Adverbs and PrepositionsAdverbs and Prepositions

AdverbsAdverbs Adverbs describe verbs.Adverbs describe verbs. Adverbs tellAdverbs tell How?How?,, WWhen?hen?,, Where?Where? the action the action

occurs.occurs. How?How? When?When? Where?Where? FastFast tomorrowtomorrow here here HardHard laterlater inside inside togethertogether again again far far HappilyHappily oftenoften upstairs upstairs QuietlyQuietly firstfirst downtown downtown SecretlySecretly nextnext

somewheresomewhere SlowlySlowly thenthen toward toward

AdverbsAdverbs To identify adverbs correctly, simply To identify adverbs correctly, simply

ask if the word tells ask if the word tells How?How? or or When?When? or or Where?Where?

If the answer is “yes,” then that word If the answer is “yes,” then that word is an adverb.is an adverb.• The scientist worked carefully on the The scientist worked carefully on the

experiment. (how?)experiment. (how?)• You will receive the letter tomorrow. You will receive the letter tomorrow.

(when?)(when?)• He ran inside. (where)He ran inside. (where)

Comparing One Syllable AdverbsComparing One Syllable Adverbs

Adverbs have special forms for Adverbs have special forms for comparisons:comparisons:

One syllable adverbs add –er or –est One syllable adverbs add –er or –est • soonsoon soonersooner soonestsoonest• fastfast fasterfaster fastestfastest

Example:Example:• The letter came sooner than I expected.The letter came sooner than I expected.• He ran fastest of all.He ran fastest of all.

Comparing Two Syllable AdverbsComparing Two Syllable Adverbs Most two syllable adverbs form their Most two syllable adverbs form their

comparisons by using comparisons by using moremore and and most most or or lessless and and leastleast::• OftenOften more/less oftenmore/less often most/least most/least

often often• That happens more often than not.That happens more often than not.• Such events happen less often now.Such events happen less often now.

recently recently more recentlymore recently most most recentlyrecently• Archeologists have most recently Archeologists have most recently

discovered Pharaoh's tomb in Egypt.discovered Pharaoh's tomb in Egypt.

Summary of Comparison of Summary of Comparison of AdverbsAdverbs

One syllable adverbs add –er or –est One syllable adverbs add –er or –est in the comparison.in the comparison.

More than syllable adverbs add the More than syllable adverbs add the words words moremore and and most most or or lessless and and least least depending on the comparison.depending on the comparison.

When comparing two things, use When comparing two things, use –er–er, , moremore, , lessless..

When comparing three or more When comparing three or more things, use things, use –est–est, , mostmost, or , or least.least.

Adjective or Adverb?Adjective or Adverb?

Adjectives answer the following questions:Adjectives answer the following questions:• Which one?Which one?• What kind?What kind?• How Many?How Many?

Adverbs answer the following questions:Adverbs answer the following questions:• When?When?• Where?Where?• How?How?

Adjective or Adverb?Adjective or Adverb?

Example: Example: • That was a bad joke they played on the That was a bad joke they played on the

man. (answers the question what kind of man. (answers the question what kind of a joke---adjective)a joke---adjective)

• The program was badly printed. The program was badly printed. (answers the question how It was (answers the question how It was printed---adverb)printed---adverb)

Adjective or Adverb?Adjective or Adverb?

Examples:Examples:• The baseball team gave a good The baseball team gave a good

performance. (answers the question performance. (answers the question “what kind” of a performance---“what kind” of a performance---adjective)adjective)

• They played especially well during the They played especially well during the ninth inning. (answers the question ninth inning. (answers the question “how” they played---adverb)“how” they played---adverb)

Adjective or Adverb?Adjective or Adverb?

Use Use wellwell when it refers to health: when it refers to health:• Example:Example:

He feels well.He feels well. Sue doesn’t seem well.Sue doesn’t seem well.

• Note: Note: WellWell can be used as an adjective can be used as an adjective or as an adverb. However, only use or as an adverb. However, only use well well when it refers to health.when it refers to health.

Summary of AdjectivesSummary of Adjectives

Adjectives must modify nouns and Adjectives must modify nouns and pronouns.pronouns.

Adjectives answer the questions:Adjectives answer the questions:

Which one?Which one?

What kind?What kind?

How Many?How Many?

Summary of AdverbsSummary of Adverbs

Adverbs must modify verbs, adjectives, and Adverbs must modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.other adverbs.

Adverbs answer the following questions:Adverbs answer the following questions:• When?When? • Where?Where?• HHow?ow?

Note: When you use Note: When you use wellwell to refer to health, to refer to health, wellwell is an adjective---He feels well (not is an adjective---He feels well (not good).good).

Adverb or Adjective?Adverb or Adjective?

Use words such as Use words such as goodgood, , badbad, , suresure, , realreal,, slowslow are used as adjectives to modify are used as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns.nouns or pronouns.

Use words such as Use words such as wellwell, , badlybadly, , surelysurely, , reallyreally, , slowly slowly as adverbs.as adverbs.

Use Use wellwell when it refers to health. when it refers to health. Memorize the questions adjectives Memorize the questions adjectives

answer.answer. Memorize the questions adverbs Memorize the questions adverbs

answer.answer.

NegativesNegatives

Words that mean “no” or “not” are Words that mean “no” or “not” are negatives.negatives.• She has no money left.She has no money left.• There is none left.There is none left.

Negatives can also be contracted.Negatives can also be contracted. N’t is a contraction for not:N’t is a contraction for not:

• isn’tisn’t aren’t aren’t doesn’t doesn’t wouldn’twouldn’t Not is always an adverb.Not is always an adverb.

Examples of NegativesExamples of Negatives

notnot nowherenowhere nobody nobody nevernever nothingnothing no one no one Some people want to use two negatives:Some people want to use two negatives:

• There isn’t no one at home today. There isn’t no one at home today. (incorrect)(incorrect)

• There isn’t anyone at home today. There isn’t anyone at home today. (correct)(correct)

• We haven’t never tried that before. We haven’t never tried that before. (incorrect)(incorrect)

• We have never tried that before. (correct)We have never tried that before. (correct)

Summary of NegativesSummary of Negatives

A negative is a word that means “no” A negative is a word that means “no” or “not.”or “not.”

To contract a verb and a negative; To contract a verb and a negative; simply add simply add n’tn’t to the verb. to the verb.

Not is always an adverb.Not is always an adverb. A sentence should only have one A sentence should only have one

negative.negative. Using double negatives is incorrect.Using double negatives is incorrect.

PrepositionsPrepositions

A preposition is a word that shows the A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in a sentence.and another word in a sentence.• Example:Example:

The dog ran with the man.The dog ran with the man.The dog ran from the man.The dog ran from the man.The dog ran at the man. The dog ran at the man. The dog ran after the manThe dog ran after the man

• Note: The relationship between dog and Note: The relationship between dog and man changes when the preposition man changes when the preposition changes.changes.

Prepositional PhrasePrepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase always begins A prepositional phrase always begins with a preposition.with a preposition.

A prepositional phrase always ends A prepositional phrase always ends with a noun or a pronoun.with a noun or a pronoun.

That noun or pronoun is identified as That noun or pronoun is identified as “the object of the preposition.”“the object of the preposition.”

A prepositional phrase can have more A prepositional phrase can have more than one object.than one object.

A prepositional phrase describes A prepositional phrase describes another word in the sentence.another word in the sentence.

Prepositional PhrasePrepositional Phrase

Since prepositional phrases describe Since prepositional phrases describe another word in the sentence, it is an another word in the sentence, it is an adverb if it answers the questions adverb if it answers the questions When?,When?, Where?Where? or or How?How?• Examples:Examples:• I will see you again on Thursday. (when?)I will see you again on Thursday. (when?)• We students will meet in the auditorium. We students will meet in the auditorium.

(where?)(where?)

• We lined up in single file.We lined up in single file. (how?) (how?)

Prepositional PhrasePrepositional Phrase

Prepositional phrases can appear Prepositional phrases can appear anywhere in a sentence.anywhere in a sentence.

A sentence can have more than one A sentence can have more than one prepositional phrase.prepositional phrase.• Example: Example:

On Monday we’ll meet again.On Monday we’ll meet again.We’ll meet again on Monday.We’ll meet again on Monday. We’ll meet on Monday again.We’ll meet on Monday again.

Pronouns in Prepositional PhrasesPronouns in Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase begins with a A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun.a pronoun.

That noun or pronoun is identified as That noun or pronoun is identified as the object of the preposition.the object of the preposition.

When the object of the prepositional When the object of the prepositional phrase is a pronoun, use the phrase is a pronoun, use the objective pronoun. (me, you, him, objective pronoun. (me, you, him, her, us, you, or them)her, us, you, or them)

Pronouns in Prepositional PhrasesPronouns in Prepositional Phrases

The object pronouns areThe object pronouns are SingularSingular PluralPlural meme usus youyou youyou him, her, ithim, her, it themthem He gave the letter to Bill and me.He gave the letter to Bill and me. We divided the money with Tom and We divided the money with Tom and

him.him. He pointed his finger at Sue and us.He pointed his finger at Sue and us.

Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases

Prepositions without an object can be Prepositions without an object can be used as an adverb:used as an adverb:• Example:Example:

He ran inside. He ran inside. He fell down. He fell down. He turned the light on. He turned the light on. He worked outside. He worked outside.

• Note: With an object, the preposition Note: With an object, the preposition becomes a prepositional phrase.becomes a prepositional phrase.

SummarySummary

Prepositional phrases begin with a Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or a preposition and end with a noun or a pronoun.pronoun.

That noun or pronoun is identified as the That noun or pronoun is identified as the object of the preposition.object of the preposition.

If the object of the preposition is a If the object of the preposition is a pronoun, use the objective pronoun.pronoun, use the objective pronoun.

Prepositions without an object can become Prepositions without an object can become adverbs.adverbs.

Adverbs tell Adverbs tell how?how? or or when?when? or or where?where? an action happened.an action happened.