦♠♦ ♣ ♦srrs st ♦r ♦♥ ♦♥ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ s♦♦ ♣♥t♦ Mcross
q ♣r ♥ ♥ ♦♥só♥ ♦s st♦s ♥ ♦①st♥ st ♥tr♦ r♥r rr ♦ rt
♣♦s♥ ♠s♠♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦
♥ s ró ♣r sst♠ ♥tr♦r r♥ ♥tr ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí fDF ) ② ♦r
♦♦r♥ y ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♥ó♥ n∗ = nσ2ff ♥ ♦①st♥ sts r♥s
♥ r r♦ t s ♣ ♣rr ♥ rá
♥ s ♠str♥ s♦tr♠s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦t♥s ♥ ♥♦ r♥rs
rrs ② ♦♥ ♦s t♦s s r♦♥ ♣r s t♠♣rtrs ♥s ♥ ♥♦ ♦s
rs♣t♦s rá♦s ♥ ♦s s í♥s rts ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦♥str♦♥s ① árs ♥ ♥♦
st♦s rá♦s s ♣ ♦srr ♦ó♥ ♥ó♠♥♦ ♣r♠♦♦ rtr③♦ ♣♦r ♥ st♦ ♥ ♦r
r♠♥t♦ st ♦r♠ ∆Γl s ♣ ♥tr ♦♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ♦r♥ q rtr③ st tr♥só♥
s♣r ♥t♦♥s q st ♣rá♠tr♦ ♠♣ ♥ ② ♣♦t♥s t♣♦
∆Γl(T ) = bpw (Tcpw − T )1/2
.
♥ t s ①♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♦rs ♦t♥♦s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ ② rít ♣r♠♦♦ ♦s
♠♥t sts r♥rs ❬♣r r t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ s t③ó ❪ s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦
s st♥ ♣rt♠♥t s q s ♦tr♦♥ tr♥♦ ♦♥ s♦ró♥ s♦r ♣rs ♣ít♦ ♥ ♥t♦
−1.2 −1.1 −1 −0.9 −0.8 −0.70
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
Ne/Li T=38.5 K
CS1
MS1
SS1
SS2
MS2
CS2
r s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ ♦♥str ♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs q ♦rrs♣♦♥ s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r 40σff ♥♦ t♠♣rtr r só s ♦t♥ t♥t♦ ♣r r♥r rr ♦♠♦ ♣r ♠s♠ r♥r rt r r② ♦rrs♣♦♥ s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s s♦♠♥t ♥ r♥rs rrs ♦s♣♥t♦s ♠r♦s ♦♥ SS1 ② SS2 s♦♥ ♣♥t♦s s♣♥♦s ♠♥trs CS1 ② CS1 s♦♥ ♦s st♦s ♥ér♦s s♦♦s ♣ís s r♥ts s♣s♦rs ♦s ♣♥t♦s ♠r♦s ♦♥ MS1 ② MS2 ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♣ís s♥ ♦①st♥ s♣s♦rs r♥ts í♥ rt r②s ② ♣♥t♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① árs
−1.2 −1.1 −1 −0.9 −0.8 −0.7−1.81
−1.8
−1.79
−1.78
−1.77
−1.76
∆µ/kB [K]
ω+ /kBT
Ne/Li T=38.5 K
CS1
SS2
Mcross
SS1
CS2
r r♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥ ♥ó♥ ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♣r s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r rt ♦♥stt ♣♦r ♣rsé♥ts ♥ t♠♣rtr st rá♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① t♥♥ts ♣♥t♦ r ♠r♦ ♦♥Mcross ♥ ♦①st♥ ♠s ♣ís r t①t♦ ♥ st rá♦ ω+ = ωσ2
ff
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
−0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1/n*
(f DF−y
)/kBT
[10−3
] Ne/Li T=38.5 K
MS2
MS1
CS2
S
S2 S
S1
CS1
r r♥ ♥tr ♥rí r ② rt y ❬r ♣ ❪ s♦ ♦♥stró♥ ① st♥♥ts ♥ ♥ó♥ 1/n∗ r♥ s ♥ ♥ ♦s ♦rs 1/nmin ② 1/nmax t ♦ rqr
r♦ ♥ ♣rs♥t t s ♥♥ ♦rs t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ ② ríts ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r s♦ s♦r♦ ♥ r♥rs ♥s ② Pr s t③r♦♥ r♥rs 60σff ♥♦ ♠♥trs q ♣r ② s ♠♣r♦♥ r♥rs 40σff ♠é♥ s ♠str♥ ♦s ♦rs q t♦♠♥ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s apw ② bpw ♦s ♠♦♦s r♣rs♥t♦s ♥ s s ②
Tw [] Tcpw []
apw/kB [−1/2] bpw [−1/2]
s t♠♣rtrs ríts ♣r♠♦♦ ② q t♥r ♥ ♥t q ♥ ♥áss s♦r ♣rs s♦♦ s ♥♦
♥ ♠t s♣r♦r ♣r s r ♣ít♦
♦♦♥s ♦♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ó♥
♦♠♥③r♠♦s ♥③♥♦ ♥ ♦r♠ ♥ér ♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦s q ♣r♥ ♥ s♦ró♥ ♥ r♥rs
② ② ♣♦str♦r♠♥t r♠♦s ♥ ♥áss t♦ ♣r ♥ r♥r
①♠♥r♠♦s ♣r♠r♠♥t ♦s s♦tr♠s s♣rs ♣♥s ♥ ♥ r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s t♠♣rtrs
② ♣r ♥ r♥r ♥ s ♠str♥ sts s♦tr♠s q ♥ s♦ ♦♥strs
t♥t♦ ♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥s ♣♦r í♥s sós ♦♠♦ ♦♥ s♠étrs í♥ r②s ♥ ♠s
s♦tr♠s s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♥♥ ♥ ♦s ♣♥t♦s s♣♥♦s q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s ♠á①♠♦s rt♦s
sts rs ♥ s♦ s♦tr♠ sts s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s ①t♥♥ ♥ t♦ ♥ r♦♥ ♦♥
−0.25 −0.2 −0.15 −0.1 −0.05 00
4
8
12
16
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
Ne/Rb
(a)
−0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0
4
8
12
16
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
Ne/Na
(b)
−1.4 −1.2 −1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0
4
8
12
16
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
(c)
Ne/Li
36 38 40 42 44−1.2
−1
−0.8
−0.6
−0.4
−0.2
0
T [K]
∆µ/k
B [K
]
(d)
Ne/Alkali Li
Na
Rb Tc
r s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ r♠♥t♦ s ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦r♦ ♥ r♥rs t♠♣rtrs q ♥ s ♦s trá♥♦s ♦ st ♦s ír♦s ♦♥ ♥ ♣s♦ Pr s t③ó ♥ r♥r 60σff ♥♦ ♦ ♠s♠♦ q ♣r♦ ♣r sst♠ t♠♣rtrs q ♥ s ♦s trá♥♦s ♦st ír♦s ♦♥ ♥ ♣s♦ Pr s ♦♥sró ♥ r♥r 40σff ♦ ♠s♠♦ q ♣r♦ ♣r sst♠ t♠♣rtrs q ♥ s ♦s trá♥♦s ♦st ír♦s ♦♥ ♥ ♣s♦ Pr s ♦♥sró ♥ r♥r 40σff í♥s ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r ♦s sstrt♦s ♥③♦s
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1.2
−0.8
−0.4
0
0.4
n*
∆µ/k
B [K
]
Ne/Li
(a)
SS1
SA1
SS2
SA2
SA1
SS1
SA2
SS2
2 3 4 5 6 7−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
n*
[f DF(a
s)−f
DF(s
)]/k
BT
[10
−3]
Ne/Li
(b)
SS1
SA1
SS2
SA2
SS1
SA1
SA2
SS2
r rá♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦s s♦tr♠s sst♠ ♣r s t♠♣rtrs r s♣r♦r ② r ♥r♦r s í♥s ♣♥t♦s rts ♥♥ ♠á①♠♦ ♦r n∗ ♦ s rst s♠trí s s♦♦♥s s♥♦ ♦s rst♥ts ♣♥t♦s s r ♥ t①t♦ ♥ rá♦ s ♠str r♥ ♥tr ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ② s s♠étrs ♥ ♥ó♥ n∗
♣r ♠s t♠♣rtrs r ♥r♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr ② s♣r♦r ♥ ♥ ré♠♥ ♠t♦ ♣♦r SS1 ② SA1 ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s♦♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ① ♥rtr ♥t ♣♦r ♥♠ n∗(SA1) st rtr ♥ ♣♦st st♦s rst♦s q s ♦tr♦♥ ♣rr♥rs rrs s ♦t♥♥ t♠é♥ ♥ s♦ r♥rs rts
s s♠étrs s♦♥ ♥sts ♥tr ♦s ♣♥t♦s SS1 ② SS2 Pr st♦ s♣♥♦ ♠á①♠♦ st s♦tr♠
♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ r♦ s ♥t♦ st♦ ♣r♦ q ré♠♥ s♠étr♦ s♣r③ ♥♦ ∆µasym ♥
♦r q ∆µsym t♥ ♥ SS1 Pr ♦tr s♦tr♠ ①st ♥ r♥ tt ♠♣♦rt♥t ♣♦t♥
qí♠♦ r♦ st♦ s♣♥♦ SS1 s ♣♦st♦ ② ♥t♦♥s s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s ①t♥♥ ♠♥r
t q ∆µasym s ♣r♦①♠ r♦ ② s♠trí ♣rr st q s ♣r♦ ♥ ♦♥♥só♥ s ♣r
♥ s ♣ ♦srr q ♥rí r ♣♦r ♣rtí s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s ♥r♦r
s s♠étrs ♥ r♥♦ ♥♦ ♣♦r SS1SA1SA2 ♣r ♠s t♠♣rtrs ❱ r s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs
♦♥stt②♥ ♦s st♦s ♥♠♥ts s♦♦s ♦s r♥ts ♦rs n∗
s ♦♣♦rt♥♦ sñr t♠é♥ q ♦ r♦ r r② ♥tr SS1 ② SA1 ♣r ♠s s♦tr♠s s s♦♦♥s
s♦♥ ♥sts dµasym/dn < 0 ♥ ♠r♦ t♦s sts s♦♦♥s ②s ♥rís s♦♥ ♥r♦rs s ♥rís
s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs s♦♥ st③s r ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♦♠♦ ♦rr ♥ s♦ ♥ r♥r
rr ❬❪
♥ ♦s rá♦s ② s ♠str♥ r♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts s♦r♦
♥ r♥rs ② rs♣t♠♥t ♦♥ s ♣ ♦srr ♦♠♦ ♦♦♥♥ sts s♦♦♥s ♥♦ s
♥ ♥♥♦ s r♥rs ♦♥ ♦ ♥ sts rs stá♥ s♦s r♥t ♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís
♥ ♥♦ st♦s rá♦s s rs tr③♦ rs♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ st♦ s♠étr♦ q s q ♦①st
♦♥ ♦s ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s rs♣t♦s t♠♣rtr sñ ♥ ♥♦ ♦s
s rs s ♥ í♥ r②s s s♦♥ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♠ás r♥s ♠②♦r ♥ú♠r♦
♣rtís ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣rs s♦r♦s ♣♦♦ s♣s♦r ♦s ♣rs s♠étr♦s q ♥ ♣rr
♦ st♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s s s s ♦♥♥♦ ♣rtís r♥r stá♥ s♦♦s ♣ís
♠②♦r s♣s♦r q s q ♥♥ sts rs
♥ ♦s rá♦s r s ♠str♥ ♦♠♦ ♠ t♦r s♠trí ♣r ♥s t♠♣rtrs ♦♠♦
♥ó♥ r♠♥t♦ ♦sr♠♦s ♣♦r ♠♣♦ rá♦ í s ♥ ♦ rs s♠trí
♥ s s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♠♣rtrs q ♥ s r ♠ás t ♥ ♣s♦s
♠♦ r♦ st ♠♥r ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♣r s♦ ♦s ♣rs s♦♦s q s ♠str♥ ♥ s♦
st♦ s♠étr♦ r r② s♦♥ ♥♦s ♦s ♣♥t♦s q ♦♠♣♦♥♥ s♥ r ♦♥t♥♦ s ♦
rr q s ①t♥ ♥tr ♦s st♦s ♣rs♥ts ♥tr SA1② SA2 ♦s st♦s SA1② SA2 s♦♥ ♦s ♠s♠♦s q
stá♥ sñ♦s ♥ tr③♦ rs♦ r r♣rs♥t st♦s sts s♦♦♥s q s ♦t♥♥
t♥t♦ ♠♥t ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♦♥ r♥ ♥ó♥♦
s rtrísts ♦s sst♠s ② ♥ ♥t♦ strtr ♦s ♣rs ♥s s♦♥
s♠rs s sst♠ Pr sst♠ r♥ ♥♠♥t r ♥ q ♦
♠♥♦r ♥t♥s ♥tró♥ sstrt♦♦ ♦s ♣rs ♥♦ ♣rs♥t♥ ♦s ♣♦s q ♣r♥ ♥ s♦
♦ rtríst♦s ♦r♠ó♥ ♥ strtr ♣s q s ♠♥st ♥ ♦ s♦r♦
r♥♦ ♣r
♥áss s♦ró♥ s♦r ♦♦
♥③ ♦♥ t ♥ s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ s♦r st s♦tr♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥ t♠♣rtr
st t♠♣rtr s ♠ás t ♣r st sst♠ ① ♥ tr♥só♥ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ s s♦tr♠s
s♦ró♥ s ♥ t♥t♦ ♣r r♥r rt ♦♠♦ ♣r ♠s♠ r♥r rr st♦s rst♦s s
♠str♥ ♥ ♦s rá♦s ♥ rá♦ r q r♦rr ♦s ♣♥t♦s CS1 MS1 SS1 SS2 MS2
② CS2 st s♦ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♠♥trs q ♣s ♣♦r SS1 SA1 ② SA2 s ♦t♥ ♣rtr s♦♦♥s
s♠étrs Pr ♥ ♦r r♠♥t♦ s♣r♦r s♦♦ SA2 ♥♦ ①st♥ s♦♦♥s q r♦♠♣♥ s♠trí
♣♦t♥ sstrt♦♦ í♥ rt r②s ② ♣♥t♦s s ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① ♣rtr
s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦t♥s ♦♥ r♥r rr
♦s st♦s r♣rs♥t♦s ♥ s rs í♥ só ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦s q ♣r♥ ♥ s♦ ♠s♠
r♥r rt Pr r ♥ s♦ r♥r rt ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s q ♦①st♥ t♠♣rtr
♥ q ♥ r stá♥ r♣rs♥t♦s ♣♦r MS1 ② MS2 s ♥sr♦ rrrr ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ①
t♥♥ts ♥ s ♠str♥ rs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts st ♠ét♦♦ ♥ r q s
①t♥ s CS1 st SS1 s ♦rt ♥ ♣♥t♦ ♠r♦ ♦♥ Mcross ♦♥ r q s ①t♥ ♥tr CS2 ②
SS2 s s♦r st ♠s♠♦ rá♦ s tr③ r q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① t♥♥ts ♣r
s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs r q s ①t♥ ♥tr SA1 ② SA2 s ♦t♥ q st r ♦rt s ♥tr♦rs
♥ ♠s♠♦ ♣♥t♦ Mcross st ♠♥r st♦ ♠r♦ ♦♥ MA ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr
t♥ s♦♦ ♠s♠♦ ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs MS1 ② MS2 ♦ ♥ q
♣r s♦ r♥r q ♥ Mcross ♦①st♥ trs st♦s ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦ ♦s s♠étr♦s
② ♥♦ s♠étr♦ st♦s trs st♦s sts♥
∆µS1(T, ωe) = ∆µS2(T, ωe) = ∆µA(T, ωe = ∆µe(T, ωe) ,
♦♥ µe(T, ωe) = −0,38991 ♦♥ ωe/kBT = −2,22737 ♥♠−2
♣r ♥s ♦ s♦r♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t st♦MA ♣ ♦srrs ♠r♦ ♦♥ tr③♦ rs♦
♥ ② ♥ ♥ rá♦ ♥tr
♠str q s Mcross ♣r ♦r µ ♦s st♦s ♠tsts s♠étr♦s s♠♣r t♥♥
r♥ ♣♦t♥ ♠ás ♦ q ♦s s♠étr♦s P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♣r t♠♣rtrs s♣r♦rs ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥
♦ µ ♦s st♦s q ♣♦s♥ r♥ ♣♦t♥ ♠ás ♦ stá♥ r♣rs♥t♦s ♣♦r ♣♥t♦s ♥ í♥ tr♠♥ ♣♦r
CS1 −Mcross − CS2 ② ♠♦♦ ♠♣ q ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t strtr st♦s st♦s ♦♥sst ♥ ♣ís
s ♥♦r♠s s♦r ♣♥♦ xy P♦r ♦ t♥t♦ ♥♦ s r♦♠♣ s♠trí ♥ st ♣♥♦
s ♥ rá♦ s♠r ♥ st s♦ s ♠str♥ s r♥s fDF −y ♦rrs♣♦♥♥tst♥t♦ st♦s s♠étr♦s ♦♠♦ s♠étr♦s qí µe/kBT = −6,97235 [µ0/kBT (T = = −6,96284] ② ω+
e /kBT =
ωeσ2ff/kBT = −2,22737
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
(a)
Ne/Li T=38 K
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
15
30
45
60
75
90
Γl
∆ N (
%)
(b)
Ne/Li
SA1
SA2
SA2
SA1
0 10 20 30 400
5
10
15
20
25
30
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
(c)
Ne/Na T=41 K
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
20
40
60
80
Γl
∆ N (
%)
Ne/Na
(d)
SA1
SA1
SA2
SA2
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
5
10
15
20
25
z*
ρ [n
m−3
]
(e)
Ne/Rb T=42.75 K
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
10
20
30
40
50
Γl
∆ N (
%)
(f)
Ne/Rb
SA1
SA2
SA2
SA1
r Prs ♥s s♠étr♦s ♥ ♥ r♥r ♥ t♠♣rtr ♣r rt♦s ♦rs Γl r tr③♦ rs♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ q ♦①st ♦♥ ♦s ♦s s♠étr♦s r r②sst s♦ ♦♥ ♣r s♠étr♦ ♠tst ♠♥♦r s♣s♦r r t①t♦ t♦r s♠trí ♣r sst♠ ♥ ♥ó♥ t♦r r♠♥t♦ ♣r t♠♣rtrs ♥tr ♦s r s♣r♦r ② ♦s r ♥r♦r ♥ ♣s♦s ♠♦ r♦ s♥♦ ♦s ♣♥t♦s SA1 ② SA2 s ♠s♠♦ q ♣r ♦ ♠s♠♦ q ♣r♦ ♣r sst♠ ♥ t♠♣rtr ♦ ♠s♠♦ q ♣r♦ ♣r sst♠ ♣r ♥ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs q ♥ s ♦s rs♣r♦r ♦s r ♥r♦r ♥ ♣s♦s ♠♦ r♦ ♦ ♠s♠♦ q ♣r♦ ♣r sst♠ ♥ t♠♣rtr ♦ ♠s♠♦ q ♣r♦ ♣r sst♠ ♣r ♥ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs q ♥ s ♦s rs♣r♦r ♦s r ♥r♦r ♥ ♣s♦s rt♦ r♦
−0.5 −0.45 −0.4 −0.35 −0.3
2
4
6
8
∆µ/kB [K]
Γ l
(a)
Ne/Na T=41 K
CS1
CS2
SS1
SS2
SA1
SA2
MS1
MS2
MA
−0.5 −0.45 −0.4 −0.35 −0.3
−2.24
−2.23
−2.22
∆µ/kB [K]
ω+/k
BT
(b)
Ne/Na T=41 K
CS1
CS2
Mcross
SS1
SA2
SS2
SA1
r s♦tr♠ s♦ró♥ ② r♥ ♥rí r ♥ ♥ó♥ r♠♥t♦ ♣r sst♠ t♥t♦ ♣r s♦♦♥ss♠étrs ♦♠♦ s♠étrs ♥ rá♦ s ♠str ♥ s♦tr♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ t♠♣rtr í♥ só st ♦♥stt ♣♦r s s♦♦♥s ♦t♥s ♥ ♥ r♥r rt ② r② q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♠s♠ r♥r ♣r♦ rr s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ r q ♥ ♦s ♣♥t♦s CS1 SS1SS2 CS2 ♠♥trs q s s♠étrs sts s♦s r q ♥ SS1 SA1 SA2 SS2 í♥ rt♥ ♣♥t♦s ② r②s s ♥ ♦♥stró♥ ① q ♦♥t ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s MS1 ② MS2 ♥ ♦①st♥♦♥ ♥ st♦ s♠étr♦ MA ♥ rá♦ s♥♦ ♦s ♣♥t♦s s ♠s♠♦ q ♣r rá♦ srs q ♦♥t♥♥ CS1SS1 ② SS2CS2 ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ② s q ♦♥t♥♥ SA1SA2
stá♥ s♦s s s♠étrs ♣♥t♦ Mcross ♥ ♦③ó♥ r s trs í♥s ② tr♠♥ ♦①st♥ ♦s s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ② ♥ s♠étr MS1 MS2 ② MA ♠♦strs ♥
♣ ♦srr ♥ rá q s trs rs t♥♥ s ért ♥ r♦ s ♦r♥s ♦♥ ♦①st♥ ♦s
st♦s MS1 MS2 ② MA ♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♣rs s ♠str♥ ♥
♥ s ♠str♥ r♠s s ♦①st♥ st♦s ♣r ♦s sst♠s st♦s í s
tr③r♦♥ trs í♥s rts ♦r③♦♥ts q ♥♥ s t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ ② Pr ♥♦
st♦s ♠ts s ♣ ♦srr q ♥ s♦ ♣ ♠ás rs s♣s♦r r t♥t♦ ♥
s♦ s♠étr♦ ♦♠♦ ♥ s♠étr♦ ♥♦ t♠♣rtr s ♣r♦①♠ ♠♦♦ ♥♦ s ♥③
t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦ ♦s trs st♦s ♥ ♦①st♥ ♦♥r♥ ♥♦ s♦♦ ♣♥t♦ q ♥ rá♦
s♦ ♠r♦ ♦♥ ♥ str
P♦r út♠♦ ♥ s ♠str ♦ó♥ ♣rs s♠étr♦s ♦♠♦ ♥ó♥ t♠♣rtr ♣r
♥♦s ♦rs ♥ r♥♦ Tw < T < Tssb ♣ ♦srr ♥ s♦s rá♦s ♦♠♦ ♠ q ♠♥t
t♠♣rtr r t♠é♥ s♣s♦r ♣í ♥ ♥ tr♠♥t♦ ♣í ♠ás rs ♣♦st ♥
st s♦ s♦r ♣r r r♥r
s♠♥
♥③♠♦s s♦ró♥ ❳ ② ♥ r♥rs rts ♦♠♣r♥♦ ♥ ♥♦s s♦s ♦♥ ♦s rst♦s ♦t♥♦s
♥ r♥rs rrs
P♥t♠♦s s♦r s ♥str♦s á♦s ①st♥ ♥ ró♥ rt ♥tr ♦s st♦♥s q ♥
♣r♥♣♦ ♣r♥ ♦♠♦ t♦t♠♥t s♦♥①s ♦s rr♠♦s ♣♦r ♥ ♦ s♠trí s s♦♦♥s ♥ s♦
r♥rs ② ♣♦r ♦tr♦ s ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ sstrt♦ ♥ stó♥
sí ♠♥t ♥áss ♥str♦s rst♦s ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q s s♦♦♥s st♦ ♥♠♥t ♣♥
0.1 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
1/n*
(f DF−y
)/kBT
[10−3
] Ne/Na T=41 K
MS2
MA M
S1
CS2
CS1
SS2
SS1
SA1
SA2
(a)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
10
20
z*
0
10
20
ρ [n
m−3
] 0
10
20
30 Ne/Na T=41 K M
S1 Γ
l=1.83
MA Γ
l=3.76
MS2
Γl=5.70
(b)
r ♥ rá♦ s ♣ ♦srr r♥ fDF − y ♦♥ y = µe + ωen
−1 ♥ ♥ó♥ 1/n∗ ♣r ♥r♥r ♥ ♦♥ ♥ t♠♣rtr s♥♦ ♦s ♣♥t♦s s ♠s♠♦ q st r♥ s ♥ ♥ ♦s ♦rs Γ s♦♦s ♦s st♦s q ♦①st♥ ♥ qr♦ tr♠♦♥á♠♦s s♠étr♦s ② ♥♦ s♠étr♦ ♥ rá♦ ♥r♦r s ♠str♥ ♣rs ♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts ♠s♠♦sst♠ ② ♠s♠ t♠♣rtr ♦s ♠r♦s ♦♥ MS1 ② MS2 ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ② ♠r♦♦♥ MA ♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr Pr r③r st♦s á♦s s t③ó t♥t♦ ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥ó♥♦ ♦♠♦ r♥♥ó♥♦
0 4 8 12 1635
37
39
41
43
45
Γl
T [K
]T
w(Rb)
Tcpw
Rb
Tcpw
Tw(Na)
Na
Tcpw
Tw(Li)
Li
Ne Tc
r r♠ s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♦①st♥ st♦s s♦r♦ ♥ r♥rs ② t♠♣rtrs Tw < T < Tcpw ♦s ír♦s stá♥ s♦♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s ♠♥trs q ♦s ♠♥ts st♦s s♠étr♦s s í♥s ♣♥t♦s ♥ s♦ s ♠♥♦ ③ ♦♥ ♥ ♥r t♥♥ ♦♥♥t♦ ♣♥t♦s ♦s st♦s t♥♥ ♥ ú♥♦ st♦ ♥♦ t♠♣rtr s r rít ♣r♠♦♦♦♥ s rstr s♠trí s s♦♦♥s st ú♥♦ st♦ s♦ ♥♦ ♦♥ ♥ strs í♥s ♦r③♦♥ts ♠r♥ s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ts t♠♣rtrs ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥♦ ♦s sstrt♦s
010
2030
40
36.537
37.538
38.539
0
10
20
30
40
50
z*T [K]
ρ [n
m−
3 ] Ne/Li
r Prs ♥s s♦r♦ ♥ ♥ r♥r ♦♠♦ ♥ ♥ó♥ st♥ z∗ ♥ s ♣rs♣r rt♦s ♦rs t♠♣rtr st♦s t♦s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ á♦s r③♦s ♠♣♥♦ t♥t♦ r♥rs rts♦♠♦ rrs
r♦♠♣r s♠trí ♥ ♣♦r ♥♠ t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥ tr♠♥♦ r♥♦ ♥ss ② q
♣♦s st r♣tr s ①t♥ ♥♦ ♠ás á t♠♣rtr rít ♣r♠♦♦
trr ♦♥ r♥rs rts ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ♥t♦ s ts s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣ ♦①str ♥
st♦ s♠étr♦ st rst♦ st ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♥♦ s♦ r♣♦rt♦
Pr sst♠s rsts ♦t♠♦s ♦s r♠♥s ♠♦♦ r♣♦rt♦s ♥ trtr ♦♥ ♠♥t ♠♦
ó♥ s ♥tr♦♥s ♦sstrt♦ s r♣r♦í rt strtr í♥s ♣r♠♦♦
♥♦♥tr♠♦s s♦♦♥s sts s♠étrs tr♥♦ ♦♥ r♥rs ♥♦sts ♣♥s 15σff ♥♦
t♠♦s s trs ss ♣rs q s r♣♦rt♥ ♥ ♦rí s ❬ ❪
str♦s rst♦s ♠str♥ q ♦s t♦s ♣rs ♦♠♥③♥ sr ♠♣♦rt♥ts ♣r r♥rs ♥♦ ♠♥♦r
♦s 12σff
♥③♠♦s r♦ ♥♥ q t♥ ♥♦ r♥r ♥ s♠trí ♣r ♥s ♣r ♦
s r♦♥ ♦ á♦s ♥ r♥rs rs♦s ♥♦s
♣ít♦
♣é♥
P♦t♥ ❲
strtr ♥ ♦ ♥♦r♠ st s♥♠♥t tr♠♥ ♣♦r ♣rt r♣s ♣♦t♥ ♥tr♠♦
r P♦♠♦s ♠♥r ♦ ♦♠♦ ♦r♠♦ ♣♦r srs rs q ♥trtú♥ ♠♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ tr♠♥♦
♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥♥r♦♥s ♦ st ♣♦t♥ trt ♦ r♣s ñ s♦♠♥t ♣
qñs ♦rr♦♥s ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ ♥r♦ ♣♦r ♥ú♦ r♣s♦ P♦r ♦♥s♥t sr ♣♦s trtr
♦ ♣♦t♥ ♦♠♦ ♥ ♣rtró♥ q tú s♦r ♦ q ♠r♠♦s sst♠ rr♥ q s q
♥ q ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr ♣rtís st ♦r♠♦ s♦♠♥t ♣♦r ♥ú♦ r♣s♦ sst♠
rr♥ ♣ str ♥t♦♥s ♦♥stt♦ ♣♦r ♠♣♦ ♣♦r ♥ ♦ srs rs ♦ q s s ①tr♦
rr♥ ❬❪
r♦ st ♠♦♦ s♣♦♥♠♦s q ♥rí ♥tró♥ ♥tr s N ♣rtís q ♠r♠♦s
Φ(r1, r2, .......rN ) s ♣ ①♣rsr ♦♠♦
Φ(r1, r2, .......rN ) = Φ0(r1, r2, .......rN ) + Φ1(r1, r2, .......rN )
♦♥ Φ0 s ♦♥tró♥ ♣r♦♥t ♥ú♦ r♣s♦ ♣♦t♥ ② Φ1 s ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♦♥tró♥
♦ ♣♦t♥
tr♠♦s ♥tr♦ ♦♥t①t♦ ♥ó♥♦ ♦♠♦ ♠♦s ♥ ♣t♦ ♣rt ♦♥r♦♥ ♥rí
r ♠♦t③ FN (V, T ) q r♦♥ ♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♥ó♥ ZN (V, T ) ♠♥t s♥t
①♣rsó♥
e−βFN (V,T ) =ZN (V, T )
N !=
1
N !
ˆ
dr1dr2dr3.......drN exp(βΦ(r1, r2, .......rN ))
s ♦ ♠♠♦s Z0N (V, T ) ② F 0
N (V, T ) ♥ó♥ ♣rtó♥ ♥ó♥ ② ♥rí s♦ sst♠
rr♥ rs♣t♠♥t ♣♦♠♦s srr
e−βF 0
N (V,T ) =Z0N (V, T )
N !=
1
N !
ˆ
dr1dr2dr3.......drN exp(βΦ0(r1, r2, .......rN ))
♥ó♥ stró♥ N r♣♦s ♥♦r♠③ q sr sst♠ rr♥ srá ♠ f0N (r1, r2, .......rN )
st ♥ó♥ s q ♥ ♣r♦♠♦ ♥ r ♥♠ qr A ♥ s♥t♦ q
〈A〉 =ˆ
dr1dr2dr3.......drN f 0N(r1, r2, .......rN)
♦ st ♥♦♥ str♦♥ s ♣ srr ♦♠♦
f0N (r1, r2, .......rN ) =1
N !0N (r1, r2, .......rN )
e−βΦ0(r1,r2,.......rN )
Z0N (V, T )
♦♥ 0N r♣rs♥t ♣r♦ ♥♦♥trr s ♣rtís st s♦ sst♠ rr♥ ♥ ♥t♦r♥♦s
s ♣♦s♦♥s r1, r2, .......rN st ①♣rsó♥ s q
e−βΦ0(r1,r2,.......rN ) = Z0N (V, T )f0N (r1r2rN )
② t♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ♣♦♠♦s srr
e−βFN (V,T ) = e−βF 0
N (V,T )
ˆ
dr1dr2dr3.......drN f 0N(r1, r2, .......rN)e−βΦ1(r1,r2,.......rN ) =
= e−βF 0
N (V,T )⟨
e−βΦ1(r1,r2,.......rN )⟩
♦♥ ♠♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦♠♦ ♠♥t stró♥ ♥♦r♠③ f0N (r1, r2, .......rN )
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♣♦♠♦s srr⟨
e−βΦ1(r1,r2,.......rN )⟩
= exp∞∑
n=1
(−β)nn!
Cn
♦♥ Cn s ♥♦♠♥♦ ♠♥t ♦r♥ ♥ t♦rí str♦♥s ①st♥ ①♣rs♦♥s ①♣íts
st♦s ♠♥ts ♥ tér♠♥♦s r t♦r Φ1 ♥ ♥str♦ s♦ P♦r ♠♣♦
C1 = 〈Φ1〉
C2 =⟨
Φ21
⟩
− 〈Φ1〉2
C3 =⟨
Φ31
⟩
− 3 〈Φ1〉⟨
Φ21
⟩
+ 2⟨
Φ21
⟩
s ♦t♥ sí s♣és t♦♠r ♦rt♠♦s
FN (V, T ) = F 0N (V, T ) + Φ1(r1, r2, .......rN )− β
2
[
⟨
Φ21
⟩
− 〈Φ1〉2]
+ .............
♣♦t♥ s t♦ ♣rs s r s s s♣r♥ s ♥tr♦♥s ♠ás ♦s r♣♦s ♥t♦♥s s
♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♦s ♣rtís q s♦♠♣s♠♦s ♥ ♥ ♣rt s♦ sst♠ rr♥
φ0(r12) ② ♦tr s♦ ♣rtró♥ φ1(r12) r ♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥ st s♦ s♥♦
s♠♥♦ ó♥ ♥tr♦r s ♣ ①♣rsr ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♥ó♥ stró♥ r sst♠
rr♥ Pr r♦ st t♥r ♥ ♥t q ♥trr ♦♥ ♥ ♦t♥r ♣r♦♠♦ Φ1(r1, r2, .......rN )
♥♦s ♣rrá s ♦♥tr♦♥s t♦s s N(N −1)/2 ♣rs ♣rtís q ♦♥♦r♠♥ ♦ st
♠♥r ♦t♥♠♦s
〈Φ1(r1, r2, .......rN )〉 = 1
2N(N − 1)
ˆ
r1r2φ(r12)ˆ
dr1dr2dr3.......drN f 0N(r1, r2, .......rN) =
=1
2
ˆ
dr1dr2φ1(r12)20(r12) =
1
2Nρ
ˆ
drφ1(r)g0 (r)
♥ st ①♣rsó♥ ρ s ♥s ♦ ② g0(r) s ♥ó♥ stró♥ r s♦ ♦
rr♥ st út♠ ①♣rsó♥ ♥♦ s ♠s q ♦♥tró♥ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♥rí r íq♦
♥♦r♠ ①♣rsó♥ s á♠♥t ♥tr♣rt ② q st♠♦s ♣rt♥♦ s♣♦só♥ q strtr
♦ st tr♠♥ ♣♦r ♣rt r♣s ♣♦t♥ ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦ ♦ q st ♥ s♣♦♥♠♦s s st♠♥t
q ♥ó♥ stró♥ r ♦ s ♣rs♠♥t g0(r) ①♣rsó♥ ♥tr♦r ♥♦ s ♥t♦♥s ♦tr
♦s q ♥rí ♥tró♥ ♦t♥ s♠♥♦ s♦r t♦♦s ♦s ♣rs ♣rtís ♥rí ♣r
♣s♥♦ ♦♥ ♣r♦ q t ♣r ①st s♥♦ ♦r♥ ♣rtr♦♥s qí r♣rs♥t♦ ♣♦r
trr s♠♥♦ s ♠② ♦♠♣♦ ♣r sr ①♣rs ♥ tér♠♥♦s ♥ó♥ ♦rró♥ ♥♦s q♠♦s
♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♣♦♠♦s srr ♥rí r ♦♠♦
FN (V, T ) = F 0N (V, T ) +
1
2Nρ
ˆ
drφ1(r)g0 (r)
st ó♥ s ①tr♠♠♥t út ♦r tr♠♥r s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s ♥ íq♦ ♣rtr
♦♥♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tró♥ ♥tr s ♣rtís q ♦ ♦♥stt②♥ ♥ s♦ s♣♦♥r
♥rí r ② ♥ó♥ stró♥ r sst♠ rr♥ P♦r st r③ó♥ ♥ sst♠ rr♥
♦♥♥♥t s ♥ ♠♦♦ s srs rs ♣s ♠s ♣r♦♣s s ♦♥♦♥ ♠② ♥ ♣r st sst♠
rt♦s ♠♦♦s ♣♦t♥ ♦♥♥ ♠♥r ♥tr st stó♥ st s s♦ ♣♦t♥ ♣♦③♦
r♦ ♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥ sr r ♦♥ ♦ trt ♣s ♥ st♦s s♦s s ♥tr t♦♠r ♣rt sr
r ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ② ♦ ♦♠♦ ♣rtró♥ ♥ ♠r♦ ♠♦♦s ♣♦t♥ ♠ás rsts
♦♠♦ ♥♥r♦♥s r♥ ♥ ♥ú♦ r♣s♦ r♦ ♠♦♦ q ♥♦ ①st ♥ s♣ró♥ ♥tr ②
ú♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥t♦♥s ♣
rqr ♦s ♣s♦s ♦♥s ♥♣♥♥ts ♥tr s ♥♣♥♥ts ♣r♦①♠ó♥ q s♥
s♦ st ①♣rsó♥
③r ♥ ♣rtó♥ rtrr ♣♦t♥ ♥ ♥ ♣rt rr♥ φ0(r) ② ♥ ♣rtró♥ φ1(r)
♣r♦①♠r ♣♦t♥ rr♥ φ0(r) ♣♦r ♥♦ sr r ♦♥ á♠tr♦ t♦ d q sr
♦t♥♦ ♥ ♠♥r ♠♦♦ q ♥rí r ② t♠é♥ ♥ó♥ stró♥ r sst♠
rr♥ s ♣r♦①♠♥ ♥ ♦ srs rs á♠tr♦ d
st♥ts ♠♥rs r③r ♦s ♣s♦s ② ♦♥♥ st♥ts t♦rís q ♥t♠♥t ♥ st♥t♦s rst♦s
♥♦ s ♣♥ ♠s♠♦ ♠♦♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥tr♠♦r ♦s ♦s ♠♦♦s ♠s r♥ts s♦♥ s t♦rís
rr ② ♥rs♦♥ ② ❲s♥r♥rs♥ ❲ r rr♥s ❬❪ ② ❬❪
♥③♠♦s ♦r st út♠♦ ♣♥t♦ ♦♥sr♠♦s ♥t♦♥s ♥ ♣♦t♥ φ0(r) q s rt♠♥t r♣s♦ ♣r♦
♦♥t♥♦ ♥ st s♦ t♦r ♦t③♠♥♥ e−βφ0(r) q ♥♦♠♥r♠♦s e0(r) t♥ ♦r♠ q s
♠str ♥ rá♦ s♣r♦r ② ♥♦ s ♠② r♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ q ♠♠♦s ed(r) ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
♥ ♣♦t♥ srs rs ♦♥ á♠tr♦ s srs s d rá♦ ♥tr ♠s♠ r s♠♣r
② ♥♦ ♦r d st ♦♥♥♥t♠♥t ♦ P♦r ♦ t♥t♦ s ♠♦s ♣r♦♣♠♥t ♦r st
á♠tr♦ t♥r♠♦s q ♥t
∆e(r) = e0(r)− ed(r)
srá st♥t r♦ ♦♠♦ s ♠str ♥ r s♦♦ ♥ ♥ ♣qñ♦ ♥tr♦ q ♠r♠♦s ξd ♥ó♥
∆e(r) s ♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠r ♥ó♥ ♣ ♥t♦♥s s ♦♠♦ s♣♦♥♠♦s ξd s ♣qñ♦ ♣♦♠♦s ♣♥sr
♥ r ♥ srr♦♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥s ♥ tér♠♥♦s ξd ♦ ♠s ♦♥♥♥t s srr♦r
A =−βFexc
V
♦♥ ♥♠♦s ①s♦ ♥rí r ♦♠♦
Fexc = −kBT lnZN (V, T )
V N
st ♦r♠ srr♦♦ s ♣ srr s♥t ♠♥r
r ♥ rá♦ s♣r♦r s ♠str ♦r♠ q ♣♦s t♦r ♦t③♠♥♥ e0(r) ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥rt♠♥t r♣s♦ ♣r♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♥ó♥ ♥♦ s ♠② r♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥ q ♠♠♦s ed(r) ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t sr r ♦♥ á♠tr♦ sr s d rá♦ ♥tr ♠s♠ r út♠♦ rá♦♠str ♦r ∆e(r) = e0(r)− ed(r)
A = Ad +
ˆ
drδA
δe(r)|e=ed ∆e(r)+
+1
2
ˆ ˆ
drdr′δ2A
δe(r)δe(r′)|e=ed ∆e(r)∆e(r′) + ............
♦♥ Ad♦rrs♣♦♥ sst♠ srs rs ♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ♥ó♥ ①s♦ ♥rí r
♠ás ♦♥sr♥♦ q ♦r♠s♠♦ ♥♦♥ ♥s s s♣r♥ qδFex
δφ(r)=
1
2ρ2g(r)
s δA
δe(r)=
1
2ρ2gN (r)eβφ(r)
♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦ s ♣ rsrr ♦♠♦
A = Ad +1
2ρ2ˆ
dr g0N (r)eβφ0(r)∆e(r) + ........
♦♥ s♣r♥ ♥ q sts ♥ts stá♥ s♦s sst♠ rr♥
♥ st út♠ ①♣rsó♥ s ♥ s♣r♦ tér♠♥♦s s♣r♦rs ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♣s ♥②♥ ♥♦♥s
stró♥ ♠ás ♦s ♣rtís q ♥ ♥ á♦ tér♠♥♦ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ó♥
s ♦r♥ ξd ♣s ∆e(r) ♦ s ♣r ♥t♦♥s ♥ ♥ ó♥ t♦♠r ♦r d ♣r q st
tér♠♥♦ s ♥ st ♦♥stt② rtr♦ t♦rí ❲ ♣r á♠tr♦ t♦ sr r P♦r ♦ t♥t♦
♥ st t♦rí á♠tr♦ s ♦t♥ rs♦rˆ
dr g0N (r)eβφ0(r)∆e(r) = 0
♥rí r ♥ ♥ ♣♦r
A0 = Ad
ó♥ ❲ ♥♦ s ú♥ ♣♦s Pst♦ q ∆e(r) s ♥♦ ♥ s♦♦ ♥ ♥ ró♥ ♠② str r♦r
r = d ♣♦♠♦s r ♥ srr♦♦ ②♦r t♦r r2g0N (r)eβφ0(r) q ♣r ♥ ♥tr♥♦ tér♠♥♦
r♦
r2g0N (r)eβφ0(r) = σ0 + σ1
( r
d− 1)
+ σ2
( r
d− 1)2
+ ...........
♦♥σmdm
=
(
dm
drmr2g0N (r)eβφ
0(r)
)
r=d
sstt②♥♦ ♥ ♦t♥♠♦s∞∑
m=0
σmm!
Im = 0
♦♥
Im =
ˆ
∞
0
d( r
d
)
∆e(r)( r
d− 1)m
=
− 1
m+ 1
ˆ
∞
0
dr( r
d− 1)m+1 d
dr
(
e−βφ0(r))
φ0(r) r rá♣♠♥t ♦♥ r r q ♣r ♥ ♥tr♥♦ st ♥ó♥ s ♥ó♥ t
♥tr ♥ r = d ② st ♠♥r sr q ♣r ♥ ♦♥r rá♣♠♥t t♥♠♦s ♥t♦♥s
s♦♦ ♣r♠r tér♠♥♦ ♠♦♦ q ♦♥ó♥ ♣r ♦t♥r á♠tr♦ t♦ sr r s I0 = 0 ♦
d =
ˆ
∞
0
dr(
1− e−βφ0(r))
st út♠ s ①♣rsó♥ á♠tr♦ t♦ ♣r t♦rí ♥ s♦ ♣rtr ♣r♦ ♠② s q
♣♦t♥ rr♥ t♥ ♦r♠ ♣♦t♥ ♥rs st♥ ♥tr♠♦r ♦ s
φ0(r) = ε(σ
r
)n
♦♥ ε s ♥ ♦♥st♥t ♥tr t♥ ①♣rsó♥ ♥ít rst♦ s
d = σ
(
ε
kBT
)1/n
Γ
(
n− 1
n
)
= σ
(
ε
kBT
)1/n
(1 +γ
n+ .......)
♦♥ γ = 0,5772.... s ♥♦♠♥ ♦♥st♥t r
♣r♥♣ r♥ ♥tr s ♣rsr♣♦♥s ❲ ❬ ❪ ② ❬ ❪ s q st út♠ r ♥
á♠tr♦ sr r q ♣♥ s♦♠♥t t♠♣rtr ♠♥trs q á♠tr♦ ❲ ♣♥ t♥t♦
t♠♣rtr ♦♠♦ ♥s st ♠②♦r ① ♥ ♥ ♥r q t♦rí ❲ s ♥ ú♥
s♥t♦ ♠ás ♦♠♣t q
Ps♠♦s ♦r ♥③r ♦♠♦ s♣rr ♣♦t♥ φ(r) ♥ ♥ ♣rt rr♥ φ0(r) ② ♥ ♣rtró♥ φ1(r)
♦ ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♥♦ ①st ♥ ú♥ ♠♥r r st♦ ♥ ♣r♥♣♦ ♣rrí q st rtrr ♥tr♦
♥ t ♦♥ ♥ t♦rí ♣r♦ ♣♦r ♦♥trr♦ ① ①tr q ♥tr♦ ♦r♠ rtrr
♣♥tr st ♣rtó♥ ♣r♠t ♠♥t ♥ ó♥ ♣r♦♣ ♣♦r ♠♦rr sst♥♠♥t ♦♥r♥
sr ♣rtrt ♦♠♠♦s ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ ♣♦t♥ ♥♥r♦♥s st ♣♦t♥ r
♥ ♥ú♦ ♥♥t♠♥t r♣s♦ ♣♦r ♦ t♥t♦ s ss♣t sr s♣r♦ ♦♥ t♦t rtrr ♦r
①♣rsr♦ ♥ ♦s tér♠♥♦s ♣r♦s
r P♦t♥ ♥♥r♦♥s ♦rt♦ trs ♦r♠s r♥ts r s ♥ ♣r♦♣st rr② t③ sñ ♦♥ s ♣rtó♥ q ♣r♦♣♦♥♥ rr ② ♥rs♦♥ ② s q ♦rrs♣♦♥ t♦rí ❲ ♥ ♠♦♦ s tér♠♥♦ r−12 ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ② ♦ q s♥ ♥ó♥ r−6 q s t♦♠ ♦♠♦ ♣rtró♥ ♣r♦♣st ♦♥sst ♥ t♦♠r ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ♣rt ♣♦st ♣♦t♥ ♥♥r♦♥s r r < σ ♠♥trs q ♣rtró♥ ♦♥sst ♥ ♣rt♥t ♦ ♣♦t♥ r > σ ♥ ♣r♦♣st ❲ ♣rtó♥ s ♣♦r r ♣♦t♥ ♦♥st ♣rtó♥ s ♦♥s q ♣rtró♥ rí ♠♦ ♠ás ♥t♠♥t í ♦♥ ♥ó♥ stró♥r ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠á①♠♦ ♦
♥ s r♣rs♥t ♦♥ ♥ í♥ ♦♥t♥ ó♥ ♣r ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ② ♦♥ ♥ tr③♦s
ó♥ ♣r ♣rtró♥ ♥ ♥ s trs ♣♦ss q s ♣rs♥t♥
♦♣ó♥ s rr ② t③ ♦♣ó♥ s ♣rtó♥ ② s q ♦rrs♣♦♥
❲ ♥ ♣r♠r s s tér♠♥♦ r−12 ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ② ♦ q s♥
♥ó♥ r−6 q s t♦♠ ♦♠♦ ♣rtró♥ ♦s rst♦s ♣r ó♥ st♦ ♦ ♥♥r♦♥s
♦t♥♦s ♦♥ st ♠♦♦ s♦♥ ♣t♠♥t ♥♦s ♦♠♣r♦s ♦♥ s s♠♦♥s ♥♦ t♠♣rtr s
s♥t♠♥t t T∗ = kBT/ε ≥ 3 ♣r♦ ♠♣♦r♥ ♥♦t♠♥t ♠ q t♠♣rtr s♥ st♦
s ♥t♥ ♣s ♦♠♦ s ♦sr ♥ r ♣♦t♥ rr♥ s ♥♦t♠♥t ♠ás ♥♦ ② ♣♦r ♦
t♥t♦ r♥t ♥ sr r q q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♣♦t♥ r ♥ ró♥ ♠ás ♠♣♦rt♥t s r
r♥ ♠í♥♠♦ ♣♦t♥ ♦♥ ♦♥tró♥ ♥rí r s ♠②♦r
♣r♦♣st ♦♥sst ♥ t♦♠r ♦♠♦ ♣♦t♥ rr♥ ♣rt ♣♦st ♣♦t♥ ♥♥r♦♥s
r r < σ ♠♥trs q ♣rtró♥ ♦♥sst ♥ ♣rt ♥t ♦ ♣♦t♥ r > σ á♠tr♦
s s♥♦ ♣rsr♣ó♥ ①♣ ♥ts ♦♥tró♥ ♣rtró♥ ♥rí r s ♦t♥
♣rtr ♦♥ g0(r) = gd(r)
♥♦ s t③ st t♦rí ♣r ♦t♥r s ♣r♦♣s tr♠♦♥á♠s ♦ ♥♥r♦♥s rst♦
s ♠② ♥♦ ♥q ♠♣♦r ♥ss ② t♠♣rtrs r♥s ♣♥t♦ tr♣ s s♦♦♥s ♠♦r♥
♥♦t♠♥t s s r ♥ tr♠♥♦ ♣rtrt♦ s♥♦ ♦r♥ st ♦ t♠é♥ s ♣ ♥t♥r ♥tt
♠♥t s t♥♠♦s ♥ ♥t q ♣rtó♥ ♥② ♥ ♣rtró♥ ♣rt rá♣♠♥t ♠♥t
♣♦t♥ q s r = σ st ♠í♥♠♦ ♥ rm = 21/6σ ♥ st r♥♦ st♥s s st♠♥t ♦♥
♥ó♥ stró♥ r srs rs ♥③ s ♦r ♠á①♠♦ ② ♣♦r ♦♥s♥t s t♦♥s
♥rí ♣rtrt t♦t s♦♥ r♥s P♦r ♦ t♥t♦ s♥♦ ♦r♥ ♣rtr♦♥s sr ♠♣♦rt♥t ❬
s♥♦ ♦r♥ ♣r♦♣♦r♦♥ ts t♦♥s ♦rrs♣♦♥ trr s♠♥♦ ❪ st ♠♥r
♣r♦♣st s ♥ ♥♦ s ♦♠♣r ♦♥ ♦s rst♦s s♠♦♥s ♣r♦ s♦♦ s s ♥② ♥
s♥♦ ♦r♥ ♣rtrt♦ ♥s ♥r ♥ s♥♦ ♦r♥ s ♠♥ s s ♠♦♦ ❲ ♥
st s♦ ♣♦t♥ s ♥ r = rm ② s t♦♠
φ0(r) =
φLJ(r) r < rm
0 r > rm
φ1(r) =
−ε r < rm
φLJ(r) r > rm
♦♥ st ♣rtó♥ s ♦♥s q ♣rtró♥ rí ♠♦ ♠ás ♥t♠♥t í ♦♥ ♥ó♥ stró♥
r ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠á①♠♦ ♦ st ♦r♠ ♥ st sq♠ ♣r♠r ♦r♥ ♣rtrt♦ s ♦♥s♥
rst♦s t♥ ♥♦s ♦♠♦ ♦s q s ♦t♥♥ ♥ ♠♦♦ ♦♥ s♥♦ ♦r♥ ♣rtr♦♥s ♥s
♣r st♦s tr♠♦♥á♠♦s ♣ró①♠♦s ♣♥t♦ tr♣
♣ít♦
♦♥s♦♥s
♠♦s ♣rs♥t♦ ♥ ♣r♦♠♥t♦ ♥♦♦s♦ st ♥♦♥ ♥s q ♥♦s ♣r♠tó ♣rr
♥ ♦♥t①t♦ s ♦rís ♥♦♥ ♥s rss ♣r♦♣s s♦s ♦♥ ♦s s♠♣s
♦♥stt♦s ♣♦r ss ♥♦s rs ♦ s♦r♦s s♦r sstrt♦s só♦s ♣rs ♣♥s ♦ r♥rs ♦♥stts ♣♦r
♠♥t♦s ♥♦s ② ♥♦s ♦tr♦s ♠♥t♦s ♦ ♦♠♣st♦s
♥ st tss ♣r♦♣♦♥♠♦s ♥ ♣r♦♠♥t♦ st ♥♦♥ ♦♥ r♦ ♥ tér♠♥♦ ♦♥
♥♦ ♥♦♥ s ♦♥str② ♥t♦♥s t♥♥♦ ♥ ♥t ♦ s♥t
P♦r ♥ ♦ s t③ó ♥ ♣♦t♥ ♣rs t♦ q s ♦t♥ ♦♣t♠③♥♦ ♦s ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣♦t♥
♣rs ❲s ♥r ② ♥rs♥ r ❬❪ ② ♣é♥ st st ♣♦t♥ ♣rs q
ss ♣rá♠tr♦s ♣r♦♥ ♣♦t♥ ② á♠tr♦ r♦③♦ át♦♠♦s ♦ ♠♦és ♣s♥ ♣♥r
t♠♣rtr ② s r③ s♦r ♦ ♦♠♦é♥♦ ♣r r♣r♦r s ♣r♦♣s ♦①st♥ s ss
íq♦♣♦r
♣♦t♥ ♣rs t♦ sí ♦t♥♦ s t③ó ♣r srr ♦ t♥t♦ ♥ ♦♥♦♥s ♦♠♦é♥s
♦♠♦ ♥♦♠♦é♥s
r♦ ♥♦♥ ♥ ♣rá♠tr♦ ♦♥ tér♠♥♦ s q s st ♥ s♠t♥♦ ♦s rst♥ts
♣rá♠tr♦s ♣♦t♥ ❲ stó♥ st ♦♥t st r♦♥ ♣r ♥♦s ♦s ♦♥
♣rs♥ t♦s á♥t♦s ♦♠♦ s♦ ó♥ ② ♥ ♠♥♦r r♦ ♣r ró♥ Pr♦ t♠é♥ s t③ó♥
♣♦rí strs ♣♥♦ só♥ ♦♥ó♥ q ♣rs♥t♥ ♦s ♦s ♥♦ s t♠♣rtr
s r ♣♥t♦ rít♦ ♦♥ s t♦♥s ♥ ♥s r♥ ② ♦♥ s r♥ rs ♦trs
♣r♦♣s
♣r♦♣st♦ ♦♥♦ r♥♦ q ♣ró♥ ♣r t♥só♥ s♣r ♥trs ♦♥tt♦
♥tr s íq ♦♠♦é♥ ② ♣♦r ♦♠♦é♥ ♥ ♦①st♥ tr♠♦♥á♠ ♥ t♠♣rtr s
♦rrt ♥óts q ♥trs íq♦♣♦r s ♥♦♠♦é♥ str ♣r♦♣st ♣r♠t ♦t♥r rst♦s ♥
t♦♦ r♥♦ t♠♣rtrs ♥tr Tt ② Tc ♦ st ♠♥r ♠♦s rst♦ ♥♦♥♥♥t q ♣rs♥t
♣r♦♣st ♥♦tt♦ ② ♦♦r♦rs ❬ ❪ q ♦r♥ r♥s q ♥♦ ♣r♠t♥ ♦t♥r s♦♦♥s
♥♠ér♠♥t sts ♣r t♠♣rtrs r♥s Tt
♥ s♦ ♦s s♦r♦s s♦r ♣rs ♣♥s ♦♥ ♦ r♥♦ ♣r s rt♠♥t ♥♦♠♦é♥♦
s r♣r♦r♦♥ ♦rrt♠♥t ♣rs ♥s tr♠♥♦s t♥t♦ ♠♥t s♠♦♥s ♦♥t r♦
❬ ❪ ♦♠♦ ♣♦r ♠♦ t♦rís ♥♦ ♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦ ♣r t♠♣rtrs s Tt
♥③r♦♥ t♠é♥ ♣r♦♣s ♠♦♦ s♣rs ② st♦♥s rr♥ts tr♥só♥ ♠♦♦ sts
♣r♦♣s r♦♥ ①trís ♥áss strtr s s♦tr♠s s♦ró♥ ♥ st s♦ ♥♦s ♦s
rst♦s ♠ás r♥ts q ♠♦s ♦t♥♦ r♦♥
Pr sst♠ r2 s ♣♦ ♥r s♦tr♠s ② strtr s ♠ás ♣s q s r♣♦rts ♥ ♥♦s
tr♦s ❬❪
Pr sst♠ r ♦♥ ♥♦ ①st♥ ♣rát♠♥t r♣♦rts s♦r st♦s ♠♦♦ st sst♠ t
③♥♦ ♥♦♥tr♠♦s q ①st ♠♦♦ r♥ ♦ q sñ♥ ♥♦s rst♦s ♦s ♠♥t
s♠♦♥s ♥♠érs
♥ sst♠ r s ♦sr ♣ró♥ ♥ strtr s♠♦♥♦♣s st ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ s
s♠r r♣♦rt♦ ♥ trtr ❬❪
♥♦♥tr♠♦s ♦rs ♠♦♦ ② ♣r♠♦♦ ♣r sst♠s ♦♠♦ ❳ ❳ ❳
♦♠♣♠♥tr♦ ♦s tr♦s ♦♠♦ s rr♥s ❬❪ ②❬❪ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s ♦r♦ r♣r♦r ♣r
sst♠s rs ♦♠♦ ♦s ♦♥stt♦s ♣♦r ❳♥ó♥ s♦r♦ s♦r rs♦s sstrt♦s s strtrs í♥s
♣r♠♦♦ ♠út♣s s♦r s q s t♦r③ ♥ st♦s tr♦s
♥ t♦♦s ♦s s♦s s ♦♣ró ♥tr♦ ♥s♠ ♥ó♥♦ s r ♦♥ ♥ sst♠ ♦♥ s ♠♥t♥í ♦♥st♥t
♥ú♠r♦ ♣rtís ♦ ♠ás t♠♣rtr ② ♦♠♥ ♥q ♥♦s rst♦s r♦♥
r♦t♥♦s tr♥♦ ♥tr♦ ♥s♠ r♥ ♥ó♥♦ ♠ás r♣rs♥tt♦ ♦ q ♦♥stt② ♥ sst♠
r
♥③r♦♥ ♥s ♣r♦♣s st♦s ♦s s♦r♦s ♥ r♥rs ♦♥♦r♠s ♣♦r ♣rs é♥ts s
♣t♦ ♣r s♦r♦ s ♥♦♥trr♦♥ t♥t♦ ♣rs q r♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣♦ sí
♦♠♦ ♣rs q r♦♠♣♥ st s♠trí sts st♦♥s stá♥ ♥ ♣rt♦ ♦r ♦♥ s r♣♦rts ♥ trtr
s ❬ ❪
♥ts rst♦s r♦♥♦s ♦♥ r♣tr s♠trí ♣r ♥s ♦t♥♦s ♥ ♦♥t①t♦
♥ s♦ r♣♦rt♦s ♣♦r r♠ ② ♥st♥ ❬❪ s♣t♦ st♦ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ♠♦s ♣♦♦ r♣r♦r ♣♦r
♠♦ ♥str♦ ♥♦♥ s♦s rst♦s ② ♠ás st♠♦s ♥ ♦rró♥ ♥tr ♥s t♠♣rtr ②
r♣tr s♠trí ♠♦s ♦ q r♣tr s♠trí ♥ ♣r q♥ ♦♥stt② st♦ ♥♠♥t
s ♣r♦ ♣r rt♦ r♥♦ ♥ss st r♥♦ ♦♥stt② ♥ ♦♥♥t♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♦♥ s s♦♦♥s s♦♥
sts ♦ ♠tsts s ③ st r♥♦ ♣♥ t♠♣rtr t ♠♥r q ♠ q st
♠♥t r♥♦ ♥ss ♣r st♦ ♠ás ♥rí s s♠étr♦ s t♦r♥ ♠ás str♦
P♦r ♦tr♦ ♦ ♦♥tr♠♦s r ♣♦s ró♥ ①st♥t ♥tr ♥ó♠♥♦ r♣tr ② s ♣r♦♣s
♠♦♦ s♦r ♥ ♣r ♠♦s ♥♦♥tr♦ q ♠á①♠ t♠♣rtr ♣r ♥ ①st♥ s♦♦♥s
s♠étrs ♥tr♦ r♥r ♦♥♦r♠ ♣♦r ♦s ♣rs é♥ts s ①t♥ ♣♦r ♥♠ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t
t♠♣rtr ♠♦♦ ♥ s ♣rs ♣r♦ ♥♦ ♠s á t♠♣rtr rt ♣r♠♦♦ q
♦rrs♣♦♥ s ♣r s r t♠♣rtr r♣tr s♠trí q ♠♦s ♥♦ ♦♠♦ q ♣♦r
♥♠ ♥♦ ①st♥ s♦♦♥s s♠étrs ♣r ♥♥ú♥ r♥♦ ♥ss ♦♥ ♦♥ t♠♣rtr
rít ♣r♠♦♦ sté♥♦s st ♠♥r ♥ ró♥ ♥tr ♦s ♥ó♠♥♦s q ♥ ♣r♥♣♦ ♥♦ ♣r♥
r♦♥♦s
P♦r t♠♦ s str♦♥ r♥rs rts r sst♠s ♥ ♦♥tt♦ ♦♥ ♥ rsr♦r♦ ♣rtís s
Pr ♦ s tr♦ ♥ ♥s♠ r♥ ♥ó♥♦
♥ st s♦ s s♦♦♥s q s ♦t♥♥ s♦♥ qs q s♦♥ sts ♦ ♠tsts Pr sts r♥rs t♠é♥
s ♦tr♦♥ s♦♦♥s s♦s st♦s ♥♠♥ts q r♦♠♣♥ s♠trí ♣♦t♥ ①tr♥♦ ♣r♦
r♥ r♥r rr s♦♦ ♥ s♦ó♥ s♠étr ♣♦s ♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♦①st♥
❱ r ♥ st t♠♦ s♦ ♠ás ♦s ♦s st♦s s♠étr♦s sts q ♦①st♥ s♦♦s ♥ ú♥♦
♦r ♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ♣r ♥ trr st♦ s♠étr♦ t♠é♥ st q ♣♦s ♠s♠♦ ♦r
♣♦t♥ qí♠♦ ② q ♦ ♣ ♣♥srs q ♦①st ♦♥ ♦s ♦s s♠étr♦s st ♦ ♥♦ r♣♦rt♦ st
♠♦♠♥t♦ ♥ ♥♥ú♥ ♦tr♦ tr♦ s♦r t♠
s ♥st♦♥s r③s ♥ ♠r♦ ♣rs♥t ss r♦♥ ♦r♥ ♦s s♥ts rtí♦s
♥st② ♣r♦s ♦ r s♦r ♥ sts ♦ 2 ♣♦♥t♥♦s s②♠♠tr② r♥
③②s③ ♥ rtr
♦r♥ ♦ ♠ P②ss
s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦ ♦♥ srs st t ♥st② ♥t♦♥ t♦r②
rtr ③②s③ ♥ ❯rrt
P②s
♦rrt♦♥ t♥ s②♠♠tr ♣r♦s ♥ sts ♥ st♥r ♣rtt♥ ♥s
rtr ♥ ③②s③
P♣rs ♥ P②ss
s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦ r ♦♥ ♣♥r srs st t ♥st② ♥t♦♥ t♦r②
rtr ♥ ③②s③
P②s
♣♦♥t♥♦s ②♠♠tr② r♥ ♥ rst♦rr ♣s tr♥st♦♥s ♦ s♦r s
rtr ③②s③ ♥ ❯rrt
♥tr♥t♦♥ ♦r♥ ♦ rt♦♥ ♥ ♦s
♦♥♥♠♥t ♦ r t♥ t♦ ♥t ♣r s♠♥♥t s
rtr ♥ ③②s③
♦r♥ ♦ ♠ P②ss
♦rrs♣♦♥♥ t♥ s②♠♠tr ♥ ♦ sts ♥ rst♦rr ♣s tr♥st♦♥ ♥s
③②s③ ♥ rtr
P ♥s
s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦ s ♦♥ s♦ srs r♦t t♦r r② ♥s ②rs
rtr ♥ ③②s③
P②s rt ♥ ♣rss ♦♣②s
♥ ♦ ♣♥r sts ♦ ♠ts t ♦rrs♣♦♥♥ ♦ ♣rtt♥ ♥s ♥ t
♣♣r♥ ♦ s②♠♠tr ♣r♦s
rtr ♥ ③②s③
P②s s♦♠t♦ rrt♦
♦rí
❬❪ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥ ❱♦ss♥ P②s tt
❬❪ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥ ❱♦ss♥ ♥ r tt P②s
❬❪ r♠ ♥ ♥st♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ③②s③ ♥ rtr ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♥♦tt♦ ♥ ♦♦ P②s
❬❪ ♥♦tt♦ rtr♦♦ ♦♦ ♥ ❲ ♦ P②s tt
❬❪ ③♠s② ❲ ♦ ♥ ❩r♠ ♦ ♠♣ P②s
❬❪ str ♥♦tt♦ rs ♥ ♦♦ P②s tt
❬❪ rtr ③②s③ ♥ ❯rrt P②s
❬❪ rtr ♥ ③②s③ P♣rs ♥ P②ss
❬❪ rtr ♥ ③②s③ P②s
❬❪ rtr ③②s③ ♥ ❯rrt ♥tr ♥ ♦s
❬❪ rtr ♥ ③②s③ P②s ♦♣②s
❬❪ ③②s③ ♥ rtr P ♥s
❬❪ rtr ♥ ③②s③ ♠ P②s
❬❪ rtr ♥ ③②s③ P②s s♦♠t♦ rrt♦
❬❪ r♥ ♦ P②s
❬❪ r♠s♦♥ P②s
❬❪ ♥ ❲s ❩ P②s ♠
❬❪ P ♦♥r ♥ ❲ ♦♥ P②s
❬❪ r♥♥ ♥ tr♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ P②s rrt
❬❪ P r③♦♥ ❯ r♦♥ ♥ ♥s ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♦s♥ P②s tt
❬❪ r ♥ ♦s♥r P②s
❬❪ qrs ♥ ♦ P②s
❬❪ Pt♦s s ❨r♥♦ ❩♦ ♥ ♥ rt Pr♦♥s ♦ t t♦♥
♠② ♦ ♥s
❬❪ P ♥♥s r♦r❲②rt ♥ r ♣r② ♥ ❲tt♥ P♥♦♠♥ r♦♣s s
Prs ❲s ♣r♥r❱r ❨♦r
❬❪ ❲ r ❲ ♦ ♥ ❩r♠ P②s s♦r♣t♦♥ ♦rs ♥ P♥♦♠♥ ♦r Ps♥
♥♦ ❨♦r
❬❪ P ♥s♥ ♦♥ ♦r② ♦ s♠♣ qs sr ♦♥♦♥
❬❪ tr♦♣♦s ❲ ♦s♥t ♦s♥t r ♥ r ♠ P②s
❬❪ r ♥ ❲♥rt ♠ P②s
❬❪ Prs ♥ ❨ P②s
❬❪ ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♥s P②s
❬❪ ❲rt♠ P②s tt
❬❪ ❱rt ♥ ❲ss P②s
❬❪ rr ♥ ♥rs♦♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❲s ♥r ♥ ♥rs♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ rr ttst ♥s r♣r ♥ ♦ ❨♦r
❬❪ r♠♥ P②s
❬❪ Ptr ttst ♥s sr ♠str♠
❬❪ ♥ ttst ♠♥s ❲② ❨♦r
❬❪ P ♥tt tst qs ♦♥♣ts ♥ Pr♥♣s Pr♥t♦♥ ♠ rs②
❬❪ ②r ♠ P②s
❬❪ rr P ♦♥r ♥ P♦♠♣ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♥ ❲ ♦♦r ♠ P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ ♥ ♥s ♦ P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♥s ♥ ♥♠♥ts ♦ ♥♦♠♦♥♦s s ♥rs♦♥ r ❨♦r
❬❪ ♦r♦♠ ♦♥s♦♥ ♥ rsr st P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ ♥ ♥s ♦ P②s
❬❪ ❲ rt♥ ♥ ❲ sr♦t P②s
❬❪ ♥t♦♥ ♥ ❲ sr♦t P②s
❬❪ ts♦ ♥ s P②s
❬❪ ❨ ♦s♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ss rs ♥ ♦t③ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♦t③ ♥ ♦♥s♦♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❨ ♦s♥ ♠t ö♥ ♥ P r③♦♥ P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ ♥ ❨ ♦s♥ P②s
❬❪ Prs tt P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ P②s tt
❬❪ P r③♦♥ P②s
❬❪ P ♦t ❱s♥②♦ ♥ ❱ ♠r P②s
❬❪ rr ♥ ♥rs♦♥ ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♦♥s♦♥ ❩ö ♥ ♥s ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♥s ♥ ♠ ♦ P②s
❬❪ r♥♦ ♠♦ ♥ P r③♦♥ P②s
❬❪ r♥♥ ♥ tr♥ P②s
❬❪ ♥s ♥ P r③♦♥ P②s
❬❪ ❱ ♥♦ ❱ssr♠♥ ❱ ♦st♣ ♥ ❱sr r♠♦♣②s Pr♦♣rts ♦ ♦♥
r♦♥ r②♣t♦♥ ♥ ❳♥♦♥ ♠s♣r ❲s♥t♦♥
❬❪ r ♥ ♦s♥r P②s
❬❪ t rs ❲ ♦ ♥ P②s
❬❪ rtr♦♦ ❲ ♦ ♥ P②s
❬❪ ♥♠ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❲ ♠♠♦♥ ♥♥ ♥ r♥ ♥ ♠str② ❲♦♦ t♥r r♥
ts ♠r ② P ♥str♦♠ ❲ r t♦♥ ♥sttt ♦ t♥rs ♥ ♥♦♦②
trsr tt♣♦♦♥st♦
❬❪ ❲ ♥ ❨♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♠t P r♥r ♥ Prr ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❲♦♠ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❩♦ ♥s ♥ ♥ P②s tt
❬❪ t② ♥ ❯ ♥r P②s tt
❬❪ ♦t ♥ t P②s
❬❪ r♦②♠ ♥ ①♥r ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❱r s ♥ ss ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♥ ♥ t ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♥s P r③♦♥ ♥ ❯ r♦♥ ♦ P②s
❬❪ ♥ sq ♥ ❲s ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♦♦♦s ♥ sr ♦ P②s
❬❪ ❲t ♦♥③á③ ♦♠á♥ ♥ ❱s♦ P②s tt
❬❪ ♦♦ ♠ ♣♣ ❱
❬❪ ♥r ❲ ♠ P②s tt
❬❪ ❲ ♠ ♥ ♥r P②s
❬❪ ♥ ❲ ♦ ❲ ♠ ♥ r♥r P②s
❬❪ ❩r♠ ♥ ❲ ♦♥ P②s
❬❪ ❲ t ♥trt♦♥ ♦ ss t s♦ ss Pr♠♦♥ ①♦r
❬❪ ♦♥ t♥ rtr♦♦ ❲ t ♥ ❲ ♦ P②s
❬❪ ❲ ♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ P ♥♥s ♦ P②s
❬❪ P♥t ♥ ❲♦rts P②s
❬❪ ♥ ❲ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❲ ♠ ♥ r♥r ♦ P②s
❬❪ P r③♦♥ ♥ ♥s ♦ P②s
❬❪ P♥t ♥ sr P②s tt
❬❪ ③②s③ P②s
❬❪ ♥ str ❲ ♥ ❲ ♦ rrr♦ ❲ ♠ ♥ ♦♦ P②s
tt
❬❪ str ♥ ❲ ♥ ♦ ♠♣ P②s
❬❪ ♦ss P ♦r ♥ t P②s
❬❪ ss t♥ ♥ ❲ ♥ P②s tt
❬❪ r♠ s ♥ ③♥♥ P②s tt
❬❪ t♠ t ♥ P ♦r P②s tt
❬❪ P ♠r r♥ r ♥ ♥ ♥ P②s
❬❪ ♥rs♦♥ P r③♦♥ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❱s♦ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❱ ♥♦② ♥ ❲ ♠ P②s tt
❬❪ rtr♦♦ t♥ ♦♥ ❲ ♦ ♥ ❲ t P②s
❬❪ P rs ③③♥ sñs tr ♦rst ♥ ♠s♦♥ ♠
P②s
❬❪ ❩♥ ♥ ❩♦♥ P②s
❬❪ ❲s♦♥ P②s
❬❪ ❲t ♥ ❩♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ❲t ❱ ♥ trss ♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ ③②s③ ♥ st P②s
❬❪ ♠♥ts r♦ts ♥ tr P②s tt
❬❪ ③②s③ P②s
❬❪ ❱ ♠r P ♦t ♥ ❱s♥②♦ P②s
❬❪ ❲ s♦ ♥♦t ♠♣ ♠♥ts ♥ r♦ts P②s
❬❪ s♦♥ ♥ P ♦♥s♦♥ ♦ ♠♣ P②s
❬❪ r ss ♥s ❯♥rstt
❬❪ r ♥ r♥ ♥ ♣ Pr♣♦s ♦♠♣trs r ♠ ♦♥♦♥
❬❪ P ♠r r♥ r ♥ ♥ ♥ P②s
❬❪ P ♠r r♥ r ♥ ♥ ♥ P②s
❬❪ ❱s♦ ♥ P r③♦♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ r ♥ ö♥ P②s
❬❪ ❲ ②s♦ Ptr② ♥ ♦♦♦s P②s
❬❪ s♦♥ ♥ rts ♠ P②s
❬❪ ♦ ♥s ♥ ❲♥ ♠ P②s
❬❪ r♦s ís íq♦s ♥sttt♦ ♥s trs r ♦♥s♦ ♣r♦r ♥st
♦♥s ♥tís