LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD

Ainu for Beginners

A Guide for Beginners

Francisco José da Silva

Lesson 1: Simple Sentences -1

Sentences

ウパシ　ル。 Upas ru.Snow melts. アチャポ　エク。 Acapo ek Uncle comes. PronunciationAinu ク is a sound that does not exist in Japanese, it is simply final consonant -k instead of normal Japanese Katakana pronunciation of -ku. Ainu allows consonant finals while Japanese does not (with the exception of -n) and a set of Katakana extensions have been created to be used to write Ainu. Although they are now in Unicode, it would require a special font to view the Katakana extension properly and hence I just have used the smaller font size. Those who are not familiar with the Katakana may just stick to the Roman Ainu. Roman Ainu is fairly phonetic, but note that c (as in "acapo") is pronounced similar to ch as in English "church". But it will be helpful to learn Katakana as well as although both Roman and Katakana are used to write Ainu, Katakana is more common. Japanese loanwords and proper names may remain in Japanese Kanji even in Ainu when it is written in Katakana. More examples using Ainu Katakana: チシ Cis To cry コシネ Kosne To be light イルシカ Iruska To be angry アク Ak Younger brother ホク Hok To buy, purchase タクネ Takne To be short

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Whale rises2) Rain falls.Solutions1)フンペ　ヤン　 humpe yan2)ルヤンペ　アシ　 ruyanpe asVocabulary アチャポ Acapo Uncle ウパシ Upas Snow エク Ek To come ル Ru To melt. Road. ヤン Yan To rise フンペ Humpe Whale アシ As To fall ルヤンペ Ruyanpe Rain

Lesson 2: Simple Sentences - 2

Sentences

タント　レラ　アシ。 Tanto rera as.The wind blows today.タネ　メアン。 Tane mean.Now (it is) cold.GrammarThe basic word order of Ainu is Subject-Object-Verb, similar to Japanese. Ainu verbs do not conjugate according to the time tense, and this led to a certain disagreement in the linguistic analysis. While some linguists (Chiri, Shibatani) maintain that the Ainu basic verb form is best translated as past tense, there are the others (Refsing) who disagree with the idea. In most cases the context is sufficient enough to determine whether the tense is past or present, and the specific words are added to clarify the time phrase when it is necessary. "アシ as" from the last lesson has many meanings. Rain falls, snow falls, wind blows, and in other natural phenomena in general. When it is used to describe an action of a person, it means "to stand." "アシ as" used in the sentence is translated as "to blow", but in Ainu context it is permissible to translate it simply as "to do." PronunciationAinu accents are different from Japanese. Ainu pronounced with Japanese (or any other foreign accent for that matter) would still be understood, but it won’t be natural. Ainu stress often falls on the second syllable. タネ Tane Now チセ Cise House シタ Sita Dog ポロ Poro To be big, large

ヌカル Nukar To see, look atExercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Today is cold.2) Snow falls a lot this year. Solutions1) タント　メアン　tanto mean2) タント　ウパシ　ポロ　tanto upas poroVocabulary アシ As To blow タネ Tane Now タント Tanto Today (tan "this" + to "day") メアン Mean To be cold レラ Rera Wind ウパシ Upas Snow ポロ Poro To be big, much タンパ Tanpa This year

Lesson 3: Past

Sentences

ヌマン　ルヤンペ　アシ。 Numan ruyanpe as.Yesterday rain fell. ウクラン　カムイフム　アシ。 Ukran kamuyhum as.Last evening thunder stroke. GrammarContinuing from lesson 2, Ainu verbs do not change their forms in the past tense. Instead, Ainu simply adds temporal adverbs such as ukran, numan when it is necessary to specify when in the past the event occurred. PronunciationAinu Katakana ム is not a full syllable like normal Katakana ム (mu), but only as final consonant -m. イサム Isam Not to exist, to die コマム Komam Falling leaf リムセ Rimse Dance, to danceDepending on the region, words like "numan" may be pronounced as "numan" (accent on the first syllable) but "numan" is more natural and widespread. Also in words like ルヤンペ ruyanpe・ウクラン ukran・カムイフム kamuyhum the first syllables are not accented.

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Yesterday the wind was strong. 2) Two days ago snow fell. Solutions1) ヌマン　レラ　ルイ　 numan rera ruy2) ホシカヌマン　ウパシ　アシ hoskanuman upas as Vocabulary ヌマン Numan Yesterday レラ Rera Wind ルイ Ruy To be strong ウパシ Upas Snow ホシカヌマン Hoskanuman Two days ago アシ As (rain, snow) falls, (wind) blows, (something) rings/sounds, (something) is heard. ウクラン Ukran Last evening, last night.

カムイフム Kamuyhum Thunder. (kamuy "bear, god" + hum "sound") ルヤンペ Ruyanpe Rain. (apt in some dialects)

Lesson 4: Objects

Sentences

ヘカチ イタンキ エヤプキリ。 Hekaci itaki eyapkir.Boy throws a dish. ウナルペ　スマ　オテルケ。 Unarpe suma oterke. Aunt steps on a stone. GrammarBasic Ainu word order is Subject + Object + Verb. Unlike Japanese, Ainu does not use the case particles to mark the subject or the object of the sentence. (But it uses particles for other things.) "The dog bites the man" and "the man bites the dog" differ in the word order in English, and it is also the case in Ainu. Notes on PronunciationSmall プ is pronounced as -p. (Unlike full Katakana プ, pu) チェプ Cep Fish チカプ Cikap Bird

シネプ Sinep One

Small リ is pronounced as -ri but much softer than usual Japanese ri. One may drop -i sound as well. ピリカ Pirka Good, beautiful チキリ Cikir Foot キキリ Kikir WormSmall ル is pronounced as –r as well. ケル Ker Shoe エトル Etor Nasal mucus テルケ Terke JumpThis is largely a spelling convention, and one may see リ, ラ, ロ, レ and ル used interchangeably. Kar "to make" may be either カル or カラ , ermun "mouse" エルムン or エレムン, and korkoni "butterbur" コルコニ or コロ

コニ . How one may choose to spell something is largely the choice of the writer. Roman Ainu remains the same. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu

1) Uncle buys drink. 2) Dog eats bone. Solutions1) アチャポ　トノト　ホク　 acapo tonoto hok.2) シタ　ポネ　エ　　　　　 sita pone e

Vocabulary トノト Tonoto Alcoholic drink ホク Hok To buy, purchase アチャポ Acapo Uncle, middle-aged man ポネ Pone Bone シタ Sita Dog エ E To eat イタンキ Itanki Dish ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt, middle-aged woman エヤプキリ Eyapkir To throw オテルケ Oterke To step on スマ Suma Stone

ヘカチ Hekaci Boy

Lesson 5: "My.." - 1

Sentences

クパケ アルカ。 Ku=pake arka.My head hurts. (I have a headache.) クチキリ　タンネ。 Ku=cikir Tanne. My leg is long. GrammarThere are two ways of saying possession in Ainu, and we introduce the first one in this lesson. It depends on whether the item is considered to be inalienable from the possessor (such as body parts) or alienable (most other things). The inalienable possessions are expressed by using the pronominal prefixes, first of which is ku. Ku is the first person singular pronominal prefix. クナヌ Ku=namu My face クエトゥ Ku=etu My nose クテケ Ku=teke My hand

クホニ Ku=honi My stomachPronunciation

アルカ arka, "to hurt" may be pronounced and written as アラカ araka as well. And note that クチキリ ku=cikir is pronounced as one word, don't break between ku and cikiri. The use of equal sign (=) in Roman Ainu is to make the morphology more easily understood, and some writers do not use this sign at all.

And pay attention to the accent. The stress falls on the second syllable. クパケ ku=pake クテケ ku=tekeExercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) My leg hurts.2) My stomach is full.Solutions1) クチキリ　アルカ　ku=cikir arka2) クホニ　シク　ku=honi sik Vocabulary ク Ku= I, my アルカ Arka Hurt

チキリ Cikir Leg ホニ Honi Stomach シク Sik Full タンネ Tanne Long パケ Pake Head

Lesson 6: "My.." (2)

Sentences

クコル　マキリ　エエン。Ku=kor makiri een.My knife is sharp. クコル　ウナルペ　イルシカ。 Ku=kor unarpe iruska. My aunt is angry. Grammar

Ku= is a first person pronominal prefix attached before the verb –kor, which means "to have, to bear something." The phrase "ku=kor ..." literally translates as "... that which I have", which translates again as "my..." This is another way of saying possession in Ainu for alienable possessions. As it is explained in the last lesson, the direct attachment ku= is used to express inalienable possessions such as the body parts, as in "ku=pake", "my head." "Ku=kor pake" would not be an idiomatic Ainu usage. Most family members and relatives are considered to be alienable:

　　クコル　エカシ ku=kor ekasi My grandfather 　　クコル　フチ ku=kor huci　 My grandmother 　　クコル　アチャ　 ku=kor aca　 My father 　　クコル　ハポ　 ku=kor hapo　 My mother 　　クコル　アチャポ ku=kor acapo My uncle 　　クコル　ウナルペ ku=kor unarpe My aunt But "my father" and "my mother" can also be said as "ku=aca" and "ku=hapo" as well. Pronunciation The word エエン een, "sharp" is not pronounced as a "long" E. Two e are pronounced separately, with the accent on the second syllable. エエン een Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) My horse is big. 2) My father came. Solutions1) クコル　ウンマ　ポロ Ku=kor umma poro.2) クコル　アチャ　エク Ku=kor aca ek.

Vocabulary ウンマ Umma Horse クコル Ku=kor My ポロ Poro Big エク Ek To come アチャ Aca Father イルシカ Iruska Angry ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt エエン Een Sharp マキリ Makiri Knife

Lesson 7: "I do.." (1)

Sentences

クシノツ。 Ku=sinot. I play. (as in having fun, not sports or music.) ボロンノ　クアプカシ。 Poronno ku=apkas. I walk a lot.

Grammar Pronominal affixes must be marked in Ainu in all times, unlike Japanese and other languages where the personal pronoun may be omitted in contexts. The same pronominal prefix discussed in previous two lessons, "ku" is attached before the main verb when the subject is first person singular. The adverbs like "poronno" and the words that mark the time phrase (today, yesterday, etc) are placed before the verb. Pronunciation Pay attention to the small ッ tsu. Although this exists in the standard Katakana set, it is still hard for most Japanese to pronounce as Japanese phonotactics does not allow small tsu to appear at the end of the word. However, it does in Ainu. This would not be difficult for the English speakers.

サッ Sat To dry クッ Kut Belt アペソコッ Apesokot Hearth, fireplaceMany place names in Hokkaido that end with ~別 ~betsu come from Ainu ペッ pet, meaning "river." The personal prefix ku is never pronounced as an independent word. Pronounce it as if it were one word and the accent is always placed in the second syllable. クシニ Ku=sini I rest クミナ Ku=mina I laugh

クモコル Ku=mokor I sleep クエク Ku=ek I comeExercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I come today 2) I played yesterday.Solutions1) タント　クエク Tanto ku=ek.2) ヌマン　クシノッ Numan ku=sinot.

Vocabulary ク　 Ku= I タント Tanto Today エク Ek To come シノッ Sinot To play ヌマン Numan Yesterday アプカシ Apkas To walk ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much

Lesson 8: "I do.." (2)

Sentences

ワッカ　クク。 Wakka ku=ku.I drink water. ヌマン　ハンバーガー　クエ。 Numan hambaga ku=e.Yesterday I ate hamburger. "Foreign words" (gairaigo) that entered Japanese are usually written in Katakana. They are used the same way in Ainu as well. Grammar As explained in the previous lesson, the pronominal prefix ku= is attached before the verb, and it is not separated and placed in front of the sentence. I go tomorrow. ○ ニサッタ　クオマン。 Nisatta ku=oman. × ク　ニサッタ　オマン。 Ku nisatta oman. I ride a horse. ○ ウンマ　クオ Umma ku=o. × ク　ウンマ　オ Ku umma o. Also there are many words that are essential in modern life that just don't exist in Ainu. Japanese makes a heavy use of the foreign loanwords (gairaigo) to solve this problem such as バス(basu: bus), インターネット(intanetto, internet), ラジオ(rajio, radio) and such words can be used the same way in Ainu as well. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I have a lot of money. 2) I drink a little bit of hot water. Solutions1) イチェン　ポロンノ　クコル Icen poronno ku=kor.2) ウセウ　ポンノ　クク Usew ponno ku=ku.Vocabulary ク Ku= I コル Kor To have, hold イチェン Icen Money ポロンノ Poronno A lot of, many, much ウセウ Usew Hot water ク Ku To drink ポンノ Ponno A little bit of エ E To eat ヌマン Numan Yesterday ハンバーガー　 Hambaga Hamburger ワッカ Wakka Water

Lesson 9: Continuous

Sentences

ハポ　モンライケ　カネ　アン。 Hapo monrayke kane an. Mother is working. アチャ　映画 1　ヌカル 2　カネ　アン。 Aca eiga nukar kane an. Father is watching a movie. 1. "映画" eiga is a Japanese word, and thus written in Kanji. There are many words from Japanese, and they may still be written in Kanji. 2. ヌカル

nukar may be written and pronounced as ヌカラ nukara as well. Grammar In this lesson ~カネ アン ~kane an is used to make a continuous sense of the verb an, to be. It can also be ~コル アン ~kor an or its shorter form ~コ

ラン ~koran depending on the dialect. The latter forms may be used in Samani (様似) area as well, ~kane an is more common. This lesson focuses on the Samani dialect. There is no third person singular pronominal affix in Ainu. The word for "father" differs in different regions. In Samani, アチャ aca is used, and also in Urakawa, Mitsuishi, Shizunai, Hiroo, Shiranuka, Kushiro, Akan, Bihoro, Wakkanai and many other areas. Same word is used in some areas of Sakhalin, with a slightly different pronunciation: アーチャ a:ca. Another word ミチ mici means father as well, but a dead father. But there are regions where two words are used interchangeably. And aca may mean an "uncle" in many regions as well. "Mother" is less complex, it is ハポ hapo in most areas of Hokkaido, including Samani. Pronunciation

It is commonly said that Ainu has no voiced consonants, but in fact it has. In Samani, the word for mother hapo is often pronounced as habo. Voiced/Voiceless do matter in Japanese, as it can change the meaning: kaki (persimmon) and kagi (key) are different words. These are free variants in Ainu, meaning that it doesn't change the meaning. Ruyanpe (rain) can be ruyanbe, hunpe (whale) can be hunbe, etc. k/g, t/d, p/b are the common allophones in Ainu. How one should pronounce a word depends on the individual habit and the region, but the most accepted pronunciation is to pronounce them voiceless, and it is advised for the learners to pronounce them voiceless. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Dog is swimming. 2) Aunt is making dango. Solutions1) シタ　マ　カネ　アン Sita ma kane an.2) ウナルペ　シト　カネ　アン Unarpe sito kane an.

Vocabulary マ Ma To swim カネ Kane ~ing, continuous シタ Sita Dog アン An To be

ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt シト Sito Dango (kind of a Japanese delicacy) カル Kar To make アチャ Aca Father 映画 Eiga Movie ヌカル Nukar To look ハポ Hapo Mother モンライケ　 Monrayke To work

Lesson 10: Plural Verbs

Sentences

スマ　アン。 Suma an.(There) is a stone.

スマ　オカイ。 Suma okay.(There) are stones. Grammar Ainu is grammatically similar with Japanese in many aspects, but there are notable differences. Using different verbs to mark the plural is one of it. A Japanese sentence "魚がいる " (sakana ga iru, "there is/are fish") may mean there is one fish or more. Ainu makes this differentiation from using plurals not on the noun, but on the verb. If there were only one fish, the Ainu verb would be an, if two or more, the verb would be okay. There are a number of such verbs, and here is a short list of them. オ マ

ン Oman パイエ Paye To go

エク Ek アルキ Arki To come ア フ

ン Ahun アフプ Ahup To enter

ソ イ

ネ Soyne ソ イ エ ン

パ Soyenpa To go outside

サン San サプ Sap To appear, to go down (the river, etc) ホ プ

ニ Hopuni ホプンパ Hopunpa To wake up, to rise, to fly

ホ シ

ピ Hosipi ホシッパ Hosippa To return, to come back

But not all Ainu verbs have distinct plural forms, such as シノッ sinot "to play, have fun" applies to both singular and plural subjects. And while Japanese has two different verbs "to exist, to be there", such as いる iru for

animate subjects and ある aru for the inanimate subjects, Ainu makes no distinction between them. カネ kane from the last lesson can be used as kane an and kane okay to make the continuous sense of these verbs. English uses subjects like "it" or "there" when there is an ambiguous subject as English grammar does not allow a sentence to be without an apparent subject, but this is not necessary in Ainu. Pronunciation As it has been emphasized in the previous lessons, Ainu accent falls on the second syllable. It is suma, not suma. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) There is a deer. 2) There are a lot of people. Solutions1) ユク　アン Yuk an.2) アイヌ　ポロンノ　オカイ Aynu poronno okay.

Vocabulary アン An To be, to exist (sg.)

ユク Yuk Deer アイヌ Aynu Person オカイ Okay To be, to exist (pl.) ポロンノ　 Poronno A lot, many, much スマ Suma StoneLesson 6: "My.." (2)

Sentences

クコル　マキリ　エエン。Ku=kor makiri een.My knife is sharp. クコル　ウナルペ　イルシカ。 Ku=kor unarpe iruska. My aunt is angry. Grammar

Ku= is a first person pronominal prefix attached before the verb –kor, which means "to have, to bear something." The phrase "ku=kor ..." literally translates as "... that which I have", which translates again as "my..." This is another way of saying possession in Ainu for alienable possessions. As it is explained in the last lesson, the direct attachment ku= is used to express inalienable possessions such as the body parts, as in "ku=pake", "my head." "Ku=kor pake" would not be an idiomatic Ainu usage. Most family members and relatives are considered to be alienable: 　　クコル　エカシ ku=kor ekasi My grandfather

　　クコル　フチ ku=kor huci　 My grandmother 　　クコル　アチャ　 ku=kor aca　 My father 　　クコル　ハポ　 ku=kor hapo　 My mother 　　クコル　アチャポ ku=kor acapo My uncle 　　クコル　ウナルペ ku=kor unarpe My aunt But "my father" and "my mother" can also be said as "ku=aca" and "ku=hapo" as well. Pronunciation The word エエン een, "sharp" is not pronounced as a "long" E. Two e are pronounced separately, with the accent on the second syllable. エエン een Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) My horse is big. 2) My father came. Solutions1) クコル　ウンマ　ポロ Ku=kor umma poro.2) クコル　アチャ　エク Ku=kor aca ek.

Vocabulary

ウンマ Umma Horse クコル Ku=kor My ポロ Poro Big エク Ek To come アチャ Aca Father イルシカ Iruska Angry ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt エエン Een Sharp マキリ Makiri Knife

Lesson 7: "I do.." (1)

Sentences

クシノツ。 Ku=sinot. I play. (as in having fun, not sports or music.) ボロンノ　クアプカシ。 Poronno ku=apkas. I walk a lot.

Grammar Pronominal affixes must be marked in Ainu in all times, unlike Japanese and other languages where the personal pronoun may be omitted in contexts. The same pronominal prefix discussed in previous two lessons, "ku" is attached before the main verb when the subject is first person singular. The adverbs like "poronno" and the words that mark the time phrase (today, yesterday, etc) are placed before the verb. Pronunciation Pay attention to the small ッ tsu. Although this exists in the standard Katakana set, it is still hard for most Japanese to pronounce as Japanese phonotactics does not allow small tsu to appear at the end of the word. However, it does in Ainu. This would not be difficult for the English speakers. サッ Sat To dry クッ Kut Belt アペソコッ Apesokot Hearth, fireplaceMany place names in Hokkaido that end with ~別 ~betsu come from Ainu ペッ pet, meaning "river." The personal prefix ku is never pronounced as an independent word. Pronounce it as if it were one word and the accent is always placed in the second syllable. クシニ Ku=sini I rest クミナ Ku=mina I laugh クモコル Ku=mokor I sleep

クエク Ku=ek I comeExercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I come today 2) I played yesterday.Solutions1) タント　クエク Tanto ku=ek.2) ヌマン　クシノッ Numan ku=sinot.Vocabulary ク　 Ku= I タント Tanto Today エク Ek To come シノッ Sinot To play ヌマン Numan Yesterday アプカシ Apkas To walk ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much

Lesson 8: "I do.." (2)

Sentences

ワッカ　クク。 Wakka ku=ku.I drink water. ヌマン　ハンバーガー　クエ。 Numan hambaga ku=e.Yesterday I ate hamburger. "Foreign words" (gairaigo) that entered Japanese are usually written in Katakana. They are used the same way in Ainu as well. Grammar As explained in the previous lesson, the pronominal prefix ku= is attached before the verb, and it is not separated and placed in front of the sentence. I go tomorrow. ○ ニサッタ　クオマン。 Nisatta ku=oman. × ク　ニサッタ　オマン。 Ku nisatta oman. I ride a horse. ○ ウンマ　クオ Umma ku=o. × ク　ウンマ　オ Ku umma o. Also there are many words that are essential in modern life that just don't exist in Ainu. Japanese makes a heavy use of the foreign loanwords (gairaigo) to solve this problem such as バス(basu: bus), インターネット(intanetto, internet), ラジオ(rajio, radio) and such words can be used the same way in Ainu as well. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I have a lot of money. 2) I drink a little bit of hot water. Solutions

1) イチェン　ポロンノ　クコル Icen poronno ku=kor.2) ウセウ　ポンノ　クク Usew ponno ku=ku.Vocabulary ク Ku= I コル Kor To have, hold イチェン Icen Money ポロンノ Poronno A lot of, many, much ウセウ Usew Hot water ク Ku To drink ポンノ Ponno A little bit of エ E To eat ヌマン Numan Yesterday ハンバーガー　 Hambaga Hamburger ワッカ Wakka Water

Lesson 9: Continuous

Sentences

ハポ　モンライケ　カネ　アン。 Hapo monrayke kane an. Mother is working. アチャ　映画 1　ヌカル 2　カネ　アン。 Aca eiga nukar kane an. Father is watching a movie. 1. "映画" eiga is a Japanese word, and thus written in Kanji. There are many words from Japanese, and they may still be written in Kanji. 2. ヌカル

nukar may be written and pronounced as ヌカラ nukara as well. Grammar In this lesson ~カネ アン ~kane an is used to make a continuous sense of the verb an, to be. It can also be ~コル アン ~kor an or its shorter form ~コ

ラン ~koran depending on the dialect. The latter forms may be used in Samani (様似) area as well, ~kane an is more common. This lesson focuses on the Samani dialect. There is no third person singular pronominal affix in Ainu. The word for "father" differs in different regions. In Samani, アチャ aca is used, and also in Urakawa, Mitsuishi, Shizunai, Hiroo, Shiranuka, Kushiro, Akan, Bihoro, Wakkanai and many other areas. Same word is used in some areas of Sakhalin, with a slightly different pronunciation: アーチャ a:ca. Another word ミチ mici means father as well, but a dead father. But there are regions where two words are used interchangeably. And aca may mean an "uncle" in many regions as well. "Mother" is less complex, it is ハポ hapo in most areas of Hokkaido, including Samani. Pronunciation It is commonly said that Ainu has no voiced consonants, but in fact it has. In Samani, the word for mother hapo is often pronounced as habo. Voiced/Voiceless do matter in Japanese, as it can change the meaning: kaki (persimmon) and kagi (key) are different words. These are free variants in Ainu, meaning that it doesn't change the meaning. Ruyanpe (rain) can be

ruyanbe, hunpe (whale) can be hunbe, etc. k/g, t/d, p/b are the common allophones in Ainu. How one should pronounce a word depends on the individual habit and the region, but the most accepted pronunciation is to pronounce them voiceless, and it is advised for the learners to pronounce them voiceless. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Dog is swimming. 2) Aunt is making dango. Solutions1) シ タ 　 マ 　 カ ネ 　 ア ン Sita ma kane an.2) ウナルペ　シト　カネ　アン Unarpe sito kane an.Vocabulary マ Ma To swim カネ Kane ~ing, continuous シタ Sita Dog アン An To be ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt シト Sito Dango (kind of a Japanese delicacy) カル Kar To make

アチャ Aca Father 映画 Eiga Movie ヌカル Nukar To look ハポ Hapo Mother モンライケ　 Monrayke To work

Lesson 10: Plural Verbs

Sentences

ス マ 　 ア ン 。 Suma an.(There) is a stone. ス マ 　 オ カ イ 。 Suma okay.(There) are stones. Grammar Ainu is grammatically similar with Japanese in many aspects, but there are notable differences. Using different verbs to mark the plural is one of it. A Japanese sentence "魚がいる " (sakana ga iru, "there is/are fish") may mean there is one fish or more. Ainu makes this differentiation from using plurals not on the noun, but on the verb. If there were only one fish, the Ainu verb would be an, if two or more, the verb would be okay. There are a number of such verbs, and here is a short list of them. オ マ Oman パイエ Paye To go

ン

エク Ek アルキ Arki To come ア フ

ン Ahun アフプ Ahup To enter

ソ イ

ネ Soyne ソ イ エ ン

パ Soyenpa To go outside

サン San サプ Sap To appear, to go down (the river, etc) ホ プ

ニ Hopuni ホプンパ Hopunpa To wake up, to rise, to fly

ホ シ

ピ Hosipi ホシッパ Hosippa To return, to come back

But not all Ainu verbs have distinct plural forms, such as シノッ sinot "to play, have fun" applies to both singular and plural subjects. And while Japanese has two different verbs "to exist, to be there", such as いる iru for animate subjects and ある aru for the inanimate subjects, Ainu makes no distinction between them. カネ kane from the last lesson can be used as kane an and kane okay to make the continuous sense of these verbs. English uses subjects like "it" or "there" when there is an ambiguous subject as English grammar does not allow a sentence to be without an apparent subject, but this is not necessary in Ainu. Pronunciation As it has been emphasized in the previous lessons, Ainu accent falls on the second syllable. It is suma, not suma. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) There is a deer. 2) There are a lot of people. Solutions1) ユ ク 　 ア ン Yuk an.2) アイヌ　ポロンノ　オカイ Aynu poronno okay.Vocabulary アン An To be, to exist (sg.) ユク Yuk Deer アイヌ Aynu Person オカイ Okay To be, to exist (pl.) ポロンノ　 Poronno A lot, many, much スマ Suma Stone

Lesson 16: Copula

Sentences

ウェンクル　クネ。 Wenkur ku=ne. I am poor.

オンネ　エカシ　クネ。 Onne ekasi ku=ne. I'm an old uncle.

Grammar

Ne is the standard Ainu copula, and it can combine with the pronominal prefix ku= to express "I am." However, unlike English, ku=ne is used mostly to express the identity: I am something. Pay attention not to say "ク　ウェ

ンクル　ネ ku wenkur ne" instead of "ウェンクル　クネ wenkur ku=ne." Pronunciation

ウ ェ we is not pronounced as two distinct syllables. This is another pronunciation that may cause troubles to a Japanese learner, who might say ウエ ue with two distinct syllables. It is more like "whe" as in "where" in English. Examples: ウェン Wen Bad ハウェ Hawe Voice ルウェ Ruwe Trace ウェンテ Wente To break, invade ウウェカルパ Uwekarpa To collectAnd note that the stress falls on the second syllable in all cases. kune (X)kune (O)

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I am a woman. 2) I am a college student from Muroran.Solutions1) メノコ　クネ　 Menoko ku=ne. 2) モルラン　ワ　エク　大学生　クネ Moruran wa ek Daigakusei ku=ne.Vocabulary ネ Ne Copula (to be) ク Ku= I メノコ Menoko Woman エク Ek To come モルラン Moruran Muroran 大学生 Daigakusei College student (Japanese loanword) ワ Wa From ウェンクル Wenkur A poor person

エカシ Ekasi Uncle, a grown-up man オンネ Onne Old, aged

Lesson 17: "Your.." (1)

Sentences

エエトゥ　ポロ。 E=etu poro. Your nose is big. エチセ　クヌカル。 E=cise ku=nukar. I see your house. Grammar

E= is the second person singular pronominal prefix. This is used to express the inalienable possession, analogous to ku= in lesson 5. Note that "house" cise is considered as an inalienable possession. Pronunciation

トゥ tu may be written as ト゜ or ツ゜ depending on the writer, as this is a sound that doesn't exist in normal Japanese. However, this "tu" has been introduced to Japanese through various English loanwords such as "today" or "tonight", and トゥ became the standard spelling for this sound. Examples: エトゥイ Etuy Sea エトゥ Etu Nose

トゥイマ Tuyma Far トゥシ Tus Net, network トゥプ Tup Two トゥク Tuk To feed, raise (children, etc) トゥカル Tukar Seal (animal) トゥルセ Turse To fall downThere is a type of red coloured bird called "puffin" known in Japanese as "エトピリカ Etopirika", but the real Ainu name would be "エトゥピリカ Etupirika." This is an Ainu loanword into Japanese. Here, "etu" means not a rose, but (reasonably enough) a beak. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Your hair is white. 2) I wash your shoes. Solutions1) エエトピ　レタル E=etopi retar.2) エケリ　クフライエ E=keri ku=huraye.Vocabulary エトピ Etopi Hair

レタル Retar White エ E= You フライェ Huraye To clean, wash ケリ Keri Shoes ク Ku= I エトゥ Etu Nose チセ Cise House ヌカル Nukar To see ポロ Poro Big

Lesson 18: "Your.." (2)

Sentences

エコル　ハポ　ポロンノ　モンライケ。 E=kor hapo poronno monrayke. Your mother works a lot. エコル　カメラ　ソンノ　ピリカ。 E=kor kamera sonno pirka. Your camera is very good. Grammar

E=kor is used to express the alienable possession of the second person, analogous to ku=kor in lesson 6. This literally translates as "(something) that you have/hold." Note that e=kor is not used for the body parts such as "エコル　エトゥ

e=kor etu" (your nose) or "エコル　パケ e=kor pake " (your head). Body parts are expressed with simple e= instead, as they are considered to be inalienable. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Your earrings are beautiful. 2) Yesterday your aunt danced. Solutions1) エコル　ニンカリ　ピリカ E=kor ninkari pirika.2) ヌマン　エコル　ウナルペ　リムセ Numan e=kor unarpe rimes.Vocabulary コル Kor To have, to hold ニンカリ Ninkari Earrings ピリカ Pirka Beautiful, good エ E= You ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt

リムセ Rimse Dance ヌマン Numan Yesterday カメラ Kamera Camera ソンノ Sonno Very, truly ハポ Hapo Mother ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much モンライケ Monrayke Work, to work

Lesson 19: "You do.." (sg.)

Sentences

ウポポ　エイェ。 Upopo e=ye. You sing a song. ピリカ　車　エコル。 Pirka kuruma e=kor. You have a good car. Grammar The pronominal prefix e= could be placed before a verb to mark the subject of the predicate as well, analogous to the usage of ku= in lessons 7 and 8. Ainu verbs has no time tense, and additional temporal adverbials are added to indicate the time when it is necessary.

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) You see a big mountain. 2) You will arrive in London tomorrow. Solutions1) ポロ　ヌプリ　エヌカル Poro nupuri e=nukar.2) ニサッタ　ロンドン　タ　エシレパ Nisatta London ta e=sirepa.Vocabulary ヌカル Nukar To see ヌプリ Nupuri Mountain エ E= You ポロ Poro Big ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow ロンドン Rondon London タ Ta Locative case particle シレパ Sirepa To arrive イェ Ye To say, speak, sing ウポポ Upopo Song

車 Kuruma Car (Japanese loanword) コル Kor To have, hold ピリカ Pirka Good, beautiful

Lesson 20: Independent Pronoun "I" (1)

Sentences

クアニ　クオマン。 Kuani ku=oman. I go. クアニ　ポロンノ　クアプカシ。 Kuani poronno ku=apkas. I walk a lot. Grammar Ainu has the independent pronouns beside the pronominal prefixes. The first person pronominal suffix is ku=, and the independent pronoun is kuani or its contracted form kani. (Kani form is used more often in Saru, Mukawa and Chitose areas.) This is analogous to French moi or Latin ego, and the Ainu independent pronouns are used in a similar way to emphasise the subject pronoun. But you can't omit the pronominal prefix even if you have an independent pronoun, just like you can't say *Moi suis instead of Moi, je suis in French. 　・ I go. 　　○　クアニ　クオマン。 Kuani Ku=oman. 　　×　クアニ　　オマン。 Kuani oman. 　　○　　　　　クオマン。 Ku=oman.

　・ I walk a lot. 　　○　クアニ　ポロンノ　クアプカシ。 Kuani poronno ku=apkas.

　　×　ク　　　ポロンノ　　アプカシ。 Ku poronno apkas. 　　×　クアニ　ポロンノ　　アプカシ。 Kuani poronno apkas. 　　○　　　　　ポロンノ　クアプカシ。 Poronno ku=apkas.

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I play a lot. 2) I am very tired. Solutions1) クアニ　ポロンノ　クシノッ Kuani poronno ku=sinot.2) クアニ　ソンノ　クシンキ Kuani sonno ku=sinki.

Vocabulary シノッ Sinot To play (having fun) ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much クアニ Kuani I ク Ku= I シンキ Sinki To be tired ソンノ Sonno Very

アプカシ Apkas To walk オマン Oman To go

Lesson 21: Independent Pronoun "I" (2)

Sentences

クアニ　アナク　テレビ　クヌカル。 Kuani anak Terebi ku=nukar.I watch TV. クアニ　アナクネ　ポロ　ウンマ　クオ。 Kuani anakne poro umma ku=o. I ride a big horse. Grammar The independent pronoun kuani may be used by itself, but it is more often accompanied by the topic marker particle anak or anakne, which were introduced in lesson 12. This is used to emphasise the subject of the sentence, it is "I" who is watching the TV (while the others might be doing other things). There is an implied sense of relativity. Pay attention to the pronominal affix ku as well, it has to be used in all cases. 　・ I watch TV. 　　○　クアニ　アナクネ　テレビ　クヌカル。 kuani anakne terebi ku=nukar. 　　×　ク　　　アナクネ　テレビ　　ヌカル。 ku anakne terebi nukar. 　　×　クアニ　アナクネ　テレビ　　ヌカル。 kuani anakne terebi nukar. 　　○　　　　　　　　　　テレビ　クヌカル。 terebi ku=nukar.

　・ I ride a big horse.　　○　クアニ　アナク　ポロ　ウンマ　クオ。 Kuani anak poro umma

ku=o. 　　×　クアニ　アナク　ポロ　ウンマ　　オ。 Kuani anak poro umma o. 　　×　ク　　　アナク　ポロ　ウンマ　　オ。 Ku anak poro umma o. 　　○　　　　　　　　　ポロ　ウンマ　クオ。 Poro umma ku=o.

Anak and anakne are mutually interchangeable. The additional ne is thought to be derived from the copula ne. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I am listening to radio.2) I come from Sapporo.Solutions1) クアニ　アナク　ラジオ　クヌ Kuani anak Radio ku=nu.2) クアニ　アナクネ　サッポロ　ワ　クエク Kuani anakne Satporo wa ku=ek.

Vocabulary ク Ku= I ラジオ Rajio Radio アナク Anak Topic marker ヌ Nu To hear, listen to

クアニ Kuani I アナクネ Anakne Topic marker サッポロ Satporo Sapporo ワ Wa From エク Ek To come ウンマ Umma Horse (from Japanese 馬 uma.) テレビ Terebi Television. (from Japanese) ヌカル Nukar To look, watch ポロ Poro Big オ O To ride

Lesson 22: Independent Pronoun "You" (sg.)

Sentences

エアニ　チエプ　エコイキ。 Eani cep e=koyki. You catch a fish.

エアニ　アナク　アナウンサー　エネ。 Eani anak Anaunsa e=ne.You are an announcer. Grammar

Eani is the independent pronoun for the second person singular, analogous to kuani. The corresponding pronominal suffix for it is e=, which must be present even when eani is used. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) You drink beer. 2) You are a boy. Solutions1) エアニ　ビール　エク Eani Beer e=ku.2) エアニ　アナクネ　ヘカチ　エネ Eani anakne hekaci e=ne.Vocabulary

ビール Biru Beer. (a Dutch loanword in Japanese) ク Ku To drink エ E= You エアニ Eani You ネ Ne Copula アナクネ Anakne Topic marker

ヘカチ Hekaci Boy, young man アナウンサー Anaunsa Announcer. (from Japanese) アナク Anak Topic marker コイキ Koyki To take, catch, annoy, pile. チェプ Cep Fish

Lesson 23: Connector "wa" (1)

Sentences

ルヤンペ　アシ　ワ　ル　テイネ Ruyanpe as war u teyne.Rain fell and the road is wet. ヘリコプター　エク　ワ　ヘカッタル　ウウェカルパ。 Herikiputa ek wa hekattar uwekarpa. A helicopter came and the children gathered.

Grammar

Wa is a connector which links two sentences together, best translated as "and" in English. A more literal translation of the first sentence would be

"the road became wet as it was raining", and a sense of spontaneity is implied. Wa can become ma after a word ending in n or m. サク　アン　マ　シリセセク。 Sak an ma sirsesek. Summer came and it became hot. メアン　マ　クテケ　ヤム。Mean ma ku=teke yam. It became cold and my hand is cold. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Wind blows and the wave is rough. 2) Father is angry and the daughter cries. Solutions1) レラ　アシ　ワリリ　ユプケ Rera as wa rir yupke.2) アチャ　イルシカ　ワ　マッネポ　チシ Aca iruska wa matnepo cis.Vocabulary ワ Wa "And" リリ Rir Sea wave アシ As To blow, fall レラ Rera Wind ユプケ Yupke Strong, rough

チシ Cis To cry アチャ Aca Father マッネポ Matnepo Daughter イルシカ Iruska To be angry ウウェカルパ Uwekarpa To gather エク Ek To come テイネ Teyne To become wet ヘカッタル Hekattar Children ヘリコプター Herikoputa Helicopter (from Japanese) ル Ru Road, pathway ルヤンペ Ruyanpe Rain

Lesson 24: Connector "wa" (2)

Sentences

コンドル　ホプニ　ワ　オマン。 Kondoru hopuni wa oman. Condor flew and went.

トノト　クホク　ワ　クエク。 Tonoto ku=hok wa ku=ek. I bought alcohol and came. Grammar

Wa as a connector in lesson 23 was translated as "and". It is also used to describe a sequence of actions: a condor first flies and goes somewhere and I buy alcohol and comes back. Note that the example sentences are both translated in the past tense. Ainu verbs have no time tense, and it is customary to translate them into the past tense unless the time is specified otherwise. Not everyone agrees with this convention, and it is up to the translator to translate them as one sees fit. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Uncle rode the car and went. 2) I walked a lot and became tired. Solutions1) アチャポ　車　オ　ワ　オマン Acapo Kuruma o wa oman.2) ポロンノ　クアプカシ　ワ　クシンキ Poronno ku=apkas wa ku=sinki.Vocabulary ワ Wa "And" オマン Oman To go オ O To ride アチャポ Acapo Uncle

車(クルマ) Kuruma Car (from Japanese) ク Ku= I アプカシ Apkas To walk ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much シンキ Sinki To come エク Ek To come コンドル Kondoru Condor トノト Tonoto Alcoholic drink ホク Hok To buy ホプニ Hopuni To fly, to wake up from sleep

Lesson 25: Imperative

Sentences

エムコタ　オマン。 Emkota oman. Go quickly. ワッカタ　ワ　エク。 Wakkata wa ek. Ladle water and come.

Grammar There are no special verb forms for the imperative in Ainu, and it is formed by using the base form of the verb without the pronominal affix. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Go to the railway tomorrow. 2) Get up quickly and wash the face. Solutions1) ニサッタ　クスル　エン　オマン Nisatta kusur en oman.2) エムコタ　ホプニ　ワ　ヤシケ Emkota hopuni wa yaske.Vocabulary クスル Kusur Railway オマン Oman To go エン En "To" Allative case particle. ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow エムコタ Emkota Quickly, early ホプニ Hopuni To wake up, rise ワ Wa "And" ヤシケ Yaske To wash face

エク Ek To come ワッカタ Wakkata To ladle water. Wakka (water) + ta (ladle)

Lesson 26: Negation

Sentences

フチ　ヘンネ　モコル Huci henne mokor. Grandmother doesn't sleep. タパンペ　シタ　ヘンネ　ネ。 Tapanpe sita henne ne. This is not a dog.Grammar Ainu word of negation is henne, whether it is not or it does not. Henne comes before the verb it negates. It does not affect the pronominal affixes, and they must be present in the verb in negation as well. The above two sentences show no affixes as the third person is marked by the absence of the affix. The pronominal affixes will be present in the first and second person, such as henne ku=oman (I don’t come) and henne e=nukar (you don’t see). Henne may be used in a manner similar to English un (as in undo) or im/in (as in impossible). Henne pirka would mean something is not good. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) My father is not having a meal. 2) You are not a man.

Solutions1) クコル　アチャ　ヘンネ　イペ Ku=kor aca henne ipe.2) エアニ　アナク　オッカイ　ヘンネ　エネ Eani anak okay henne e=ne.Vocabulary イペ Ipe To have, eat a meal ク Ku= I アチャ Aca Father ヘンネ Henne Negation コル Kor To have, hold エ E= You ネ Ne Copula エアニ Eani You アナク Anak Topic marker オッカイ Okkay Man, male シタ Sita Dog タパンペ Tapanpe This フチ Huci Grandmother

モコル Mokor To sleep

Lesson 27: Genitive (1)

Sentences

タパン　ケル　アナク　クケリヒ　ネ。 Tapan ker anak ku=kerihi ne. These shoes are my shoes. エナエフ　ソンノ　ピリカ。 E=nanuhu sonno pirka. Your face is very beautiful.Grammar The word ker in the first sentence means a pair of shoes in its base form, and kerihi is the genitive form of it. The shoes and other cloth items attached immediately on the body is considered to be inalienable, so it takes the pronominal suffixes ku= or e=, and either ker or kerihi is permissible in the third person, which takes no pronominal suffix. (unarpe ker/kerihi, "aunt’s shoes") Notice that Ainu genitive applies to the item which is possessed, not the possessor. Not all Ainu nouns have this genitive forms. The nouns which have genitive parts include body parts, clothing, animals, plants and tools. Nichihi in makiri nicihi "grip of a small blade" is the genitive of nit, "grip", and nanuhu in the second sentence above is "face of", whose base form is nan. More examples: Nominal Genitive

キサル Kisar Ear キサラ , キサ

ラハ

Kisara, Kisaraha Ear of… アサム Asam Bottom アサマ、アサ

マハ

Asama, Asamaha Bottom of… エトプ Etop Hair エトピ、エト

ピヒ Etopi, Etopihi Hair of…

シク Sik Eye シキ、シキヒ Siki, Sikihi Eye of… レク Rek Beard レキ、レキヒ Reki, Rekihi Beard of… ピリ Pir Wound ピリ、ピリヒ Piri, Pirihi Wound of… クル Kur Shadow クリ、クリヒ Kuri, Kurihi Shadow of… フム Hum Sound フミ、フミヒ Humi, Humihi Sound of… マッ Mat Wife マツ、マツヒ Matu, Matuhi Wife of… ナン Nan Face ナヌ、ナヌフ

Nanu, Nanuhu Face of… ラプ Rap Leaf ラプ、ラプフ Rapu, Rapuhu Leaf of… カプ Kap Hand カプ、カプフ Kapu, Kapuhu Hand of… ハム Ham Voice ハム、ハムフ

Hamu, Hamuhu Voice of… テク Tek Hand テケ、テケヘ Teke, Tekehe Hand of…

ハウ Haw Voice ハウェ、ハウ

ェヘ

Hawe, Hawehe Voice of… アタイ Atai Price アタイェ、ア

タイェヘ

Ataye, Atayehe Price of… チャル Car Mouth チャロ、チャ

ロホ Caro, Caroho Mouth of…

オソル Osor Hip オソロ、オソ

ロホ

Osoro, Osoroho Hip of…Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Your eyes are small. 2) My legs are slim. Solutions1) エシキヒ　ポン E=sikihi pon.2) クチキリヒ　ソンノ　アネ Ku=cikirihi sonno ane.Vocabulary シキヒ Sikihi Eye of… エ E= You ポン Pon Small

アネ Ane Slim, narrow チキリヒ Cikirihi Leg of… ソンノ Sonno Very, truly ク Ku= I アナク Anak Topic marker ケリヒ Kerihi Shoes of… ケル Ker Shoes タパン Tapan This ナヌフ Nanuhu Face of… ネ Ne Copula ピリカ Pirka Beautiful, good

Lesson 28: Genitive (2)

Sentences

クコル　アチャポ　エトゥフ　ポロ。 Ku=kor acapo etuhu poro. My uncle's nose is big. クマッネポ　エトピ　フレ。 Ku=matnepo etopi hure. My daugter's hair is red. Grammar

Etuhu in the ` of etu, meaning "nose of…" Certain nouns such as body parts can be possessed without being in genitive as well, so e=etu and e=etuhu are both acceptable. This applies to family members as well, so matnepo in the second sentence becomes either ku=matnepo or ku=matnepoho. Nominal Genitive English

フラ Hura フラ、フラハ Hura, Huraha Smell ケラ Kera ケラ、ケラハ Kera, Keraha Taste トゥサ Etu トゥサ、トゥサ

ハ Tusa, Tusaha Sleeve

パ Pa パ、パハ Pa, Paha Year チンキ Cinki チンキ、チンキ

ヒ Cinki, Cinkihi Lower end of a clothing

ホク Hok ホク、ホクフ Hok, Hokuhu Husband エトゥ Etu エトゥ、エトゥ

フ Etu, Etuhu Nose

チセ Cise チセ、チセヘ Cise, Cisehe House, home パケ Pake パケ、パケヘ Pake, Pakehe Head

レ Re レ、レヘ Re, Rehe Name ポ Po ポ、ポホ Po, Poho Child, son マッネポ Matnepo マッネポ、マッ

ネポホ

Matnepo, Matnepoho Daughter ミッポ Mitpo ミッポ、ミッポ

ホ Mitpo, Mitpoho Grandchild

ト To ト、トホ To, Toho DayThe genitives ending with p, t, k, s, m, r, n, y, w, or in Katakana, small ク, プ, ッ , シ , ム , リ , ル or ン , イ , ウ undergo vowel changes in genitive, as they were presented in the last lesson. The other words that end with a vowel get genitive affixes after them. ハ ha after the nouns ending with -a, ヒ hi after -i, フ hu after -u, ヘ he after -e and ホ ho after -o . Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) The smell of ramsons is strong. 2) My dog is smart. (lit. "to have a good head.") Solutions1) プクサ　アナク　フラハ　ルイ Puksa anak huraha ruy.2) クコル　シタ　パケ　ピリカ Ku=kor sita pake pirka.Vocabulary アナク Anak Topic marker

ルイ Ruy Strong プクサ Pukusa Ramsons フラハ Huraha Smell of… ク Ku I ピリカ Pirka Good, beautiful パケ Pake Head シタ Sita Dog コロ Kor To have, hold アチャポ Acapo Uncle エトゥフ Etohu Nose of… エトピ Etopi Hair of… フレ Hure Red ポロ Poro Big マッネポ Matnepo Daughter

Lesson 29: Nominalizer

Grammar Ainu nominalizers pe and p are attached at the end of the word to make nouns. They roughly correspond to the English affixes like –ness (after noun), -ing (after verb), -ity (after adjective or adverb), -er (after person), etc. Ainu nominalizers are more general, it could also be used to create a place name "place where … occurs." Pe is used after words that end with a small Katakana, or p, t, k, s, m, r, n, y or w in Roman Ainu. (Or, anything else than a, e, i, o, u.) Examples: イタクペ Itakpe Thing which speaks アプカシペ Apkaspe Thing which walks イサムペ Isampe Thing which doesn’t exist レタルペ Retarpe Thing which is white ポンペ Ponpe Thing which is small オカイペ Okaype Things which areP is used after the words that end with a big Katakana (including イェ or ウォ) or a, e, i, o, u in Roman Ainu. シニプ Sinip Thing which rests ピリカプ Pirikap Thing which is good テルケプ Terkep Thing which jumps リムセプ Rimsep Thing which dances ワッカクプ Wakkakup Thing which drinks

water クイェプ Ku=yep "I", "whom I call myself"Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) There are lots of tasty things. 2) This obon is a thing that my uncle carved. Solutions1) ケラアン　ペ　ポロンノ　オカイ Keraan pe poronno okay.2) タパン　イタ　アナク　アチャポ　ヌイエプ　ネ Tapan ita anak acapo nuyep ne.Vocabulary ポロンノ Poronno A lot, much, many ケラアン Keraan Tasty オカイ Okay To be (pl.) アチャポ Acapo Uncle タパン Tapan This ヌイェ Nuye To carve イタ Ita Obon (Lanton Festival)

アナク Anak Topic marker イェ Ye To call エ E= You ク Ku= I 自転車（ジテンシャ） Zitensha Bicycle タパン Tapan This ネ Ne Copula ピリカ Pirka Good, beautiful, right プ P Nominalizer ペ Pe Nominalizer ホク Hok To buy

Lesson 30: "You do.." (pl.)

Sentences

エチミナ。 Eci=mina.You laugh. (pl.)

チェプコイキクル　エチネ。 Cepkoykikur eci=ne. You are fishers. (pl.) Grammar

Eci= is the second person plural pronominal suffix. Like all pronominal affixes, eci= can never occur independently. You are eating meat. (pl.) 　　×　エチ　カム　　　エ。 Eci kam e. 　　○　　　　カム　エチエ。 Kam eci=e.

Eci= is also used to denote the genitive relationships, that something belongs to "those of you." エチテケ／エチテケヘ eci=teke / eci=tekehe "your hands"エチケリ／エチケリヒ eci=ker / eci=kerihi "your shoes"エチケウトゥム／エチケウトゥムフ eci=keutum / eci=keutumhu "your hearts"Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) You (pl.) walk a lot. 2) I see your heads. Solutions1) ポロンノ　エチアプカシ Poronno eci=apkas.2) エチナヌフ　クヌカル Eci=nanuhu ku=nukar.Vocabulary

アプカシ Apkas To walk ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much エチ Eci You (pl.) ヌカル Nukar To see ク Ku I ナヌフ Nanuhu Head of… チェプコイキクル Cepkoykikur Fisher ネ Ne Copula ミナ Mina To laugh

Lesson 31: Independent Pronoun "You" (pl.)

Sentences

エチオカイ　フランス　エン　エチパイェ。 Eciokay France en eci=paye. You go to France. エチオカイ　アナクネ　アタイコル　ステーキ　エチエ。 Eciokay anakne ataykor steak eci=e. You eat expensive steaks. Grammar

Eciokay is the second person plural independent pronoun. Its usage is analogous to eani, second person singular. The pronominal affix eci= must be retained when eciokay is used. Examples: "You go to France" (pl.) 　×　エチオカイ　フランス　エン　　　パイェ。 Eciokay France en paye. 　○　エチオカイ　フランス　エン　エチパイェ。 Eciokay France en eci=paye. You eat expensive steaks. (pl.) 　　×　エチオカイ　アナクネ　アタイコル　ステーキ　エ。 Eciokay anakne ataykor steak e. 　　○　エチオカイ　アナクネ　アタイコル　ステーキ　エチエ。 Eciokay anakne ataykor steak eci=e. Note that some Ainu verbs change their forms entirely in plural, and the word for "to go" in the above example is paye instead of oman. Eci=oman* is grammatically incorrect. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) You sleep well. (pl.) 2) You are elementary school students. (pl.) Solutions1) エチオカイ　ピリカノ　エチモコル Eciokay pirkano eci=mokor.2) エチオカイ　アナク　小学生　エチネ Eciokay anak Shougakusei eci=ne.Vocabulary モコル Mokor To sleep エチ Eci= You (pl.)

ピリカノ Pirkano Well (adv.) エチオカイ Eciokay You (pl.) アナク Anak Topic marker ネ Ne Copula 小学生（ショウガクセ

イ） Shougakusei Elementary school student

アタイコル Ataykor Expensive アナクネ Anakne Topic marker エ E To eat エン En To, towards ステーキ Sute-ki Steak パイェ Paye To go (pl.) フランス Furansu France

Lesson 32: "We do.." (1)

Sentences

モコルアン。 Mokor=an.We sleep. ヌマン　イシカル　エン　パイェアン。 Numan Iskar en paye=an. We went to Ishikari yesterday. Grammar Let’s review the three pronominal affixes we’ve met so far: ku= is the first person singular, e= and eci= are the second person, singular and plural. They all acted as prefixes, but the first person plural =an acts as a suffix. More examples: アルキアン Arki=an We come シンキアン Sinki=an We are tired リムセアン Rimse=an We dance ハウキアン Hauki=an We speak テルケアン Terke=an We jump ペウレアン Peure=an We are young オンエアン Onne=an We grow old ポロアン Poro=an We are big サプアン Sap=an We descend (down the river, etc)* ラプアン Rap=an We descend (from

somewhere high)* オカイアン Okay=an We are, we exist* ポンアン Pon=an We are small*サプアン sap=an, ラプアン rap=an, オカイアン okay=an, and ポンアン

pon=an may be shortened as サパン sapan, ラパン rapan, オカヤン

okayan/オカアン okaan, or ポナン ponan in speech. Note that Ainu has no adjectives in the strict sense. Instead, Ainu has corresponding verbs for "to be such" and they act as if they were verbs: the copula "to be" is largely incorporated in them. They also mean "to become such", and you must rely on the context to figure out what exactly is meant. Conventionally, Ainu sentences are translated into past tense unless the contextual cues tell otherwise. Not everyone agrees with this, though. Shibatani in the Ainu chapter of his book The Languages of Japan maintains this position, while Kirsten Refsing in her The Ainu Language questions this practice. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) We take a little break. 2) We come from Shiranuka. Solutions1) ポンノ　シニアン Ponno sini=an.2) シラリカ　ワ　アルキアン Sirarika wa arki=an.Vocabulary

アン =an We シニ Sini To rest, take a break ポンノ Ponno A little シラルカ Sirarka Shiranuka (pn.) アルキ Arki To come ワ Wa From イシカル Iskar Ishikari (pn.) エン En To, towards ヌマン Numan Yesterday パイェ Paye To go (pl.)

Lesson 33: "We do.." (2)

Sentences

ドレス　アンミ。 Dress an=mi. We wear dress. ケシト　ＣＤ　アンヌ。 Kesto CD an=nu. We listen to the CD everyday. Grammar In the last lesson, the pronominal affix =an was attached at the end of the verb. That was when the verb was intransitive, that is to say the verb does not take a direct object. When the verb is transitive, the same affix is attached before the verb, making it an=. Example words are mi "to wear", nu "to listen to", e "to eat", kor "to have, hold", nukar "to look at" etc. Note that "transitive" and "intransitive" mean slightly different things in English and Ainu. English defines "transitive" at a more strict sense, that is the object has to be acted upon in some way while in Ainu (and Japanese) a purely mental activity like "wanting" is sufficient enough to become transitive, because it takes an object after all. More examples: アンエ An=e We eat アンコル An=kor We have アンネ An=ne We are アンヌカル An=nukar We look at アンカル An=kar We make アンク An=ku We drink アンヌ An=nu We listen to アンミ An=mi We wear

アンヌイェ An=nuye We write アンオ An=o We rideAn= as a prefix is translated as "our" when attached before a noun. A noun may or may not take its genitive form in this case. アンシキ／アンシキヒ An=siki / An=sikihi "Our day"アンパケ／アンパケヘ An=pake / An=pakehe "Our head"アンチセ／アンチセヘ An=cise / An=cisehe "Our house"アンマッネポ／アンマッネポホ An=matnepo / An=matnepoho "Our daughter"Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) We eat meat. 2) We drink wine a little. Solutions1) カム　アンエ Kam an=e.2) ポンノ　ワイン　アンク Ponno Wine an=ku.

Vocabulary アン An= We

カム Kam Meat エ E To eat ク Ku To drink ワイン Wain Wine ポンノ Ponno A little ケスト Kesto Everyday ドレス Doresu Dress (Formal female outfit in Japanese usage) ヌ Nu To listen to ミ Mi To wear

Lesson 34: "We do.." (3)

Sentences

ウシケシ　ワ　アルキアシ。 Uskes wa arki=as.We come from Hakodate. ポロンノ　アプカシアシ　ワ　シンキアシ。 Poronno apkas=as wa sinki=as. We walked a lot and got tired.

Grammar Ainu makes a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural. Inclusive "we" includes the listener, "you and I", while exclusive "we" does not; "I and others, but not you". An in the previous two lessons are inclusive, and the exclusive takes a different affix: as. Although they both translate as "we" in English, the distinction has to be made in Ainu. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) We have a meal together. (excl.)2) Tomorrow we go to Osaka. (excl.)Solutions1) ウトゥラノ　イペアシ Uturano ipe=as.2) ニサッタ　大阪　エン　パイエアシ Nisatta Osaka en paye=as.Vocabulary アシ =as We イペ Ipe To eat, have a meal ウトゥラノ Uturano Together パイェ Paye To go (pl.) 大阪（オオサカ） Osaka Osaka (pn.) ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow エン En To, towards

アプカシ Apkas To walk アルキ Arki To come (pl.) ウシケシ Uskes Hakodate (pn.)* シンキ Sinki To be tired ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much ワ１ Wa From ワ２ Wa AndUskes is the indigenous name for the modern city of Hakodate( 函館 ). Unlike many place names in Hokkaido, "Hakodate" is not derived from Ainu name. It was also known as Ushorkes or Usorkes as well.

Lesson 35: "We do.." (4)

Sentences

パソコン　チコル。 Pasokon ci=kor. We have a (personal) computer. サラリーマン　ヘンネ　チネ。 Salaryman henne ci=ne. We're not the corporate employees. ("salaryman")

Grammar This lesson introduces the last form of first person plural pronoun: ci=. It is exclusive first person plural pronominal for the transitive verbs. To summarize: Inclusive Exclusive

Transitive -an ci-

Intransitive -an -as

As you can see, -an is used for the inclusive first person plural, for both transitive and intransitive verbs, and Ainu makes a distinction between first person plural transitive ci and intransitive as in exclusive. Examples: チコタヌ／チコタヌフ Ci=kotanu / ci=kotanuhu "Our village"チケリ／チケリヒ Ci=ker / ci=kerihi "Our shoes"チテケ／チテケヘ Ci=tek / ci=tekehe "Our hands" チミッポ／チミッポホ Ci=mitpo / ci=mitpoho "Our grandchild" And ci is also used for "people in general", similar to French on or German man. This aspect of ci is most noticeable in compound nouns, personal and place names. For example, the word cironnup is composed of three parts: ci-ronnu-p, "what people kill" with –p being the nominalizer. This word means "fox." More examples: チカルカルペ cikarkarpe (Embroidered clothing)チ・カルカル・ペ ci=karkar=pe "What people embroider"チエイワンケプ cieyunkep (Tool) チ・エイワンケ・プ ci=eyunke=p "What people use"

チタタプ citatap (An Ainu dish made of bashing a salmon's head)チ・タタ・プ ci=tata=p "What people bash"チノミシリ cinomisir (A holy land)チ・ノミ・シリ ci=nomi=sir "Where people pray" Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) We eat fish. 2) We are young youth. Solutions1) チェプ　チエ Cep ci=e.2) ペウレ　オッカイポ　チネ Pewre okkaypo ci=ne.Vocabulary エ E To eat チェプ Cep Fish シ Ci= We ペウレ Pewre To be young ネ Ne Copula オッカイポ Okkaypo Youth

コル Kor To have, hold サラリーマン Sarariman "Salaryman", a corporate employee. パソコン Pasokon Personal computer ヘンネ Henne Negation (Not)

Lesson 36: "If.. then"

Sentences

エエク　ヤクン　 クホシピ。 E=ek yakun ku=hosipi.If you come, I come back. ルヤンペ アシ ヤクン ヘンネ クオマン。 Ruyanpe as yakun henne ku=oman. If it rains, I don't go. Grammar

Yakun is a conditional particle which is best translated as "if" in English. But unlike English, yakun is placed at the end of the conditional clause: instead of "if X, Y" the Ainu equivalent would be "X yakun, Y." The second sentence "ruyanpe as yakun henne ku=oman" may be broken down as "ruyenpe as yakun" (if rain falls) with yakun connects the conditional to the main clause "henne ku=oman" (I don't/won't go.) The usage of yakun is strictly limited in a situation where the result "then" is determined given the condition "if" is satisfied. This means yakun will not be used in a prediction, such as "it will become warm if spring comes." Nor in a subjunctive sentence like "I wish if I were.." either, as this is a wish, not a determined action under specific conditions.

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) If snow comes, mother rides bus. 2) If father is angry, I apologize. Solutions1) ウパシ　アシ　ヤクン　ハポ　バス　オ Upas as yakun hapo Bus.2) アチャ　イルシカ　ヤクン　クヤウナシケ Aca iruska yakun ku=yawnaske.Vocabulary オ O To ride ヤクン Yakun Conditional バス Basu Bus アシ As To fall ハポ Hapo Mother ウパシ Upas Snow イルシカ Iruska To be angry アチャ Aca Father ヤウナシケ Yawnaske To apologize

ク Ku= I エ E= You エク Ek To come オマン Oman To go ヘンネ Henne Negation ホシピ Hosipi To come back, go back ルヤンペ Ruyanpe Rain

Lesson 37: "I suppose.."

Sentences

ニサッタ ウパシ アシ　ナンコル。 Nisatta upas as nankor. I suppose it would snow tomorrow. オヤパ　カナダ　エン パイェアン　ナンコル。 Oyapa Canada en paye=an nankor. I supposed we would go to Canada next year. Grammar

Nankor is a suppositional particle which expresses a guess or prediction about the future or current event. It may be used to express something is expected from people or things depending on the context. In Katakana it may be spelt either as ナンコル or ナンコロ, depending on the habit of the speaker.

トマコマイ　エン　エオマン　ナンコル。 Tomakomay en e=oman nankor.You would go to Tomakomai. クイェ　イタク　エチヌ　ナンコル。 Ku=ye itak eci=nu nankor. You would listen to what I say. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I suppose the wind would blow strong today. 2) I suppose you would see lots of stars if you go outside. Solutions1) タント　レラ　ユプケ　ナンコル Tanto era yupke nankor.2) エソイネ　ヤクン　ノチウ　ポロンノ　エヌカル　ナンコル E=soyne yakun nociw poronno e=nukar nankorVocabulary ユプケ Yupke To be strong タント Tanto Today レラ Rera Wind ナンコル Nankor Suppositional ノチウ Nociw Star

ソイネ Soyne To go outside エ E= You ヌカル Nukar To look at ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much ヤクン Yakun Conditional アシ As To blow, to fall アン =An We ウパシ Upas Snow エン En To, towards オヤパ Oyapa Next year カナダ Kanada Canada ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow パイェ Paye To go (pl.)

Lesson 38: Object Pronoun "Me"

Sentences

クユポ エンキク。 Ku=yupo en=kikMy brother beat me. クコル　ハポ　チョコレート　エンコレ。 Ku=kor hapo chocolate en=kore. My mother gave me chocolate. Grammar

En= is another first person pronominal affix in the objective case, while ku= is the subjective. The subject of the verb is still the agent of the action, and en is there to mark the object of the action, as something is done to "me." Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) A big dog bites me. 2) My aunt scolds me. Solutions1) ポロ　シタ　エンクパパ Poro sita en=kupapa.2) クコル　フチ　エンコイキ Ku=kor huci en=hoyki. Vocabulary シタ Sita Dog クパパ Kupapa To bite エン En= Me

ポロ Poro To be big フチ Huci Aunt コイルシカ Koiruska To scold コル Kor To have, hold ク Ku= I, my キク Kik To beat コレ Kore To give チョコレート Chokoreto Chocolate ハポ Hapo Mother ユポ Yupo Brother

Lesson 39: Connector "korkay"

Sentences

ウパシ　アシ コルカイ　シリポプケ。 Upas as korkay sirpopke. Snow falls, but it is warm. /It is warm though it's snowing. タパン　キムチ　 チャルカル　コルカイ　ケラアン。 Tapan kimchi carkar korkay keraan. This kimchi is hot, but it tastes good. / This kimchi tastes good though it is hot.

Grammar

Korkay is a word which connects two clauses. A korkay B is translated as "A, but B" or "B, although A." The main clause follows the subordinate clause, and this is a feature shared by both Japanese and Ainu. Depending on the dialect and habit of the speaker, korkay may be コロカイ korokay, コルカ korka or コロカ koroka. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I eat sherbet, although it is cold. 2) We dance, although we are tired. Solutions1) メアン　コルカイ　シャーベット　クエ Mean korkay Sherbet ku=e.2) シンキアシ　コルカイ　リムセアシ Sinki=as korkay rimse=as.

Vocabulary コルカイ Korkay Although エ E To eat シャーベット Shabetto Sherbet ク Ku= I メアン Mean To be cold

リムセ Rimse To dance アシ１ =as We シンキ Sinki Tired アシ２ As To fall, blow ウパシ Upas Snow キムチ Kimuchi Kimchi ケラアン Keraan To be tasty シリポプケ Sirpopke To become warm タパン Tapan This チャルカル Carkar To be hot, spicy.

Lesson 40: "Let us.." (1)

Sentences

イペアン ノ。 Ipe=an no. Let us have a meal.

ウラカ　パクノ アプカシアン　ノ。 Uraka pakno apkas =an no. Let us walk to Urakawa. Grammar The suggestive "let us" in Ainu is expressed by the particle no attached at the end of the clause. スイ　ウヌカルアン　ノ suy unukar=an no is a common "good bye" expression in Ainu, literally meaning "let us meet again!" This no may become ロ ro, ロク rok , or ナ na depending on the dialect. Exercises

There are no exercises for this lesson.

Vocabulary アプカシ Apkas To walk アン =an We イペ Ipe To eat, have a meal ウラカ Uraka Urakawa (pn.) ノ No Suggestive パクノ Pakno Up to, even, all the way to

Lesson 41: "Let us.." (2)

Sentences

ポロリムセ　アンキ　ノ。 Pororimse an=ki no. Let us dance pororimse.ヤマウ　アンカル　ワ　アンエ　ノ。 Yamaw an=kar wa an=e no. Let us make yamaw and eat. Pororimse, known as Waodori in Japanese, is a traditional dance in a circle after a festival. The Ainu word pororimse literally means "Great Dance", and the Japanese waodori means "Circled Dance." Yawaw is a traditional Ainu dish, which literally means "cold (yam) soup (ohaw)." Grammar The suggestive sentences used in Lesson 40 with particle no were all intransitive, and the pronominal affix =an was placed after the verb. However, when the sentence takes an object and the verb made transitive, then the affix is placed before the verb as an=. The pronominal affix can never be omitted. "Let us watch a movie" ○　映画　アンヌカル　ノ。 Eiga an=nukar no.×　映画　　　ヌカル　ノ。 Eiga nukar no. In addition, no may cause a sound change in the preceding word. If the preceding word ends with a small Katakana ラリルレロ or an r in Roman Ainu, this r is dropped and nasalized as ン(n) to ease the pronunciation. アンカル　ノ An=kar no "Let us make..."-> アンカン　ノ An=kan no アンヌカル　ノ An=nukar no "Let us see..." -> アンヌカン　ノ An=nukan no

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu

1) Let's ride metro. 2) Let's go to Tomakomai and find a cheap room. Solutions1) 地下鉄　アンオ　ノ Chikatetsu an=o no.2) トマコマイ　エン　パイェアン　ワ　アタイサク　トゥンプ　アンエ

シタン　ノ Tomakomai en paye=an wa ataysak tumpu an=estan noVocabulary オ O To ride アン An= We ノ No Suggestive 地下鉄（チカテツ） Chikatetsu Metro, subway トゥンプ Tumpu Room トマコマイ Tomakomai Tomakomai (pn.) エン En To, towards パイェ Paye To go (pl.) アタイサク Ataysak To be cheap エシタン Estan To find, search ワ Wa And

エ E To eat カル Kar To make キ Ki To do

Lesson 42: Particle "na"

Sentences

タント　メアン　ナ。 Tanto mean na. Today is cold. カンピソシ　ポロンノ　クコル　ナ。 Kampisos poronno ku=kor na. I have a lot of books. カンピソシ kampisos "book" is a compound noun made of kampi "paper" and sos, a rarely used word for collection of flimsy materials. Some speakers may just say "hon" (本) as a Japanese loanword. Grammar The assurance particle na does not carry any semantic meaning, and the above examples make sense even if na is removed. This is used when the speaker provides information which the speaker wants the listener to pay attention: cf. "You know, it’s cold outside." This roughly corresponds to Japanese particle yo. Like no from lesson 41, na may cause a sound change if the preceding word ends in small Katakana ラリルレロ or an r. R in the preceding word is then nasalized and becomes ン / n. クコル　ナ -> クコン　ナ ku=kor na -> ku=kon na

Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) This melon is cheap but tastes good (and I assure you) 2) As for me, I understand Ainu language a little (so that you know) Solutions1) タパン　メロン　アタイサク　コルカイ　ケラアン　ナ Tapan Melon ataysak korkay keraan na.2) クアニ　アナク　アイヌイタク　ポンノ　クエラムアン　ナ Kuani anak aynuitak ponno ku=eramuan na.Vocabulary アタイサク Ataysak To be cheap タパン Tapan This ナ Na Assurance particle メロン Meron Melon コルカイ Korkay Although ケラアン Keraan To taste good, to be tasty ク Ku= I アナク Anak Topic marker アイヌイタク Ainuitak Ainu language

エラムアン Eramuan To understand クアニ Kuani I ポンノ Ponno A little コル Kor To have, hold タント Tanto Today ポロンノ Poronno A little メアン Mean To be cold

Lesson 43: Particle "ya"

Sentences

鉛筆　エコル　ヤ？ Enpitsu e=kor ya? Do you have a pencil? ウクラン　イメル　アッ ヤ？ Ukuran imeru at ya?Did lightning strike last night? At is "to appear" or "occur", such as light, smoke, smell or gas. It is also found in compound nouns such as urarat "to become misty", huraat "to become fragrant", nupekiat "light appears, shine" or supyaat "smoke appears."

Imeru is "lightening", as opposed to kamuyhum , "thunder". It is made of i "that (of god)" and meru "brightness." Grammar

Ya is an interrogative particle attached at the end of the sentence to make it a question, roughly corresponding to Japanese ka. This can be omitted if you just raise the tone at the end of the sentence. ワッカ　エク？ Wakka e=ku? You drink water? アイヌイタク　エチエランペテク？ Ainu itak eci=eranpetek?You (pl.) know Ainu language? Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Is your aunt's house big? 2) Do you (pl.) work every day? (lit. Do you be while working every day?) Solutions1) エコル　ウナルペ　チセヘ　ポロ　ヤ E=kor unarpe cisehe poro ya.2) ケシト　エチモンライケ　カネ　エチオカイ　ヤ Kesto eci=monrayke kane eci=okay ya.Vocabulary コル Kor To have, hold ヤ Ya Interrogative particle ポロ Poro To be big ウナルペ Unarpe Aunt

エ E= You (sg.) シセヘ Cisehe Home, house (genitive) カネ Kane While ケシト Kesto Everyday モンライケ Monrayke To work エチ Eci= You (pl.) オカイ Okay Copula (pl.) オクラン Ukuran Last night, yesterday evening 鉛筆（エンピツ） Enpitsu Pencil

Lesson 44: Particle "rusuy"

Sentences

アルバイト　クキ　ルスイ。 Arbeit ku=ki rusuy. I want to get (lit. "do") a part time job. ルルモッペ　エン パイェアシ　ルスイ。 rurmotpe en paye=as rusuy. We want to go to Rumoi.

Grammar

Rusuy is a desiderative particle, roughly translated as "to want to do something." Without rusuy, the example sentences mean "I do a part time job" and "we go to Rumoi." Rusuy is often used in compound words as well, as in iperusuy "to be hungry" (lit. to want to dine), mokonrusuy "to be sleepy" (lit. to want to sleep) and konrusuy "to want to have." Notice the sound changes of mokor and kor to mokon and kon here. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I want to buy a new watch. 2) Do you want to go to Sakhalin? Solutions1) アシリ　時計　クホク　ルスイ Asir Tokei ku=hok rusuy.2) エチオカイ　カラプト　エン　エチパイエ　ルスイ　ヤ Eciokay Karapto en eci=paye rusuy ya.Vocabulary ホク Hok To buy, purchase アシリ Asir To be new ク Ku= I ルスイ Rusuy Desiderative particle 時計（トケイ） Tokei Watch

エン En To, towards ヤ Ya Interrogative particle パイェ Paye To go (pl.) エチ Eci= You (pl.) カラプト Karapto Karafuto, Sakhalin (pn.) エチオカイ Eciokay You (pl.) アシ =as We (exclusive) アルバイト Arubaito A part-time job, from German "Arbeit" キ Ki To do ルルモッペ Rurmotpe Rumoi (pn.) Rur "ocean",

mo "silence", ot "to be", pe "place." "Where the silence of ocean is"

Lesson 45: Particle "kusu"

Sentences

ソンノ　メアン　クス ワッカ ルプシ。 Sonno mean kusu wakka rupus. Water froze because it is very cold.

スキー　チキ クス　パイェアシ ルスイ。 Ski ci=ki kusu paye=as rusuy. We want to go to ski. Grammar

Kusu is a causal particle attached at the end of the clause. Water froze because the weather was cold, and we want to go in order to (or, "because") we ski. Note that the word order is different from English: "A because B" would translate as "B kusu A" in Ainu. B is the reason or goal, and A is the reason. Keep in mind that the subordinate clause comes before the main clause in Ainu. A common expression using kusu includes "… kusu ne." Literally it would mean "because it is so...", but in idiomatic usage this means "I am going to / planning to do." Example: 韓国　エン　クオマン　クス　ネ。 Kankoku en ku=oman kusu ne. I am going to Korea. (I have planned to do so.)In the second sentence you find ci= and =as used in the same sentence. They are both first person plural exclusive pronominal affixes, that the "we" does not include the listener. Ki takes transitive ci= because it has an object (ski), while paye doesn't because there is no destination (object) specified, thus intransitive =as. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) Now I'm going back because I am tired. 2) We want to go to Hawaii for surfing. Solutions1) クシンキ　クス　タネ　クホシピ Ku=sinki kusu tane ku=hosipi.2) サーフィン　チキ　クス　ハワイ　エン　パイエアシ　ルスイ Surfing ci=ki kusu Hawaii en=paye as rusuy.

Vocabulary ク Ku= I クス Kusu Causal particle ホシピ Hosipi To return タネ Tane Now シンキ Sinki Tired アシ =As We (intransitive exclusive) ハワイ Hawai Hawaii サーフィン Safin Surfing エン En To, towards ルスイ Rusuy Desiderative particle チ Ci= We (transitive exclusive) スキー Suki Ski. Ski was used by Sakhalin Ainu to move around in the snow-piled mountains, but it is unlikely that it was so in

Hokkaido. ソンノ Sonno Very, truly メアン Mean To be cold ルプシ Rupus To freeze ワッカ Wakka Water

Lesson 46: «Tuytak»

Text ( Beginning of the story ) ハー ha イシカル　コタンIskar kotan Village of Ishikari コタン　エトコ Kotan etoko Hill of the village アコホラリ　ワ オカヤン A=kohorari wa okay=an I was living. パウ　パウ　ハエエエエエ (Refrain) Paw paw haeeeee イシカル　コタン Iskar kotan Village of Ishikari

コタン　エトコ Kotan etoko Hill of the village アコホラリ オカヤン　アワ A=kohorari okay=an awa I was living there, but ポコインネアン　マ Pokoinne=an ma I had a lot of children アンポ　ウタル An=po utar My children アンレス　クス An=resu kusu In order to raise them トアニンマ　タアニンマ　Toaninma taaninma Here and there テルケテルケアン　カネ　Terketerke=an kane I was flying about パイェカイアン　マ　　　Payekay=an ma I was walking about アンポウタリ An=poutari My children アンエレ　クン　ペ An=ere kun pe Something to feed them アンエモマシヌ　ワ An=emomasnu wa I collected アンルラ　ワ An=rura wa I carried

アンポウタリ An=poutari My children アンレス　カネ オカヤン An=resu kane okay=an. I was raising. English translation I was living in village of Iskar, on the hill of the village. The place I was living, was village of Iskar, on the hill of the village. I had lots of children, and in order to raise my children, I flied around and walked around here and there. I collected things (which ought to) feed my children, carried them, and raised my children. Exercises

There are no exercises for this lesson.

Vocabulary ア A= (Variant of An=) アワ Awa Where (Not interrogative) アン An= I アン =An I イシカル Iskar Ishikari (pn.) ウタル Utar Plural particle. "People"

as an independent word. エトコ Etoko Hillside (genitive), base form etok. エモマシヌ Enomasnu To collect, gather エレ Ere To feed オカヤン Okay=an Contraction of オカイ・

ア ン (unchanged in Roman) カネ Kane While クス Kusu Because, in order to クン Kun Should, ought to do コタン Kotan Village コホラリ Kohorari To live in タアニンマ Taaninma To hither (Taani + un +

wa) テルケテルケ Terketerke To fly around. Terke by itself means "to jump" トアニンマ Toaninma To thither (Toani + un +

wa) ハー Ha- (Opening sound)

パイェカイ Payekay To walk around (pl.) パウ Paw (Onomatopoeia of a dying fox) ハエエエエエ Haeeeee (Meaning unknown) ペ Pe Nominalizer ポ Po Child ポウタリ Poutari Children (Genitive). Base form Poutar. ポコインネ Pokoinne To have many children.

Po (children) + ko (to him/her) + inne (to be many) マ Ma And, while. Variant of

Wa. ルラ Rura To carry レス Resu To raise ワ Wa And, while.About Tuytak Tuytak is a form of Ainu literature. This Tuytak was collected by Hiroshi Nakagawa (Chiba University) in 1985 from Ms. Yumi Okamoto. We only introduced the beginning lines here. Tuytak is a tale where the gods tell their stories in the first person narrative. Gods appear as heroes in forms of various animals and birds, such as bear, rabbit, owl and crane. This form of narrative is generally

known as shinyou (神謡 ) in Japanese. In Ainu, it is known as Tuytak in Samani and Urakawa, Kamuy Yukar from Shizunai to Western Iburi, Oyna in Tokachi, Kushiro and Asahikawa. (Generally known as "Yukar" in English.) The word Tuytak is used in Tokachi, Kushiro and Asahikawa as well but there it means "Olden Tales." "Olden Tales" in Samani and Urakawa is Isoytatki, and Uwepeker in Iburi. The refrain (Ainu: sakehe saha) "paw paw haeeeee" is repeated every line, and it is a characteristic of Tuytak. (Some of the lines in the text were combined to facilitate annotation) The refrain differs in different parts of the story. The hero of this Tuytak is Pawsekamuy, a fox. This is very similar to the other tale collected by Shigeru Kayano in Biratori, which is published as 『キツネのチャランケ(Kitsune no Charanke)』 and is a well-known tale. Grammar So far we have learned the basics of Ainu language. This Tuytak may have been a bit too difficult and it is because the language of the oral literary tradition, Classical Ainu, differs from the Modern Colloquial Ainu. For example, the first person singular pronominal is アン - an= or -アン

=an instead of the familiar ク ku=. "I rest" in Modern Ainu is クシニ

ku=nisi, but it is シニアン nisi=an in Classical Ainu. Notice that this =an looks same as the Colloquial =an for the first person plural. The independent pronoun differs as well, Classical pronoun for "I" is アノカイ

Anokay instead of Colloquial クアニ kuani. The plural forms of the nouns (cf. Lesson 10) are used not only for the plural subjects, but singular subject "I" as well in Classical Ainu. "I go" would be クオマン ku=oman in Colloquial, パイェアン paye=an in Classical. Example: "I go down to the shore and catch fish" Modern: クアニ　アナク　ピシ　タ　クサン　マ　チェプ　クコイキ。 Modern: Kuani anak pisi ta ku=san ma cep ku=koyki. Classical: アノカイ　アナク　ピシ　タ　サプアン　マ　チェプ　アンコ

イキ。 Classical: Anokay anak pisi ta sap=an ma cep an=koyki. Literally: I (topic marker) shore (to) go down-(I) and fish (I)-catch.

Lesson 47: Where?

Sentences

チヌカルクル　ネイ　タ　アン？ Cinukarkur ney ta an? Where is Big Dipper? ニサッタ　エノン　エチパイェ？ Nisatta enon eci=paye? Where do you (pl.) go tomorrow? Grammar

Ney ta is used to ask "where" a person or a thing is located, while enon is used to ask the destination of a movement. A related word onon is used to ask "from where." Ney ta "Where" LocativeEnon "Whither" AllativeOnon "Whence" Ablativeオノン　エチアルキ？ Onon eci=arki? Where do you come from? (pl.) Enon is used in Shizunai, Eastern Hidaka and Tokachi areas. It may be hunakun, hinakun, neyne or newn in other regions. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu

1) Where is your father? 2) Where do you want to go tomorrow?Solutions1) エコル　アチャ　ネイ　タ　アン E=kor aca ney ta an.2) ニサッタ　エノン　エチパイエ　ルスイ Nisatta enon eci=paye rusuy.

Vocabulary アン An To be ネイ Ney Where コル Kor To have, hold エ E= You アチャ Aca Father タ Ta Locative particle ルスイ Rusuy Desiderative particle エチ Eci= You (pl.) ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow パイェ Paye To go (pl.)

エノン Enon Whither チヌカルクル Cinukarkur

The Big Dipper. Made of ci=nukar=kur, "the one which we behold." The name comes from its function as a reference point to tell the directions.

Lesson 48: What?

Sentences

ネプ　エエ　ルスイ？ Nep e=e rusuy? What do you want to eat? ネプ　カイ ケラアン　クワシ　クエ　 ルスイ。 Nep kay keraan kuwas ku=e rusuy. I want to eat some tasty snacks. Grammar

Nep is the basic interrogative to ask "what". It can form compounds with other particles as well, such as nep kay "something", nep kusu "for what- why" and nep ta an pe "something, for what reason" etc. Kay is not used independently, and it is used after an abstract word: nep kay "something" (what-certain) or enon kay "somewhere" (what-place). Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) What will you wear tomorrow? 2) Do you have some good ideas? Solutions1) ニサッタ　ネプ　エミ　ワ　エオマン Nisatta nep e=mi wa e=oman.2) ネプ　カイ　ピリカ　サンニヨ　エチコル　ヤ Nep kay pirka sanniyo eci=kor ya.Vocabulary ミ Mi To wear ネプ Nep What (Interrogative).

Hemanta in some dialects. エ E= You ワ Wa And ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow オマン Oman To go サンニヨ Sanniyo Thought, Idea ヤ Ya Interrogative particle ピリカ Pirka To be good エチ Eci= You (pl.)

ネプカイ Nep kay Something ク Ku= I クワシ Kuwas Candy, snack. From Classical Japanese

Kuwashi. Topenpe or Rurkorpe in some dialects.

ケラアン Keraan To be tasty, to taste good ルスイ Rusuy Desiderative particle.

Lesson 49: "Even so.."

Sentences

アンミプ　ポロンノ　エミ ヤッカイ　エメウン ナンコル。 Anmip poronno e=mi yakkay e=meun nankor.You feel (lit. are) cold even if you wear a lot of clothes. ニサッタ　ウパシ　アシ　ヤッカイ　モンライケアシ　クス　 ネ。 Nisatta upas as yakkay monrayke=as kusu ne. We will (lit. are decided) to work even if it snows tomorrow. Grammar

Yakkay is a conjunction placed after the subordinate clause to express "even if so…" or "despite that…", in a manner similar to korkay in lesson 39. Keep in mind that Ainu subordinate clauses come before the main clause. Exercises

Exercises: Translate to Ainu1) I am not even finding work. 2) I suppose my son doesn't run away even if I am angry. Solutions1) モンライケ　クエシタン　ヤッカイ　イサム Monrayke ku=estan yakkay isam.2) クイルシカ　ヤッカイ　クポホ　ヘンネ　キラ　ナンコル Ku=iruska yakkay ku=poho henne kira nankor.Vocabulary モンライケ Monrayke Work, to work イサム Isam Not to exist ク Ku= I エシタン Estan To find, search キラ Kira To run away ポホ Poho Son (genitive) ナンコル Nankor Suppositional particle イルシカ Iruska To be angry ヘンネ Henne Negation アシ As To fall アシ =as We (exclusive)

アンミプ Anmip Clothing. ウパシ Upas Snow エ E= You クス Kusu Because. Kusu ne "intended/planned to do" ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow ネ Ne Copula (to be) ポロンノ Poronno A lot, many, much ミ Mi To wear メウン Meun To be cold. Merayke in some dialects. ヤッカイ Yakkay "Despite, even if." Yakka in some dialects.

Lesson 50: «Yayrap»

Text

ネコン　イキ　ワ nekon iki wa ...in what way

シクプ　アワン　ペ sikup awan pe one who was born アンネ　イネ an=ne ine I was, and チオルクシテコ ciorkusketo in such a place アトゥイソ　カ　タ atuyso ka ta on the ocean モムモムアン　カネ mommon=an kane floating and floating オカアン　マ oka=an ma was, and アコヤイヌパ a=koyaynupa I noticed there アヨロロペ ayororope アヨロロペ ayororope アヨロロペ ayororope ネコニキ　ワ　 nekon iki wa ...in what way シクプ　アワン　ペ sikup awan pe one who was born イパンネ　キ　テク ipan=ne ki tek I was タン　ヌプル　アトゥイ　 tan nupur atuy this great sea アトゥイソ　カ　タ atuyso ka ta on the ocean モムモムアン　カネ mommon=an kane ...floating and floating オカヤン　キ　ワ　okay=an ki wa while I was アコヤイヌパ　a=koyaynupa I noticed there.

English translation I was one born in what way, (that I do not know). I was floating and floating on the ocean, and I noticed there. Ayororope, ayororope, ayororope. I was born in what way, (that I do not know), I was floating and floating on the great ocean, and I noticed there. Exercises

There are no exercises for this lesson.

Vocabulary ア A= I. Variant of =an. アトゥイ Atuy Sea アトゥイソ Atuyso Open sea. So "wide area" アヨロロペ Ayororope (Has no meaning) アワン Awan And アン An= I アン =An I イキ Iki To do イネ Ine And イパン Ipan= I. (Appears only in tales)

オカ Oka To be, to exist. Variant of Okay.

カ Ka Above カネ Kane …ing, while キ Ki To do コヤｙヌパ Koyaynupa To notice there. シクプ Sikup To grow up タ Ta Locative particle タン Tan This チオルクシテコ Ciorkusteko In what way テク Tek And ヌプル Nupur Spiritually powerful, great. To be of deep color. ネ Ne Copula ネコニキ Nekoniki Contraction of ネコン イ

キ. (Change in Kana only) ネコン Nekon In what way ペ Pe Nominalizer

マ Ma And. Variant of Wa. モムモム Mommom Floating and floating.

Mom by itself is "to float" ワ Wa AndGrammar This is a sample of a Yayrap, a heroic epic narrative orally transmitted in Samani area. This Yayrap was performed by Ms. Yumi Okamoto. It is a difficult task to sing Yayrap, one must practice to sing continuously for a prolonged time. The language itself is quite difficult as well, as it employs Classical Ainu. This Yayrap begins with chanting ayororope between the lines, but it has no meaning, it just lets the listeners to know that the narrative begins. This occurs repeatedly between lines or phrases. Lesson 51: Ainu Theatre

Text Man 1:トパットゥミ　エク　ナ！ Topattumi ek na! Invading army came! Man 2: ハヨク　ワ　トゥミ　エトコイキ　ヤン！ Hayok wa tumi etokoyki yan! Arm and prepare for a war! Man 4： アイシトマ　ナ！メノコ　ウタル　ネワ　ヘカッタル　アナク　キム

タ　キラ　ワ

Ay=sitoma na! menoko utar newa hekattar anak kim ta kira wa What a terrifying thing! Let the women and children run to the mountain シヌイナク　ナンコル！イテッケ　ソイェンパ！ Sinuynak nankor! itekke soyenpa! and hide! You ought not to come outside! Woman 1: トパットゥミ　エク　ヤカイェ！ Topattumi ek yakaye! It seems like the invading army came! Woman 2: キラアン　クス　ネ！ Kira=an kusu ne! Let us run away! Woman 3:ヘタク　キラアン　ノ！ Hetak kira=an no! Let us run away, quickly! Woman 4:オンネ　ウタル　ネワ　ヘカッタル　アントゥラ　ワ　キラアン　ノ！ Onne utar newa hekattar an=tura wa kira=an no! Let us run away, taking the aged and the children with us! Exercises

There are no exercises for this lesson.

Vocabulary アイ Ay= Variant of An=

アナク Anak Topic marker アン An= We

アン =An We イテッケ Itekke Do not, you ought not ウタル Utar People エク Ek To come (sg.) エトコイキ Etokoyki To prepare for オンエ Onne Aged, old キム Kim

Mountain. Nupuri is generally used for a "this, or that mountain" while kim is more usual when it comes to "to, into mountain."

キラ Kira To run away クス Kusu Because シトマ Sitoma To be terrified of シヌイナク Sinuynak To hide, conceal oneself ソイェンパ Soyenpa To come outside (pl.)

Soyene in singular. タ Ta Locative particle トゥミ Tumi War, fight

トゥラ Tura To take along トパットゥミ Topattumi Invading army or a bandit gang ナ Na Suggestive particle ナンコル Nankor Suppositional particle ネ Ne Copula ネワ Newa And. This is used in enumerating items. ノ No "Let us…" ハヨク Hayok To arm ヘカッタル Hekattar Children ヘタク Hetak Quickly メノコ Menoko Woman ヤカイェ Yakaye "I heard…" or "it seems like...". Contracted from

Yak aye, and yakaye or hakaye in some dialects.

ヤン Yan Imperative particle. "Do!" ワ Wa And

Grammar This is a sample of an Ainu play, Legend of Sand Whale( ホ タフンペ Hotehunpe). It was performed by the students of Samani Ainu class in the 19th Ainu Culture Festival held in Samani. The original version was performed by Mr. Soukichi Okamoto and published in History of Samani Village(『様似町史』). Topattumi is a recurring word in various Ainu tales, and it is a group of people with a malicious intent who attack the village and sack the treasures. Topa is a group or a mass of people, and tumi means a feud or a war. Iskatumi means the same, from iska meaning "to steal".

Lesson 52: Conversation

Text

A: ウパシ　ル　ワ　 シリポプケ　ナ。 upas 　ru wa sirpopke na. Snow melts and it became warm, isn't it? B: パイカル　アン　ナ！クヌチャクテク。 paykar an na. ku=nucaktek. It's spring! I'm feeling good. A: ニサッタ　日曜日　 ネ　クス　エノン　カイ　パイェアン　ノ！ nisatta NICHIYOUBI ne kusu enon kay paye=an no! Tomorrow is sunday, so let us go somewhere! B: ピリカ！車　 アンオ　ワ　 パイェアン　ノ！ pirka! KURUMA an=o wa paye=an no! Good! Let us ride car and go! (i.e. Let us drive to somewhere) A: エノン　エオマン　ルスイ？ enon e=oman rusuy? Where do you want to go? B: オタルナイ　エン　クオマン　ルスイ。 Otarunay en ku=oman rusuy. I want to go to Otaru. A: ピリカ。クアニ　ウサ　クオマン　ルスイ。 pirka. kuani usa ku=oman rusuy. Good. I want to go there too. B: ヤクン、ウトゥラノ　パイェアン　ノ。

yakun, uturano paye=an no. So, let's go together. シンケヘ sinkehe (Next day)A: オタルナイ　タ　シレパアン　ルウェ　ネ。 Otarunay ta sirepa=an ruwe ne. We arrived in Otaru. B: インネ　ウタル　オカイ！ inne utar okay! There are lots of people! A: クアニ　アナク　ピントロ　アリ　アンカル　ペ　クホク　ルスイ。 kuani anak pintoro ari an=kar pe ku=hok rusuy. I want to buy some glass products. B: ヤクン、トアンタ　パイェアン　ノ。 yakun, toanta paye=an no. So, let's go there. みやげ屋　 オシケ　タ MIYAGEYA oske ta (At a souvenir shop)A: インキアンペ　エコンルスイ？ inkianpe e=konrusuy? What do you like? B: オピッタ　ソンノ　アタイコル　ナ。 opitta sonno ataykor na. They're all expensive. A: オヤク　タ　パイェアン　クス　ネ。 oyak ta paye=an kusu ne. Then let's go to somewhere else. B: パイェアン　ノ。 paye=an no. Let's go. オヤ　みやげ屋　 オシケ　タoya MIYAGEYA oske ta (At a different souvenir shop)A: タンペ　ソンノ　ピリカ　ナ。クホク　 クス　ネ。 tanpe sonno pirka na. ku=hok kusu ne. This is really beautiful. So I'm buying it. B: クアニ　アナク　タパン　オルゴール　クホク　ナ。フミヒ　ソンノ

ピリカ。 kuani anak tapan ORUGORU ku=hok na. humihi sonno pirka. I'm buying this orgel. It sounds very beautiful.

みやげ屋　 オル　ワ　ソイェンパ MIYAGEYA or wa soyenpa (Leaving the souvenir shop) A: トケシ　アン　ナ。イペアン　ノ。クイペルスイ。 tokes an na. ipe=an no. ku=iperusuy. It's lunch time. Let's go eat. I'm hungry. B: ネコン　アン　ペ　エエ　ルスイ？ nekon an pe e=e rusuy? What do you want to eat? A: クアニ　アナク　ラーメン　クエ　ルスイ。 kuani anak RAMEN ku=e rusuy. I want to eat ramen. B: オタルナイ　ネ　クス　寿司　クエ　ルスイ。 Otarunay ne kusu SUSI ku=e rusuy. It's Otaru, so I want to eat Sushi. A: クアニ　アナクネ　ラーメン　クエ　ルスイ　コルカイ、 kuani anakne RAMEN ku=e rusuy korkay, Though I want to eat ramen, 寿司　エエ　ルスイ　ヤクン　寿司　ネ　ヤッカイ　ピリカ。 SUSI e=e rusuy yakun SUSI ne yakkay pirka. but sushi is fine if you want to eat sushi. B: イヤライケレ。ケラアン　マ　アタイサク　ウシケ　アンエシタン

ノ。 iyayraykere. keraan ma ataysak uske an=estan no. Thanks. Let's find somewhere good and cheap. Exercises

There are no exercises for this lesson.

Vocabulary アタイコル Ataykor To be expensive アタイサク Ataysak To be cheap

アナク Anak Topic marker アナクネ Anakne Topic marker アリ Ari Instrumental particle, made of something, to do something with X etc. Ani in some dialects. アン An To be, to exist. アン An= We アン =an We イペ Ipe To have a meal イペルスイ Iperusuy To be hungry イヤイライケレ Irayraykere Thank you! インキアンペ Inkianpe Which, which one インエ Inne To be a lot of people, to be crowded ウシケ Uske Somewhere, a place ウサ Usa Too, as well ウタル Utar People ウトゥラノ Uturano Together

ウパシ Upas Snow エ E To eat エ E= You エシタン Estan To find, search. Hunar in some dialects. エノン Enon To where エン En To, towards オ O To ride オシケ Oske Inside, in the midst of オル Or Somewhere, a place オカイ Okay To be, to exist (pl.) オタルナイ Otarunay Otaru (pn.) Ota-ru-nay, "sand-road-field." オピッタ Opitta All, everything オマン Oman To go オヤ Oya Other, something else オヤク Oyak Somewhere else オルゴール Orugoru Orgel

カル Kar To make カイ Kay Interrogative particle クアニ Kuani I ク Ku= I クス Kusu Since, because, so 車（クルマ） Kuruma Car, automobile ケラアン Keraan To be tasty, to taste good コルカイ Korkay But, although コンルスイ Konrusuy To want シリポプケ Sirpopke To be warm シレパ Sirepa To arrive シンケヘ Sinkehe Next day (gen.) Base form sinke. Simke in some dialects. 寿司（スシ） Sushi Sushi ソイェンパ Soyenpa To go outside (pl.) ソンノ Sonno Really, truly タ Ta Locative particle

タパン Tapan This タンペ Tanpe This thing トアンタ Toanta Over there トケシ Tokes Daytime, lunchtime ナ Na Suggestive particle ニサッタ Nisatta Tomorrow 日曜日（ニチヨウビ） Nichiyoubi Sunday ヌチャクテク Nucaktek To be envious of.

Yaykopuntek, nupetne, or yayrenka in some dialects.

ネ Ne Copula ネコン Nekon In what way ノ No "Let us…" パイェ Paye To go (pl.) パイカル Paykar Spring ピリカ Pirka To be good, beautiful ピントロ Pintoro Glass. Portuguese loanword into Japanese and Ainu.

フミヒ Humihi Sound (gen.) Base form Hum.

ペ Pe Nominalizer. Thing. ホク Hok To buy マ Ma Variation of Wa. みやげ屋（ミヤゲヤ） Miyageya Souvenir shop. ヤクン Yakun If then, so… ヤッカイ Yakkay Even though, despite that… ラーメン Ramen Ramen ル Ru To melt ルウェ Ruwe Thing (abstract) ルスイ Rusuy Desiderative particle ワ Wa From ワ Wa AndGrammar Be careful with the expression "pintoro ari an=kar pe". Although an= is used here, this does not mean "a thing that we made from glass", but rather "something that is made of glass". Ruwe as in "ruwe ne" is a "thing", but ruwe ne as a whole as an idiomatic expression is "it turned out such", "it is such a.." or "it is like.." to emphasize an event.

This concludes the year-long study of Ainu. This lesson might have been a little bit difficult, but it is meant to give you a sense of what would an Ainu conversation sound like, so we came up with this dialogue with two travelers to Otaru, a town famous for sushi. There are a few expressions that we didn't learn yet, but most of it is the application of what we have learned so far. Iyayraykere!