Alison -Történelmi atlasz

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ATLAS

ALISON'S

HISTORY

OF

EUROPE.

CONSTRUCTED

AND

ARRANGED,

UNDER

THE

DIRECTION

OK

MR

ALISON,

ALEXANDER KEITH

JO

H

N

S T

O

N. F.

R.G.

S.

AUTHOR

OK

THE

NATIONAL,

AND

EDITOR

OF THE PHYSICAL ATLAS.

CONCISE

VOCABULARY OF MILITARY

AND

.MARINE TERMS.

WILLIAM

BLACKWOOD

AND

SONS,

EDINBURGH AND

LONDON.

MDCCCXLVIII.



PR1NTKI>

rtV

(VtM.tAM FILACKM'OOO

AND

SOVS, KDINBUROH.



ocl

f-^^^/^

^

CONTENTS

The

Volume

and

Page here annexed to each Map or

Plan

refer

to

the

Seiienth

Edition

of

Mb

Alison's Work.

Frontispiece,

explanatory of

mihtaey

No.

1

Paris

at

the

Outbreak

of

the

Revolution,

2.

The

Netherlands,

illustrating

the

campaigns

of

1792-5,

....

3.

Battle

of Jemappes, 6th

Nov.

1792,

4. France,

illustrating the

campaigns

of

1793,

5.

Battle of

Neerwinden, 18th

March

1793,

6. Siege

of

Toulon,

19th

Dec.

1793,

7.

Battles of

Tourcoing and

Tournay,

18th

to

22d

May

1794,

....

8.

Battle

of Fleurus,

26th

June

1794,

9.

North Italy,

Switzerland,

South

Germany,

&c.,

illustrating

the

campaigns

of

1796,

10. Battles of

Lonato

and

Castiglione,

3d

and 5th

Aug.

1796,

....

1

1.

Siege

op

Mantua,

15th Sept.

1796,

12.

Battle

op

Arcole,

15th,

16th,

and

17th

Nov.

1796,

.

.

1st

day,

13.

3d day,

14.

Battle of Rivoli,

14th and 15th

Jan. 1797,

15.

Battle

of Cape St

Vincent,

14th Feb.

1797,

16.

Battle

of

Camperdown, 11th

Oct.

1797,

iRY



CONTENTS.

No.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

4.5.

4G.

47.

48.

49.

60.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

58.

59.

60.

61.

South Italy,

illustrating

the

invasion

op Naples,

&c.,

1806

;

and

enlarged

map

of the

island

OF Elba,

....

Prussia

and Poland,

to

illustrate

the campaign

OF

1806,

....

Battle

of

Jena, 14th

Oct.

1806,

.

Battle

of

Auerstadt,

14th

Oct.

1806,

Battle

of Pultusk,

26th

Dec.

1806,

Battle

op

Preussisch-Etlau,

evening

of

7th

Feb.

1807,

....

-

8th

Feb.,

.

Battle

of

Heilsberg,

10th

June

1807,

Battle

of

Friedland,

14th

June

1807,

Spain

and

Portugal,

to

illustrate

the campaigns

OF

1808,

&c..

Sieges

op

Saragossa,

1808,

1809,

.

Battle

of

Medina

de

Rio

Seco,

14th June

1808,

xii.

Battle

of

Vimeira,

21st

Aug.

1808,

.

xii.

Map

of

Turkey,

for

campaigns

1807-1612,

xv.

Battle

of

Abensberg,

20th April

1809,

.

xii.

Battle

of

Echmuhl,

22d

April

1809,

.

xii.

Battle

of

Aspern

or

Essling,

21st

and

22d May

J

809,

.

.

.

Sheet

\,

xii.

Sheet 2,

Battle

of

Wagram,

5th

July

1809,

6th

Vol.

Page

X.

X.

X.

X.

X,

X.

X.

X.

xii.

xii.

xu.

xiii.

xiii.

Battle of

Talavera

de la

Reyna,

27th

and

28th

July

1809,

....

sjii.

Battle

of

Ocana,

J 9th

Nov.

1809,

.

xiii.

Siege

op

Gerona,

5th

May

1809,

.

xiii.

Fortifications

of

Ciudad

Rodrigo,

explanatory

OF

the

sieges

in

July

1810,

and

Jan.

1812, xv.

Siege

of

Badajos,

17th

March

to fiiu

April

1812,

xv.

Siege

OF

Tarragona,

4th

May

to

30th

June

1811, xiv.

Battle

of

Albuera,

16th

May

1811,

.

xiv.

Battle

OF

Salamanca,

22d

July

1812,

.

xv.

337

1

33

41

115

143

150

290

297

1

57

i

^

114

157

229

235

287

292

29

35

239

257

200

7

15

171

245

60

No.

Vol.

Page

62.

Part

of

Russia,

to

illustrate

the

campaign of

I8I2,

.

. . .

XV.

227

63.

Battles

of

Smolensk©

and

Valtelina,

17th, 18th,

and 19th

Aug.

1812,

. .

xv.

317

64.

Battle

of Borodino, 7th

Sept.

1812,

.

xv.

337

65.

Siege of

the

castle

of

Burgos,

10th

Sept.

to

21sT

Oct.

1812,

. . .

xv.

84

66.

Battle op

Malo-Jaroslawitz,

24th Oct.

1812, xvi.

22

67.

Battles

op Krasnoi,

IGth, 17th, and

18iu

Nov.

1812,

....

xvi. 50

07.*

Battle

of

the

Bebesina,

25th Nov. and following

DAYS,

1812, .

. . xvi. 59

03. Map

of

part of North

America, to illustrate

the naval

and

military

events

of

1812-

13-14,

....

xix.

99

69.

Battle OF

Lutzen,

2d

May

1813, . .

xvi.

213

70.

Battle

of

Bautzen, 20tii

and

21st

May

1813,

xvi.

234

71.

Battle

OP ViTORiA,

21st

.June

1813,

.

xvi. 3.30

72.

Map of

part

of the

Pyrenees,

to illustrate

the

campaign

of

1813,

. . .

xvi. 346

73.

Battle of Dresden, 26Tn

and

27th Aug. 1813,

xvii. 146

74.

Battle

of the Katzbach,

26th Aug.

1818,

xvii.

176

75.

Battle

op Culm, 29th Aug.

1813;

enlarged

map

OF Saxony,

&c.,

. . .

xvii.

165

76.

Battles

of

Gross

Beeren

and

Dennewitz, 23d

Aug.

and

6th

Sept.

1813,

. .

xvii.

184

77.

Siege of

San

Sebastian,

June to Sept.

1813,

xvi. 344

78.

Battle

of

Leipsic,

16Tn, 17th,

18™,

and 19th

Oct.

181.3, /SêeM,

. . .

xvii. 235

79.

^

Sheet

2,

. .

xvii.

257

80. Battle

of

Hanau,

30th Oct.

1813,

. xvii. 283

81.

Battle

of the Nivelle,

10th

Nov.

1813,

xvii.

.352

82.

Battle

of

La

Rothiere, 1st

Feb.

1814,

xviii. 81

83.

Map of

part

of

France

and

Belgium, to illus-

trate

campaigns

1814-15,

. .

xviii.

64

84. Battle of

Montmirail,

11th

Feb.

1814,

xviii. 99



CONTENTS.

No-

Vol.

Page

85.

Battles

of

Champahbert

and

Vauchamps,

10th

AND

14th Feb.

1814, . .

xviii. 9.5

86. Battle of Ceaone, 7th

March

1814, .

xviii.

180

87.

Battle of

Lao.\, 9th

March

1814,

.

xviii. 191

88. Battles

of Arcis-sur-Aube

and

Fere

Champe-

NOisE, 21sT

AND

25th

March

1814,

xviii. .304

89.

Battle of the

environs

of

Paris,

SOtu

March

1814,

....

xviii.

341

90. Battle of

Toulouse,

IOth April

1814, .

xviii. 262

No.

Vd.

Pl«c

91.

Battle

of

Qhatre

Bras,

ICth June

181.5,

xix.

.32.5

92.

Battle

of

Ligny,

IGtu

June

181.5,

.

xix.

.'ilil

93. Battle of

Wavres, 18th

and

19th

June

1815,

xix.

372

94. Battle

of

Waterloo, 18th June

1815,

Sheet

1,

morning

of the

battle,

.

.

xix.

3.39

95.

Sheet

2,

crisis,

....

xix.

358

96.

Map

op

Europe, illustratino

the

period

em-

braced BY

THE

HISTORY,

. .

iii. 81





CONCISE

VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY'AND

MARINE

TERMS

Abbatis. a

species of intrenchmentmade liy

trees

cut

down and

laid in a

ditch or

other excavation,

at

a

sliort distance

from

tlie parapets of

field-works,

with their

Liranches pointing out-

wards,

to

prevent or

retard

the advance

of an

enemy.

Accoutrements.

This

term

denotes

the belts, pouches,

&c.,

of a

soldier.

Adjutant. The

Adjutant is the

assistant

of

the commanding

and

field ofiicers

in the execution of their

duty.

Adjutant-General of

the

Forces.

An

officer

of high

rank

and

trust

at

the

Horse Guards in London.

Adjutant-General.

An

officer

of

distinction,

selected

to

assist

the general of

an

army

in his various

duties.

Advanced

Guard. A detachment

of troops preceding the march

of the main body.

'

Aide-t>e-Caimp. An

officer

attached

to a

general, to carry

orders,

&c.

Alabm-Post. The

place

appointed for every

detachment

or

regi-

ment

to

assemble

in

case

of

a sudden alarm.

Approaches.

The first, second,

and

third jiarallels, with their

corresponding

trenches,

saps, and

mines, by means of

which

the

besiegers

approach

in comparative safety

a

fortified place.

Appui,

Point

d'.

A

term

applied

to

any

given

point

upon

which

a body

of

troops

is

formed.

Armistice.

A

truce

or temporary

suspension of hostilities.

Armourer.

A

person

who

makes, repairs,

and

cleans

arms.

Armoury. A storehouse

in

which

arms are kept.

Arms,

a Stand

of.

A complete

set

for one

soldier.

Arsenal. A magazine

for military stores.

Balls.

Spherical bodies

made

of

cast-iron

or lead.

Cast-iron

balls are

generallj- used

by

artillery,

and lead balls

for

musketry.

Liffht

balls are

used

at

sieges, in

order

to

discover working

parties

from

the

light

given

by

them.

Banquette. A small

mound of

earth,

three or

four feet

wide,

elevated

to

within

four

or

five feet

of

the

crest

of

the parapet,

to

enable the shortest

men

to

fire

wer

it with facility.

Barbet batteries.

Batteries

without

embrasures,

in

which

the

guns are raised to fire

over

the parapet,

generally formed at

the

salient

angles

of

the

dift'erent works,

to

enable

the guns

mounted on them to

range

freely

over the

adjacent

country.

Barracks.

Buildings

for

the lodgment of troops,

including ne-

cessary

aceomraodation

for cooking,

guard-rooms, mess-rooms.

magazines,

&c.

Barricade. An

obstruction

formed in

streets,

avenues, &c.,

s»>

as to

block up

access

to an

enemy. They are

generally formed

of

overturned

waggons,

carriages,

large

stones,

breastworks,

abbatis,

&c.

Bastion.

In fortification,

generally

constnicted at the

salient



A VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY

AND

MARINE

TERMS.

angle of

the

polygon, forming the

magistral or

principal

line

of

defence surrounding a place. It

consists of

two

faces,

right

and left, and

two corresponding

flanks, and is so formed as to

be well

seen, and

defended every

where

by

the

flanking fire of

some

other

part of the works. Bastions

are

distinguished into

empty and

fuU.

The

interior

surface

of

the

empty

bastion

is

on

a

level with

the

terrepleiti

or ground of the place.

The

interior of

tlie

full

is raised by

earth

to

the

level

of

the

ram-

part.

Bastioned Fort. Generally

a

field-work constructed

on

a

poly-

gon, upon the

principles

of permanent fortification,

of

which

the

lines

of

defence

do

not

exceed the range of musketry.

Baton.

A

short

staff or truncheon

borne

by

field-marshals

as a

symbol of

their authority.

Battalio.n. a

body

of

infantry, generally

composed

of

ten

companies, each consisting of

a

lieutenant,

an ensign, three or

four

sergeants, and about 100 rank

and file,

under

the charge

of

a

captain

:

the

whole, with

the

staff-officers

attached

to it,

such

as adjutant, paymaster,

quartermaster, surgeon,

and

assistants,

being

under

the

command

of a

lieutenant-colonel.

Battery.

The name

given to any place where cannon,

mortars,

&c.,

are mounted

for

the

purpose of defending

or

attacking

important points. Also, in the

field,

a

division

of

a

regiment

or

brigade

of

artillery,

as a

company

is a

division

of

a

regiment

of

infantry.

Bear

up or

away. The

act

of

changing

a

ship's

course,

so as to

cause her to sail more

before

the

wind

than she

did previously.

Beating

to

windward.

Making

a

progress

against

the direction

of the wind,

by

steering

alternately close-hauled

on

the

star-

l)oard and larboard

tacks.

Berm.

A

narrow level

space,

two

or three

feet wide,

along

the

exterior

slope of a parapet,

to

prevent

the

mass

of

earth

and

other materials, of

whicli

it is

composed, from

falling

into

the

ditch.

Bivouac. An army bivouacs

at night when it does

not

encamp

or

take

up quarters.

Blockade.

A place

is

said

to be blockaded

by land

or sea

when

all ingress and egress

is

prevented by

troops

or

ships

of war

surrounding

it.

Blockhouse.

Originally

a

work

built nearly or

wholly

of

the

trunks of trees.

Now

applied generally

to

small

forts,

capable

of

protecting

against

musketry,

but not

against

artillerj'.

Body of a place.

The

space

enclosed by a

line

of fortifications,

formed by bastions, curtains, ravelins,

&c.,

called

the

enceinte.

Bombard.

To throw bombs

or

shells

into

a

place,

with

a

view

to

its destruction,

and

to compel

surrender.

Boom.

A strong beam

of timber, &c., placed across a

river

or

harbour

to

prevent

the

entrance

of

an

enemy.

Breach.

An

opening effected

by

artillery

or

mine

in

the

vealls

and defences of a

fortified

place.

Break Ground.

To

commence

the

siege of

a

place by

opening

trenches,

&c.

Breastwork. A

parapet

throwB

up

to

the

height of

the

breasts

of the

troops

of

a

place, to

protect

them when

defending

it.

Bridge. Besides the

usual

stone, chain, and

wooden

bridges,

there

are

several descriptions of

military

bridges, formed

of

boats connected together,

pontoon

bridges, and bridges of

casks,

according

to

emergencies.

These

are

joinM

together

by planks,

&c., so as to

give

a

safe

passage

for troops,

guns,

and stores.

Brigade.

A division of troops

composed

of

several

corps, consist-

ing of detachments

of

infantry and cavalry, under

the command

of

a

general officer.

The

strength

of a

brigade

is

various.

There

are

cavalry

brigades and

infantry

brigades :

the

former

containing

usually

from

six to

nine squadrons,

the latter from

three

to six

battalions. There

are

also

brigades of

artillery.

The term is also frequently applied, in military works, to

a

large

troop of

mules with

their

drivers, in the service

of

the

commis-

sariat or of store-keepers.

To

BRING

to.

To

check

the course

of

a

ship

when

she is

advan-

cing, by

ai-ranging

the

sails

in such a

manner that

they shall

counteract one another, and

prevent her

from

either advancing

or

retreating.

Broadside. A discharge

of

all the

guns

on

one

side of a ship,

on both

her

upper

and under

decks.

Bulkhead. A partition

separating

one part of

a

ship from an-

other

on

the

same

deck.

Caisson. A term

used

for

various

purposes. Sometimes

it sig-

nifies a box or chest for

holding

ammunition

for cannon,

and

at

other times for

musketry,

having

diflerent divisions for par-

ticular

kinds.

It is

also

used

for

designating provision

wag-

gons, &'C.

Calibre or

Caliber. The diameter or capacity of bore of

a

cannon

or

other firearm.

Camp. The

ground covered

by an

army

under

canvass.



A

VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY AND

MAUI

NIC TKUMS.

9

Canteen.

A small circular

tin

or

wooden

vessel, used by soldiers

to

carry

liquor when

they are

on active service,—

A

trunk

or

chest

containing culinary and

other

utensils

for

the

use of

officers.

—

A suttling-house kept in

garrisons for the use of the

troops.

Cantonments.

When troops

are

detached and quartered in

dif-

ferent

adjacent

towns and

villages,

they

are

said to

be

placed

in

cantonments.

Capital.

A

line drawn from the

angle

of the

polygon,

forming

the salient

angle of

the bastion to the middle of its

gorge,

&c.

Capitulation.

The

surrender of

a

fortress

or army on

stipulated

conditions.

Caponiere. a

protected

passage

from

the

body of

the

place

to

an

outwork. It frequently

forms

a

secure passage or

covered way,

made by a

small glacis on

each

side

from the middle of the

curtain to

the

gorge

of

the

ravelin. It also serves as a

defence

to

the

main ditch by

a

raking

fire

of

musketry.

Carbine.

A

short

small

musket,

used

principally

by

cavalry.

Carriage

of a

gun.

The

machine upon

which

it is

mounted.

Carry. To

obtain possession

of any

place by force,

whether

out-

works, field-works,

a

battery,

a

parapet,

or

a

town itself.

Cartridge. A

case

of

paper,

flannel, or

parchment,

fitted to

the

bore

of

a

piece, and

containing

an

exact

charge

of

gunpowder.

These

are

blank-cartridges. The addition of the bullet in

the

same envelope constitutes the ball-cartridge.

Case or

Canister

shot. Discharged from heavy ordnance,

and

consists of

a

number

of musket

bullets

or iron

balls enclosed

in a tin or

iron

case.

Cavalier.

A

work

formed

within

a

full

Ijastion,

and

elevated ten

or twelve feet

above

it,

to command

a

particular

point,

and

give

additional

strength

to

works.

Chamber.

The place

where

the

powder is

deposited in a mine.

The

cavity, in a gun or

mortar,

which

receives the

charge.

Charge.

In

gunnery, comprehends the

amount of

powder and

shot with which

a

gun is

loaded.

Chevaux-de-frise.

An

object

employed

in

fortification

for the

defence of

places.

It consists of a

prismatic

beam

of

timber of

a square or

hexagonal

form, of about

six or

eight feet long,

and

five

or six inches

in

diameter,

through

which

pointed

stakes are

driven perpendicular

to

each

of

its

faces,

equi-dis-

tant

from

each other, and

radiating from

the centre

of the

beam.

Chevrons. The

bars

or

distinguishingmarks on the

coat-sleeves

of

non-commissioned officers.

Citadel. A

fortress, generally

in

the

form

of a

pentagon or hexa-

gon,

situated on the most

commanding

ground

in or near

a

city,

though

generally separated

by

an

esplanade of

sloping

ground

without

buildings,

so

that no approach can

be

made

unperceived.

Close-uauled. That trim

of

a

ship's sails

which enables her to

make

a

progress

in the nearest

possible direction

towards that

point

whence

the

wind

blows.

Colonel. The

first officer

in command

of

a

regiment of

infantrj-,

cavalry,

or artillery.

Colours

of

aregiment.

Two

silk

flags carriedby the

seniorensigns.

Column, in a

military

sense,

is used in

contradistinction

to

u.ne.

Thus a

regiment

of cavalry is

in

line

when

its

whole

front

is

displayed.

It may

advance

in

column

of

squadrons, of

troops,

(which

are

half-squadrons,)

of

divisions,

(which are half-

troops,)

or

of

threes,

(according

to

the

modern

English

for-

mation.)

Troops moving

along

a

road

are

necessarily

in

column.

Hence a

body of

troojis on

the march are

often

spoken of as a

column.

Close

column

is

when

the

squadrons,

companies,

or

battalions, &c. &c.

are

formed

close

in rear of

each

other.

Ojien

column

is

when

sufficient

interval

is

left

for

them to

wheel into

line if

required.

Command.

In

the

regular forces belongs

to

the

senior

oflScer.

Command, in

fortification, is

the

elevation of

each

interior

work

above the

exterior, so

as

to see

and tire

over

the

whole,

or

over

the

level

country.

Communication,

lines

ok.

Trenches

made

to

insure

a

safe

intercourse

between

any

two

points or forts.

Contribution. A

tax

paid

to

a

hostile

force,

by the

inhabitants

of

a

town or

country,

to avoid

being

plundered.

Convoy.

A

guard of

troops

employed

to

escort

provisions,

stores,

ammunition,

or money,

conveyed

in

time

of

war

from one point

or place

to

another.

It is also a ship

of war

employed to pro-

tect

a fleet of

merchant ships

during

the whole

or

part of

their

voyage.

Cordon.

A

round

projection of stone

placed

on

the top

of

the

revetement of

the

escarp,

to

throw the

rain off

the masonry,

and

prevent

the

besiegers

ascending

by

their

ladders

for an

escalade.

A

square

projection,

called

a

tabkltc,

has

lately

been

preferred.



10

A

VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY AND MARINE TEEMS.

Corporal.

Lowest

grade

of

non-conimissioned officers.

Cornet.

Lowest

rank

of foininissioned

officers in cavalry

regiments.

Corps.

This word, which

has

crcjit

into

our

language

from the

P'reneh, means

literally

a body, but is

variously

applied.

In

common

Knglish

parlance, it

usually

designates a regiment.

In Napoleon's

wars it

was

applied

to large divisions of troops

;

to

large

armies, in fact,

detached

from

still

larger

ones.

In

the

Russian

campaign

some

of the so-called

corps

numbered

forty

or fifty thousand men.

By modern historians

the

word

is

generally

used

in

the

more

extended

sense.

Cover.

In military operations,

implies generally

security

or

pro-

tection.

Covered

wav.

A

sjiace

of

about

;50 feet broad,

extending

from

the

counterscarp

of

the

ditch

to

the

crest of the

glacis, passing

completely

round

the

whole

body and outworks

of a

place.

CouNTEU-GUAHD.

A revctcd work,

consisting

of a comparatively

narrow

rampart

and parapet,

commonly jiarallel to

the

faces

of

a bastion

or ravelin, so

as to

strengthen

any particular [loint

liable to

attack.

ConxTERsCARP.

The outer

boundary of the ditch,

which

is gene-

rally

faced

or reveted

with

masonry,

to

render the

descent into

the ditch

difficult.

Cor.NTERsiGK.

A

watchword,

demanded

by sentries

of those

who

ajjproach

their

post.

Coup-DE-MAiN.

A sudden

and vigorous

attack,

for

the purpose

of

instantaneously

capturing

a

place or gaining

a

position.

Cbown-work.

a

figure

resembling

a

crown,

and consisting

of

two

small fronts

of

fortification connected

with

the body

of the

place

by

two

long

sides,

so

as

to

occupy

a position

it

is

desirable

to

secure.

Cuirass.

A

piece

of metallic

defensive

armour,

covering

the more

exposed

and vital

parts of the

body,

from

the neck

to the waist.

CuNEiTE

OR

CUVETTE.

A trench generally

7

or 8 feet

deep,

and

JO

or 12 wide,

serving

to

prevent the

passage

of troops

through

a dry ditch

;

whilst,

at the

same time, it

carries

off

the

superfluous

water from

the place.

Cdrtain.

In

fortification,

is that

portion

of the

rampart

which

connects two

adjacent

bastions.

Debouch.

To

march

out

of

a

wood

or

defile

into open

ground.

Defile.

A narrow

passage,

through

which,

in

marching,

troops

can

present

a

narrow^

front only,

and

therefore

dangerous

in

presence

of an enemy.

Demilune.

Called

also

a

ravelin, is a work

constructed

to

cover

the

curtain

and flanks

of

the

bastion.

Descent. The landing

of

troops from

transports, for the

purpose

of invading a

country.

Dislodge.

To

drive

an

enemy from any

position

or

assigned

station.

Ditch. In fortification, is

an excavation made round

the works,

from which

the

earth

required for

the

construction of

tlie ram-

part

and

parapet

is obtained.

Division.

A

portion

of

an army,

including

infantry, cavalry,

and

artillery, and

commanded by

a

general

officer.

Doubling. The

act

of sailing

round

or

passing

a

cape

or

other

point of

land.

Doubling

upon.

In naval

tactics,

is the

act

of

enclosing

any

part

of a hostile

fleet,

and

placing it

between

two

fires.

Echelon.

This word is

adopted from

the French,

its primary

meaning in that

language

being

a step of

a

ladder.

This for-

mation,

in the

movements of an

army

in the field, resembles

the

steps

of

a

ladder,

and

therefore

gave

rise

to

the

name. It

is

very

convenient

for

the

attack

and

retreat

of large

bodies,

for oblique

and direct

changes of position.- Ohliqiie

changes

a.Tce

produced

by the

wheel of divisions

through

less than

a

quarter

of

a circle.

Direct

chanfies

are

produced

by

a

jjerpendicular

and

successive march of

divisions from

line

to

front or rear.

Embrasure.

An

opening

through

the parapet, through

which

to

point

a gun.

Enceinte.

The rampart

enclosing

the

whole

body

of a

place,

consisting

of bastions, curtains, and

the main

ditch.

Enfilade.

To sweep the whole

length

of any

line

of works or troops

by

the fire

of

a

battery

formed

on

a

prolongation

of

the line.

Ensign.

The

lowest

rank

of

infantry

commissioned

officers,

sub-

ordinate

to

lieutenant.

Ensigns

carry

the

regimental colours.

Epaulement.

An

elevation

of

earth,

resembling

a

shoulder,

thrown

up perpendicularly

to the face of

a

battery,

to

cover

the

troops

behind

it

from

an enfilade fire

of an

enemy.

It is fre-

quently^

composed

of fascines or gabions filled with

earth.

Equipage,

Camp.

Consists of

tents,

kitchen and cooking

utensils,

saddle-horses,

l)aggage-

waggons,

&c.

Escalade.

To

attack

a fortress by scaling

or

passing over

the

walls

by

means

of ladders.

Escarp.

The

side

of the ditch

next

the

rampart,

which, in

per-

manent

fortification,

is

faced

with

stones or

bricks,

called

the

revt'temeut.



A

VOCABULARY OF

MILITARY

AND

MARINE

TERMS. 11

Esplanade.

A

part of

a

fortified place set

apart

for exercise

and

public walk.

Evacuate.

To

withdraw from a

town

or fort in consequence of

treaty,

capitulation,

or orders.

Evolution. A

movement by

which

troops

change their

position

for attack or

defence.

False

attack, or

feint.

A pretended

attack,

made to deceive

and divert an

enemy

from

the

real point to be

assailed.

Fascines.

A

species of long

cylindrical

faggots, made

of brush-

wood or

branches

of trees, for the

purpose

of

reveting

tlie

cheeks

of

embrasures,

or

supporting

the

earth

of

extensive epaulements

in field-l)atteries.

Fausse brave,

a

work formerly

used in fortification, hut now

seldom

employed,

as

its disadvantages

counterbalance its

advantages.

It is a

platform rising to half the heiglit of

the

revetement,

thus

giving a good grazing fire against

the besiegers

before

they

enter

the

ditch,

but

it

then

affords

a ready

means of

scaling

the

walls.

Field-marshal is

the

highest military

rank

in tlie

British

service.

Field

officers.

Colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors.

File.

A

line of

soldiers

drawn up

behind

one

another. The

general term

means

two

soldiers,

consisting

of

the

front

and

rear rank

men.

Firelock. A

general name

for the infantry musket.

Flank.

The

extreme right

or left of a

body

of

troops, or

of

an

encampment.

Flank

companies.

The

right

and

left companies

of

infantry

regiments,

generally

grenadiers

and light infantry.

Fleche

or arrow.

A

simple species of

field-work,

consisting

of

two faces

forming a

salient

angle,

and

easily constructed for

the

defence of a

position.

Fleet. Any

number of

vessels above five sail

of

the

line.

Forage.

Provender

for

the

horses of an

army.

Ford. A

shallow

part

of

a

river,

where

troops

may pass

without

bridge or boat.

Fore

and

aft signifies

throughout

the

wliole sliip's

length.

—To

rake a ship

fore

and

aft

is to fire

along

her

decks, thus causing

the

greatest

possible damage

and loss

of life.

Forlorn hope.

A

party of officers

and

men

who

are

detached

to

lead

the

attack

when an

army

storms

a

fortress.

From

the

great danger attending

this operation its

name

is derived.

Forts

are

works constructed to

secure

places

of importance, to

afford

support to the wings or

particular parts of

an

army,

or

to

command the

resources of

a

district

of

country.

Fortification. The

art

of enclosing

towns

or other

positions with

works,

so

as

to

render them

more

easily

defensible

by their

gar-

rison. It may

be divided into

different classes,

as

permanent,

field, defensive,

offensive, natural, and artificial.

Fosse.

The

French

name for

a

ditcli.

Fbaises. Palisades or

stakes ranged in

an

inclined

position,

di-

rected

towards

the

breasts

of

an

enemy, and forming

defences.

Fuse.

A

tube

fixed into

a

shell

filled

with

combustibles, and

furnished

with

a

quiclc

match.

It

is made

of a length pro-

portional

to

the

distance

intended

to be

thrown

from

a

mortar,

so

as

to

burn

during

its

flight, and

to

explode the

shell

at the

moment

it strikes

the

ground.

FrsiL.

A

small

species

of

musket.

Fusileers.

a

body of

troops

originally armed

with

fusils,

which

gave the name.

There

are

now

only

four regiments

bo

called in the

British

service,

and

which

are no longer so

armed.

Gabions. Cylindrical baskets

of

wicker-work, without

bottoms,

and

filled

with earth.

Tliey

form

a

convenient and

useful

revetement in

field-works,

especially during a

siege, in

the

construction of

batteries

and

the

formation

of

saps.

Gallery.

A

passage

communicating

to

that

part of a

mine in

which powder

is

placed.

Garrison.

The

guard

of a

fortified

place

:

the

place

itself

generally,

the

troops quartered

in a

town.

General officers.

All

those

above

the rank

of

colonel.

Generalissimo. The

commander-in-chief of a

country's

armies.

Genouilliere. That

part

of

the

parapet in the embrasure

above

the platform

and

under

the gun.

Glacis.

The

superior

slope

of

the

parapet of

the covered way,

extended in a

gentle slope

of

about 1 in 20

or .30 to the

level

of the surrounding

country. Its

length

is

about 150

to 200

feet.

Gorge.

The

entrance

from

behind into a

bastion,

ravelin, or

redoubt.

Grenade. A

small

shell, whose

fuse is

set

fire

to,

and

which is

then

thrown by

hand among

the enemy,

to

a

distance of twenty

or

thirty

yards, causing

considerable damage

bv its

explo-

sion. It

is

now cliiefly

used

against

besiegers

approaching the

breach.

Grenadiers. The

tallest

and

stoutest

soldiers

in a

regiment





A

VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY

AND

MARINE

TERMS.

13

shapes

to produce a

flanking

fire

for

mutual

defence

and sup-

port,

as is

common

in

fortifications.

Litter. A

species of

hurdle or palanquin-bed, in

which

those

severely

wounded

are carried

from

tlie

field of l)attle.

Loo

LINE

and

log. Instruments

by which the ship's

velocity

is

measured.

Log

boakd.

That

on

which

the daily transactions

on

board

ship

are

recorded,

whence they

are

copied into tlie log-book

—

the

legal

record of every

nautical transaction.

Loop-holes.

Small openings,

similar

to embrasures in the

walls

of a

citadel

or

fortification. Loop-holes are also

made

in the

walls

of

gardens,

or

even

houses, for the

defence

of

important

points

during a

battle,

by

a fire of musketry

through

them.

Ldnettes. Small

works

constructed

to

strengthen a

ravelin

or

oiher

part

of a

fortification. In

this

case,

one face is

about

perpendicular to

that

of

the

ravelin,

and

the

other,

to

that

of

the bastion,

and

so

on

in similar

cases.

Magazine, in general, is a

place

in

wdiicli

stores,

arms, ammu-

nition,

and

provisions,

are

kept. The

name

is frequently re-

stricted to a place for

preserving

powder and

shot.

•Major. An officer next

in rank to the

lieutenant-colonel of a

regiment.

Major-of-brigade.

An

ofiicer, through

whom

orders are

com-

municated to

the

troops, and

considered

as

attached to the

brigade,

not

to

the

officer commanding

it.

Marines. A

body of troops especially

for

the

naval service,

trained to

encounter

an

enemy either

at sea

or land.

Mask.

A

cover

for a

batter^',

so

as to

prevent it

being

seen and

recognised

by an

enemy. When

a

body

of troops

encamps

before a fortress, so as to prevent the

garrison

from moving

out

to

harass

an

army

acting

freely in

its

vicinity,

it

is

said

to

be

masked

by

the

hostile forces.

Match.

A substance composed

to

retain fire for the

service of

artillery,

mines, and

fireworks.

There are

two kinds, quick

and slow. Tow and sulphur

are

common ingredients.

Merlon. The

space

in

the

parapet

between

two

embrasures,

of

about eighteen

feet

in

length.

M1N15.

A

suliterraneous

passage

carried

from

the lines of

the

besiegers,

under

the

rampart

of a

fortification, to

blow

it

up by

gunpowder.

Mortars.

Short cannon,

of

large bore,

made

of

cast-iron or

brass. They

are

used

to

throw sliells,

which, by their

explo-

sion,

set

fire

to

buildings,

overthrow

works, dismount

guns,

and

destroy troops.

MusKET-PKooF. Any

object

capable of resisting

the effects of

musket-balls

is

said

to be

musket-proof.

Muster. A review of

troops

under

arms,

fully

equipped, in

order

to take an account

of

their

numbers, inspect

their arms

and

accoutrements, and

examine

their

condition.

Natural

fortification,

or

strength.

A

combination of

natural

obstructions,

tending

to

impede

the

movements of

an army.

NoN-coMMissiONED

OFFICERS.

Thc

sergeant-major,quarter-master-

sergeant,

sergeants,

corporals,

and

drum

and

fife

majors, who are

appointed

by

order

of the

commanding

officer of

the regiment.

Opening

of

the

trenches.

The first

act

of

breaking

ground by a

besieging

army,

for the

purpose

of

carrying tiieir

approaches

up

to

the

place.

Ordnance.

A

name

applied

to

every

thing

connected

with the

engineer and

artillery

service.—

Cannon

are

frequently

desig-

nated

pieces of

ordnance.

Outworks.

All

the

works

constructed

beyond

the

body

of

the

place,

such as

ravelins,

tcnailles,

covered

ways, lunettes,

&c.

Pace. In

the

infantry

service,

generally

reckoned .30 inches,

which

the

soldier

is

trained

to

take

steadily. In

slow time,

75 paces

are

taken

in

a

minute

;

in

quick

time,

108;

in

wheeling,

120

paces,

the

outward

file stepping

3.3

inches.

In

double

quick time,

1.50

paces

of

36

inches, or

one

yard, each in a

minute.

Palisades. Triangular

prismatic

beams of

wood,

about

<>

inches

on

each

side,

sharpened

at

the top

and

inserted

two or

three feet

into

tlie

ground

at

intervals

of about

3

inches.

They

are

placed

in

the

covered

way 3 feet

from and

parallel

to

the crest of

the

glacis,

to

secure it

from

surprise.

Their

tops

are

generally

about

a

foot

above the

crest

of

the parapet

be-

hind

which

they

are

placed, and

8^,

feet

above

ihc

ground,

round each traverse

w hen there

is no

banquette.

Parade. To

assemble

troops in a

uniform

manner,

for

the purpose

of

regular

muster,

exercise,

and

inspection.

Parade signifies

also

the

ground on

which

the exercises

are

performed.

Parallels. Deep

and

wide

trenches,

generally

three in

number,

connecting

the

several

lines of

attack of a

besieged place

with

each

other.

The

first

is

about GOO

yards

from the

covered

way,

the

second

300,

and

the

third near or on

the

crest

of the

glacis.



14

A

VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY

AND

MARINE TERMS.

Pasapet.

Generally

a

mass

of

earth

raised on

the

exterior crest

of

the

ranipan

next

tlie

enemj',

18 or 20 feet

broad, and

7

or

8

feet

high, to

cover

the

troops behind

it

from

the

fire of

the

besiegers.

Also,

generally,

banks

thrown up to

cover

and assist

the de-

fence of a

position.

Park

of artillerv.

The

wliole train

of

artillery belonging to

an army.

Patrole. a small party of men

under

the

charge of a

eubaltern

or

non-commissioned

officer,

detached from

the

guard,

to

keep

moving along

streets

or

roads, to

maintain

tlie

order and regu-

larity of troops,

&'C.

Patroles are also sent

out to

gain

intelli-

gence of

the

position and

force

of

an enemy.

This

duty

requires great

caution

and

activity.

Percussion

caps. Small

caps

of

copper

filled

partially with an

explosive composition, which

is

fired

when

struck

smartly

with

considerable

force

between two portions of

hard

metal, as steel.

These now

almost entirely

supersede

the

use of

flints

in

exploding fire-arras.

Petard.

A

large

vessel

or machine of

gun

metal secured to a

strong square-board,

having iron hooks attached

to

it,

to

fix it

against

gates or

palisades.

This kind of pot

is filled

with 8

or 10

pounds

of gunpowder, which,

being

fired,

destroys

the

objects

before

it,

and

procures an entrance

for

an

enemy.

Leather or

strong canvass

bags are also

sometimes employed

in

cases

of

emergency,

which are more

expeditious,

and

equally

successful.

PioxEERs.

Soldiers

trained to

work with

various

tools or

in-

struments, such

as

pickaxes,

hatchets,

saws,

spades,

&c.

Each

company

of a

regiment furnishes one

man

to complete

this

body,

fonned

un<ler

the

command

of a

corporal.

Their

services

are

vory

important in

clearing forests,

working

in

intrenchments,

complet?hg

approaches,

and

forming

mines.

Piquet. A

detachment,

formed either of

infantry

or cavalry,

sent out for

the.purpose

of

guarding

an

amiy

from

surprise,

&c.

Pitching

and

scendixg.

The

movement of a

shij),

by

which

she

plunges her head and stern alternately

in

the

hollow of the

sea.

Pivot.

The

officer

or

soldier

stationed at the

fiank on which a

company

wheels.

Places

of

arms.

Spaces at the

salient

and

entrant

angles

of

the

covered

way.

The

salient

places

of

aiTiis

are

the

positions

at

which

troops destined

for a sortie generally

assemble. The

entrant

places

of

arms contain troops

destined

to flank

the

various

branches of the covered way. In

modern

fortification

the places of arms

are

frequently furnished with a redoubt, for

the

purpose

of greater

strength and

security.

Platform.

A

floor,

generally constructed

of

timber,

on which

cannon

are

placed,

behind

an

embrasure.

Point-blank. The position of a gun or

musket when

the axis of

the

bore

or

barrel,

and

the objects

aimed

at,

are

in the

same plane,

either

horizontal

or inclined.

The point-blank

range, therefore,

is the distance

that

a

shot is projected,

under

these ch-cum-

stances,

till

it

strikes the

ground.

Pontoon.

A

species

of boat for

constructing

bridges,

to

facilitate

the passage of an

unfordahh

river

bj'

an

army.

Those most

approved were invented by General Pasley

and

Colonel Blan-

shard

of the

Royal Engineers. Those of the

latter

are

frequently reckoned

the

more convenient, being

cylinders

of

copper

with traverses, and by

that means little

liable to sink in

coarse

weather.

They

are

moored

in the stream at

regular

distances, and

connected

with

beams in such a

manner that

troops,

artillery,

and

the

stores

of an

army, can pass a

river

readily.

Port.

A

name given, on some occasions, to

the

left or

larboard

side

of

a

ship,

especially in

steering,

to

avoid

the risk of mistak-

ing larboard

for starboard,

which

in

difficult

situations

might

be

dangerous.

Postern. A passage

constructed

under

the

rampart,

aff'ording a

communication from the

fort

into

the

ditch, &c.

Pouch.

A

case of

strong

leather,

generally black,

lined with tin

divisions, for the

purpose of

carrying

a

soldier's

ammunition.

It is

covered

by

a flap, to preserve

the cartridges

from

wet.

Rake. To cannonade

a

ship, at the head

or stern, so

that

the

shot may

scour

the

whole

deck.

Rampart. A broad

embankment

of

earth,

generally

faced with

stone or brick,

surrounding

a

fortified

place, and

forming

tlie

main-works, commonly' called

the

enceinte.

Range.

The

distance

from the

piece

fired to

the

point

where the

shot strikes the

ground.

Rank

and file. All those soldiers who

enter the

ranks

and

carry muskets.

Ration.

An

allowance of provisions

generally

issued

to

troops.

Ravelin.

A

detached

work

composed

of

two

faces,

forming

salient

angles, and

raised before the

counterscarp.



A

YOCABULARY OP

MILITARY

AND

MARINE

TERMS.

1.:

Rear-guard.

A

detachment of

troops appointed to

protect

the

rear

of an army.

Reconnoitre.

To examine a country, so as

to acquire

a

familiar

knowledge

of

it, and

to

supply

the

defects of

maps,

required

chiefly

for

military purposes.

Particular parts of the

map

are

distinguished by

general marks of

reference,

connected with

a

minute

memoir

in

writing.

Redoubt.

A

small

work,

frequently

square, without bastions,

placed

at some distance

from

a

fortification, to guard

a

pass,

or

obstruct the progress of an

enemy in

a

given

direction.

A

re-

doul)t

is

sometimes

made

circular, because

it

will

contain

the

greatest number of troops in a

given

space, and afford a

superior

defence. Redoubts

have generally

ditches and some

means

of

giving

a flanking fire,

especially to

those parts likely

to be attacked.

Reduce.

To compel

a

garrison

to

surrender by

means of

attack.

Re-entering,

or

simply

entering angle.

An angle in

the

fortifi-

cation,

pointing inwards

to

the

place,

and

used

in contradis-

tinction

to

salient.

Refuse.

In military operations, to

throw or keep

back the troops,

to avoid

an

engagement with an enemy

advantageously placed.

Rendezvous.

A

place

appointed for

the assembling

of

an

army

or of

any

body of

troops.

Reserve.

A

select body

of

troops, kept

in

the

rear for

some par-

ticular object,

such

as to support

an

attack,

or

final charge,

to

terminate

a battle successfully.

Reveille.

The

beat of

drums

at

the

break

of day. After this

the

sentries do

not

challenge.

Revetement.

An exterior

wall,

or

facing

of

stone or

brick,

sup-

porting

the

front

of the rampart on the

side of the

ditch.

Ricochet.

A particular

mode

of

firing guns at a

low angle

and

loaded with

a

small charge. In

this

case

the

shot

just

clears the

parapet

of the

enemy's

works,

and,

rolling along

the rampart,

destroj's the

guns

and

kills numbers

of

men.

Riflemen.

Light infantry,

armed with

rifles

instead of

muskets,

trained

to be

expert marksmen, and

having

a

peculiar

drill

and exercise

of their own.

Rocket.

A species

of

firework,

frequently

used for

signals.

Con-

greve

rockets are

most destructive

missiles,

frequently con-

taining

a

shell, and very effectively

employed

in

the attack of

fortified

places,

in

the

destruction of

shipping, and in

various

other

warlike

operations.

Rolling.

A

ship's

motion from

side to

side,

at

right angles

to

pitching.

Running

fire.

When troops fire

rapidly in

succession, in oppo-

sition to a general discliarge

from the

whole

line.

Sack.

To storm a

town

and [lillage

it.

Salient

angle, in fortification.

An

angle

projecting

into

the

country.

Sally.

A

secret and

oflTensive

movement

of a

strong

body of

troops from

a besieged

place, in

order

to destroy the works

of

the besiegers.

Sally-ports.

Openings

in

the glacis, of 10 or 12 feet

wide,

which

afford

free

egress and ingress

to

troops engaged in

a sally or

sortie.

Sand

bags. Bags of

earth employed to

repair

breaches

and

em-

brasures.

The

smaller

kind

are

used

on

a parapet,

three

of

which

makea smallopening,

like

a

loop-hole,

by

placingtwo

at

a small

distance,

and covering it with the third.

Sentry

or sentinel.

A

soldier placed

in

a

position to watch

the

motions

of

an enemy,

to

prevent surprise, or

to

enforce

such

orders

as he may be intrusted with.

Sergeant.

A

non-commissioned officer,

selected

from the cor-

porals,

on account

of

his intelligence, steadiness, and general

good

conduct, and

intrusted

with

several

responsible

duties.

Sergeant-major.

The highest non-commissioned

officer

in a

regiment,

and,

from

the nature

of his

duties,

in a certain de-

gree

an

assistant

to

the adjutant.

Colour-sergeant.

A

non-commissioned

officer

whose

duty is

to

attend

the colours in

the

field. This

office

is an honourable

distinction,

given only to

men

of valour

and

fidelity.

Shaft.

In mining,

a

perpendicular excavation,

extending

to some

depth,

from which the

several branches of a mine

diverge.

Shrafnel-siiells,

or

Spherical Case-shot, have a

greater

range

than

common

case

or canister, and are very

effective in war-

fare.

Siege.

The

art

of

surrounding

a

town

or fortification

with

a

besieging army,

and

attacking it

with artillery,

assisted by

mines

and

trenches,

so as

to destroy the

principal defences,

and ultimately

to storm the

place, unless it

yields

by

previous

capitulation.

Skirmish.

A

kind

of

irregular

engagement

between small parties,

in

presence

of both

armies,

for

the

purpose

of concealing the

movements of troops, or

bringing

on a

general battle.



16

A

VOCABULARY

OF

MILITARY

AND MARINE

TERMS.

Slip

a

cable. To

allow

the

whole cable

attached to

an

an-

chor

to

run out,

when,

on

account of all

possible

expedition

being

required,

there is

not time to

weigh

it

in the

usual

manner.

Spike. To

spike

guns

is to

drive large nails

into

the

vent, or

touch-

hole,

to

render

them

unserviceable

for some

time,

till it

can

be

cleared.

Squadron.

In

the

aniiy

is

a

body of

cavalry

consisting of

two

troops.

A

Squadron in the

navy

is a

small

fleet not

exceeding

five

ships.

Square. A

form into

which

infantry

are

thrown to resist a

charge

of

cavalry

—

the

soldiers

all facing outwards,

whatever

their

number.

Starboard.

The

right

side of

the ship

to

a

spectator looking for-

wards.

Star

forts.

Forts

with

several

salient

angles,

in

the

form of a

star,

as

generally

represented.

Stores,

military

and

marine.

Arms,

ammunition,

provisions,

clothes,

and

other

necessaries.

Strategy.

The

science

of

war.

Storm.

To

make a

powerful

and

vigorous assault on

any position

occupied by

an

enemy.

Subaltern.

All military

officers

under the

rank of a

captain.

Sutler. A

camp-follower,

who sells

drink

and provisions to

the

troops.

Tactics.

The science and

art

of

disposing

military

and

naval

armaments

for battle,

often

comprehending

the whole science

of war,

and the

means

prepared

for carrying it

on.

Tenaille. A

work

usually

constructed

on the

lines

of

defence

in front

of

the

curtain. In

modern

fortification

it

has

two

faces,

in

line

with

those

of the

adjacent

bastions, with an

intermediate

curtain

parallel

to that of

the

main

works.

Tenaillon. Formerly a

small

work

placed on

each

side

of

the

ravelin, for

additional

strength.

ToiSE.

An

old

French

measure

of 6

French feet.

The English

fathom

bears

to the

French

toise

the

ratio

of

1

to

1-066

nearly.

Hence, for

rough

purposes,

the

English

fathom

may

be accounted

nearly

equal

to

the French

toise.

Traverses.

Generally

parapets of

earth,

formed

in

the covered

way,

to

cover troops placed

there

from the enfilading fire

of

be-

siegers.

Their superior slopes

are

directed

to

tlie salient

angles,

and

are

furnished with banquettes

behind.

Round

the

ends,

next

the crest

of

the

glacis,

there

are cut passages for the

transit

of

troops,

designated

en

crochet

or en

cremaillere,

according

to

their shape. In the course of

a

siege,

traverses

are

made

whenever they may be required

to

cover

troops.

Trenches.

Ditches

made

during

a siege, to enable

the

besiegers

to approach the works

as

securely

as possible.

They

form

a

zig-zag shape,

each

portion

clearing

the guns of

the

place

through

each

position.

Troop.

In the

singular,

generally signifies

a company

of dra-

goons, under the command of

a

captain.

Trous-de-loup, or

wolf-holes.

Are dug

in

the

form

of an inverted

cone,

having

a

small picket, sharpened at the

top,

fixed

at the

bottom.

Trucks

of

a

gun-carriage. The

wheels

on

which

it is

moved.

Trunnions

of

a

gun. The

cylindrical

arms

by

which it is

attached

to

its carriage.

To

render

guns

useless,

the

trunnions

are

some-

times

struck

off.

Tumbrils.

Covered

carts,

employed

to

convey

ammunition, the

tools

of pioneers, miners,

&c.

Van

of

an

army.

The

front

or

first

line.

Van,

m the

navy. The

first

division

of

a fleet

in

one

line,

or

occasionally

the leading

ship.

Videttes

or

vedettes.

Sentries

placed on outposts and elevated

points, so as to be able

to

observe advantageously

the

approach

of

an

enemy, and

to

give

early

notice of

his

movements.

Under

arms.

The condition

of

troops

when

assembled fully

armed

and

accoutred.

W EAR or

veer.

To

change

a ship's

course from

one

tack

to another,

by

turning

her stern to

vi'indward.

This

manoeuvre

is generally

practised, %\hen

that

of tacking, by turning her head

to the

wind, would

be

dangerous.

Weather-gauge. When

one ship

is

to

windward

of

another she

is

said to have the weather-gauge of her.

To

Windward

is towards

that part

of

the

horizon from

which

the

wind blows.

Wings of an army.

The

extreme right and left divisions.





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