AIS paper 2

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ANDALAS UNIVERSITY

ACCOUNTINGINFORMATION SYSTEMSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODOLIGY

AMILA CHAIRINNISA LATHIFA

1110534020

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An Empirical Investigation Into The Adoption of SystemsDevelopment Methodologies

1. Introduction

Systems develome!t "s o!e o# t$e %o&e "ss'es "! t$e IS #"eld ()*+ I! l",$t o# t$"s- "t "s !ot

s'&&"s"!, t$.t systems develome!t met$odolo,"es /SDMs0 s$o'ld 1e t$e s'12e%t o# e3te!s"ve

&ese.&%$+ T$e l"te&.t'&e $.s t&.d"t"o!.lly v"e4ed t$em .s .3"om.t"%.lly .&o&".te to "m&ov"!,

1ot$- t$e &o%ess .!d &od'%t o# systems develome!t (5*- 4"t$ t$e"& 'se 1e"!, ty"%.lly see! .s

v.l'.1le+ 6$"le t$e&e .&e . !'m1e& o# s",!"#"%.!t .&,'me!ts "! t$e"& #.vo&- t$e&e .&e .lso .

!'m1e& o# .&,'me!ts .!d &ess'&es t$.t 7'est"o! t$e 'se o# met$odolo,"es+

2. Issues in The Use o Methodo!o"ies5+)+ A&,'me!ts .!d P&ess'&es "! F.vo&

E.&ly systems develome!t &o2e%ts o#te! 'sed '!system.t"% met$ods+ Ho4eve&- .s t$e

%omle3"ty o# t$e systems "!%&e.sed- mo&e d"s%"l"!ed met$odolo,"%.l .&o.%$es 4e&e

.dvo%.ted (8- 9*+ Some o# t$e #'!d.me!t.l %o!%ets '!de&"!!"!, t$e 'se o# met$odolo,"es .&e:

; Systems develome!t "s . ve&y %omle3 &o%ess+ Met$odolo,"es m.y &ov"de .

&ed'%t"o!"st s'1d"v"s"o! o# t$"s &o%ess "!to l.'s"1le .!d %o$e&e!t stes (

.!d '!%e&t."!ty /see- e+,+ (?- @*0+

; T$ey m.y &ov"de . '&ose#'l #&.me4o&> #o& t$e .l"%.t"o! o# te%$!"7'es .!d

&eso'&%es .t .&o&".te t"mes d'&"!, t$e develome!t &o%ess /see- e+,+ (- B*0+

; T$e&e "s .! e%o!om"% &.t"o!.le: met$odolo,"es m.y .llo4 s>"ll se%".l"s.t"o! .!d

d"v"s"o! o# l.1o& /e+,+ .!.lys"s- des",!- %od"!,- .!d test"!,0 4$"%$ %.! &e%e"ve d"##e&e!t

&em'!e&.t"o! &.tes+

; A! e"stemolo,"%.l &.t"o!.le %.! 1e "de!t"#"ed .s met$odolo,"es m.y &ov"de . st&'%t'&.l

#&.me4o&> #o& t$e .%7'"s"t"o! o# >!o4led,e+ T$'s- .!y le.&!"!, #&om .st develome!t

e3e&"e!%es %.! 1e system.t"ed .!d sto&ed #o& #'t'&e &e#e&e!%e ()- ))- )5*+

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; St.!d.&d".t"o! o# t$e develome!t &o%ess "s oss"1le+ T$"s #.%"l"t.tes "!te&%$.!,e.1"l"ty

.mo!, develoe&s+ Also- "t %.! le.d to "!%&e.sed &od'%t"v"ty .!d 7'.l"ty- .s &eso'&%e

&e7'"&eme!ts %.! 1e &ed"%ted .!d m.de .v."l.1le .s .!d 4$e! !e%ess.&y ()8*+

I! .dd"t"o!- t$e&e .&e . !'m1e& o# s",!"#"%.!t &ess'&es- %omleme!t"!, t$ese #.%to&s- 4$"%$

s'o&t t$e "!%&e.sed 'se o# met$odolo,"es+ T$ey "!%l'de:

; Des"&.1"l"ty o# ISO;%e&t"#"%.t"o! "! m.!y o&,.!".t"o!s #'ell"!, t$e .dot"o! o#

met$odolo,"es .s . me.!s o# .%$"ev"!, %e&t"#"%.t"o! ()9*+

; Some ,ove&!me!ts- 4$o .&e s",!"#"%.!tly "!volved "! systems develome!t- $.ve

&e7'"&ed t$.t %e&t."! met$odolo,"es 1e 'sed #o& develome!t+ Fo& e3.mle- SSADM

/U- I&el.!d- M.lt.- Ho!, o!,- Is&.el0 D.#!e /It.ly0 Me&"se /F&.!%e0 .!d NIAM

/Net$e&l.!ds0+ T$"s %&e.tes . s",!"#"%.!t &ess'&e "! &.%t"%e #o& t$e"& .dot"o! ()e! met$odolo,y 's.,e to 1e . 1"!.&y

#.%to&- !.mely e"t$e& o&,.!"s.t"o!s .&e 's"!, met$odolo,"es o& !ot+ No& $.ve &ev"o's st'd"es

ty"%.lly d"st"!,'"s$ed 1et4ee! "!te&!.l met$odolo,"es .!d %omme&%".l t$"&d;.&ty

met$odolo,"es+ T$'s- 4e .doted . mo&e %om&e$e!s"ve %.te,o&"s.t"o! o# met$odolo,y 's.,e+

T$e st'dy .lso so',$t to "!vest",.te t$e %o!s"ste!%y .!d &",o'& 4"t$ 4$"%$ met$odolo,"es .&e

1e"!, .l"ed "! &.%t"%e+ T$e se%"#"% ."ms o# t$e st'dy 4e&e:

; Est.1l"s$ t$e e&%e!t.,e o# met$odolo,y 's.,e "! &.%t"%e- #o%'s"!, o! 1ot$- %omme&%".l

.!d "!te&!.lly; de&"ved met$odolo,"es+

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; Est.1l"s$ 4$et$e& t$e t&e!d "s to4.&ds "!%&e.sed met$odolo,y 's.,e+

; Ide!t"#y t$e %"&%'mst.!%es "! 4$"%$ develoe&s 'se met$odolo,"es- .!d t$e e3te!t to

4$"%$ t$ey .&e #ollo4ed &",o&o'sly+

; Est.1l"s$ t$e &o#"le o# t$e systems develome!t e!v"&o!me!t %'&&e!tly #.%ed /"!;$o'se

develome!t- o'tso'&%"!,- o& %'stom"s.t"o! o# .%>.,es0+

; Dete&m"!e t$e &.t"!, o# t$e %o!t&"1't"o! o# met$odolo,"es to t$e develome!t &o%ess+

3. #$c%"round $nd &e'o"r$(hic Inor'$tion

T$e se%to&.l d"st&"1't"o! 1y 1's"!ess %.te,o&y o# &eso!de!ts 4.s %om.&ed 4"t$ t$e

ove&.ll o'l.t"o! s.mle .!d 4.s #o'!d to 1e ve&y s"m"l.& "! d"st&"1't"o!+ T$e l.&,est

o&,.!"s.t"o!.l %o$o&t "! te&ms o# !'m1e&s emloyed 4.s t$e )) %.te,o&y- 4$"le t$e

l.&,est %o$o&t "! te&ms o# IS de.&tme!t s"e 4.s ); (5)*+ Ho4eve&- F&"edm.! &eo&ts . s"m"l.&

t&e!d "! de%&e.se "! IS de.&tme!t s"e "! t$e )Bs+ He s',,ests t$.t t$"s "s d'e to t$e

de%e!t&.l"s"!, o# develoe&s "!to 'se& de.&tme!ts+ Also- t$e t&e!d to4.&ds o'tso'&%"!, m.y 1e

%.'s"!, . s$&"!> "! IS de.&tme!t s"e+ T$"s t&e!d to4.&ds . &ed'%t"o! "! IS de.&tme!t s"e

%o!t"!'es to 1e &eo&ted (55*+

8+)+ Develome!t P&o#"le

Reso!de!ts 4e&e ve&y e3e&"e!%ed- 4"t$ .! .ve&.,e 's.,e o# mo&e t$.! )< ye.&s+ A!

"!te&est"!, #e.t'&e "s t$e $",$ level o# .%>.,e %'stom"s.t"o!- .!d .lso t$e level o# o'tso'&%"!,+

G"ve! t$ese #",'&es- "t 4o'ld .e.& t$.t "!$o'se develome!t "s !o lo!,e& &edom"!.!t+ I!

.dd"t"o!- ty"%.l develome!t &o2e%ts &e7'"&ed .1o't t$&ee develoe&s #o& less t$.! s"3 mo!t$s-

4$"%$ s',,ests . &o#"le o# sm.ll;s%.le- &."d develome!t e##o&ts- %om.&ed to t$e #"!d"!,s o#

.! e.&l"e& st'dy 1y Je!>"!s et .l+ (58*+ F'&t$e& ev"de!%e m.y e&$.s 1e ,."!ed #&om t$e #.%t t$.t

t$e most %ommo! l.t#o&m #o& develome!t "s t$e PC- .,."! !ot o!e ty"%.lly .sso%".ted 4"t$

l.&,e;s%.le develome!t &o2e%ts "! t$e .st+ T$'s- t$e develome!t e!v"&o!me!t %'&&e!tly #.%ed

"s &.d"%.lly d"##e&e!t #&om t$.t 4$"%$ &ev."led 4$e! most %'&&e!t met$odolo,"es 4e&e #"&st

#o&m'l.ted- .!d t$ese m.y !ot 1e "de.lly s'"ted to t$e &ese!t e!v"&o!me!t+

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4. An$!)sis o Methodo!o") Us$"e

T$e st'dy d&e4 'o! . #o'&;#old %.te,o&".t"o! o# met$odolo,y 's.,e:

; T$ose 's"!, . t$"&d;.&ty o& %omme&%".l #o&m.l"ed systems develome!t met$odolo,y

/FSDM0

; T$ose 's"!, .! "!te&!.l #o&m.l"sed met$odolo,y- 1.sed o! . %omme&%".l systems

develome!t met$odolo,y

; T$ose 's"!, .! "!te&!.l #o&m.l"sed met$odolo,y- !ot 1.sed o! . %omme&%".l systems

develome!t met$odolo,y .!d

; T$ose !ot 's"!, .!y #o&m.l"sed systems develome!t met$odolo,y+

T$"s %.te,o&"s.t"o! "s &e#e&.1le to . yes o& !o %l.ss"#"%.t"o! "! te&ms o# met$odolo,y 'se-

.s "t &e&ese!ts . %o!t"!''m mo&e %losely+

K'"te . #e4 t$"&d;.&ty met$odolo,"es 4e&e .%t'.lly &e&ese!ted "! t$"s st'dy- 4"t$ SSADM

1e"!, t$e most o'l.&- #ollo4ed 1y I!#o&m.t"o! E!,"!ee&"!,- O&.%leC.se- .!d A!de&se!

Co!s'lt"!,s Fo'!d.t"o! Met$od )+ T$e SSADM met$odolo,y 4.s .lso t$e most o'l.&

met$od "! t$e "!te&!.l- 1.sed o! . %omme&%".l FSDM %.te,o&y- #ollo4ed .,."! 1y I!#o&m.t"o!

E!,"!ee&"!,+ I! t$e l.tte& %.te,o&y- met$odolo,"es s'%$ .s C$e%>l.!ds So#t Systems Met$od

/SSM0 (59* .!d J.%>so! Systems Des",! (5ely "! l.&,e& o&,.!"s.t"o!s /mo&e t$.! )

emloyees0- .!d "! l.&,e& IS de.&tme!ts /mo&e t$.! 5 e&so!!el0+ T$"s #"!d"!, "s "! .%%o&d

4"t$ t$e &ese.&%$ %o!d'%ted 1y m'd (5?* 4$"%$ s',,ests t$.t l.&,e o&,.!"s.t"o!s .&e mo&e

l">ely to "!t&od'%e te%$!"%.l so#t4.&e "!!ov.t"o!s .!d mode&! so#t4.&e &.%t"%es+ T$e #"!d"!,s

.&e .lso 1&o.dly "! >ee"!, 4"t$ t$ose . )B< NCC s'&vey "! t$e U /&eo&ted 1y F&"edm.!0+

Not s'&&"s"!,ly- met$odolo,y 's.,e "s ve&y s",!" #"%.!tly .sso%".ted 4"t$ 1ot$- $",$

levels o# "!;$o'se develome!t .!d lo4 levels o# %'stom"s.t"o! o# .%>.,es .!d develome!t

o'tso'&%ed+ T$"s "s to 1e e3e%ted- $o4eve&- .s %'&&e!t met$odolo,"es 4e&e !ot o&","!.lly

des",!ed #o& .%>.,e %'stom"s.t"o! o& o'tso'&%"!,+ Add"t"o!.lly- met$odolo,"es .&e s",!"#y;

%.!tly mo&e l">ely to 1e 'sed 4$e! mo&e t$.! #"ve develoe&s .&e "!volved o! t$e &o2e%t- .!d

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4$e! t$e &o2e%t d'&.t"o! "s ,&e.te& t$.! !"!e mo!t$s+ T$"s "s "! >ee"!, 4"t$ t$e s',,ested

&o2e%t m.!.,eme!t &ole o# met$odolo,"es- .!d 4o'ld s',,est t$.t t$ey l.y . &ole "! %o!t&oll"!,

lo!, &o2e%ts .!d #.%"l"t.t"!, "!te&%omm'!"%.t"o! .mo!, develoe&s+

9+5+ Develome!t A%t"v"t"es .!d Te%$!"7'e 's.,e

Alt$o',$ t$e #"!d"!,s do !ot &eve.l s",!"#"%.!t d"##e&e!%es- "t .e.&s t$.t t$e&e "s .

sl",$tly mo&e eve! d"st&"1't"o! o# t"me 4$e! . met$odolo,y "s 1e"!, #ollo4ed+ T$'s- sl",$tly

mo&e t"me .e.&s to 1e .llo%.ted to t$e .!.lys"s .!d des",! .%t"v"t"es+ Seve&.l &ese.&%$e&s $.ve

&e%omme!ded t$.t mo&e t"me 1e .llo%.ted to e.&ly develome!t $.ses- #o& e3.mle (5@*- 4"t$

M%ee! (5* &eo&t"!, . &el.t"o!s$" 1et4ee! t$e .mo'!t o# t"me .llo%.ted to t$e .!.lys"s $.se

.!d ,&e.te& 'se& s.t"s#.%t"o!+ Ho4eve&- t$e &es'lts o# t$"s st'dy 4o'ld s',,est t$.t

met$odolo,"es e& se do !ot e!s'&e t$.t t$"s o%%'&s- s"!%e t$e&e "s so l"ttle d"##e&e!%e "! t$e

&oo&t"o! o# t"me .llo%.ted to t$ese .%t"v"t"es 1y met$odolo,y 'se&s .!d !o!;'se&s+

5. Su''$r) $nd Conc!usions

T$e ,e!e&.l mess.,e "s t$.t met$odolo,"es .&e !ot see! .s . .!.%e. #o& &o1lems "!

systems develome!t+ Eve! t$ose 's"!, met$odolo,"es &.!> t$em lo4 "! te&ms o# t$e"&

%o!t&"1't"o! to s'%%ess#'l develome!t+ T$e"& most ev"de!t %o!t&"1't"o! seems to 1e .s .

#&.me4o&> #o& t$e 'se o# tools .!d te%$!"7'es- .s t$ey do !ot .e.& e& se to .##e%t t$e

.llo%.t"o! o# t"me to v.&"o's develome!t .%t"v"t"es+ Add"t"o!.lly- met$odolo,y 's.,e "s !ot o!

t$e "!%&e.se+ Ho4eve&- ",!o&.!%e does !ot seem to 1e .! e3l.!.to&y #.%to& #o& t$"s- .s

&eso!de!ts 4e&e #.m"l".& 4"t$ t$em+ R.t$e&- t$e&e 4e&e v.l"d &e.so!s #o& %$oos"!, !ot to 'se

met$odolo,"es+ Develoe&s 4e&e .4.&e o# t$e l"m"ted %o!t&"1't"o! o# met$odolo,"es+

Met$odolo,"es .&e !e"t$e& .l"ed &",o&o'sly !o& '!"#o&mly- eve! 4$e! t&."!"!, "! t$e"& 'se $.s

1ee! &ov"ded+ T$"s d"ve&,e!%e "! t$e develome!t &o%ess "! o&,.!"s.t"o!s '&o&t"!, to 'se t$e

s.me met$odolo,y le!ds s'o&t to t$e v"e4 t$.t . '!"7'e met$odolo,y; "!;.%t"o! "s %&e.ted #o&

e.%$ develome!t &o2e%t+ Met$odolo,"es .&e !ot .l"ed "! t$e s.me 4.y 1y d"##e&e!t

develoe&s+ I!deed- t$ey .&e &o1.1ly !ot 'sed "! t$e s.me 4.y 1y t$e s.me develoe& o!

d"##e&e!t develome!t &o2e%ts+ It 4o'ld .e.& t$.t develoe&s do !ot &e.lly .1so&1 .!y

'!de&"!!"!, $"loso$y o# t$e met$odolo,y- 1't .dot some o# t$e &es%&"1ed te%$!"7'es+

M.!y %'&&e!t met$odolo,"es .&e de&"ved #&om &.%t"%es .!d %o!%ets &elev.!t to t$e old

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o&,.!".t"o!.l e!v"&o!me!t- .!d t$e&e "s . !eed to &e%o!s"de& t$e"& &ole "! tod.ys e!v"&o!me!t+

G"ve! t$e s",!"#"%.!t 's$ #.%to& t$.t t$"s e!v"&o!me!t &e&ese!ts- t$e&e "s .! '&,e!t !eed to

leve&.,e !e4 develome!ts- 1ot$ te%$!olo,"%.l .!d o&,.!"s.t"o!.l- t$.t e!.1le !e4 develome!t

.&o.%$es mo&e .&o&".te to t$"s %l"m.te+ T$e&e "s . !eed #o& mo&e &."d systems del"ve&y

t$.! t$.t 4$"%$ "s %'&&e!tly 1e"!, .%$"eved 4"t$ t$e mo!ol"t$"% develome!t .&o.%$es "!$e&e!t

"! t&.d"t"o!.l system develome!t met$odolo,"es+ I! #.%t- t$e l.tte& m.y "mose . %o!s"de&.1le

de,&ee o# "!e&t". o! t$e develome!t &o%ess+

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Reerence

()* J+ Cotte&m.!- J+ Se!!- C$.lle!,es .!d St&.te,"es #o& Rese.&%$ "! Systems Develome!t-

6"ley So!s- C$"%$este&- )BB5+

(5* =+ F"t,e&.ld- Fo&m.l"sed systems develome!t met$odolo,"es: . %&"t"%.l e&se%t"ve-

I!#o&m.t"o! Systems Jo'&!.l ?/)0- )BB?- + 8;58.

(8* A+ F&"edm.!- Com'te& Systems Develome!t: H"sto&y- O&,.!".t"o! .!d Imleme!t.t"o!-

6"ley So!s- C$"%$este&- )BB+

(9* P+ N.'&- =+ R.!dell- J+ ='3to!- So#t4.&e E!,"!ee&"!,: Co!%ets .!d Te%$!"7'es- C$.&te&

P'1l"s$e&s- Ne4 Yo&>- )B@?+

(4ell S%"e!t"% P'1l"%.t"o!s- O3#o&d- )BB

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Se%o!d E'&oe.! Co!#e&e!%e o! I!#o&m.t"o! Systems- N"2e!&ode U!"ve&s"ty P&ess-

=&e'>ele!- )BB9- + "!s- J+ N.'m.!!- J+ 6et$e&1e- Em"&"%.l "!vest",.t"o! o# systems develome!t

&.%t"%es .!d &es'lts- I!#o&m.t"o! M.!.,eme!t @- )B9- + @8;5+

()@* P+ 6.&d- T$e evol't"o! o# st&'%t'&ed .!.lys"s: P.&t I ; T$e e.&ly ye.&- Ame&"%.!

P&o,&.mme& 9/))0- )BB)- + 9;)?+

()* E+ C$">o#s>y- Ho4 to lose &od'%t"v"ty 4"t$ &od'%t"v"ty tools- P&o%eed"!,s o# 8 &d

IFACIFIP 6o&>s$o- I!d".!.- US- )BB- + );9+

()B* A+ Je!>"!s- J+ N.'m.!!- J+ 6et$e&1e- Em"&"%.l "!vest",.t"o! o# systems develome!t


(5* C+ Ne%%o- C+ Go&do!- N+ Ts."- Systems .!.lys"s .!d des",!: %'&&e!t &.%t"%es- MIS

K'.&te&ly /)B@0+

(5)* M+ S'm!e&- J+ S"te>- A&e st&'%t'&ed met$ods #o& system .!.lys"s .!d des",! 1e"!, 'sed

Jo'&!.l o# Systems M.!.,eme!t /)B?0 );58+

(55* J+ V"&,o- )BB? IDPM IT S>"lls T&e!ds Reo&t- I!st"t'te o# D.t. P&o%ess"!, M.!.,eme!t-

)BB?+

(58* A+ Je!>"!s- J+ N.'m.!!- J+ 6et$e&1e- Em"&"%.l "!vest",.t"o! o# systems develome!t


(59* P+ C$e%>l.!d- Systems T$"!>"!,- Systems P&.%t"%e- 6"ley- C$"%$este&- )B)+

(5so!- System Develome!t- P&e!t"%e;H.ll- NJ- )B8+

(5?* R+ m'd- T$e e##e%t"ve!ess o# e3te&!.l "!#o&m.t"o! %$.!!els "! #.%"l"t.t"!, "!!ov.t"o!

4"t$"! so#t4.&e develome!t ,&o's- MIS K'.&te&ly @/50- )B8- + 98

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(5* J+ M%ee!- S'%%ess#'l develome!t st&.te,"es #o& 1's"!ess .l"%.t"o! systems- MIS

K'.&te&ly @/80- )B8- + 9@;??+

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AIS paper 2