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A_P, mgvRZ‡š¿i weÁvb g‡Zv ivwóªq cuywRev` †hgb mgvRZš¿ bq †Zgb Dcwb‡ewkKZvi g‡ZvB cuywRev‡`iB GKwU bxwZ I iƒc gvÎ e‡jB ivwóªq cuywRev` Kvh©ZB cuywRev`| myZivs, †jwb‡bi msweavbLvwb †h, AvMv-‡MvovB mgvRZš¿ we‡ivax I mgvRZ‡š¿i mwnZ mvsNwl©K Ges mgvRZ‡š¿i cicš’x Zv‡Z Avi m‡›`n _vKvi my‡hvM-AeKvk bvB| ZvQvov- msweavb, ivóª MVbKvix ev iv‡óªi ev msMV‡bi m‡e©v”P AvBb-`wjj ˆe ivwóªK †Kvb AsM ev KZ©„Z¡ we‡k‡li Kvh©vejxi weeiYx bq ev Z`v‡_© nyKzg-wb‡`©wkKvm¤úbœ e³…Zv-wee„wZ bq| A_P, †jwb‡bi msweav‡bi †mKmb-3,5,6, 7 BZ¨vw`‡Z i“k †mvwf‡q‡Zi 3q Ks‡MÖ‡m wK wK welq Awfbw›`Z n‡q‡Q; †`‡ki †Kv_v n‡Z †mbv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv n‡q‡Q; wdbj¨v‡Ûi ^vaxbZv I Av‡g©wbqvi AvZ¥ wbqš¿Y AwaKv‡ii ^xK…wZ cÖ vb, ev hy× Rq wel‡q Ks‡MÖ‡mi „p Avkvev` †cvlY; Ges gvbyl KZ©„K gvbyl‡K †kvl‡Yi †gŠwjK mgm¨vw` g‡b ivLvi g‡Zv cÖfyZ¡m~je bwQnr BZ¨Kvi welqvw` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q weavq AÎ msweavbwU Kvh©Z GKwU msweavb wnmv‡e MY¨ nIqvi Dchy³ bq; eis e¨w³ /`j we‡k‡li D”Pvwfjvk cÖm~Z ivR‰bwZK AmrD‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y yiwfmwÜg~‡j cÖYxZ bvbvb ‡MuvRvwg‡ji nheij gvK©v `wjj †nZz D³ `wjj c~e©vci eû ¯^we‡ivaxZv-mvsNwl©ZKZvq ficyi e‡jB mgMÖ msweavbwU Av‡jvPbvi Avek¨KZv Lye GKUv bvB | Z‡e, mgvRZ‡š¿i mwnZ mvsNwl©K-ˆeix I cwicš’x Ges †jwbbxq †K›`ªxKZvi bwRi Z_v e¨w³ I `j we‡k‡li ¶gZv-KZ©„Z¡ ev `vdU ev ˆ ^iZ‡š¿iI Aag ˆ ^iZvwš¿K ev Z ª“c welqK -msµvš— KwZcq †mKkb / Askwe‡kl Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv:- (K) Aby‡”Q`-1,†mKkb-1| “Russia is declared to be a republic of the Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’, and Peasants Deputies. All the central and local power belongs to these soviets.” A_©vr Ò kªwgK.ˆmwbK, K…lK †mvwf‡q‡Zi ‡WcywUM‡Yi mvaviYZš¿ wnmv‡e i“wkqv‡K †NvlYv Kiv nj| †K› ªxq I ’vbxq mKj ¶gZv †mvwf‡q‡Zi Dci Awc©Z nj|Ó A_P, (1) evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-7 g‡Z cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj ¶gZv fyqvfv‡e n‡jI Awc©Z n‡q‡Q RbM‡Yi Dci| wKš‘, †mvwf‡q‡Zi RbMY bq, Av‡jvP¨ †mKkb g~‡j †mvwf‡q‡Zi cÖwZwbwaM‡Yi Dci Awc©Z ¶gZve‡j †mvwf‡q‡Zi †Wwj‡MUMYB i“wkqv mvivYZ‡š¿i ¶gZvai gvwjK MY¨ n‡q‡Q; hw`P,‡jwb‡bi 15 b‡f¤^i-1917 mv‡ji Rb-AwaKvi msµvš— wWwµ‡ZI ejv n‡q‡Q Ò RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡Ó| A_P, Rvg©vbxi mwnZ ivwkqvi gvP©-1918 mv‡ji Pzw³ ev ivwkqvi msweavb mfvi wbe©vPb BZ¨Kvi welqvw`‡Z †jwbb RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi ev Kvh©Ki Kiv‡Zv `~‡ii welq, GgbwK Pzw³ wel‡q RbgZvg‡Zi †Kvb †Zvqv°v K‡iwb Ges mv‡eKx †mvwf‡qZ Kvh©Ki _vKv m‡Ë¡I msweavb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ †jwb‡biB KZ©„‡Z¡ -wbqš¿‡Y

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AbywôZ wbe©vP‡b RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ msweavb mfv evwZj K‡i Rvi Avg‡ji †kvlK‡`i m„ó †mvwf‡q‡Zi AwaKZi MYZvwš¿K PwiÎ wel‡q †KejgvÎ wbe©vPb cieZx©Kv‡j †evaxcÖvß n‡q Z`g‡g© ‡jwbbev`x d‡Zvqv Avwe¯‹vi I Rvix K‡i Z`g~‡j †mbv-cywjk w`‡q msweavb mfvi K¶ eÜ I msweavb mfv evwZj Kivi MYwe‡ivax Pµvš— ev¯—evq‡bI RbKZ©„Z¡ ev MY mve©‡fŠgZ¡ welqK ZË¡vw` g‡b iv‡Lbwb Rbve †jwbb| †mvwf‡qZ hw` GZB MYZvwš¿K n‡q _v‡K ev †mvwf‡qZ-B hw` MY mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ¶gZvai AM©vb n‡q _v‡K Z‡e, Rbve †jwbb msweavb mfvi wbe©vPbB ev †Kb ZuviB KZ©„‡Z¡ Av‡qvRb-Abyôvb K‡iwQ‡jb ev †mvwf‡qZ wel‡q Abyiƒc aviYv wbe©vPbc~e©Kv‡j Rbve †jwbb †Kb Rvb‡Z/Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv ev 1905 mvj n‡Z †KbBev msweavb mfvi `vex Kiv m‡Ë¡¡I Z`g‡g© wb‡Ri ZvwË¡K åvwš— ev ¯^xq Áv‡bi mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© †Kvbiƒc Reve Ômve©‡fŠgÕ i“k RbM‡Yi wbKU cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| Kv‡RB, †jwb‡bi wWwµgy‡j cÖ`Ë i“k RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AÎ Aby‡”Q`gy‡j LvwiR Kiv n‡q‡Q; (2) mgvRZš¿ †KejgvÎ Ges GKgvÎ kªwgK‡kªYxi GKbvqKZ¡vaxb wek¦ mvaviYZvwš¿K e¨e ’v hv Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQj c¨vix KwgDb Ges gvK©m I kªgRxex gvby‡li Avš—R©vwZK mwgwZ KZ©„K hv ¯^xK…Z I Aby‡gvw`Z Ges bxwZMZfv‡e †KejgvÎ †mB iƒc mvaviYZš¿ e¨ZxZ Avi †Kvb mvaviYZš¿ †h, mgvRZš¿ bq GK_vwU AÁvZ wQj bv †jwb‡bi g‡g© Ôivóª I wec−eÕ cy¯—‡K ZwØl‡q ¯^xKvi I ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Qb ¯^qs †jwbb| c¨vix KwgD‡b MYcÖwZwbwa bq eis mKj ¶gZvi gvwjK wQj RbMY Ges RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMY †h‡Kvb g~û‡Z© cÖZ¨vh©¨ wQj GB Kvi‡Y †h, ZuvivI mvgvwRK ¶gZvi my‡hv‡M wbR ^ myweav‡fvwMZv I myweavevw`Zvi ev † ^”PvPvwiZvi gva¨‡g wbe©vPK RbM‡Yi wei“‡× †h‡Z cv‡ib | Kv‡RB, †mvwf‡q‡Zi †Wwj‡MUM‡Yi ¶gZv ewY©Z AÎ Aby‡”Q` c¨vix KwgD‡bi mvaviYZ‡š¿i we‡ivax I c¨vix KwgDb‡K A ^xKviKvix †nZz gvK©m I 1g Avš—R©vwZ‡Ki cwicš’x; (3) ZvQvov- K…lK f~wg n‡Z DrLvZ n‡q KviLvbvi kªwg‡K cwiYZ n‡qwQj cuywRev`x A_©bxwZi Kvi‡YB | d‡j- K…l‡Ki AvwacZ¨ ev KZ©„Z¡ cybe©nvj bq eis f~wg nviv‡bv K…lK‡K f~wg‡Z cyb:cÖwZôv Kivi `vex †h cÖwZwµqvkxj Zv‡Zv KwgDwbó B¯Zvnv‡i †hgb ewY©Z Av‡Q †Zgb gvK©m-G¨vs‡Mjm‡`i wewfbœ iPbvq wee„Z n‡q‡Q| Zey, K…lK bq, K…lK cÖwZwbwai †mvwf‡qZ ev †mvwf‡q‡Z K…lK cÖwZwbwai AvwaK¨-KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ ewY©Z AÎ Aby‡”Q` Øviv KwgDwbó B —vnvi m‡gZ Z`msµvš— ZË¡ I m~Î ev mvgvwRK BwZnvm‡K A ^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †nZz K…l‡Ki †mvwf‡q‡Zi †WcywUM‡Yi ¶gZv I cÖvavb¨c~Y© msweavb mgvRZ‡š¿i mwnZ †Kej ˆeixZvc~Y©B bq, eis gvK©mev‡`i bv‡g gvK©m‡`i mwnZ ‡hgb cÖZviYv-RvwjqvwZ Kiv n‡q‡Q †Zgb KwgDwbó cvwU© I mgvRZš¿ m¤ú©‡K weK…wZ-weåvwš— m‡gZ ev‡bvqvwU I åvš— aviYv m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q;

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(4) ivóª I wec−e MÖ‡š’ †jwbb wb‡RI ¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, c¨vix KwgDb Zvi cÖ_g Av‡`‡k ’vqx †mbvevwnbx wejyß K‡iwQj| †mbvevwnbx †h, jyÚb I nZ¨vi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges †kªYx ^v‡_©i cvnviv`vi ivóª Acivci †kªYx ev cÖwZØ›`x Acivci c¶‡K `gb-cxo‡b me©vwaK ee©i I Kvh©Ki ivwóªK nvwZqvi †h, †mbv-cywjk evwnbx ZvI‡Zv wbwðZ K‡i BwZnvm| ‡kvlK †kªYx nZ¨v-Lyb, al©Y, AwMœms‡hvMmn me©vZ¥K aŸsmhÁ msNU‡b e¨envi K‡i _v‡K †mbv-cywjkevwnbx e‡jB ee©i †mbv-cywjk evwnbx hZw`b _vK‡e Z‡Zvw`b gvbeRvwZ †hgb mf¨ n‡Z cvi‡e bv †Zgb c„w_ex‡Z kvwš— cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY- A ¿avix e¨w³i A ¿ Øviv Lyb-RLg nIqvi fqgy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv A¯¿nxb gvbyl| ZvB,†kvwlZ gvbyl‡K fq †`wL‡q,†mbv-cywjk w`‡q nZ¨v-Lyb Kwi‡q Rbg‡b AvZsK m„wó I Z`vbyiƒc cÖZ¨q Ges cÖZxwZ Rwb¥‡q wbZ¨ giY f‡q fxZ †Lv` AvZsKMÖ¯— †kvlK‡Mvôx ¯^xq Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi †Póv K‡i Avm‡Q †kªYx wefw³i m~PbvKvj n‡Z| wKš‘, †kvwlZ kªwgK‡kªYx mKj cÖKvi †kvlY-cxob, wbh©vZb BZ¨Kvi Zver welqvw`i we‡jvc mva‡bi gva¨‡g †hgb `ywbqv n‡Z †kvlY-eÂbvi Aemvb NUv‡e †Zgb mKj cÖKvi fq-AvZsK `~i K‡i mgvR Rxe‡b Abvwej kvk¦Z kvwš— cÖwZôvq mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvKvix †kªYx wnmv‡e †mbv-cywjk evwnbx we‡jvc Ki‡e GgbUvB ¯^vfvweK e‡jB c¨vix KwgDb ZvB K‡iwQj| Z`cywi,†kªYx wef³ mgv‡RI †mbvevwnbx †Kvb †kªYx bq eis, †kvlK †kªYxi fvovwUqv ev †ckv`vi ¸Ûv we‡klgvÎ| Kv‡RB, mgvR weKv‡k ev weeZ©‡b `vm e¨e ’v n‡Z mvgš—Zš¿ ev mvgš—Zš¿ n‡Z cuywRev‡` DËiY ch©š— †kªYx wef³ K‡qKwU mgvR e¨e ’v Kvh©Ki _vK‡jI ‡kªYx ^v‡_©i mk ¿ cvnviv`vi †mbvevwnbxi †Kvb mgvR cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q iƒc bwRi BwZnv‡m bvB| wecix‡Z wgkixq dvivI WvB‡bóx n‡Z †Lv` †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ch©š— -me©Î †mbv wek¦vmNvZKZvi AmsL¨ bwRi c„w_exi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m we`¨gvb| Dciš—,†mbvcwZ RR© IqvwksUb n‡Z nv‡ji Ievgviv cuywRi ^v‡_© eû †`‡k mvgwiK nvgjv-AvµgY cwiPvjbv ev †mbv kvm‡bi cÖ‡ivPK,BÜb`vZv I mnvqZvKvix n‡qI cÖKv‡k¨ †mbv kvm‡bi we‡ivaxZv K‡i Z_vKw_Z gvbevwaKvi ev cuywRev`x MYZ‡š¿i †`vnvB I fos †`wL‡q g~jZ wek¦ RbgZ‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q| †mbv AvwacZ¨ †h, wK fqvYK e¯‘ ev welq Zv cvwK¯—vb, wdwjwcb, cvbvgv ev Avwd«Kvi †mbvkvwmZ †`k m‡gZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl †hgb Rv‡b †Zgb eyS‡Z A¶g bq BD‡ivcxq mvaviYZvwš¿K `vex`vi Kvh©Z ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvi RbmvaviYI| A_P, D³ Aby‡”Q‡` †mbvevwnbx‡K i“wkqvi kªwgK-K…l‡Ki mg‡MvÎxq ev Z`vbyiƒc †kªYx we‡kl wnmv‡e †KejB cÖwZwôZ I gh©v`vB †`qwb GKB mv‡_ mgv‡Ri Dci AvwacZ¨Kvix wnmv‡e mvsweavwbK fv‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv n‡q‡Q weavq †mbvkw³i

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AvwacZ¨kxj i“k mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª Avi c¨vix KwgDb mgv_©K‡Zv bqB eis m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii we‡ivax-‰eix I mvsNwl©K †nZz †KejgvÎ D³ Aby‡”Q‡`i †nZzev‡`B AÎ msweavb mgvRZvwš¿K‡Zv bqB, MYZvwš¿KI bq| ZvQvov- 1905 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÒMYZvwš¿K wec−‡e †mvk¨vj-‡W‡gv‡µwmi yB iY‡KŠkjÓcy¯—‡K †jwbb wb‡RB wj‡LwQj †h, Ò cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ Ges K„lK‡`i wei“‡× AvgjvZš¿, cywjk I mvgwiK kw³ mn RviZš¿ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q GZ †ekx Avek¨K †h Zviv RviZ‡š¿i aŸs‡mi Rb¨ †PwóZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Iiv bq, †h GKgvÎ kw³ ÔRviZ‡š¿i Dci P~ovš— RqÕ AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g Zviv n‡”Q RbMY A_©vr kªwgK Ges K…lK-GLv‡b Avgiv cÖavb e„nr kw³¸‡jv‡KB aiwQ Ges GB ywUi g‡a¨ cj −x Ges kn‡ii †cwU ey‡R©vqv‡`i e›Ub K‡i w`w”Q ( GivI RbMY) | RviZ‡š¿i Dci wec−‡ei P~ovš— R‡qi A_© nj, cÖ‡jZvix‡qZ Ges K…lK‡`i wec−ex MYZvwš¿K GKbvq³Z¡|Ó myZivs 1905 mv‡j †jwbb mv‡ne wb‡RI †mbv-cywjk‡K Rb wbcxo‡bi nvwZqvi ˆe gyw³`vZv †kªYx ev †MvÎ wnmv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb eis †KejgvÎ kªwgK-K…l‡Ki †RvU ev Abyi“c †Rv‡Ui kvmb‡KB i“k ej‡kwfK‡`i j¶¨ e‡j wbw ©ó K‡i‡Qb †nZz 1905 mv‡ji †jwb‡bi g‡ZB 1918 mv‡ji †Pqvig¨vb †jwbb mgw_©Z bq we‡klZ †mbv KZ©„Z¡ I AvwacZ¨ wel‡q †nZz gvK©m-G¨vs‡Mjm ev ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ ev c¨vix KwgD‡bi wbwi‡L bq,†Lv` †jwbb mv‡n‡ei wb`vb I d‡Zvqv g‡ZvB AÎ msweavb †KejgvÎ AÎ †mKk‡bi Kvi‡YB MYZvwš¿K bq ; Ges (5) ó¨vwj‡bi 1936 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-1| “ The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state of workers and peasants.” A_©vr ‡mbvevwnbx bq, kªwgK-K…l‡Ki ivóª n‡”Q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb| AZ:ci, G `y‡qi g‡a¨ †jwb‡bi †mbv Avwa‡K¨i I KZ©„‡Z¡i AÎ msweavb, bv wK †mbvevwnbxi bvg-MÜnxb †KejB kªwgK-K…l‡Ki ivóª-iƒc óvwj‡bi msweavb, †KvbwU mgvRZvwš¿K? Z‡e `ywbqvi Zver †jwbbev`xiv `yÕwU‡KB mgvRZvwš¿K msweavb e‡j _v‡Kb e‡U| ó¨vwjbI Kg e¾vZ bq, Zuvi msweav‡bi 1 bs Aby‡”Q‡` †mbv KZ©„‡Z¡i kãivwR D‡j−wLZ bvB e‡U, Z‡e Aby‡”Q`-49 Øviv ivwóªK wbivcËv weav‡b mvgwiK AvBb Rvixi my‡hvM ‡i‡L‡Qb| hw`P, evsjv‡`k mn eû‡`k GgbwK hy³iv‡óªI Abyiƒc fv‡e mvgwiK AvBb Rvixi mvsweavwbK weavb bvB | myZivs- †jwb‡bi msweavb mgvRZvwš¿K‡Zv bqB GgbwK MYZvwš¿KI bq| (L) ‡mKkb 12, 24 I 30 Gi h_vµ‡g Bs‡iRx DׄwZ GB: “12. The supreme power of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and, in periods

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between the convocation of the congress, to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. 24. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets is the supreme power of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic. 30. In the periods between the convocation of the congresses, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee is the supreme power of the Republic.”

A_©vr 12 avivq ewY©Z welqvw`‡K Avev‡iv Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e 24 I 30 avivq cyb‡ivw³ K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, i“wkqvb †mvk¨vwjó †dWv‡ij †mvwf‡qZ wicvewj‡Ki mywcÖg ev m‡e©v”P ¶gZvai msMVb n‡”Q me© i“wkqvb †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡MÖm Ges Ks‡MÖ‡mi Awa‡ek‡bi ga¨eZx© mg‡q me© i“wkqvb wbe©vnx KwgwU D³iƒc ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| Ges

‡mKkb-25 g‡Z kniv‡ji 25,000 †fvUv‡ii 1Rb cÖwZwbwa Ges MÖvgv‡ji 125,000 ‡fvUv‡ii 1Rb cÖwZwbwa wb‡q me© i“wkqvb Ks‡MÖm MwVZ n‡e; Ges ‡mKkb 26 g‡Z- me© i“kxq †K› ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwU KZ©„K eQ‡i yBevi me© i“kxq †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡MÖm Awa‡ekb AvûZ n‡e; Ges †mKkb 28 g‡Z- me© i“kxq Ks‡MÖm 200 m`m¨ wewkó me©i“kxq †K›`ªxq KwgwU wbe©vPb Ki‡e; Ges †mKkb 29 g‡Z-wbe©vnx KwgwU me© i“kxq †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi wbKU `vqe×|

‡mKkb-35 Abyqvqx i“k mgvRZvwš¿K †dWv‡iU †mvwf‡qZ mvaviYZ‡š¿i mvaviY e¨e ’vcbvi Rb¨ GKwU KvDwÝj Ae wccjm Kwgkvi MVb Ki‡e me©i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwU | ‡mKkb 39, 40 I 41 g‡Z- KvDwÝj Ae wccjm Kwgkv‡ii cÖ`Ë mKj Av‡`k I cÖ —ve me©i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi wbKU hZ`ª“Z m¤¢e Dc¯’vcb Kiv, Ges Kwgkv‡ii mKj Av‡`k ev cÖ —ve evwZj ev ’wMZ Kivi AwaKvi †hgb me© i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi Av‡Q ‡Zgb KvDwÝj Ae wccjm Kwgkvi KZ©„K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ivR‰bwZK welqvw`i †¶‡Î Av‡`k ev cÖ¯—ve MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© me©i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi we‡ePbvi Rb¨ Zv †cÖiY I P~ovš— Aby‡gv`b †bIqv eva¨Zvg~jK| Ges †mKkb-46 I 47 g‡Z-KvDwÝj Ae wccjm Kwgkvi mgMÖfv‡e me© i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi wbKU `vqe×| Ges ‡mKkb-49 Abyqvqx me© i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwU I †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡Mª‡mi ¶gZv-GLwZqvi wnmv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, msweav‡bi Aby‡gv`b I ms‡kvab; ˆe‡`wkK bxwZi mvaviY wb‡`©kbv; i“k mvaviYZ‡š¿i mxgvbv n«vm-e„w×; Avš—:mxgvbv wbw ©ó ev Z`msµvš— we‡iva wb¯úwË; i“wkqvb †dWv‡ik‡b bZzb m`m¨ MÖnY I Aby‡gv`b; AvÂwjK BDwbqb mgy‡ni Aby‡gv`b; gy`ªv, IRb I cwigv‡ci GKK cwieZ©b I

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wbw ©óKiY; ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK©, kvwš— Pzw³ I hy× †NvlYv; FY, evwYwR¨K I Avw_©K Pzw³ m¤úv`b;RvZxq A_©bxwZi wewfbœ kvLvi Dbœqb wfwË wba©viY; ev‡RU Aby‡gv`b; Ki-wWDwU wba©viY; †mbv KvVv‡gv cÖwZôv; †`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa I `Ûwewa m‡gZ ivwóªq AvBb Ges wePvwiK msMVb I Kvh©wewa; KvDwÝj Ae wccjm Kwgkv‡ii m`m¨M‡Yi AcmviY I wb‡qvM; bvMwiKZ¡ evwZj I cÖ vb; Ges e¨w³MZ ev mvaviY ¶gv †NvlYv Kiv| Ges ‡mKkb 64 g‡Z-KwZcq kZ©mv‡c¶ ˆmwbK mn mKj bvMwi‡Ki †fvU `vb I †fv‡U cÖv_x nIqvi AwaKvi ^xK…Z Ges †mKkb-53 n‡Z 63 ch©š— ¯’vbxq †mvwf‡qZ mn mKj †mvwf‡qZ MwVZ nIqvi wewa-weavb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q weavq me©i“kxq †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡MÖm I me© i“kxq wbe©vnx KwgwU †mg‡Zv MwVZ nIqvqB we‡aq| AZ:ci, Dc‡iv³ †mKkb mg~‡ni mw¤§wjZ cv‡Vi wbM©©wjZv_© n‡”Q- ivwkqvi mxgvš— cwieZ©b n‡Z msweavb ms‡kvab ev KvDwÝj Ae cvewjK Kwgkvi A_©vr gš¿x gÛjxi wm×vš— LvwiR I Aby‡gv`b m‡gZ †Lv` gš¿x ev gš¿x cwil‡`i wb‡qvM-AcmviY meB Ki‡e Kvh©Z I cÖK…Zv‡_© 200 m`‡m¨i †K› ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwU| KviY- me© i“kxq †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡MÖm eQ‡i yBevi gvÎ Awa‡ek‡b wgwjZ n‡e weavq mgMÖ eQi I avivevwnKfv‡e D‡j−wLZ welqvw` m¤úv`b I m¤úbœKi‡Y †KejgvÎ ‡K› ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwUB GKgvÎ msMVb| A_P, †K›`ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb/mwPe BZ¨Kvi †Kvb c`-c`ex †jwb‡bi AÎ msweav‡b ewY©Z bvB| AZ:ci, †K›`ªxq KwgwUi mfv Avnevb ev mfvi Kvh©µg myôfv‡e mgš^q mvab †K wK fv‡e Ges †Kvb GLwZqvi- ¶gZvq m¤úbœ Ki‡e A_ev, †K›`ªxq KwgwU †h me© i“kxq †mvwf‡q‡Zi Ks‡MÖm Avnevb Ki‡e ZvI ev Kvi mwn-mv¶‡i AvûZ n‡e? †K› ªxq KwgwUi 200 m`m¨‡Zv Avi cÖwZw`b GKB Awd‡m nvwRi _vK‡e bv †h, Zuviv ci¯ú‡ii mwnZ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i mK‡ji mwn-mv¶‡i mKj wel‡q mKj gZvgZ ev wm×vš— Rvbv‡e ev Ks‡MÖ‡mi Awa‡ekY Avnevb Ki‡e Ges Z`ª“c Ki‡Z n‡jI †m welqwU msweav‡b wjwce× _vK‡e wbðqB, ZvI wKš‘ wjwce× bvB| myZivs Z`g‡g© †jwb‡bi mgvRZvwš¿K ivwkqvq -‡K Kvi Lvjy ? ‡jwb‡bi wPš—v cÖm~Z D‡j−wLZ msweav‡bi bxwZ PZzó‡qi Ab¨Zg n‡”Q- RbM‡Yi mgZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡| wKš‘ wKfv‡e †mB mgZv wbwðZ n‡e Zv †hgb ewY©Z †mKkb¸‡”Q bvB †Zgb RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wbwðZKi‡Y Z_v RbM‡Yi AwfcÖv‡qi cig Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡k ey‡R©vqv Xs‡qi ev ey‡R©vqv MYZvwš¿K e¨e ’vi Av`‡j mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wewa-e¨e ’vI bvB| Z‡e, me© i“kxq †mvwf‡q‡Zi we‡kl

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Ks‡MÖ‡m 25 b‡f¤^i,1936 mv‡j ó¨vwjb Zuvi “On the draft constitution of the U.S.S.R” wk‡ivbvghy³ fvl‡Y D‡j−L K‡ib- “ the Constitution Commission, whose draft has been submitted for consideration to the present congress, was formed, as you know, by special decision of the Seventh Congress of Soviets of the U.S.S.R. This decision was adopted on February 6,1935. It reads:

''1) To amend the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the direction of: "a) further democratizing the electoral system by replacing not entirely equal suffrage by equal suffrage, indirect elections by direct elections, and the open ballot by the secret ballot;”

A_©vr wbe©vPbx e¨e ’vi Av‡iv AwaKZi MYZvwš¿Kvqb mva‡b msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxi Rb¨ MwVZ n‡q‡Q ó¨vwj‡bi msweavb Kwgkb hv‡Z ms‡kvwaZ msweav‡b mivmwi †fv‡Ui cwie‡Z© †Mvcb e¨vj‡U c‡iv¶ wbe©vPbx e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kivi wenxZvw` Kiv hvq| AZ:ci, †mvwf‡qZ mg~n wbe©vP‡bi †h wewa-e¨e¯’v †jwb‡bi msweav‡b ewY©Z Av‡Q Zv †KejgvÎ cÖ_vMZ I wbe©vPbx mfvq Dcw¯’Z †fvUviM‡Yi nvZ †Zvjv †Zvwji gva¨‡g gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki e¨e ’v gvÎ| ZvI Avevi AÎ msweav‡bi ‡mKkb 25 Abyqvqx me© i“kxq I cÖv‡`wkK †mvwf‡q‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨K ’‡i h_vµ‡g kn‡ii 25,000 Ges MÖvgv‡ji 125,000 †fvUv‡ii Rb¨ GKRb K‡i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kiv A_©vr kniv‡ji 5 R‡bi Abycv‡Z MÖvgv‡ji 1 Rb wbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †mvwf‡q‡Zi Ks‡MÖ‡m Dcw ’Z m`m¨M‡Yi KZvsk †fv‡U ev gZvg‡Z wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡e Zv †hgb ejv nqwb †Zgb Mªvgv‡ji cÖwZwbwaMY kn‡ii cÖwZwbwaM‡Yi mgvb bv wK cuvPfv‡Mi GKfvM ¶gZv-KZ©„Z¡ †fvM Ki‡eb ZvI ejv nqwb| Z‡e, evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 16 bs Aby‡”Q‡` MÖvg-kn‡ii ˆelg¨ wbim‡b ivóªxK bxwZ ewY©Z Av‡Q | A_P †KejgvÎ ‡mvwf‡q‡Zi cÖwZwbwai †¶‡ÎB hLb GgbZ‡iv ˆelg¨ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q ZLb RbM‡Yi mgZv weav‡bi bxwZ AÎ msweav‡b Av‡`Š Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q wK? bvwK MÖvgevmx I knievmxi ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi ¸i“Zi ˆelg¨ I ‰eixZv m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q ? A_ev, MÛg~L© MÖvg¨ Pvlv-f~lv‡`i 5 Rb mgvb 1 Rb knievmx MY¨ nIqvi GwUI GKwU KviY †h, f~wg wWwµi gva¨‡g e¨w³ ch©v‡q Pvl-ev‡mi Rb¨ Rwg cÖ vb Kiv m‡Ë¡I MÖvg¨ Pvlxiv †jwbb g‡nv`‡qi cÖ‡`q f~wgi Nyl-eKwk‡k mš‘ó nqwb e‡jB msweavb mfvi wbe©vP‡b †jwbb‡K Zuviv †fvU †`q bvB e‡jB Nyl‡Lvi Mªvg¨ Pvlx‡`i‡K ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv n‡Z `~‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q | D‡j −L¨-†mjvwg †`Iqv †jwbb mv‡n‡ei Ab¨Zg bxwZ|

13

Marxists Internet Archive www.marxists.org G cÖvß Soviet Union Information Bureau KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ g‡Z- 1927 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi 92% f~wg I 75% RbmsL¨v wQj ivwkqvq; Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b 1927 mv‡j †gvU RbmsL¨v-149,900,000; K…wl kªwgK-60,696,000 Ges wkí kªwgK- 5,221,000, Ab¨vb¨mn me©‡gvU -75,394,000 Rb kªwgK, Ges 1928 mv‡j †iwRóªvW© †eKvi-1,352,800| ó¨vwj‡bi e³e¨ mn Ab¨vb¨ m~Îg‡Z-‡mbvevwnbxi †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v-12,500,000 Ges †PKvi m`m¨ -225,000; Ges AvgjvPµ m‡gZ miKvix Kg©Pvixi wbw`©ó msL¨v miKvix bw_c‡Î D‡j−wLZ bv n‡jI 10 jv‡Li bx‡P bq e‡j Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov-1924 mv‡ji Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K Llov msweavb m¤úwK©Z c~‡e©v³ fvl‡Y ó¨vwjb wb‡RB D‡j−L K‡i‡Q :

“That was the first period of NEP, when the Soviet power permitted a certain revival of capitalism while taking all measures to develop socialism, when it calculated on securing, in the course of competition between the two systems of economy, the capitalist system and the socialist system, the preponderance of the socialist system over the capitalist system. The task was to consolidate the position of socialism in the course of this competition, to achieve the elimination of the capitalist elements, and to consummate the victory of the socialist system as the fundamental system of the national economy.

Our industry, particularly heavy industry, presented an unenviable picture at that time. True, it was being gradually restored, but it had not yet raised its output to anywhere near the pre-war level. It was based on the old, backward, and insufficient technique. Of course, it was developing in the direction of socialism. The socialist sector of our industry at that time accounted for about 80 per cent of the whole. But the capitalist sector still controlled no less than 20 per cent of industry.

Our agriculture presented a still more unsightly picture. True, the landlord class had already been eliminated, but, on the other hand, the agricultural capitalist class, the kulak class, still represented a fairly considerable force. On the whole agriculture at that time resembled a boundless ocean of small individual peasant farms with backward, mediaeval technical equipment. In this ocean there existed, in the form of isolated small dots and islets, collective farms and state farms which, strictly speaking, were not yet of any considerable significance in our national economy. The collective farms and state farms were weak, while the kulak was still strong. At that time we spoke not of eliminating the kulaks, but of restricting them.

14

The same must be said about our country's trade turnover. The socialist sector in trade turnover represented some 50-60 per cent, not more, while all the rest of the field was occupied by merchants, profiteers, and other private traders. Such was the picture of our economy in 1924.”

www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/SC36.html.

A_©vr 1924 mv‡j e¨emv evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î 40-50% Ges ‡jwbbxq mgvRZ‡š¿i cÖvq 20 eQi ci 1936 mv‡jI wkí †m±‡ii 20% wQj gybvdv‡Lvi cÖvB‡fU e¨emvqx‡`i `L‡j-Kâvq I wbqš¿‡Y| Avi K…wl †¶‡Î cðvrc` -ga¨hyMxq I Ach©vß K…wl DcKiY m‡gZ wew”Qbœ-wew¶ß Z‡e we›`y we›`y er Pvlxi mgš^‡q MwVZ GK mxgvnxb mgy`ªB wQj ivwkqvi RbemwZi wPÎ|

Ges 1917 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i-A‡±ve‡i wjwLZ I b‡f¤^‡i gyw ªZ Ò ej‡kwfKiv wK ivóª ¶gZv a‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡e ?Ó cy —‡K †Lv` †jwbb wj‡L‡Qb- Ò 1905 mv‡ji wec−‡ei ci ivwkqvi cÖkvmb Pvjvq 1,30,000 Rwg`vi, Pvjvq 15 †KvwU †jv‡Ki Dci Acwimxg Rei`w¯— gvidZ, Zv‡`i mxgvnxb jÃbv gvidZ, wecyj msL¨vwaK¨‡K K‡q`LvUv †gnbZ I Aa©vbk‡b eva¨ K‡i| Avi ej‡kwfK cvwU©i 2,40,000 mf¨ bvwK ivwkqv‡K Pvjv‡Z cvi‡e bv, -- Ó A_©vr Rv‡ii AZ¨vPvix Rwg`v‡ii †P‡q 110,000 †ekx Rei`LjKvix †jwjbev`x eªvþY Av‡iv AwaK cwigvb Rei`w¯—‡Z m¶g weavq ej‡kwfKiv i“‡ki ivóª ¶gZv `L‡j ivL‡Z cvi‡eb e‡jB †jwbb mv‡ne Kbwd‡W›U| Z‡e, ivóªxq ¶gZv Rei `LjKvix ej‡kwfK cvwU© m`m¨ msL¨v †h †KejgvÎ ivwóªK ¶gZvi Kvi‡YB w`‡b w`‡b e„w× †c‡qwQj Zvi wnmve bq , eis Zuviv †h GKUv we‡kl †MvôxI bq GK`g †kªYx wnmv‡e †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b Avwef~©Z I cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK aviYvm‡gZ mv¶¨ w`‡”Qb †Lv` ó¨vwjb, ZuviB c~‡e©v³ e³‡e¨ hv GB: “In conformity with these changes in the economy of the U.S.S.R., the class structure of our society has also changed. The landlord class, as you know, had already been eliminated as a result of the victorious conclusion of the Civil War. As for the other exploiting classes, they have shared the fate of the landlord class. The capitalist class in the sphere of industry has ceased to exist. The kulak class in the sphere of agriculture has ceased to exist. And the merchants and profiteers in the sphere of trade have ceased to exist. Thus all the exploiting classes have now been eliminated. There remains the working class. There remains the peasant class. There remains the intelligentsia.”

15

AZ:ci, ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZ‡š¿i GKgvÎ j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨- †kªYxnxb mvg¨ev`x mgvR wewbg©v‡Y †kªYx wejywß bq, eis ivwkqvq †jwbbxq mgvRZš¿ ó¨vwjb ewY©Z Dc‡iv³ 3wU we‡klZ fviZxq gbyi eªvþY¨‡MvÎI Rb¥ w`‡qwQj| ZvQvov, †jwbbxq eªvþY‡`i Avwac‡Z¨ wbqwš¿Z †mvwf‡qZ †iW Mv‡W©i †mvqv †KvwU A¯¿avix e¨w³ hviv Aby‡”Q`-1,†mKkb-1 g‡Z ivwóªK AwacwZ MY¨ n‡jI Kvh©Z ivwóªK KZ©…„Z¡ †fvMx †jwbbev`x †mbvKZ©v ev cÖwZwbwa e¨ZxZ ‡mbvevwnbxi Acivci mvaviY m`m¨MY‡K †KejB ‡jwbbev`x‡`i fvovwUqv ¸Ûv wnmv‡e kªgRxex gvby‡li wei“‡× e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj Ges †jwbbev`x †mbv KZ©v hviv †jwb‡bi ¶gZv `L‡j AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i ev Zuv‡`iB AbyMvgx‡`i KZ©„Z¡vaxb I wbqš¿Yvaxb †KejgvÎ D‡j−wLZ msL¨K ^k ¿ e¨w³i Dcw ’wZ‡Z †jwb‡bi wPš—v-‡PZbvi cwicš’x ev †jwb‡bi ûKzg-wb‡`©k cvj‡b Abxnv-Awb”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡e ev †jwbbxq mgvRZ‡š¿i Rb¨ Dchy³ †Mvjvg RvZxq e¨w³ bq Ggb KvD‡K ‡mvwf‡q‡Zi †WcywU wbe©vP‡b cÖKv‡k¨ mg_©b Rvbv‡bvi g‡Zv Dchy³ cwi‡ek I my‡hvM wbi ¿ †fvUviM‡Yi cÖK…ZB wQj bv| Dch©cywi,†Lv` †mvwf‡qZ ivóªB †hLv‡b kª‡gi †µZv, e¨emv evwY‡R¨i g‡bvcwj †nvìvi Ges †Kej mvaviY gvbyl bq, GgbwK †jwb‡bi †Kwe‡bU m`m¨ ev mn‡hvMx e¨w³iI Rxeb-gi‡Yi KZ©„Z¡ m¤úbœ KZ©„c¶ †mLv‡b ivóªxq ¶gZvmxb GKgvÎ `j -ZvI Avevi D‡j−wLZ msL¨K †mbv m`m¨mn ivóª i¶K †PKvi g‡Zv we‡kl Lywb evwnbxi weivMfvRb n‡q RxweKv I Rxeb nviv‡bvi AmsL¨ bwRi _vKvi Kvi‡YB- †KejgvÎ KZ©vi B”Qvq Kg© m¤úv`‡bi wbwg‡Ë Z_v B‡qm m¨vi gvK©v cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡b wbR gb g‡Zv †fvU w`‡q ev cÖv_x© n‡q Rxeb I RxweKv nviv‡Z ev kªgkxwe‡i †h‡Z PvB‡e bv e‡jB ivwkqvi mvaviY †fvUvi we‡klZ K…wl A_©bxwZi gnv mgy‡ ªi wew”Qbœ-wew¶ß Øxc Z~j¨ AbvaywbK Pvlxiv wbZvš—B Rxeb I RxweKv i¶vi ZvwM‡` ó¨vwj‡bi eyw×Rxex Z_v †jwb‡bi cvwU©i m`m¨ ev mgv‡Ri eªvþY¨‡Mv‡Îi wec‡¶ hvIqvi †Kvb cÖKvi SuywK †bIqvi Dchy³ KviY bvB †nZz GgbwK ’vbxq †mvwf‡q‡Zi wbe©vP‡bI †jwbbxq eªvþY‡`i ûKzg-wb‡ ©k ev Ckviv-BswMZg‡ZvB Z_vKw_Z †fvUv‡fvwU‡Z Ask wb‡Z ev Z`ª“c AskMÖn‡Y eva¨ wQj †fvUviMY | A ¿avix Ges A ¿avix‡ewóZ †jwbbev`x eªvþY‡`i `qv-`vw¶‡Y¨ euvPvi AvKzwZ‡ZB †eKviM‡Yi Ae¯’v‡Zv Av‡iv msMxb wQj| Av‡iv D‡j −L¨- A ¿avix e¨w³ I wbi ¿ e¨w³i g‡a¨ †hgb mgZv m„wó nq bv †Zgb ivwóªq we‡klZ mgv‡Ri me©‡¶‡Î g‡bvcwj m¤úbœ D‡j −wLZiƒc iv‡óªi ¶gZvq AwawôZ e¨w³ I ‡mB iv‡óªi Aaxb — ev ivóªxq ¶gZvnxb e¨w³i g‡a¨ mgZv AR©b †h, m¤¢e bq Zv‡Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †Lv` ó¨vwjb Zuvi Dc‡iv³ e³e¨ I Z_¨ we‡klZ †jwbbxq eªvþY¨‡Mv‡Îi ivR‰bwZK ¯^xK…wZ ØvivB| Avi wbe©vwPZ msweavb mfv evwZj Kivi gva¨‡gB †jwbb wbwðZfv‡eB cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb †K mve©‡fŠg-‡mvwf‡q‡Zi RbMY bv wK, ÔMYÎvZvÕ †jwbb?

16

AZ:ci, ó¨vwjb KZ…„©K cwiZ¨v³ †jwbbxq wbe©vPbx e¨e¯’vq me© i“kxq ‡mvwf‡q‡Zi Ks‡MÖ‡mI Dcw ’Z †WcywUMY †h, `jxq I ivóªxK ¶gZvai KZ©ve¨w³M‡Yi f‡q fxZ-mš¿ — _vK‡Zv ZvI‡Zv cÖgvY K‡i ó¨vwj‡bi Dc‡iv‡j −wLZ fvlY `v‡bi Rb¨ g‡Â cÖ‡ek KivgvÎ Ges fvlY mgvcbv‡š— Dcw ’Z mK‡j `xN© mgqKvj e¨vcx hv K‡iwQj Zv GB: “Comrade Stalin's appearance on the rostrum is greeted by all present with loud and prolonged cheers. All rise. Shouts from all parts of the hall : "Hurrah for Comrade Stalin!" "Long live Comrade Stalin!" "Long live the Great Stalin!" "Hurrah for the great genius, Comrade Stalin!" "Vivat!" "Rot Front!" "Glory to Comrade Stalin!" and

“(Thunderous ovation. All rise. A thunderous "Hurrah!" Shouts from all parts of the hall: "Long live Comrade Stalin!" All stand and sing the "Internationale," after which the ovation is resumed. Shouts of "Hurrah!" and "Long live our leader, Comrade Stalin!")” ---

www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/SC36.html.

Ges fvlY PjvKv‡j †gvU 36 evi Abyiƒc RqaŸwY w`‡qwQj fqKvZi I cÖwZwnsmvKvZi ó¨vwjbxq eªvþYiv, hviv cieZx©‡Z ó¨vwjb‡K wel cÖ‡qv‡M nZ¨v K‡i‡Q ev cv‡m©vbvj KvwëR‡gi `v‡q ó¨vwj‡bi g~wZ© †fs‡M‡Q I Zuvi gwg Kei — K‡i‡Q | Kv‡RB Dc‡iv³ Ks‡MÖ‡m ó¨vwjbB †h, GKgvÎ Ges GKK ¶gZvi AwaKvix Ges Zuvi e³e¨B †h, †kl K_v Zv wb‡q †Kvb m‡›`‡ni AeKvk _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Ges ó¨vwjb hv hv †P‡q‡Qb †mB fv‡eB †h, 1936 mv‡ji msweavb iwPZ-M„nxZ n‡q‡Q Z`g‡g© D³ fvlY I msweavbLvwbB me©vwaK DrK…ó I Dchy³ Ges MÖvn¨ cÖvgvY¨cÎ| hw`P, D³ fvlY`vbKvjxb ó¨vwjb mivmwi ivóªxK †Kvb c`-c`ex bq †KejB cvwU©i †m‡µUvix A_©vr †jwb‡bi eªvþY¨‡Mv‡Îi g~L¨ †gvoj Ges Zuvi Aby‡gv`b-ûKz‡gB me nZ¨vKvÛ msMwVZ Ki‡Zv wnsmª-ee©i I RNb¨Zg Lybxevwnbx Ò†PKvÓ | Kv‡RB, †Lv` †jwbb wK ó¨vwj‡bi Z~jbvq Kg ¶gZvai e¨w³ wQ‡jb †h, Zuvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ZuviB B”Qv-Awb”Qvi wei“‡×-wec‡¶ cÖKv‡k¨ KvD‡K mg_©b Rvbv‡Z cvi‡Zv Ks‡MÖ‡mi †WcywUMY? AZ:ci, †mvwf‡q‡Zi mKj Kv‡Ri KvRx AÎ msweavbg~‡j 200 m`m¨ wewkó †K› ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwU n‡jI Kvh©Z mKj ¶gZv †h, i“k wicvewj‡Ki †Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v wccjm Kwgkvim KvDwÝj A_©vr †K›`ªxKZvev`x †jwb‡bi n‡¯—B wQj Zv‡ZI m‡›`‡ni AeKvk bvB ev Z`ª“c m‡›`n Kivi my‡hvMI _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e, A‡Ëv gnv ¶gZvai †K› ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwU Kvi mwn ¯^v¶‡i Awa‡ek‡b wgwjZ n‡Zv A_©vr †bvwUk Bm~ Kvix KZ©„Z¡ †K A_ev wK wK †hvM¨Zvq ev A‡hvM¨Zvq wZwb D³iƒc c`-

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c`ex‡Z wb‡qvM-envj ev wb‡qv‡M Abychy³ I `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b A‡hvM¨Zvq AcmvwiZ ev `Ûbxq n‡Z cv‡ib ev Abyiƒc ¶gZvai e¨w³i ¶gZv-GLwZqvi BZ¨Kvi welqvw` †jwb‡bi msweav‡b ewY©Z bvB| wKš‘, ZvB e‡j wK Abyiƒc ¶gZv A_©vr †K›`ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi mfv Avnevb, Abyôvb I mgvwß ev mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ ev mfvi wm×vš— I cÖ¯—ve mg~n mswk −ó mKj‡K Awdwmqvwj AewnZKiY ev gš¿x gÛjxi m`m¨‡K ev miKvix ¸i“ `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ Aci KvD‡K wb‡qvM-AcmviY BZ¨Kvi hveZxq ˆ`wbw›`b Avek¨Kxq miKvix `wjj-`¯—v‡eR ev miKv‡ii RvixK…Z wWwµ BZ¨vw`‡Z ‡KD wK mwn -m¤úv`b Ki‡Zb bv? Abyiƒc mwn-¯^v¶i Qvov †jwb‡bi ivóª mPj _vK‡Zv wK fv‡e, bv wK mwn-¯^v¶i Kiv n‡Zv bv ? hy³ivóª ev evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZMY Dc‡iv‡j −wLZ ivwóªK wel‡q ¶gZvevb Ges KZ©„Z¡evb e‡U mvsweavwbK Reve`xwnZv I `vqe×Zvi k‡Z© I msweavbg~‡j| wKš‘ †jwb‡bi ivwkqvq Abyiƒc †Kvb KZ©„Z¡ AÎ msweavb Øviv m„wó Kiv nqwb| Z‡e, AÎ msweavb mn ivwkqvi miKvix wWwµ mgy‡n gnvgwZ †jwbb †h, mwn ¯^v¶i Ki‡Zb Zv‡Zv †jwbb KZ©„K RvixK…Z wWwµ mg~n mn AÎ msweav‡bi 1g cvZvq- Ò †Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v i“wkqvb wccjm Kwgkvi Ó wnmv‡e gyw ªZ f.B. †jwb‡bi bvg ØvivB cÖgvwYZ| D‡j−L¨, ‡Kibw¯‹ miKvi‡K weZvwoZ K‡i ivwkqvi ¶gZv `Lj Kivi ci me© i“kxq †mvwf‡qZ Ks‡MÖ‡m UªUw¯‹i cÖ —ve I mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Aby‡gvw`Z ivwkqvi miKvi m¤úwK©Z wWwµ Abyqvqx gvb¨ei †jwbb D³ Ô†Pqvig¨vbÕ kx‡ci c`wU MÖnY K‡ib Ges Avg„Z¨ wZwb D³ c‡` envj wQ‡jb| A_P, †Lv` †jwb‡bi - Ò †Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v i“wkqvb wccjm Kwgkvi Ó c`-c`exwU AÎ msweav‡b VuvB cvqwb| msweav‡b ewY©Z bvB A_P †jwbb AÎ c`wU `Lj †i‡L‡Qb Ges †mg‡Zv mKj ivwóªK I miKvix Kg© m¤úv`b ev Z`g‡g© wm×vš— cÖ`vb ev Z`vbyiƒc mwn-¯^v¶i m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb,wKš‘ †Kvb& GLwZqvi- ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡ e‡j? A_ev, msweavbg~‡j MwVZ †Kvb ivóª we‡k‡l ev msweavb Rvix I envj _vKve¯’vq Kv‡iv c‡¶ Ggb f~Zz‡o KvÛ Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K wK? AZ:ci, †jwb‡bi msweavbLvwb †jwb‡bi AmvsweavwbK KZ©„‡Z¡ ejeZ-envj wQj bv wK ,Zv envj-Kvh©Ki _vKvi my‡hvM wQj? A_P,i“k mvgªv‡R¨i 1906 mv‡ji msweav‡bi 1g P¨vÞvi, Aby‡”Q`-4 n‡Z Aby‡”Q`-26 ch©š— i“‡ki ÒmywcÖg A‡UvµvUÓ mgªv‡Ui ¶gZv-KZ©„Z¡ I GLwZqvi my úófv‡e ewY©Z Av‡Q Ges Abyiƒc my úó bv n‡jI mgªvU nv¤§yivexI Zuvi †Kv‡Wi f~wgKvq Zuv‡K Ô†dvi †KvqvU©vi Iqvì© weR‡qi Õ†nZzev‡` ¯^qs MW KZ©„K cyi¯‹…Z n‡q Òc‡`vbœZ wcÖÝÓ wnmv‡e wb‡R‡K wPwýZ K‡i mvgªv‡R¨i m‡e©v”P KZ©„Z¡ wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb|

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¯§iY‡hvM¨- gvbyl KZ©„K gvbyl‡K `vm evbv‡bvi wbwg‡Ë ivRbxwZ I ivR‰bwZK KZ©„‡Z¡i Avwef©ve I cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj cÖ_‡g wgk‡i I cieZx©‡Z Acivci Rbc‡`| wKš‘ `vmZš¿‡K ’vqxKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wjwLZ AvBb ev wewa cÖ_g Rvix K‡iwQ‡jb e¨vwej‡bi mgªvU nv¤§yivex Lªxóc~e©-1760 mv‡j| wWwRU-_viwUb Avb jvwK bv¤^vi e‡j 13 bs aviv ewY©Z nqwb †nZz nv¤§yivexi 282 avivq wjwLZ 281 avivi †KvWwU ïi“B Kiv n‡q‡Q g„Zz¨`Û w`‡q| QvMj Pzwi n‡Z †h †Kvb ai‡Yi Pzwi, WvKvwZ, `m~¨Zv, †d‡ieevwR, cÖZviYv, duvwKevwR, PvjvwK, jyU-cvU, AwMœ ms‡hvM, e¨wfPvi, wg_¨v Awf‡hvM I wg_¨v mv¶¨ cÖ`vb BZ¨Kvi eûwe` Kvi‡YB Av¸‡b cywo‡q, cvwb‡Z Wywe‡q, M‡Z© Pvcv †`Iqv mn bvbvb Dcv‡qi g„Zz¨`‡Ûi weavb ewY©Z Av‡Q nv¤§yivexi `Ûwewa‡Z| hw`I GwU AvaywbK ivóª MVbKvix †Kvb `wjj ev msweavb bq, Zey ivRbxwZi BwZnv‡m GwUB cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK wewa-weavb| mgªvU nv¤§yivix Zuvi wewai 15 avivq cjvZK `vm-`vmxi g„Zz¨`Û cÖ`vb Ges 16 avivq-cjvZK `vm-`vmx‡K †e-AvBbxfv‡e Avkªq`vb, 19 avivq- Kv‡iv evox‡Z cjvZK `vm-`vmx‡K cvIqv †M‡j Dfq avivqB M„nKZ©v‡K g„Zz `‡Ûi weavb w`‡q‡Qb; Ges 26 avivq ivRvi †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ‡Z g„Zz¨`Û m‡gZ cjvZK `vm-`vmx‡K gvwj‡Ki wbKU †dir cÖ v‡bi Cbvg ^iƒc 2 †iŠc¨gy ªv wbw ©ó K‡i‡Qb| AZ:ci, cvwj‡q wM‡q `vm‡Z¡i eÜb n‡Z gy³ n‡Z PvB‡jB †hgb g„Zz¨`‡Ûi weavb †Zgb cjvZK `vm‡K †diZ w`‡q cyi¯‹vi MÖnY bv KivI g„Zz `Û‡hvM¨ Aciva M‡Y¨ - gvÎ yB †iŠc¨gy ªvi mgvb GKRb `vm ev GKRb gy³ gvby‡li Rxeb gvb wba©viY A_©vr aviv-17 g‡Z yB †iŠc¨ gy ªvi wewbg‡q hw` cjvZK `vm‡K †dir cÖ`vb bv Kiv nq Z‡e 19 aviv g‡Z M„nKZ©vi g„Zz¨`‡Ûi weavb Rvix Kivi gva¨‡g `vm‡Z¡i ^c‡¶ ev `vmZ¡‡K wPi¯’vqxKi‡Y †h weavb Rvix K‡i‡Qb Zb¥‡a¨ †KejgvÎ D‡j−wLZ aviv-16, aviv-17 I aviv-19 Gi Rb¨B mgªvU nv¤§yivex‡K mvsweavwbK BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g AvBbvbyM ee©i wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv †e-AvBbx ev A‡hŠw³K bq| wKš‘, wg: †jwbb,mgªvU nv¤§yivexi g‡ZvI Ck¦i cÖ Ë cyi¯‹vi ^iƒc c‡`vbœZ wcÖÝ ev i“‡ki Rv‡ii Ck¦‡ii ¶gZvq DËivwaKvi m~‡Î wWfvBb ivBU †nvìvi ev AvaywbK iv󪸇jvi g‡Zv mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Awc©Z ¶gZve‡j i“k iv‡óªi †Kvb c`-c`ex jvf K‡ibwb| ZvQvov ZuviB ÔAf~̨vbÕ I Ômsweavb mfvÕ msµvš— d‡Zvqvbyhvqx wZwb wb‡RB A‰ea ¶gZv `LjKvix Ges A‰ea `Ljg~‡j wZwb wb‡RB A‰ea c`vwaKvix e‡jB ZuviB bxwZ I wb‡ ©kbvq cÖYxZ AÎ msweav‡b Zuvi `Ljvaxb c`wUi D‡j−L bv K‡iB ev Z`ª“c c`- c`ex bv wj‡LB †KejB Ò i“wk gvK©mev`x Ó †jwbb Kvj© gvK©‡mi bvg fvswM‡q e¯‘Z gvK©‡mi mv‡_ cÖZviYv-RvwjqvwZ I wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i ^xq `Ljvaxb c`wU‡Z Avg„Zz AwawôZ †_‡K ÒgnvgwZ †jwbbÓ Rxe‡bi †kl w`b ch©š— †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi mKj ¶gZvi

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Kj-KvwV †b‡o‡Qb ev ûKzg wb‡ ©k w`‡q‡Qb †Kej A‰eafv‡eB bq hyMcr ZuviB msweavbg~‡jB AmvsweavwbKfv‡eI | †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi miKvi welqK miKvix bw_c‡Î Ò †Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v wccjm KwgkbviÓ f.B,†jwbb- 8.11.1917 n‡Z 21.01.1924 ch©š— ¯^c‡` envj wQ‡jb Ges Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci Av‡j·x ivBKf D³ c‡` AwawôZ nb| Avwe¯‹viK †jwb‡bi eû Avwe¯‹vi wb‡q K…wZ©gvb ó¨vwjb eû wdwiw¯— w`‡jI msweav‡b Abycw¯’Z ev Aby‡j −wLZ c` hv m„wó n‡q‡Q i“k ej‡kwfK bvgxq KwZcq e¨w³i GK lohš— I Pµvš—g~jK mfvq Ges †h c`wU‡Z †Lv` ‡jwbb AwawôZ †_‡KB D³ A‰ea c`wUi ˆeaZv I MÖvn¨Zvi Rb¨ ^qs †jwbb msweavb mfvi wbe©vPb Abyôvb K‡i RbMY KZ©„K Pigfv‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡q wPiKvjxb MYwe‡ivax †envqvi g‡ZvB RbMY KZ©„K Abvby‡gvw`Z †mB †Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v wccjm Kwgkvi-c`wU‡Z AwawôZ _vK‡jb Ges Zuvi AÎ Av‡jvwPZ msweavb Rvix I envj Kivi ciI †Kvb cÖKvi mvsweavwbK

^xK…wZ-‰eaZv QvovB ‡mvwf‡q‡Zi me©vwaK ¶gZv-KZ©„‡Z¡i Ò†Pqvig¨vbÓ c`wU‡Z wbR ¸‡Y envj wQ‡jb hv- c„w_exi †Kvb iv‡óªi †¶‡Î KL‡bv N‡Uwb Ges ^qs óvwjbiv 1924 I 1936 mv‡j msweav‡b h_vµ‡g Aby‡”Q`-37 Ges Aby‡”Q`-70 Øviv Abyiƒc c`-c`ex m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j GwUI cÖZxqgvb I cÖgvwYZ †h †jwb‡bi †PjvivI gnvgwZ †jwb‡bi Abyiƒc †e-AvBbx c‡` Awaôvb Keyj K‡iwb; Zrk‡Z©I bwRiwenxb Ggb ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ I KZ©„c¶ whwb D³c‡` Awaôvb †_‡K †K›`ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwUi 200 m`‡m¨i Avei‡Y Kvh©Z mKj wm×vš— MÖnY-evwZj ev i`-iwnZ Ki‡Zb †Zgb ‡jwb‡bi- MYmgZv I Rbmve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Ggb DrKU Avwe¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© †egvjyg †P‡c †M‡jb ev Z`g‡g© †Kvb eqvbB gvb¨ei ó¨vwjb mv‡ne ev †jwbbev`xiv Av‡Rv †`bwb| wKš‘ †Kb? (M) evq~ ZisM ev B_vi e¨envi K‡i B‡jw±ªK wgwWqv ev †gvevBj †dvb e¨emvqxiv †h ARmª Avq Ki‡eb Zv mvgvb¨Zg Abygvb Ki‡Z cvi‡jI Ò m¤ú` mxwgZÓ ZË¡ evbv‡Z Ac‡Póv Ki‡Zb bv ¯^v_©vÜ-myweavev`x A_©bxwZwe`iv | A_ev, RbmsL¨v evo‡j Afve ev‡o e‡j ywf©¶-gnvgvwi‡Z cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gB RbmsL¨v wbqwš¿Z nq iƒc RbmsL¨v welqK fyqv-ev‡bvqvwU ZË¡ we‡kl Pzwi K‡i XvK-‡Xvj wcwU‡q Zv Rvwni Ki‡Zb bv Rv`‡ij ZË¡Kvi A‰bwZK hvRK g¨vj_vm g‡nv`q| Abyiƒc †jwbb mv‡ne gvK©m‡`i D˜NvwUZ ZË¡-Z_¨ bq, †KejgvÎ weÁvb, weÁvbx I weÁvb gb®‹ gvbylR‡bi f~wgKv g‡b ivL‡jI AÎ msweav‡bi 18 bs †mKk‡b Zuvi iv‡óªi g‡Uv wnmv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡Zb bv †h, - “The Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic considers work the duty of every citizen of the Republic, and proclaims as its motto: 'He shall not eat who does not work.'” A_©vr †h KvR Ki‡e bv †m Lv‡e bv| AZ:ci, †jwbb mv‡ne a‡i wb‡q‡Qb mgvRZ‡š¿I LvIqvB gvby‡li cÖ_g I cÖavb Pvwn`v Ges Lvevi †jv‡fB I k‡Z©B mK‡jB Zuvi mgvRZvwš¿K ûKzg wb‡ ©k gvb¨ Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡e Ab¨_vq bv †L‡q g„Zz |

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A_P, gvK©m cuywR MÖ‡š’ mywbw ©ó Z_¨-cÖgvY mn Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, cuywRev` AwZ Drcv`b msKU I mgm¨vq wbcwZZ n‡q‡Q e‡jB cÖPzi cwigvb gRy` _vKv m‡Ë¡I `vwi`ªB cuywRev‡`i ˆewkó¨ I kZ© †nZz AwZ Drcv`‡bi Avwa‡K¨-fv†i I Pv‡cB ‡hgb cuywRev`x mgvR wejxb n‡e †Zgb `vwi`ª `~ixKi‡Y cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vi webvk-we‡jvcB Awbevh© kZ© hyMcr mgvRZ‡š¿iI| A_©vr cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ m¤ú` m„wó‡Z cuywRev`x A_©bxwZB m¶g I Dchy³ weavq cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vqB Lv`¨‡Zv bqB GgbwK m¤ú‡`iI Afve bvB eis m¤ú‡`i AvwaK¨ I cÖvPz‡h©i Rb¨B cuywRev‡` cyb:cyb g›`v-msKU m„wó nq †KejgvÎ Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi e¨w³gvwjKvbvi Rb¨B Z_v KwZcq e¨w³gvwj‡Ki gybvdvi Rb¨ ˆbivwR¨K Drcv`b I m¤ú‡`i mylg e›Ub bv nIqvi Kvi‡YB m¤úwËevbivI m¤úwË nvwi‡q `ªwi`ª nq, †hgb 2008 mv‡ji A‡±vei n‡Z 2009 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i ch©š— hy³iv‡óªi kxl© 400 abxe¨w³i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Ab~b¨ 7 wewjqb n‡Z 17 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi ch©š— nvwi‡q‡Q Ges kªgRxex gvbyl wbZ¨B Afve-AbU‡b _v‡K ‡Kej bq GgbwK, ïaygvÎ Abvnvi RwbZ Kvi‡Y cÖwZ eQi M‡o 36 wgwjqb gvbyl g„Zz¨eiY K‡i †nZz cuywRev`x cÖwµqvqB cuywRev` wb‡RB wb‡Ri aŸs‡mi w`‡K avweZ nq e‡jB cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vq mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk‡K ewÂZ Kivi †gŠj KviY A_©vr †KejgvÎ ^ímsL¨K e¨w³i cÖvB‡fU Ibvikxc evwZj A_©vr e¨w³gvwjKvbvi D‡”Q` Kivi gva¨‡g Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi mvgvwRK gvwjKvbv cÖwZôv Kivi gva¨‡g DØ„Ë-g~j¨ Drcbœ ev DØ„Ë-g~j¨ AvZ¥mv‡Zi mKj my‡hvM-myweav i`-iwnZKi‡Yi A_©vr †KejgvÎ mgv‡Ri Pvwn`vg‡Zv mycwiKwíZ Drcv`‡bi mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e ’vq m¤ú‡`i mylg e›U‡bi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ n‡e weavq kªwgK‡kªYxi GKvwacZ¨g~jK e¨e¯’v Z_v mgvRZš¿- `vwi`ªZv ev nvfv‡Z Ae¯’v bq, bq Afve-AbU‡bi Rxeb ev AwbðqZv I ywðš—vi RxebI bq eis wecix‡Z mK‡ji cÖvPzh©gq - my›`i Ges kvk¦Z kvwš—c~Y© Rxe‡bi M¨vivw›U|

KwgDwbó B¯—vnv‡iI ewY©Z Av‡Q-Ò mgv‡Ri Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i †fvM`L‡ji AwaKvi †_‡K KwgDwbRg †Kv‡bv †jvK‡K ewÂZ K‡i bv; `Lj Kivi gva¨‡g Ac‡ii kªg‡K KivqË Kivi ¶gZv †_‡K Zv‡K ewÂZ K‡i gvÎ|Ó A_©vr KwgDwbóiv KvD‡K bv LvB‡q gvivi cÖkœ Aevš—i, wecix‡Z †KD hv‡Z KvD‡K gvi‡Z bv cv‡i ev †KD KvD‡K VKv‡Z I cÖZvwiZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i ev ^m„ó m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv n‡Z †KD KvD‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †miƒc e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvq m`v-me©`v µxqvkxj e‡jB Abyiƒc Kg©ZrciZvq wb‡qvwRZivB KwgDwbó| AZ:ci, Ry‡”Pvi gvj_v‡mi wkl¨ nvfv‡Z †jwbb †K ? gbyl¨ Rx‡ei LvIqv bv-LvIqv wel‡q †jwb‡bi Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© DËiwU cvIqv hv‡e ‡jwb‡bi ¸i“Z~j¨ Rvg©vb †W‡gvµvU †gvoj AvMó †e‡e‡ji wjwLZ “ Society of the Future” wbe‡Ü hv GB: Ó Socialism agrees with the Bible when it says "if any would not work neither should he eat.” ( M.I.A- www. marxists.org)

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AZ:ci, LvIqv ev bv LvIqv wel‡q i“kx gvK©mev`x †jwbb †h, Rxmyi f³ Zv‡Z m‡›`n _v‡K wK ? w`bcÄxi †¶‡ÎI ZvB| BD‡Uvcxq I ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ cy —‡Ki †klvs‡k †d. G¨vs‡Mjm wj‡L‡Qb- ÒmgvR KZ©„K Drcv`‡bi Dcvq `L‡ji ci Aemvb nq cY¨-Drcv`‡bi Ges hyMcr Drcv`‡Ki Avwac‡Z¨i | mvgvwRK Drcv`‡b ˆbiv‡R¨i e`‡j Av‡m avivevwnK wbw ©ó msMVb| e¨w³MZ Aw —‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMÖvg Aš—wn©Z nq | GKUv we‡kl A‡_© ZLbB †mB cÖ_g gvbyl Aewkó cÖvYx RMZ †_‡K P~ovš—fv‡e ZdvZ n‡q Aw —‡Z¡i wbZvš— cvkweK cwiw ’wZ ‡_‡K DËx©Y© nq mZ¨Kvi gvbweK cwiw ’wZ‡Z| Rxebavi‡Yi †h †¶ÎUv gvbyl‡K wN‡i Av‡Q Ges G hver Zvi Ici AvwacZ¨ Ki‡Q †mB mgMÖ †¶ÎUv GLb gvby‡li Avwac‡Z¨ I wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ Av‡m-GB cÖ_g gvbyl n‡q D‡V cÖK…wZi m‡PZb cÖfy GB Kvi‡Y †h, ¯^xq mgvR-msMV‡bi cÖfy †m n‡Z cvij| ZviB wbR mvgvwRK wµqvi †h wbqg GZw`b cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi g‡Zv AÁvZmv‡i Zvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q, Zvi Ici AvwacZ¨ Ki‡Q, Zv GLb e¨eüZ n‡e cwic~Y© ‡ev‡ai ms‡M, Ges †mB ‡nZz Zvi Ici cÖfyZ¡ Ki‡e gvbyl| gvby‡liB wbR †h mvgvwRK msMVb GZw`b cÖK…wZ I BwZnvm †_‡K Pvcv‡bv GK AvwacZ¨iƒ‡c Zvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q, †m msMVb GLb n‡q `uvovq ZviB ¯^vaxb K‡g©i dj| †h ewn©f~Z ev¯Ze kw³¸‡jv GZw`b BwZnvm‡K kvmb K‡i‡Q Zv P‡j Av‡m gvby‡liB wbqš¿‡Yi Aax‡b| ïay †mB mgq †_‡KB µgm‡PZbfv‡e gvbylB iPbv Ki‡e Zvi ^xq BwZnvm, †Kej †mB mgq †_‡KB gvbyl †h mvgvwRK KviY¸wj‡K MwZ`vb Ki‡e †m¸wj cÖavbZ Ges µgea©gvb cwigv‡Y ZviB evwÂZ dj cÖme Ki‡e| G nj Avwewk¨KZvi ivR¨ †_‡K ¯^vaxbZvi iv‡R¨ gvby‡li DËiY|Ó A_©vr LvIqv-civmn cïer Rxeb avi‡Yi cvkweK Ae ’v gy³ Z_v e¨w³MZ Aw —‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMÖvg Aš—wn©Z nIqvi e¨e ’vB n‡”Q mgvRZš¿ weavq mgvRZš¿ n‡”Q- BwZnv‡mi Pvwc‡q †`Iqv ivóª I ivóªxK civaxbZv gy³; ^vaxb-gy³ gvby‡li mwZ¨Kvi gvbweK ¯^vaxbZvi A_©vr Lv`¨mn Rxeb avi‡Yi DcKi‡Yi `ywðš—v gy³ cÖvPzh©¨gq I Avb›`gq GK mwZ¨Kvi ¯^vaxb ivR¨| A_P, i“k msweav‡bi D‡j−wLZ †mKkb Øviv †jwbbev`x ivóª I †jwbb wb‡RB †hgb gvbyl‡K eb¨ cïer Rxe-Rš‘ mve¨‡ — gvby‡li LvIqv-bv LvIqv ev euvPv-givi KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡i gvby‡li cÖfy‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Qb †Zgb G¨vs‡Mjm‡`i g‡Z mgvRZ‡š¿ LvIqv-bv LvIqvi g‡Zv Zz”Q welqvw` Z_v e¨w³MZ Aw¯—‡Z¡i msMÖvg †Kej Abvek¨KB bq,eis AcÖ‡qvRbxq I AwPš—bxq e‡jB mKj cÖKvi cvkweKZv gy³ m‡PZb-mf¨,AvaywbK I ^vaxb gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Dc‡hvMx I cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges µgewa©Zfv‡e Av‡iv AwaKZi DbœZZi welqvw` cÖvwßi Rb¨B gvbyl ‡KejB cÖwZKzj cÖK…wZi wei“‡× msMÖvg Ki‡e e‡jB mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri gvbyl GKw`‡K †hgb BwZnv‡mi Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb cÖK…wZi Dci cÖfyZ¡Kvix gvbyl weavq ^vaxb-gy³

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gvby‡livB cÖfy e‡U cÖK…wZi †nZz †jwbbiv D³ †mKkb Øviv AÁZv I cÖK…wZ wbf©iZv Z_v m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv m¤úbœ GK Amf¨-ee©i I wbôzi e¨e¯’v‡KB ÔmgvRZš¿Õ wnmv‡e cÖK…Zc‡¶ wbR ^ cÖfy‡Z¡i ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi `yiwfmwÜg~‡j Kvh©Z gvbyl‡K ee©i Rš‘ Z~j¨ M‡Y¨ mgvRZš¿ m¤ú‡K©B GK wbQK ev‡bvqvwU-gbMov I weK…Z aviYv cÖwZôv Kivi Ac‡Póv K‡i‡Qb| D‡j−L¨- mgªvU nv¤§yivex Zvi weav‡b-Abvevw` f~wg‡K Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwg‡Z iƒcvš—i Ges f~wg Pv‡l -f~¯^vwg I Pvlxi wnm¨v Ges †bŠKv evbv‡bvi wgw¯¿ n‡Z kj¨wPwKrmvwe‡`i wdm ev gvjvgvj cwien‡b Mvox fvov BZ¨Kvi welqvw`i nvi I nvivnvwi mywbw`©ó K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘, †jwbb g‡nv`q Zvi msweav‡b †Kv_vI kªg kw³ we‡µZv gRywi `vm‡`i gyRix A_©vr gRywii nvi, gvÎv-cwigvY ev nvivnvwii †¯‹j ev Zrwel‡q bxwZ BZ¨vw` wZjgvÎ D‡j −L K‡ibwb| eis-f~wgi De©iZv RwbZ AwZwi³ Drcv`bI ‡jwbbev`x iv‡óªi cÖvc¨ g‡g© wWwµ Rvix K‡iwQ‡jb| AZ:ci, ivóªxq cuywRev‡`i †KŠk‡j-Avkª‡q ivwkqvi kªgRxex gvbyl‡K †KejB AwaKZi gvÎvq DØ„Ë-g~j¨ DrcbœKi‡Y gvbweK cï mve¨‡¯— I Zبenvi wbwðZKi‡Y A_©vr ivóxq ¶gZvi †Rv‡i I ivóªxq g‡bvcwji my‡hv‡M kª‡gi GKgvÎ †µZv ivóª ev ivóªxq ¶gZvai †jwbb hLb †hiƒc g‡b Ki‡Zb ev hZUv KggvÎvq gRywi cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM-myweav ivóª‰bwZK ¸Ûvevwnbxi †Rvi m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb wVK Z‡ZvUv gvÎvq hv‡Z gRywi cÖ`v‡b evwiZ bv nb, †m Rb¨B nv¤§yivexi g‡ZvI wewa-weavb Rvix K‡ibwb †jwbb gnvivR ZvI‡Zv wbwðZ| BwZnvm cÖgvY K‡i‡Q cÖfy †jwb‡bi iv‡óª hviv KvR K‡i‡Q ZuvivB †L‡Z cvqwb wVKVvKg‡Zv Ges Zuv‡`iB Kvco-RyZv cÖvwßi Rb¨ 1960 mv‡jI fyqv cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q †jwbbev`x µz‡Pf‡K Ges nv‡ji cwimsL¨vbI wbwðZ K‡i ivwkqvi Pig `vwi`ª mxgvi bx‡P emevmKvix 15% | †jwb‡bi Kv‡jI †Kej 1920 mv‡ji `ywf©‡¶ 30-50 jvL gvbyl g„Zy¨eiY Kivi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| Avi wg: cywUb‡`i g‡Zv abevb e¨w³ hviv- ivRvwaivR †jwb‡bi †Mvjvg mn ‡mvwf‡q‡Zi mKj `vm A_©vr kªgRxex‡`i Dci ivwóªK ¸Ûvwg Kiv Qvov Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQj bv ZvivB ZL‡bv Ges GL‡bv mgv‡Ri cÖvq mKj Lvevi †L‡q‡Q I Lv‡”Q | A_©vr †h hZ KvR Ki‡e †m Z‡Zv Kg Lv‡e Avi †h KvR Ki‡e bv A_©vr ciRxexZvi cÖ_vMZ †hvM¨Zvq ó¨vwjbxq eyw×RxexZvi d‡Zvqvq †jwbbxq eªvþY M‡Y¨ †KejB kªgRxex Z‡e Af~³ `vmM‡Yi wbZ¨ c~uRv-AP©bv †fvM-Dc‡fvM m‡gZ cu~Rvi cÖmv` Z_v me©vwaK fv‡jv Lvevi wbZ¨B me©vwaK cwigv‡Y Lv‡e| Dciš—, AÎ †mKkb Øviv †jwbb ‡hgb gvbyl‡K LvIqv-bv LvIqvi g‡Zv GK cvkweK cÖvYx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb †Zgb nv¤§yivexI Zuvi wewai 8 bs avivq k~q~i ev QvMj Pzwii `v‡q gvby‡li g„Zz¨`‡Ûi weavb w`‡q gvbyl‡K k~q~i-QvM‡ji mgv_©K MY¨ K‡i‡Qb Z`xq m„ó A_P Ck¦‡iiB bv‡g Hk¦wiK b¨vqwePvwiK A_©vr †Pv‡Li e`‡j †PvL ev nv‡Zi

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e`‡j nvZ ev cÖv‡Yi e`‡j cÖvY msnv‡ii gvb`Û I g~j¨‡ev‡a| AZ:ci, Pxc MW KZ©„©K Òc‡`vbœZÓI m~h© †`eZvi wbKU n‡Z ^xq †KvW cÖvwßi `vex`vi ee©i nv¤§yivexi g‡ZvB ivR‰bwZK Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ I `yiwfmwÜg~‡j gvK©‡mi bvg e¨enviKvix i“wk e‡j‡kwfK mÏ©vi †jwb‡bi msweavb bvwK, nv¤§yivexi †KvW †KvbwU, AwaKZi RNb¨ ? (N) LvIqvi Rb¨ euvPv bq, euvPvi Rb¨ LvIqv e‡jB ¶zavZ© n‡qI ALv`¨-KzLv`¨ MÖnY n‡Z gvbyl hLb ‡_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z wk‡L‡Q ZLb †_‡KB gvbyl ‡Kej mylg I ^v ’ m¤§Z Lv`¨B wbwðZ Ki‡Z Zrci nqwb eis Lv`¨ mvgMÖx wK fv‡e gRyZ †i‡L `xN©w`b ch©š— Zv †fvM-e¨envi Kivi Dc‡hvMx I Dchy³ ivLv hvq †m cÖhyw³ Avwe¯‹v‡i wjß n‡q‡Q e‡jB GLb gvbe RvwZ Lv‡`¨i g‡ZvB Avek¨Kxq Av‡iv eû DcKiY -wRwbl e¨envi K‡i hv †gv‡UB Lv`¨ bq| A_P †mmKj mvgMÖx bv n‡j AvaywbK Rxebgvb eRvq ivLv hvq bv A_ev AvaywbK Rxe‡bi Abyi“c welqvw`i D™¢veb-D˜NvUb Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl Z`vbyiƒc †eva-eyw× ev bxwZ-Av`k© BZ¨vw` wbg©vY-wewbg©vY K‡i‡Q e‡jB wbR wbR bxwZ-Av`k© i¶vq ev wbR we‡ePbvq bxwZnxb Rxe‡bi `vq en‡bi A¯^xK…wZ‡Z m‡µwUm mn eû Rb † ^”Qvq- ^Áv‡b ev eva¨ n‡q Rxeb `vb K‡i‡Q ev AˆeÁvwbKZvi wecix‡Z ‰eÁvwbKZvi PP©v-cÖmvi mva‡b eª“‡bv-G‡›UvwbI mn Av‡iv eûRb cÖ_vMZ cÖfy‡`i nZ¨v-Lz‡bi ewj n‡qwQj| KwgDwbó Av‡›`vjb msMV‡b Avš—wiK gvK©m cwiev‡ii Lv`¨vfve I `y‡f©v‡Mi welqvw`I †hgb Avgv‡`i AÁvZ bq †Zgb GgbwK RxebI †h‡Z cv‡i †R‡bI eyn Rb †hgb KwgDwbó Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q‡Q †Zgb eû R‡bi Rxeb †`Iqv mn eû ai‡Yi wbh©vZb-wbcxob †fvMvi BwZnvmI Kg bq| GgbwK ey‡R©vqv Av‡›`vjbI eû gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKv niY K‡iwQj | AZ:ci, i“k Rv‡ii f‡q fxZz †jwb‡bi cvkweK g~j¨‡eva Abyhvqx hw` †KejB Lv`¨‡fvMx n‡Zb e‡U mK‡j ev †KejB LvIqvi Rb¨B euvP‡Z PvB‡Zb Z‡e wK AvR‡Ki gvbeRvwZ †h mKj welq †fvM-Dc‡fvM I e¨envi Ki‡Q Ges KwgDwbRg mn †hmKj bxwZ‡ev‡ai Rb¥-D™¢e ev m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡`Š n‡Z cvi‡Zv? Avevi gvbyl KZ©„K gvbyl‡K `vm evbv‡Z I `vmZ¡ i¶vq Z_v `vm‡`i kª‡g RxweKv wbe©vnKvix ciRxex‡`i ciRxexZv msi¶‡Y m„ó ivRbxwZ hv GhveZKvj ag© wnmv‡e AwfwnZ I MY¨ n‡q Avm‡Q -‡mB ivRbxwZ A_©vr a‡g©i webvk-D‡”Q` mvab K‡i‡Q e‡U cuywRev`B, e‡jB gvK©m‡`i Kv‡jI GgbwK kªwgK‡kªYxi wbKU civR‡qi f‡q fxZ- AvZswKZ ey‡R©vqviv hLb bZzb K‡i ag©vkªqx n‡q‡Q ZL‡bv cuywRev`x mgv‡R ag© AZxe ¸i“Z¡nxb wQj e‡jB ZwØl‡q Av‡jvPbvqI Lye GKUv AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv e‡jB KwgDwbó B¯—nv‡i gvK©miv my¯úófv‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb †h, Ò ag©, `k©b Ges mvaviYfv‡e gZv`‡k©i w`K †_‡K KwgDwbR‡gi wei“‡× †h Awf‡hvM Avbv nq Zv ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i we‡ewPZ nIqvi †hvM¨ bq|Ó Ges wPiš—b m‡Z¨i Avov‡j ag©vkª‡q wU‡K _vK‡Z Ac‡PóvKvix ax°…Z ey‡R©vqv‡`i cPbkxjZvq a‡g©i cwiYwZ wel‡q B —

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nv‡iB gvK©miv wj‡L‡Qb- Ò wKš‘ KwgDwbRg wPiš—b mZ¨‡K DwW‡q †`q, ag© I ˆbwZKZv‡K bZzb wfwˇZ cybM©wVZ bv K‡i Zv me ag© I me ˆbwZKZviB D‡”Q` K‡i; ZvB Zv BwZnv‡mi mKj AZxZ AwfÁZvi cwicš’x|Ó A_P, Lv`¨‡K Rxe‡bi †gv¶ I j¶¨ wba©viY c~e©K LvIqvi Rb¨B †eu‡P †_‡K ev LvIqvi k‡Z© kªg cÖ v‡bi gva¨‡g †jwbbxq iv‡óªi Rb¨ DØ„Ë-g~j¨ Drc‡bœ †hgb c~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ †mKkb hy³ K‡i‡Qb †Zgb †jwbb mv‡n‡ei AÎ msweav‡b agx©q Kvi‡YI we‡`kx‡`i ivwkqvq Avkªq`vb I bvMwiZ¡ cÖ v‡bi welqvw` †hgb ewY©Z †Zgb kªwgK‡kªYxi we‡e‡Ki cÖK…Z ^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ARynv‡Z Kvh©Z ag© wel‡q DׄwZ GB: “13. For the purpose of securing to the workers real freedom of conscience, the church is to be separated from the state and the school from the church, and the right of religious and anti-religous propaganda is accorded to every citizen.” nv¤§yivex Zuvi weav‡bi 13 bs aviv Lvwj †i‡L‡Qb agx©q Kzms¯‹v‡iB Avi ‡jwbbev`x †jwbb Zuvi msweav‡bi 13 bs †mKkb c~iY K‡i‡Qb bvMwiKM‡Yi ag© cvj‡bi

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mK‡jB gnva~gav‡g K‡i‡Qb| A_P, †jwbbB Zuvi msweav‡bi 3 bs †mKk‡bi (G) n‡Z ( wR) ch©š— RvZxqKiYK…Z LvZ mg~‡ni weeiY wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| Aek¨, cuywRev`x iv‡óªI e¨w³gvwjKvbvq cwiPvj‡b A¶g m¤úwˇK RvZxqKiY Kiv n‡qwQj ivóªxq wbqš¿‡Y-KZ©„‡Z¡ DØ„Ë-g~j¨ AvZ¥mv‡Zi AwaKZi my‡hvM-myweav nvwm‡j| Ges †jwbbI Zuvi msweav‡b †Kv_vI Zuvi ivóª‡K Ò ivóªxq cuywRev`xÓ ivóª wnmv‡e wPwýZ-AvL¨vwqZ bv Ki‡jI Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wbeÜ-cy —Kvw`‡Z ninv‡gkvB ivwkqv‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i mwnZ ZdvZnxb ivóªxq cuywRev`x ivóª wnmv‡e wee„Z K‡i‡Qb| hw`-‡jwb‡bi ivR‰bwZK fvl¨B mwVK nq Z‡e Av‡jvP¨ msweav‡b Zv wZwb wjL‡jb bv †Kb ev msweav‡b hv wj‡Lbwb Zv-B ev ivR‰bwZK cy¯—‡K wj‡L‡Qb wKfv‡e? Aek¨ ó¨vwj‡bi fvl¨g‡Z ‡jwbb‡Zv weij cÖwZfvi gnvb wec−ex hvi Rb¥B n‡qwQj i“k wec−e msMV‡bi Rb¨ wZwb‡Zv Zuvi cÖwZfvi ¸‡Y †hgb ivwkqvi g‡Zv cðvrc` GKwU †`‡k Ges GKgvÎ i“k †`‡kB digv‡qkxg~‡j Kw_Z wec−e m¤úv`b K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB‡Zv Gfvi †U‡j‡›UW †jwbb g‡nv`q hLb hv ej‡eb †nvK bv Zv, ¯^-we‡ivax ev mvsNwl©K I AmvgÄm¨c~Y© Zey ZvnvB Zuvi AbyPi-mnPi I †Pjv PvgyÛv m‡gZ mKj‡KB gnvmZ¨ wnmv‡e Keyj Ki‡Z n‡e| †mvwf‡q‡Zi wePvwiK Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b -wbqš¿Y I cwiPvj‡b Z_v D³ wel‡q ivwóªK mvaviY e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ AÎ msweav‡bi †mKkb-43 (B) Øviv wccjm Kwgkvi Ae Rvwóm A_©vr wePvi gš¿Yvjq cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mvwf‡q‡Zi miKvi m¤úwK©Z miKvix bw_ Abyhvqx- Ò†Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v KvDwÝj Ae wccjm KwgkviÓ -†jwb‡bi gš¿x mfvq ‡óª‡UmKv , †÷gevM© I WwgwUª GB 3 Rb 4 evi D³ `dZ‡ii gš¿x wQ‡jb| wKš‘, AÎ msweav‡bI †Kv_vI mywcÖg‡KvU© MVb ev wePvi wefvM MVb m‡gZ wePvi wefv‡Mi KiYxq I bv-KiYxq Z_v ¶gZv-GLwZqvi Ges wePviK‡`i wb‡qvM-AcmviY ev †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨v BZ¨Kvi †Kvb welq D‡j−wLZ bvB| Z‡e, †jwb‡bi g„Zz¨i ci M„nxZ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi 1924 mv‡ji msweav‡bi

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Aby‡”Q`-43 Abyhvqx mywcÖg †KvU© MwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges ‡jwb‡biB GK wePvigš¿x g‡bvbxZ n‡qwQ‡jb mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i †cÖwm‡W›U| Av‡jvP¨ msweav‡b H c`wUB bvB Zey †jwbb †mvwf‡qZ miKv‡ii †hgb Ò†Pqvig¨vb Ae `¨v KvDwÝj Ae wccjm KwgkviÓ Avevi msweav‡b wePvigš¿x Av‡Q wKš‘ mywcÖg‡KvU© bvB , GwUB †jwbbev`| Z‡e, AÎ msweavb M„nxZ nIqvi c~‡e© 5 wW‡m¤^i, 1917 mv‡j Ò wWwµ Ab †KvU©Ó Rvix K‡i †jwbb Kw_Z wec−ex UªvBeybvj MVb I Kvh©Ki K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ wWwµ ev wWwµ e‡j MwVZ †KvU© AÎ msweav‡b Aš—f©y³ nqwb e‡j ‡jwb‡bi msweavb Rvixi ci ey‡R©vqv mvsweavwbK bxwZ‡ZI D‡j −wLZ wWwKª ev wWwµ e‡j MwVZ †KvU© Kvh©Ki _vKvi my‡hvM bvB| msweav‡b mshy³ bv n‡qI hw` BZ:c~‡e©Kvi wWwµ¸‡jv Rvix I Kvh©Ki _v‡K Z‡e †jwb‡bi msweav‡bi Kvh©KiZv †hgb _v‡K bv †Zgb msweavbB hw` ivwkqvi mywcÖg AvBb n‡q _v‡K Z‡e msweavbc~e© wWwµ mg~n AKvh©Ki nq e‡jB gnvcÖfy †jwbb Zuvi cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv hLb †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †Zgb wWwµ ev msweavb Rvix Ki‡Z msweavb m¤§Zfv‡e A¶g I A‡hvM¨ n‡jI wZwb ¯^xq B”Qvg‡Zv †hgb bvbvb wWwµ Rvix K‡i‡Qb †Zgb ^xq msweavbLvwb‡KI Z`g‡g© Avg‡j †bb bvB †nZz †jwbb Kvh©Z

^xq msweavb I ^xq RvixK…Z wWwµ †KvbUvB h_v_©fv‡e envj I Kvh©Ki K‡ib bvB e‡j †jwb‡bi ivwkqvq †jwb‡bi † ^”QvPvixZvg~jK ûKzg-wb‡ ©k e¨ZxZ †Lv` †jwb‡bi msweavb ev wWwµ †KvbUvB cÖK…Zv‡_© Kvh©Ki wQj bv| AZ:ci, †jwb‡bi GZwØlqK wWwµ Ges AÎ msweavb †h ci¯úi mvgÄm¨c~Y© I mvh~h¨c~Y© bq ZvI‡Zv wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ | A_©vr ‡mvwf‡qZ miKv‡ii †Pqvig¨vb †jwbb mv‡ne hLb †hiƒc g‡b Ki‡Zb †miƒc wePvi ev wePviKvh© m¤úv`‡b Zuvi AbyMZ I AbyMvgx wePviK-RR wb‡qvM w`‡Zb Ges KZ©vi B”Qvq Kg© mvab A_©vr †jwbb ev †jwbbev`xiv †hfv‡e PvB‡Zb wePviKiv †mfv‡eB Av`vj‡Zi wm×vš— w`‡Zb| GgbwK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b mywcÖg †KvU© MwVZ nIqvi ci GK`v †jwbbev`x m‡gZ AmsL¨ gvbyl †h †jwbbxq †PKv mn bvbvb evwnbxi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡q‡Qb Zvi Z_¨-DcvˇZv GLb I‡qe PvP© Ki‡jB cvIqv hvq | ZvQvov ó¨vwj‡bi ivR‰bwZK Awfjvm g‡Zv cÖ Ë HwZnvwmK Ò g‡¯‹v Uªvqv‡jÓ ‡jwb‡bi gš¿x mfvi m`m¨mn †h mKj cvwU© KZ©v‡K g„Zz `Û †`Iqv n‡qwQj Zv‡`i‡K cieZx©‡Z †eKmyi Lvjm w`‡q‡Q µz‡Pf mn cieZx© ‡jwbbev`x ‡mvwf‡qZ miKvi cÖavbiv | Kv‡RB, ey‡R©vqv Ryi“¯cÖ““‡WÝ g‡Zv Aš—Z †jvK †`Lv‡bv b¨vq wePvi BZ¨vw` Av`‡j wePviK‡`i wePvi Kv‡h© ^vaxbZv cÖ vb m‡gZ wePvi KZ©v‡`i †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv ev wePvi Kv‡h© wePviK‡`i `vqe×Zv wbwðwZ K‡íI mvaviY ixwZ-bxwZi †Zvqv°vI K‡ibwb †jwbb I ivwóªK ¶gZvai †jwbev`xiv| A_P, i“k mgªvU Rv‡ii 1906 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-27,30,31,32 I 73 Gi mw¤§wjZ cv‡Vi wbM©wjZv_© n‡”Q- cÖRvM‡Yi KvD‡K AvBbvbyM KZ©„Z¡ I cš’v

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e¨ZxZ AvUK -‡MÖdZvi I wePvi Kiv hv‡e bv Ges Aciva msNUbKv‡j †h AvBb wQj bv †Zgb AvBb‡K f~Zv‡c¶Zvi Z‡Ë¡ Avg‡j †bIqv hv‡e bv | Avi mgvªU nv¤§yivex Zvi †Kv‡W© mywbw`©ó Aciv‡ai `v‡q mywbw`©ó `Û ev ¶wZc~i‡Yi weavb †hgb w`‡q‡Qb †Zgb wewag‡Zv hv‡Z wePviKvh© wbfy©j nq †m Rb¨ wePviK‡`i †Kej `vqe×B K‡ibwb eis ÒfyjÓ wm×v‡š—i `v‡q wePviK‡`i‡KI `Û‡hvM¨ I wePvi Kv‡h© Avg…Zz¨ A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb g‡g© wewa GB: “5. If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge's bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgement.” Ges Ò AvNvZÓ I Ò ye© enviÓ RwbZ Kvi‡Y KvivMv‡i g„Zz I `Ûbxq K‡i RvixK…Z nv¤§yivexi †Kv‡W ewY©Z GB: “116. If the prisoner die in prison from blows or maltreatment, the master of the prisoner shall convict the merchant before the judge. If he was a free-born man, the son of the merchant shall be put to death; if it was a slave, he shall pay onethird of a mina of gold, and all that the master of the prisoner gave he shall forfeit.” wKš‘ †jwbb,ó¨vwjb I gvIiv Zuv‡`i GK`v wbKUZg mn‡hvMx‡`i‡KI nZ¨v-wbcxob Kivi Rb¨ KvivMvi‡KB Dchy³ ’vb wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| AZ:ci, †K †ekxgvÎvq ee©i -nv¤§yivex bv †jwbb-gvIiv; Avi †jwbb mv‡n‡ei msweavb bv wK nv¤§yivexi †KvW, †KvbwU AwaZi RNb¨ ? (O) AÎ msweav‡bi †mKkb- 33 G ewY©Z Av‡Q me© i“kxq †K›`ªxq wbe©vnx KwgwU Zvi wbR ^ wWwµ Bm~ Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges †mKkb-38 G ewY©Z Av‡Q wccjm Kwgkvi wWwµ Bm~ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ Bm~ K…Z wWwµ mg~n mvgwqK bv wK ¯’vqx ev mvsweavwbK AvB‡bi gh©v`vm¤úbœ bvwK we‡kl ev mvaviY AvB‡bi mgZ~j¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nB‡e Zv †Kv_vI ejv nqwb| A_ev, wWwµ mgy‡ni Kvh©Kvj I Kvh©KiZv m¤ú‡K©I wKQzB D‡j −wLZ bvB| A_ev, wWwµ KLb wK Ae¯’vq Rvix ev iwnZ ev evwZj Kiv hv‡e ZvI wee„Z nq bvB| A_ev, wWwµ mg~n hw` msweav‡bi mwnZ mvsNwl©K ev AmvgÄm¨c~Y© ev ˆeix nq ZLb wWwµ mg~‡ni fvM¨ wK n‡e ZvI †Kv_vI ewY©Z bvB| A_ev, AÎ msweavb M„nxZ nIqvi c~‡e© RvixK…Z wWwKª mg~n msweavb Rvix I ejeZ nIqvi ciI ejeZ _vK‡e wK bv, _vK‡j Zv msweav‡bi Ask wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡e bv wK mvaviY AvB‡bi ch©vqfy³ _vK‡e ev wWwµ mg~‡ni avivevwnKZv Av‡`Š iw¶Z n‡e wK bv Z`g‡g© wKQzB ewY©Z bvB|

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D‡j−L¨ - hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡b wWwµ Rvixi weavb bvB| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-93 g‡Zv msm` Awa‡ek‡bi Abycw ’wZ‡Z ivóªcwZ kZ©mv‡c¶ Aa¨v‡`k Rvix Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e- msm‡`i cieZx© Awa‡ek‡bB Zv Aby‡gvw`Z bv n‡j Zv AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv nvivq| Avevi Aby‡”Q`-102 g‡Z Z`g‡g© `v‡qix ixU Ave`‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z mywcÖg †KvU© Abyiƒc Aa¨v‡`‡ki ˆeaZv wb‡q Av‡`k w`‡Z ¶gZvevb| Ges evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYxZ nBevi c~‡e© ivóªcwZ KZ©„K †h mKj Av‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi avivevwnKZv i¶v ev iwnZ-AKvh©KiZv weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-150 I Aby‡”Q`-151 Ges cÖ_g I PZz_© Zdwmjfy³Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g| wKš‘, †mvwf‡q‡Zi msweav‡b Ggb wewa-e¨e ’v bvB| A_P, ej‡kwfKiv ¶gZv `Lj Kivi ci n‡Z msweavb MÖnY I envj Ges ejeZ Kivi ciI eny wWwµ Bm~¨ K‡i‡Qb ¯^qs †jwbb| AZ:ci, wWwµ Ges AÎ msweavb †KvbwU Kvh©Ki wQj †jwb‡bi †mvwf‡q‡Z? GgbwK c~‡e© RvixK…Z wWwµi‡Zv e‡UB AÎ msweav‡bi mwnZI mvsNwl©K ev cwicš’x wWwµI †jwbb g‡nv`q Bm~ K‡iwQ‡jb| †hgb f~wg wWwµ e‡j K…wl DcKiY I cY¨ µq-weµq ev Avg`vbx Lv‡Z ivóªxq g‡bvcwj wbwðZ Kiv n‡qwQj| Avevi AÎ msweav‡bi †mKkb 3 Øviv †hgb K…wl-wkí BZ¨vw` Lv‡Zi ivóªxqKiY wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q †Zgb ivóªxq Lv‡Zi g‡bvcwj wbwðwZK‡í bvMwiKM‡Yi AwaKvi msK‡Pv‡b ivR‰bwZK `Û wnmv‡e AÎ msweav‡bi 64 bs †mKk‡b ejv Av‡Q -‡h e¨w³ fvovq kªwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡e; KvR Qvov Avq A_©vr cuywRi my ev m¤úwËi Avq †fvM Ki‡e; cÖvB‡fU gv‡P©›U I e¨emvqx `vjvj cÖg~L e¨w³eM© †mvwf‡q‡Zi †Kvb c`-c`ex‡Z cÖv_x© n‡Z ev †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘, †jwb‡bi cÖ —veg‡Zv me© i“kxq KwgDwbó cvwU©i 10g Ks‡MÖ‡m Ò bqv A_©‰bwZK bxwZÓ M„nxZ nq, hv‡Z e¨w³gvwjKvbvi ¯^xK…wZ mn e¨w³ Lv‡Zi e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i my‡hvM cy‡bvb¥y©³ Kiv nq| Z`g‡g© -21 gvP©, 1921 Ges 28 gvP©, 1921 mv‡j h_vµ‡g †h `ywU wWwµ Bm~¨ Kiv nq Zv GB: “Decree on the Replacement of Surplus Appropriation System by the Food Tax.” “Decree on the Free Exchange, purchanse and Selling of Agriculture Goods in Guberniyas that Ended Surplus Appropriation System.” AZ:ci, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b 1924,GgbwK 1936 mv‡jI e¨w³gvwjKvbvi Askx`vixZ¡ I wnm¨v wK iKg wQj Zv B‡Zv:c~‡e© AÎ e¶gvb wbe‡ÜB D‡j−wLZ n‡q‡Q †Lv` ó¨vwj‡bi Revbx‡Z| myZivs, AÎ msweav‡bi ‡mKkb -3 Ges †mKkb 64 Gi cwicš’x -‰eix I mvsNwl©K D‡j−wLZ wWwKªØq Rvix I envj Kiv n‡j †h AÎ msweav‡bi AKvh©KiZv wbwðZ Kiv nq A_ev D³iƒc wWwµ Rvix Ki‡Z n‡j †h, msweav‡bi D‡j−wLZ †mKkb¸‡jv ev Z`vbyiƒc aviYv ev gg©v_© enY K‡i Ggb cÖwZwU †mKkb msweavb n‡Z we‡jvc-evwZj Ki‡Z nq ev Z`g‡g© msweav‡bi ms‡kvabx

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Acwinvh© ZvI wKš‘ we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb| D³ g‡g© †Kvb ms‡kvabx QvovB wWwµ¸‡jv Rvix I envj Kivi gva¨‡g †jwbb Kvh©Z wb‡RB wb‡Ri msweav‡bi AKvh©KiZv-AcÖ‡qvRbxqZv mywbwðZ K‡iwQj | myZivs ivwkqvi wWwµ I mvsweavwbK Kvh©µg I NUbvejxB cÖgvY K‡i cÖK„ZB msweavb ev wWwµ-‡KvbUviB Kvh©KvwiZv-¸iZ¡ bq, †Kej KZ©„Z¡ I Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡qwQj †Pqvig¨vb †jwb‡bi KZ©„Z¡B| wKš‘, ee©i nv¤§yivex Z`vbyiƒc K‡i‡Qb e‡j †Kvb bwRi bvB| myZivs- †jwb‡bi msweavb ee©i nv¤§yivexi wewai Z~jbvq †Kej RNb¨B bq eis ‡jwb‡bi msweavbwU nv¤§yivexi wewai mwnZ Z~jbv KiviI A‡hvM¨| Ges -‡jwbbI| (P) 30 wU ms‡kvabx hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡b G hver mshy³ n‡jI 1787 mv‡ji msweav‡bi †gŠwjK †Kvb cwieZ©b ‡hgb Kiv nqwb †Zgb hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡bi cwicš’x †Kvb ms‡kvabxI Zv‡Z ’vb cvqwb| myBURvij¨v‡Ûi msweavb †Kej cwieZ©b-cwiea©b bq, G‡°ev‡i evwZj ev Ask we‡kl evwZj ev GK`g bZzb msweavb MÖnY-eR©‡bi weavb Av‡Q kZ©mv‡c¶ | A_©vr myBURvij¨v‡Ûi RbM‡Yi bv‡g Kvh©Z ivR‰bwZK †bZviv PvB‡j Z`vbyi“c wewa-e¨e ’v hv‡Z Kiv hvq Zvi Dchy³ wewa-weavb Øviv myBURvij¨v‡Ûi ey‡R©vqviv MY mve‡fŠg‡Z¡i cv°v e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb e‡j `vex K‡i ivóªxq kxl© c‡` ‡h KvD‡K gvÎ 1 ev‡ii Rb¨ Ges 1 eQ‡ii Rb¨ †hvM¨ †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| wKš— mvsweavwbK c`nxb †jwbb mv‡n‡ei Avg„Zz¨ †Pqvig¨vbkx‡ci wb‡`©kbvq cÖYxZ AÎ msweav‡b Z`g‡g© DׄZ GB:

“49. The All-Russian Congress and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee deal with the questions of state, such as:

(a) Ratification and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic;”

A_©vr Abymg_©b I ms‡kvab Kiv ˆe AÎ msweavb evwZj ev bZzb msweavb MÖn‡Yi †Kvb my‡hvM-AeKvk bvB| A_P, †jwb‡bi g„Zz i gvÎ 10 w`b ci A_©vr 31 Rvbyqvix, 1924 mv‡ji msweavb Øviv AÎ msweavb‡K evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi 1924 mv‡ji msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ mvsweavwbK Kwgkb MwVZ n‡jI Kvh©Z ms‡kvab bq, ó¨vwjb GK`g bZzb msweavb MÖnY I envj Ges ejeZ K‡i‡Qb 1936 mv‡ji msweavb| Avevi 1977 mv‡ji msweavb Øviv ó¨vwj‡bi msweavb evwZj nq| wKš‘ D‡j −wLZ msweavb PZzó©‡qi †KvbwU‡Z Abyi“c evwZj Kivi weavb †hgb bvB †Zgb bZzb msweavb MÖn‡Yi my‡hvMI m„wó Kiv nqwb| hw`P, eZ©gvb i“k †dWv‡ik‡bi 1993 mv‡ji msweavb Øviv ‡mvwf‡qZ i“k cÖRvZ‡š¿i 1978 mv‡ji msweavb evwZj Kivi weavb m‡gZ MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g msweavb MÖnY Kivi weavbvejx ewY©Z Av‡Q| Avevi 1936 mv‡ji msweav‡b mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wewa-weavb hy³ nIqv mn †fvU`vbKvix RbMY hw` ó¨vwjb mv‡ne‡`i wei“‡×

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gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡i ev ó¨vwjb mv‡ne‡`i ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ P¨v‡jÄ Kivi g‡Zv Ae ’v m„wó K‡i hv msweav‡bi fvlvq ÒRb ^v_© I ivóªxq wbivcËv i¶vi ZvwM‡`Ó msweav‡bi 49 bs Aby‡”Q` e‡j mgMÖ †mvwf‡q‡Z Ò gvk©vj jÕ Ó A_©vr mvgwiK AvBb Rvixi wenxZvw` Kiv Av‡Q| A_©vr wbR KyKxwZ©i ¸‡YB Rbve ó¨vwjb wb‡RI kswKZ wQ‡jb †h, wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i ZuviI Ges n‡qwQj| Kv‡RB fxZ-mš¿ — ó¨vwj‡bi †jŠn „p KZ©„‡Z¡I †jwb‡bi †mvwf‡qZ iv‡Ri ó¨vwjbxq eªvþYiv hw` wecbœ †eva K‡i Z‡e †Kej ivR‰bwZK gv —vwb-¸Ûvwg bq GK`g ivwóªK A ¿avix ¸Ûv‡`i ivwóªK ¸Ûvwg Øviv †eZwgR -‡eqv`c RbMY‡K ZwgR ev Av`c-Kvq`vq †KZv`yi¯— I kvš— K‡i mgMÖ †`kgq Ke‡ii kvwš— cÖwZôv Kivi Dchy³ e¨e ’vi gva¨‡g mwZ¨ mwZ¨ †jwb‡bi MY mgZv ev Rb mve©‡fŠgZ¡B wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb e‡U Dchy³ I —v` †jwb‡bi cv°v -†hvM¨ wkl¨ wek¦ Ûv ó¨vwjb| Pvi †KvqvU©vi we‡k¦i mgªvU nv¤§yivex hy‡×i Rb¨ ivRKxq †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb‡K eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i‡Qb ; wKš‘ mvgwiK evwnbx w`‡q `vmmn gy³ gvbyl‡K kvmb Ki‡eb-wcUv‡eb ev ‡`k Rq-weRq Kiv Qvov MYwcUzwb‡Z †mbv evwnbxi e¨envi ev †mbv kvm‡bi my‡hv‡M cvwK¯—v‡bi Avq~e-Bqvwnqv ev Avwd«Kvi Bw` Avwgb-‡evKvmv ev cvbvgvi bwi‡qMv m‡gZ we‡k¦i Zver †mbv-‰ ^i kvmKiv †h iƒc Ôgvk©j jÕ g~‡j Ôgvk©vjÕ ¸Ûvwg-ee©iZv Ki‡Q †miƒc ¸Ûvwg-ee©iZv Kivi †Kvb wewa-weavb nv¤§yivexi †Kv‡W ewY©Z bvB| AZ:ci, †jwbb-ó¨vwjb‡`i Av`‡j Pxb, wf‡qZbvg-‡Kvwiqv BZ¨Kvi mKj †jwbbev`xiv cyb:cyb msweavb Rvix I evwZj K‡i‡Qb- GR Bd msweavb †hgb hLb Lywk †Zgb Kivi g‡ZvB GKwU Kv¸‡R e¯‘gvÎ | Avi hw` ‡Kvb msweavb Agb Lywki Kv¸‡R e¯‘B nq Z‡e †mwU Øviv ivóª MVb bq, GgbwK GKwU bvU-eëz ev ¯Œz I wK wVK-VvK g‡Zv ˆZix Kiv hvq? Kv‡RB, MY mgZv I Rb mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i bxwZ cÖwZôvi †`vnvB‡Z †jwbbiv †h, BwZnv‡mi bwRi wenxb GK ee©i-RNb¨ `vmZvwš¿K KZ©„Z¡ I KZ©„c¶ MVb K‡i mgMÖ ‡mvwf‡q‡Zi kªwgK‡kªYx‡Zv e‡UB AvR‡Ki we‡k¦i mKj `y`©kvMÖ¯— kªgRxex gvby‡li mKj `y`©kv-`y‡f©vM I kvwš—Kvgx gvby‡li hveZxq Akvwš— cËb I m„wó Ges cÖmv‡i g„ZcÖvq wecbœ cuywRev‡`i K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦vm MÖn‡Y ˆewk¦K jW© w` dvÛ cÖwZôvq Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q Zv-wK gvÎ e¨wej‡bi mgªvU nv¤§yivex ywbqvi mKj gvby‡li wbwg‡Ë Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj? myZivs- nv¤§yivex bv †jwbb- Kvi wewa-weavb AwaKZi RNb¨ ? (Q) Kqjv a~‡j †hgb gqjv hvq bv †Zgb kªgRxex gvby‡li Rb¨ ivóª ¶wZ ˆe Kj¨vYKi bq, A_ev iv‡óªi ms¯‹vi ev AvaywbKvqb ev ey‡R©vqv MYZvwš¿K wK, mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª hvnvB- bvgKiY Kiv †nvK bv †Kb `ybx©wZ I †kvlYgy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv ivóª| KviY-ciRxexZvi Kg©mn Rb¥m~‡ÎB ivóª `ybx©wZ I †kvl‡Yi Rb¥`vZv I i¶K| Kv‡RB †mbv-cywjk I †KvU©-KvPvix mn Zver ciRxex‡MvÎ wb‡q ivóª

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hZ¶Y wU‡K _vK‡e Z‡Zv¶Y gvbeRvwZ †kvlYgy³ nIqvi †hgb my‡hvM bvB †Zgb n‡Z cvi‡e bv gy³-¯^vaxb | hw`P, ey‡R©vqv weKv‡k cÖwZeÜK mvgš—Zš¿‡K DrLvZ I D‡”Q‡` -gyw³ I ^vaxbZvi cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡qwQj DØ„Ë-g~j¨ †kvlK cuywRcwZ‡kªYx| A_P, f~wg `vm‡Z¡i Aemv‡b gRywi `vm‡Z¡i Rb¥ w`‡qwQj cuywRev`B|KviY- cuywR m„wói kZ©B gRywi `vmZ¡| gRywi `vm‡`i m„ó DØ„Ë-g~j¨ ØvivB cuywR MwVZ nq| A_©vr cY¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqvq w¯’i cuywR Z_v Drcv`‡bi Dcvq, KuvPvgvj, mnvqK ªe¨vw` I kª‡gi nvwZqvi n‡Z †Kvb g~j¨ m„wó nq bv, hw`I ImKj wRwbl µ‡q cuywR

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cuywR wbZ¨B GKw`‡K †hgb ïi“‡Z ¯^vaxb KvwiMi I K…lK †kªYx‡K ^xq gvwjKvbv n‡Z wb: ^ K‡i †KejB kªwg‡K cwiYZ K‡i‡Q †Zgb mgMÖ wek¦‡K KivqË I cuywRev`x auv‡P M‡o Zyj‡jI cuywRcwZiv ci¯ú‡ii wei“‡× cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß n‡q ci¯úi‡K gvwjKvbv nx‡b cwiYZ K‡i| d‡j-wek¦ Rqx cuywRev‡`i myweav‡fvMx cuywRcwZ‡kªYxi GKwU AskI m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv nvivq, Ab¨w`‡K- †KejB DØ„Ë-g~‡j¨i Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Z_v ˆbivwR¨K Drcv`‡bi Kvi‡Y AwZ Drcv`b msK‡U wbcwZZ nq †MvUv cuywRev`x e¨e ’v| D‡j−L¨- gvK©‡mi cuywR MÖ‡š’i Z_¨g‡Z- Bsj‡Ûi Z~jv wkíLv‡Zi gvwjKiv mgMÖ wek¦ evRv‡i GK‡PwUqv †fvM Kiv m‡Ë¡I 1815 n‡Z 1821 mvj ch©š— g›`vq KvUvq| Abyiƒc g›`v Ae¯’vq A_©vr Drcvw`Z AwZwi³ cY¨ evRviRvZ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i cuywRcwZ‡kªYx †KejB kªwgK‡kªYx‡KB PvKzixP~¨Z Kivmn fxlY ¶wZMÖ — K‡i bv eis wb‡RivI wb‡R‡`i cY¨ BZ¨vw` aŸsm K‡i _v‡K| Ges ‡klZ cuywRi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK PwiÎ wemR©b w`‡q M‡o †Zv‡j wmwÛ‡KU| A_©vr cuywRev` ^xq m„ó Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi mvgvwRK Pvwn`v g‡Zv e¨w³gvwjKvbvi ¯’‡j mxwgZ cwim‡i I mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b n‡jI mvgvwRK iƒc jvf K‡i| GwUB cuywRi HwZnvwmK mxgve×Zv I civRq| cuywRi kZ© g‡ZvB wbZ¨B Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi AvaywbKvqb I iƒcvš—i mva‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb Drcv`b kw³i e¨env‡i Drcvw`Z AwZwi³ cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y cuywRev‡`i A‡hvM¨Zvq A_P, bZzb bZzb Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi cwic~Y© e¨envh©Zv wbwðwZ‡Z e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb m¤úK©vaxb e›Ub e¨e ’v aŸsm K‡i bZzb bZzb Drcv`bx DcKi‡Yi mvgvwRK PwiÎg‡Zv beZi mvgvwRK m¤úK© m„wó‡Z cuywRev`x m¤úK© A_©vr e¨w³gvwjKvbvi wei“‡× Drcv`bx nvwZqv‡ii we‡ ªvnB n‡”Q g~jZ cuywRev`x g›`v| hZevi Abyiƒc g›`vq wbcwZZ nq cuywRev` Z‡ZveviB AmsL¨ kªwg‡Ki mv‡_ eû cuywRcwZ‡KI ¶wZMÖ — K‡i cuywRev` | d‡j- A‡bK cuywRcwZ gvwjKvbv nvwi‡q wb: ^ nq| Giƒc wb: ^Ki‡Yi cwiYwZ‡Z cuywRcwZ‡kªYx wb:†kwlZ n‡e msL¨vwaK¨ kªwgK‡kªYxi wbKU GwUB wbivKi‡Yi wbivKiY | A_©vr cuywRev`x mgvR iƒcvš—wiZ n‡e mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R | AZGe, mgvR cwieZ©‡bi welqwU AwZ‡ZI †hgb e¨w³ we‡k‡li B”Qvaxb ev gnvb cÖwZfvai e¨w³i gnvb KxwZ© wQj bv eis mgv‡R m„ó bZyb bZzb Drcv`bx DcKi‡Yi mwnZ mvgÄm¨nxb I ˆeix cyiv‡bv mgvRe¨e ’vi mvsNwl©Zvq A_©vr †kªYx msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g BwZnv‡m cÖwZwU mgvR cwiewZ©Z I MwVZ n‡q‡Q †ZgbB we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³i Rb¥kZ© ev we‡kl we‡kl ¸Y-‡hvM¨Zv ev cÖwZfvi e‡j ev digv‡q‡k bq eis, kªwgK‡kªYxi †kªYx ˆPZb¨ ev kªgRxex gvby‡li mgvR cwieZ©b ev mgvR weeZ©b I fwel¨Z mgv‡Ri wel‡q mg¨K Ávb-‰PZb¨ Rvbv-eySvi gva¨‡g cwiewZ©Z mgvR wKiƒc n‡e ZwØl‡q my¯úó aviYvm‡gZ Z`ª“c mgvR cÖwZôvq mwµq ZrciZvq e¨w³

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BD‡Uvcxq I ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ Ges cwievi, e¨w³gvwjKvbv I iv‡óªi DrcwË mn eû iPbvq cwic~Y©fv‡e I my úóiƒ‡c e¨vL¨v-we‡k −lY I m~ÎvqY K‡i‡Qb| c¨vix KwgDb Abyiƒc ZË¡‡K h_v_© I mwVK g‡g© cÖgvY K‡i‡Q| AZ:ci, BD‡iv‡ci me©vwaK cÖwZwµqvkxj i“k mvgªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ cuywR weKv‡k cÖavb cÖwZeÜK i“k mgªvU Rvi ^xq mxgvbvfy³ `vm‡`i hy×v evwb‡q Kvh©Z cÖwZc¶ mvgªvR¨ev`x iv‡óªi cuywRev`x‡`i c‡¶-wec‡¶ †mbv fvov w`‡q hy‡×i wewbg‡q hy×v `vm mn wb‡Ri Rb¨I Avq-‡ivRMvi Ki‡Zb | G‡nb hy×evR ee©i Rv‡ii ivwkqvq mgvRZvwš¿K wec−e msNUb ev mgvRZš¿ †h, cÖwZôv m¤¢e bq Ges †KejgvÎ †hŠ_fv‡e d«vÝ-BsjÛ I Rvg©vbxi kªwgK‡kªYxi mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq cwðg BD‡ivce¨vcx kªwgK‡kªYxi weR‡qi k‡Z©B ivwkqvi wec−e ev mgvRZš¿ MwZ I mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j gvK©m I G¨vs‡Mjm,`yÕR‡bB mngZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ i“k gvK©mev`x †jwb‡bi ej‡kwfK cvwU© gvK©‡mi DØ„Ë-g~j¨ ZË¡ mn mgvR weKv‡ki wbqg m¤úwK©Z †kªYx msMÖv‡gi ZË¡‡K AMÖvn¨ Kvh©Z A ^xKvi K‡i †KejgvÎ †jwbbxq cÖwZfvg~‡j hyØevR Rv‡ii bxwZnxb-fvov LvUv †mbvevwnbxi ej‡kwfK hy×v‡`i mvgwiK ¶gZvq †KejgvÎ ivwkqvq GK digv‡qkx mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª wewbg©v‡Yi ev‡bvqvwU- fyqv ZË¡ nvwRi K‡ib cÖZviK-wek¦vmNvZK ‡jwbb| AZ:ci, †jwbb- Zuvi msweav‡bi †mKkb-3 Øviv ¯^vo¤^‡i †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb †h, wZwb gvbyl KZ„©K gvbyl‡K †kvl‡Yi Aemvb NUv‡Z f~wgi e¨w³gvwjKvbv we‡jvc Kiv mn wkí-e¨emv I evwYR¨Lv‡Zi RvZxqKiY K‡i‡Qb| Ges cÖvB‡fU †m±‡ii hveZxq Kvh©µg Z_v e¨emv-evwYR¨ ev fvovq kªwgK LvwU‡q Drcv`b ev Kzmx`RxexZv `Ûbxq M‡Y¨ AÎ msweav‡bB †mKkb -64 wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ M„nhy× I ivóªxq g‡bvcwji †nZzev‡` 1920 mv‡ji ywf©‡¶ j¶ j¶ gvbyl g„Zz¨eiY Kivq Ges ivóªxq ¸Ûvwgi gva¨‡g A_©vr wiwjd Pzwi,e›Ub-wecb‡b RvwjqvwZ-Ry‡”Pvwi Ges cÖkvmwbK e¨e ’vq Awbqg- ybx©©wZ I Nyl BZ¨Kvi KzK‡g©i gva¨‡g ivóªRxex‡`i AvqK…Z A_© e¨envi Ki‡Z AwZ‡Zi kΓ KzjvK ev abx K…lK I cÖvB‡fU Lv‡Zi e¨emvqx-evwYR¨Rxex I wkícwZ‡`i cyb: cÖvB‡fU Lv‡Z e¨emv-evwYR¨ I wkí KviLvbv cwiPvjbv Z_v fvovq kªwgK wb‡qvM A_©vr e¨w³ ch©v‡qI gRywi `vmZ¡ cybe©nvj I Pvjy K‡i DØ„Ë-g~j¨ AvZ¥mv‡Zi wewa-e¨e ’v ^iƒc 1921 mv‡j ÒwbD B‡Kv‡bvwgK cwjwmÓ Pvjy I Kvh©Ki K‡i‡Qb| D‡j−L¨- 1920 mv‡ji ywf©¶ †gvKv‡ejvq wiwjd cÖ vbKvix BsjÛ-Av‡gwiKv i“k ej‡kwfK‡`i wiwjd

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1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci mgvRZš¿‡K ivóªxq g~jbxwZ ^xK…wZ‡Z M„nxZ evsjv‡`‡ki 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q`-10 ØvivI Ò gvbyl KZ„©K gvby‡li †kvlY Aemv‡b mvg¨ev`x mgvR Ó cÖwZôv Ges Aby‡”Q` -13 Øviv ivóªxqLvZ‡K RbM‡Yi gvwjKvbvi cÖavb LvZ M‡Y¨ e¨w³gvwjKvbv‡K AvBb Øviv mxwgZ K‡i 3q †kªYxfy³ Kiv nj| †mg‡g©- 1973 mv‡ji wkí bxwZ‡Z 25 jvL UvKvi wewb‡qvM mxgv wbw`©ó Kiv nj| wKš‘, ¶gZvmxb `‡ji jyU-cvU, Pzwi-Pvgvwi GZUvB †e‡owQj †h, `‡ji †bZv cÖavbgš¿x †kL gywReI wiwjd mvgMÖx wnmv‡e Zuvi wb‡Ri K¤^j bv cvIqvi Z_¨ cÖKvk mn Zuvi Pvicv‡ki †jvKRb‡K †Pvi e‡jwQ‡jb cÖKv‡k¨ | Giƒc Pywi-Pvgvix I ¸Ûvgxi d‡j m„ó 1974 mv‡ji `ywf©‡¶ K‡qKjvL gvbyl g„Zz eiY K‡iwQj Ges Wvówe‡b ev ivRavbxi ivRc‡_ †nv‡Uj -‡ióz‡i‡›Ui eR©¨ I cwiZ¨v³ Lvevi wb‡q ¶zavZ© gvbyl Avi KzKzi-Kv‡Ki jovB‡qi wPÎ Avi e ¿vfv‡e gvQ aivi Rvj cwiwnZ Amnvq MÖvg¨ evmš—xi Qwe cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj XvKvi msev`c‡Î| AZ:ci, ÔGK †bZvi GK †`k-esMeÜzi evsjv‡`kÕ Z_v ÔesMeÜzi †mvbvi evsjvÕ Mo‡Z †mvbvi gvby‡li mÜvb K‡i †kL gywReB Zuvi Pvicv‡ki †Pvi‡`i KZ©„Z¡ envj †i‡LB †jwb‡bi Av`‡j GK`jxq kvmb I wb‡RB `jxq I ivóªcÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ webv †fv‡U-webv wbe©vP‡b †KejB evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi AmvsweavwbK PZz_© ms‡kvabx g~‡j I e‡j MÖnY K‡ib| AvB.Gg.G‡di k‡Z© gy`ªvgvb n«vm Kiv mn we‡`kx cuywRi Dci †jwb‡bi g‡ZvB wbf©ikxj n‡q cÖvB‡fU †m±‡i wewb‡qvM mxgv ch©vqµ‡g †KvwUi As‡K wba©viY K‡ib †kL gywRe| A_©vr Zuvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb †PviMY BZ:g‡a¨ †KD †KD Ab~b¨ †KvwU UvKv nvwZ‡q wb‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q | †m‡¶‡Î jyÚ‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb fvÛvi wQj ivóªxq LvZ | Z‡e, 1975 mv‡j †kL gywRe‡K nZ¨vi ci mvgwiK ¶gZv e‡j ivóªxq ¶gZv wQbZvBKvix‡`i cÖavb cvÛvi †NvlYvq wewb‡qvM mxgv 10 †KvwU UvKvq DbœxZ nq Ges cieZx©©‡Z †mbv kvmKMY wewb‡qvM mxgv †Kej Zz‡jB †`qwb eis wek¦e¨vsK-AvB.Gg.G‡di k‡Z© †emiKvixKi‡Y †jwb‡bi ó¨vB‡jB Òbqv wkí bxwZÓ MÖnY I Kvh©Ki K‡i; Ges †kL gywR‡ei Kb¨v †kL nvwmbvi miKvi evRvi e¨e ’vq ivóªxq n —‡¶c gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ ev ivóªxq wbqš¿Ygy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ Kvh©Ki‡Y 100% ‡emiKvixKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë -‡emiKvixKiY AvBb-2000 cÖYqb I envj K‡i| †jwbb‡`i g‡ZvB ivóªvqËLv‡Zi cÖvavb¨ welqK 13 bs Aby‡”Q` GL‡bv evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b AUzU I A¶zbœ Av‡Q| Z‡e e ‘Z: e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb LvZ ‡Kej cÖavbB bq eis we`¨gvb msweavb we‡ivax AvBb I miKvix AmvsweavwbK wm×vš—g~‡j cÖvB‡fU LvZ AcÖwZØw›Ø | d‡j- evsjv‡`‡k GKw`‡K †hgb †KvwUcwZ msL¨v eû †Zgb `wi`ª Rbmgwói nvi wbZ¨ µgea©gvb| Zey, ^qs †kL gywR‡ei †NvlYv I gywRef³‡`i `vexg‡Zv †kL gywRe †kvwlZ gvby‡li c‡¶|

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ˆcwÎK m~‡Î ivRv-nv¤§yivex wb‡R e¨vcK †mbvkw³ e„w× K‡i G‡Ki ci GK hy× K‡i Zuvi iv‡R¨i PZzc©v‡ki ivR¨¸wj `Lj K‡i civwRZ iv‡R¨i ivRv m‡gZ cÖRvMY‡K wb‡Ri `Ljxq duv‡` †d‡j nq nZ¨v,bq‡Zv e›`x I `vm ewb‡q‡Q Ges †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM †`Iqv mn Rwg-Rgv Pvlev‡m eva¨ K‡i‡Q| A_P, Zuvi mvgªv‡R¨ hw` †KD KvD‡K duv‡` †d‡j Z‡e Zv‡K g„Zz¨`‡Ûi weavb w`‡q Abyiƒc weavbwU‡K bv¤^vi Iqvb wnmv‡e ¯’xiK…Z K‡i `vmZš¿‡K wjwLZ AvBbx iƒc w`‡q †KejB nZ¨v-Ly‡bi wePvwiK weavb Pvjy K‡i Kvh©Z Zuvi mvgªv‡R¨i mKj‡K m‡›`nfvRb Acivax ev cÖ_g †Pv‡UB Zv‡`i‡K duv‡` †djv avÜvevR wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Avi cjvZK `vm‡K Rxeb ¯^‡Z¡i AwaKvi n‡Z ewÂZ K‡i‡Qb †Kej bq eis cjvZK `v‡mi Avkªq`vZvi g„Zz¨`Û wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi †Kv‡W| Zey,nv¤§yivex †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb-wZwb `vm I cxwo‡Zi i¶K| Abyiƒc wel‡q DØ„wZ GB: In his own words, Hammurabi said: "Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak..." He referred to himself as the "shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves," AZ:ci, `vm gvwjK ev `vm cÖfy‡`i cÖfy mgªvU nv¤§yivex wbR `vex g‡Zv †hgb `vm I cxwoZ‡`i †meK I i¶K †Zgb †jwbb-gywReI ^- ^ †NvlYvq †kvwl‡Zi c‡¶ I †meK| Zvn‡j, †kvlK I cxo‡Ki mÏ©vi I ‡gvoj-gvZzeŸi †K? (R) Rb¥ BUvjx‡Z n‡jI njvÛ, BsjÛ ,†¯úb I d«v‡Ý weKwkZ cuywR -cuywRev`x mÂjb cÖwµqvq mgMÖ `ywbqv‡K Aaxb¯— K‡i ywbqvUv‡KB cuywRev`x auv‡P M‡o Zz‡jwQj KwgDwbó cvwU©i B —vnvi iwPZ nIqvi c~‡e©B | d‡j- ˆewk¦K cwim‡ii cuywRev`x mgv‡Ri wecix‡Z mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR cÖwZôv Kivi mgm¨vUv wbQKB GKwU ivR‰bwZK ev ivóª‰bwZK mgm¨v bq eis cÖK…Zv‡_©B wQj GKwU mvgvwRK mgm¨v| AZ:ci, ZrKv‡j cuywRi †K›`ªxf~Z Ae¯’v I e„nr`vqZb Drcv`‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z cuywRev` Acmvi‡Y †hvM¨ I Dchy³ kªwgK‡kªYxi †kªYxMZ Ae ’vb wQj d«vÝ, BsjÛ I Rvg©vbx‡Z e‡jB gvK©m-G¨vs‡Mjm Df‡q ey‡R©vqv‡kªYxi wei“‡× Aš—:Z dvªÝ, BsjÛ I Rvg©vbxi kªwgK‡kªYxi †hŠ_ I mw¤§wjZ wek¦hy‡×i k‡Z©B cwðg BD‡iv‡cB mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR cÖwZôvi my‡hvM I m¤¢ebvi K_v D‡j −L K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z- cwðg BD‡iv‡c mgvRZš¿ cªwZwôZ n‡j weRqx kªwgK‡kªYx msMZ Kvi‡YB DØ„Ë-g~j¨ AvZ¥mv‡Zi mKj my‡hvM-myweav iwnZKi‡Y e¨w³gvwjKvbvi Aemv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †mbv-cywjk m‡gZ ivóª e¨e ’vi we‡jvc mva‡b †KejgvÎ mK‡ji AskMÖn‡Y

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mK‡ji c~e© cwiKíbvg‡Zv mgMÖ Drcv`b cÖwµqv mw¤§wjZfv‡e cwiPvjbv I mgš^q mvab Ki‡Zv e‡jB bxwZMZ Kvi‡YB cwðg BD‡iv‡ci Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z Dcwb‡ewkK wbqš¿Y-`Lj eRvq ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb ev my‡hvM wQj bv BD‡ivcxq mgvRZ‡š¿i e‡jB cwðg BD‡iv‡c GKevi mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡j hy³ivóª mn Acivci DbœZZi cuywRev`x iv‡óªi kªwgK‡kªYx †hgb cwðg BD‡iv‡ci kªwgK‡kªYxi AbyMg‡Y-Abymi‡Y I mn‡hvwMZv-mgš^‡q mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR cÖwZôvi msMÖvg‡K †Rvi`vi Ki‡Zv †Zgb cwðg BD‡ivc n‡Z cvwj‡q hvIqv ev civwRZ ey‡R©vqv †kªYx †hLv‡b †hLv‡b my‡hvM †cZ †mLv‡bB msMwVZ n‡q wek¦ kªwgK‡kªYxi wei“‡× bvbvb ai‡Yi hy× I Aš—N©vZg~jK AcZrciZvq wjß nZ| wKš‘, DØ„Ë-g~j¨ Drcv`bKvix kªwgK‡kªYx hLbB DrØ„Ë-g~j¨ Drc‡bœi `vq n‡Z gy³ n‡q †KejB wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Ges wb‡R‡`i gvwjKvbvq Drcv`bx cÖwµqvq hy³ †_‡K †kvlYgy³ mgv‡Ri myd‡j gy³ - ^vaxb Rxe‡bi Av ^v` jvf Ki‡Zv Ges mgv‡Ri mKj gvbylB Ggb gy³ gvbyl ZLb c¨vix KwgD‡b †hgb civRq Avmbœ nIqv m‡Ë¡I BwZnv‡mi bwRiwenxb Rxeb ewj`v‡bi Drm‡e KwgDbviiv ¯^‡MŠi‡e Rxeb `vb K‡iwQj wVK Z ª“c bxwZ-‰bwZKZvq cwðg BD‡iv‡ci mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi RbmvaviY Ges Acivci †`‡ki kªwgK‡kªYx GKwU GKK ˆewk¦K cvwU©i gva¨‡g BZ:g‡a¨ civwRZ I civR‡qi cÖvš’mxgvq DcbxZ ey‡R©vqv‡kªYxi wei“‡× mgMÖ ¯^k¯¿ RbM‡Yi hy‡× Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi kªwgK‡kªYxmn RbMY wbwðZ civRqMvgx ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi c‡¶ fvovqI hy× Ki‡Z Lye GKUv ivRx nIqvi KviY wQj bv| ¯^íKvjxb c¨vix KwgD‡bi DbœZZi mf¨Zv Ae‡jvKb Kivi Kvi‡YB †hgb d«v‡Ýi ¯’vbxq miKvi wbe©vP‡b wecyj msL¨vwaK¨fv‡e c¨vix KwgDbvi‡`i c¶ wb‡qwQj d«v‡Ýi RbMY †Zgb BD‡iv‡ci mymf¨ I cÖvPzh©gq mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri Av‡jvK”QUvq mgMÖ c„w_exi kªwgK‡kªYx I gyw³Kvgx gvbyl mgvRZ‡š¿i c¶ wbZ | Agb GKUv cwiw¯’wZ m„wó‡Z kªgRxex gvby‡li 1g Avš—R©vwZK mwgwZ wejywßi ci 2q Avš—R©vwZK M‡o DVvq Ges 1895 mv‡j 2q Avš—R©vwZ‡Ki mfvcwZ n‡q Agb AbyKzj Ae¯’vi cÖZ¨vkv I cÖZ¨‡q we‡k¦i kªwgK‡kªYxi HK¨-msMVb m¤ú‡K© Avkvev` e¨v³ K‡iwQ‡jb G¨vs‡Mjm| Ges hw` mwZ¨ mwZ¨ 2q Avš—R©vwZK Zuvi Avš—R©vwZK `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zv Z‡e AvR‡Ki wek¦ nZ †KejgvÎ gy³ gvby‡li gy³ wek¦| A_©vr cuywRev` we`vq wbZ BwZnv‡mi `„k¨cU n‡Z e‡jB w` dv‡Ûi AvR‡Ki ivR‡Z¡i Pig `y‡f©vM-`yive¯’vq co‡Z n‡Zv bv we‡k¦i Zver kªgRxex‡K| A_P, G¨vs‡Mj‡mi g„Zz¨i c‡ii eQiB Rvg©vb cuywRi ˆewk¦K evRvi mywbwð‡Z K‡jvwbqvj BsjÛ‡K K‡jvbx n‡Z DrLv‡Z Rvg©vb ivRvi BZ:c~‡e©Kvi M„nxZ bxwZ hv Zrc~‡e© BsjÛ-dªvÝ I †¯úb ci¯ú‡ii wei“‡× MÖnY K‡iwQj A_©vr RvZxq AvZ¥ wbqš¿Y AwaKv‡ii ARynv‡Z K‡jvbxi cuywRcwZ‡kªYxi cuywRi AbyKz‡j ¯^vaxb ivóª MV‡bi hy‡× A_© cÖ`vbm‡gZ mKj ai‡Yi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvMxZv Kivi ivR‰bwZK †KŠkj-Zv mg_©b K‡iB cÖavbZ Rvg©vb †mvk¨vj †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© Ges †mB cvwU©i

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cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡ 2q Avš—R©vwZ‡Ki †bZv KvDrw¯‹‡`i KZ©„‡Z¡ I †bZ…‡Z¡ 1996 mv‡j 2q Avš—R©vwZK MÖnY K‡i RvZxq gyw³- ^vaxbZv BZ¨Kvi fyqv Kvh©Z ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi

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n‡e wek¦ hy³ivóª wnmv‡e Zv ejv hv‡e bv ev †mm¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi e³e¨ Rvb‡e bv mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvKvixiv ? Z‡e, gvK©mev`x †jwbb g‡nv`q †h, mgvRZ‡š¿i mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wel‡q gvK©m‡`i Avwe¯‹vi I ZË¡‡K A ^xKvi A_©vr †KejgvÎ GK †`‡k mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi ewY©Z fyqv ZË¡ Øviv cwic~Y©fv‡e AKvh©Ki K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z wK m‡›`n Av‡Q? mgvRZš¿ †KejB KwZcq e¨w³i ûKzg-wb‡ ©k ev †KŠkjx AvPi‡Y cÖwZwôZ nIqvi bq eis, cuywRev`x DcKiY mg~‡ni we‡`ªv‡ni Kvi‡Y mgvR weKv‡ki wbqg Abyhvqx kªwgK‡kªYxi †bZ…‡Z¡ I †KejB kªwgK‡kªYxi msMwVZ I mw¤§wjZ msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ n‡e g‡g© KwgDwbó B —vnvi n‡Z cuywR mn gvK©m-G¨vs‡Mjm Zuv‡`i Acivci mKj MÖ‡š’ Dchy³ Z_¨-cÖgvY m‡gZ cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv wK Rbve gvK©mev`x †jwbb wZjgvÎ we‡ePbvq wb‡jb bvwK, mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv wel‡q wb‡Ri gZjex ivR‰bwZK gZev` Z_v †jwbbev` nvwRi Ki‡jb? Dc‡i DׄZ †jLvi c‡ii c¨vivq †jwbb wj‡L‡Qb- Ò Amg A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK weKvk nj cuywRev‡`i GK Ab‡c¶ wbqg| G †_‡K `uvovq †h cÖ_‡g K‡qKwU †`‡k, GgbwK Avjv`vfv‡e GKwUgvÎ cuywRev`x †`‡kI mgvRZ‡š¿i weRq m¤¢e| cuywRcwZ‡`i D‡”Q` K‡i I wbR¯ mgvRZvwš¿K Drcv`b msMwVZ K‡i †m‡`‡ki weRqx cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ `uvov‡e Aewkó cuywRev`x `ywbqvi wei“‡×, wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡e Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki wbcxwoZ †kªYx¸‡jv‡K, †m me †`‡k we‡`ªvn RvMv‡e cuywRcwZ‡`i wei“‡×, Ges cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡j †kvlK †kªYx I Zv‡`i iv‡óªi wei“‡× GwM‡q Avm‡e GgbwK mk¦ ¿ evwnbx wb‡q| ey‡R©vqv‡K D‡”Q` K‡i cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ †hLv‡b Rqjvf Ki‡Q, †m mgv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK iƒc n‡e MYZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿, D³ RvwZ ev RvwZ mg~‡ni cÖ‡jZvixq kw³ Zv µgvMZ †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i Zzj‡e †mB me iv‡óªi wei“‡× msMÖv‡g, hviv ZL‡bv mgvRZ‡š¿ DËxY© nq wb| wbcxwoZ †kªYx cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi GKbvqKZ¡ Qvov †kªYx mg~‡ni Aejywß Am¤¢e| cðvrc` ivóª¸wji wei“‡× mgvRZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿¸wji b~¨bvwaK `xN© I GK‡ivLv msMÖvg Qvov mgvRZ‡š¿ RvwZ mg~‡ni Aeva HK¨ Am¤¢e| Ó wKš‘ G hver cÖwZwôZ †jwbbev`x ivóª ‡jv Aewkó ey‡R©vqv ivóª ‡jvi wei“‡× bq eis wb‡RivB A_©vr Pxb-wf‡qZbvg, wf‡qZbvg-K‡¤^vwWqv ev Pxb-‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ev hy‡Mvk −vwfqv-‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb mn Kw_Z mgvRZvwš¿K iv󪸇jv ci¯ú‡ii wei“‡× †Kej gZv`k©, K~U‰bwZK , evwYwR¨K hy×-B K‡iwb eis G‡`i †KD †KD ci¯ú‡ii wei“‡× ^k ¿ hy‡×I wjß n‡q‡Q| AZ:ci, mgvRZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvi `xN© I GK‡ivLv msMÖvg‡Zv `ywbqvevmx †`‡Lwb| Zrm‡Ë¡I †jwbbev‡`i mgvRZvwš¿K wek¦ hy³ivóª A_ev ivóª I mgvRZš¿ wel‡q †jwbbev` h_©v_© I mwVK? A_ev, gvK©m-G¨vs‡Mjm mgvRZš¿ ej‡Z hv hv

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ey‡SwQ‡jb ev c¨vix KwgDb †h wek¦ mvaviYZš¿ cÖwZôv K‡iwQj Avi †jwbb mv‡ne †jwbbxq aviYvq †h mgvRZš¿ I mgvRZvwš¿K wek¦ hy³ivóª cÖ¯—ve Ki‡jb - Zv wK mvgÄm¨c~Y© I mgv_©K ? †kªYx msMÖv‡gi HwZnvwmK cwiYwZ I wbq‡g mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡e kªwgK‡kªYx bv wK †jwbbxq mgvRZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvi ¯^k¯¿ mn‡hvMxZv I nvgjv-Avµg‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ n‡e mgvRZš¿ ? A_ev, cwðg BD‡ivc mn Acivci cuywRev`x †`‡k cÖwZwôZ mgvRZš¿ mn kªwgK‡kªYxi GKwU GKK wek¦ msMV‡bi gva¨‡g M‡o DVv ˆewk¦K HK¨-msnwZi gva¨‡g mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR cÖwZôvi mvwe©K Av‡›`vjb ; Ges mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi AvaywbKZv I DbœZZi Z_¨-cÖhyw³ e¨envi; Ges cuywRev`x ˆbivwR¨K A_©bxwZi cwie‡Z© mK‡ji gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ c~e© I mycwiKwíZ Drcv`‡bi cwiKwíZ A_©‰bwZK e¨e ’v; Ges ivóªxq wbcxobg~jK mKj AsM Z_v †mbv-cywjk, †KvU©-KvPvix, ivwóªK wbe©vnx m‡gZ Zver ciRxex †Mvôxgy³ mKj gvby‡li mvaviY gvwjKvbvaxb Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi cwiKwíZ I mve©Rbxb e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ kª‡g Drcvw`Z mvgMÖxi †fvM-e¨env‡i mK‡ji AwaKvi wbwðZKiY; Ges mgv‡Ri fvÛvi n‡Z mKj wkïi GKB gv‡bi I GKB ai‡Yi wk¶v-`x¶v mn fiY-‡cvlY Ges Kg©¶gZvnxb, i“Mœ I e„ׇ`i hveZxq e¨qfvi enb; Ges cuywRev`x‡`i AvµgY-cÖwZ AvµgY cÖwZnZKi‡Y ^k ¿ RbM‡Yi mw¤§wjZ Kvh©µg BZ¨Kvi welqvw`i DrK…óZv I †kªôZ¡ Abyaveb I Z ª“c †eva eyw× m¤úbœ gvbylR‡bi mve©Rbxb B”Qv Abymv‡i civaxb ev K‡jvbxi kªgRxex gvbylRb mgvRZš¿ Awfg~Lxb Kg©m~Px MªnY I ev¯—evq‡b Kvh©ZrciZv Pvwj‡q †klZ I P~ovš— A‡_© wek¦ cwim‡i mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv Z_v Aewkó mKj iv‡óªi ivwóªK KvVv‡gvi we‡jvc-Aemvb NUv‡Zv? A_ev, hw` †jwbbxq mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª ‡jv GK‡ivLv hy× ev Acivci iv‡óªi ey‡R©vqv‡`i wei“‡× we‡`ªvn Kivi Rb¨ wbcxwoZ †kªYx‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ I DmKvbx cÖ`vb Ki‡Zv Ges Z`mg_©‡b mvgwiK n —‡¶c mn Avi hv hv KiYxq g‡g© Dc‡iv³ DׄZvs‡k †jwbb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb Zv hw` h_v_©B Kiv nq Z‡e gnvb †jwb‡bi ÒcÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi AvZ¥ wbqš¿Y AwaKviÓ ev Ò†mj&c wWUvigvB‡bkbÓ Gi fyqv ZË¡ mg~n wK h_v_© I Kvh©Ki g‡g© †jwbb KZ©„K ^xK„Z I Aby‡gvw`Z nq? Aewkó cuywRev`x ivóª mg~‡ni wbcxwoZ †kªYx ev gvbyl wK fv‡e wb‡R‡`i‡K kvmb-wbqš¿Y Ki‡e †mB wel‡q hw` ewnivMZ ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev ivóª n¯—‡¶c ev DmKvbx †`q Z‡e wK n —‡¶cKvix KZ©„K Acivci RvwZi AvZ¥ wbqš¿Y ev †mj&d wWUvigvB‡bk‡bi AwaKvi ^xKvi Kiv nq ? A_ev, AÎ msweav‡bi †gŠjbxwZ PZzó‡qi 4 bs bxwZ Z_v DׄwZ GB: “The free development of national minorities and ethnographic groups inhabiting the territory of Russia.”

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Ges AÎ msweav‡bi †mKkb-49(B) G ewY©Z GB: “Admission of new members to the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, and recognition of the secession of any parts of it;” ejeZ I Kvh©Ki _vKve ’vq Aewkó cuywRev`x ivóª- wK †jwbbxq mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª Av‡`Š nvgjv-AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i? Avi hw` Aewkó cuywRev`x iv‡óª mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª nvgjv-AvµgY K‡i ev Z`g‡g© we‡`ªvn DmwK‡q †`q ev cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i Z‡e wK AÎ msweav‡bi D‡j−wLZ bxwZ ev mgvRZvwš¿K †mvwf‡qZ i“wkqv n‡Z †Kvb As‡ki wew”QbœZvi mvsweavwbK AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nIqv mn msweav‡bi KZ©„Z¡ AUzU I A¶zbœ _v‡K ? Ò wePvi gvwb wKš‘ ZvjMvQ Avgvi PvBÓ iƒc bxwZ‡ev‡ai e¨w³iv nq‡Zv †jwbbxq cÖxwZ‡Z I wbR ^ ciRxexZvi my‡hvM-myweav AUzU-A¶zbœ ivL‡Z ej‡Z cv‡ib †h, wec−‡ei Rb¨ Rb¥ †bIqv gnvb wec−ex †jwbb mv‡ne Zuvi mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª I mgvRZvwš¿K wek¦hy³ ivóª m¤ú‡K© hLb hvnvB ejyK bv †Kb Zv hw` ci¯úi ¯we‡ivax ev mvgÄm¨nxb ev mvsNwl©KI nq Zv‡ZI wKQz hvq Av‡m bv KviY- ¸i“ †jwb‡bi Agi evYx hv †e`evK¨ Z~j¨ I †jwbbev`x‡`i Rb¨ Avewk¨Kxqfv‡e gvb¨ I cvjbxq| AZ:ci, gv_v †gvUv ¯^v_©vÜ †K †jwbb bv, †jwbbev`xivI ? †jwbb KZ©„K ‡deª“qvix -1916 mv‡j wjwLZ I Vorbote cwÎKv, 2q msL¨v, GwcÖj-1916 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ - ÒmgvRZvwš¿K wec−e I RvwZi AvZ¥wbqš¿Y AwaKvi| (w_wmm) Ó G †jwbb wj‡L‡Qb- ÒejvB evûj¨ MYZš¿I nj iv‡óªi GKUv iƒc, ivóª †jvc †c‡j MYZš¿I †jvc cv‡e, wKš‘ †mUv NU‡e †Kej P~ovš— weRqx I Kv‡qgx mgvRZš¿ †_‡K cwic~Y© KwgDwbR‡g DËi‡Yi mgq|Ó A_©vr †jwbb mv‡ne Keyj K‡i‡Qb †h, KwgDwbR‡g ivóª †jvc cv‡e| Zv-n‡j †jwb‡bi msweav‡b wbm‡›`‡n †mvwf‡qZ †mvk¨vwjó ivwkqvi ivóªwU wejywßi weavb _vK‡ZB n‡e Ges Abyiƒc aviv hy³ bv Kiv ‡hgb †jwb‡bi DׄZ e³‡e¨i we‡ivax I cwicwš’x †Zgb †mvwf‡qZ ivóª‡K wejxb bq wPiš—b KiviB AccÖqvk gvÎ| D‡j−L¨- jxM Ae b¨vkÝ mn AvB.Gg.Gd I wb‡Ri wb‡Ri wjK~ B‡Wk‡bi wewa-weavb wbR wbR msweavb ev Pz„w³c‡Î mshy³ K‡i‡Q| A_P, ivóª we‡jvcev`x gvK©mev`x i“kx KwgDwbó †jwbb Zuvi ivóª wejyßKi‡Yi weavb Z`xq msweav‡b ivL‡eb bv ZvI wK wek¦vm‡hvM¨? wKš‘, Awek¦vm¨ n‡jI mwZ¨ †h, †jwb‡bi msweav‡b †mvwf‡qZ ivóª aŸs‡mi †Kvb wewa-weavb †hgb bvB †Zgb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi 1924, 1936 Ges 1977 mv‡ji msweav‡bI Abyiƒc †Kvb aviv-Dcaviv ev Z`g‡g© †Kvb Aby‡”Q` ev cÖ —vebv hy³ nqwb| GgbwK †jwbbev`x Acivci ivóª †hgb Pxb-wf‡qZbvg ev †Kvwiqv BZ¨Kvi iv󪸇jvi †jwbbev`x eªvþYiv ev wbD KwgDwbóiv Aš—Z 3/4 evi wbR wbR iv‡óªi msweavb evwZj ev MÖnY I envj Ki‡jI hy‡Mvk−vwfqv, Avj‡ewbqv I

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wKDevmn †Kvb †jwbbev`x ivóªB we‡jvc ev wejx‡bi †Kvb weavb KL‡bv mshy³ K‡iwb Zver †jwbbev`x- ivóªev`x mgvRZš¿xiv Zuv‡`i ivwóªK msweav‡b| AZ:ci, †jwbbev`x `ywbqvi Zver †jwbbev`xiv ej‡eb wK mgvRZ‡š¿i weÁvb Abyhvqx bv †nvK Aš—Z Rbve †jwb‡bi wb`vb g‡ZvI hw` †Lv` †jwbbmn Avcbviv Avcbv‡`i m„ó iv󪸇jv we‡jvc-wejxb bv K‡ib Z‡e †jwb‡bi Dc‡iv³ e³e¨ g‡Zv KwgDwbRg cÖwZwôZv Ki‡eb wK fv‡e? wb‡Ri e³e¨ I gZvg‡Zi mwnZ AmvgÄm¨c~Y© I we‡ivac~Y© gZvgZ I mvsweavwbK wewa-weavb ev wbR ^ msweav‡bi wb‡ ©kbv hw` †jwbb mv‡ne wb‡RB Agvb¨ - A ^xKvi I AKvh©Ki K‡ib ev ywbqvi cÖ_g wjwLZ weavb A‡c¶v wbK…óZi wewa-weavb hw` †jwb‡bi msweav‡b hy³ nq ev wbR¯^ msweavb g‡Zv hw` wb‡RB cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z bv nq ev ee©i nv¤§yivex Zuvi wewa Øviv Zuvi cªRvM‡Yi Rb¨ †h iƒc AvBbvbyM AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`v‡bi wenxZ K‡i‡Qb Aš—Z - †miƒc my‡hvM-myweav n‡Z Av‡iv Kg my‡hvM-myweav cÖ v‡bI A¶g nq †jwb‡bi msweavb Zv-n‡jI wK †jwb‡bi msweavb ee©i nv¤§yivexi wewa A‡c¶v DbœZZi MY¨ n‡e? Z‡e, nv¤§yivexi wewa I †jwb‡bi msweavb-G ywUi Dc‡iv³ Z~jbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Øviv wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ †h, †jwbbB me©Kv‡ji me© wbK…ó `vm gvóvi e‡jB †jwb‡bi mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi evwmÜvMY nv¤§yivexi evwmÜv‡`i Z~jbvq AvBbvbyMfv‡e AwaKZi `vm wQj †nZz †jwb‡bi msweavb- ee©i nv¤§yivexi ‡Kv‡Wi †P‡qI RNb¨|