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Onley, J., Te Arabian Frontier of the British Raj:Merchants, Rulers, and the British in NinteenthCentury Gulf,(2007), pp. 127-119.

(7) Hawley, D., Te rucial States, (1970).Miles, S., Te Countries and ribes of the PersianGulf, (1966).Wilson, A., Te Persian Gulf : An Historical Sketchfrom the Earliest ime to the Beginning of thewentieth Century, (1928).Dickson, H. R.P., Te Arab of the Desert: A Glimpseinto Badawin Life in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia,(1949).Tomas, B.,Arabia Felix, (1938).Lorimer, D. L. R., Te Phonology of the Bakhtiari,Badakhshani and Madaglashti Dialects of ModernPersian, (1922).

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f iNCG bW d J ,dG J dh .dG dG.zOSCG G{ `H M zc{ e Y gYe j gh ,dG Qb gP OhGj e hCGY SGh ,OG Y e N GP INCG JUj CG NBG T e W hCG ,SG hG ,ee Hc,k cCG J e IOYh ,fdG IAGdG d ,dG GdHc dDG zSg{ hj a ,adG HLEG JY{ GY Y WCG dhCG ,ee c HQCG j cY{ EG j K ,zJdG Y{ dG GY ALh ,zHdGc NCGh HGdG dG Y dMQ j CG b ,zdGAj CG dG e Qh .zIAGdG Y{ GY d Qjj h ,QdG hO IAGdH M cG GP ,QdGIQG dG ZQ ,HdG Y jG Y JGP AdG

?U jK H QddG fe NCj c dG J d RL EG

Y H a ,eG G iMEG aQ ag j da ,YSGh eGdG :LG dG

:ddG dG J fGL IY e dGj CG Y dDG UM M ,G e .1 ,kf ,b J U beh e IOeH dG aG IOG c QYG H NCG e GPEG gOYQfG aGj ,hdG Rhj jQJ OGeG a .jjCGc h ,jGh dG dG GQb j GL

SdGh OCG :H a Iae hJ Y OGe dPQWEG Vh dDG jQ d ,LddGh dGhY j dG ,HGdGh edG Y VCG Segh e OdG QdG j CG hO ,YSG QdG

.dG djaO H dG j PEG ,aG IOG IQGZ .2

MQ FQb NCJ QGh eH Z IOedG f j e Ggh ,WN jS aGLQdG a G dG HCG e ,zG{,JdG jeCG dG e cQe M ,HdGj G hO ,HhQhCG dG zJ{ `H kGQhe d d ,g QdG j .SBG hNBGJGAGb j gh JdH j c ,BG ehdG GOT AL c GdG J JGdGCG H ,UCG UdG AL JdG SG jdGJ JdG b bTQ !!aH fh ,bH gQNG

.SdG dG OGe H j gh QdG gcHQCG EG dG J A a ,VdG jW .3gNBGh ,dG dKh ,JdG fKh ,HdG dhCG AGLCGYSe Ve dG IOe j c ,IAGdGdP JCj CG hO ,zdG dG fEG{ g MGh

edG G h ,SGdG GG QfG M Y j Gg CG ZQh .MdG YVG dG h ,jdGYSe f dG j H dG d ,dG fN,FQb Aj dG IAGb e AfG H .IOe UNkb dDG j GP ,JOe H QZ ghZQ ?zJdG{ e a c ke ,zQdG{ a hjbe e cCG GQTEG g fc NCG dG CGkb d Oj CG EG LH GJ e dG dCG g dJ

.fK W CGf Q ,kUNhG ,U H j gh QdG Y J dCe H,fGH dG IOe bY e gh ,dG QS iMCHa MCG Y JGP GdG e M .O WCG GPh 78 U QdG j c ,dG d RL EG dGNBG ,gGS Y dG Gg IOe e ?81

,zOSCG H HdG{ Y J bj eY ,e Ia eGSG e fCG iS JQG fd g OG c g .OSCG H dG dP iS HdGYGHEG JQb e JLfl O HdG dG f CGJ d GdCG fl zGhH{ O EG dh HdG GHEG LGJ j Ggh ,IMGh a EG?LP H iS dGh OCG d ,G JJCJ Qh ,dG G CG EG IQTEG g OGG CG CGdG gQhO SQ HdG SdG cG efd ,dG jh kje dG f hj biS a hj NBG kjW Ghj fCG iS JQG

?eeCG MG IMdG jdG JUG LSG EG UdG jM Qd f ce j ..dG dP e INCG IdG g fj eUh Nh me J Y jM Ie CGb{

bhCG dG Gd KdG G .OSCG M H EG ShQOFNG EG dMCa ,AT c ZJ e ,SQd jdGh AYSGh mh Hh ...f

id d :WdG e dG c.zH j NBG b dG

b iS dG f e CG id gfQVG fC bf dP ZQh ?MGh

.GS hO H Hd

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.dG ZdG YJH Oa FdG VG SCG,adGh ShdG jdG e c OY eCGG oJ ShQ{ EG dG EG Yj bhH .dG Y kLQN jdG c !zoG QdGAYEH ,jdG dP e oJ CG Se dhM dPEG j Hd dH eCG d !fl GJ

MS j Y oe Z eEG ShdG IOdG CGe J fCG eEGh ,M kHM a VJ.J CG jJ e EG VQCG Y YVG FGdP CG EG ,eCG d IQe Z KOM dCG fc d He kHM adG VH iNCG Ie fcjQDG d J bh .b HQ e cCG b faCGJ b Sa dCG (ShdG) JadGjGH e fEG{ :Sa j ,INCG JH bdG e dG jf faCG GdGdG MH bh adG jRh HoCG ,VGdG GS GPEG) :a ,dG dP gQJ GdY W fCG j dGh !!z(faCG edGg fQG CG EG !MdG e a ,f aCG FdG eh SCG adG jRh da ,LGh

Vj dG VQCH ae CG hj MdGCG NCGh ,ee J EG ,Ij a GdGaJ MdGh HdG SdG dG c,g c FG d J CH j keg UdG eSG QGdG V GU CG G YV EGhdGh dG QhH QoHh ,oj CG Voj dG

.SdGIOdGh fGjEG IOdG CG ,NBG e YY d ,SCG QH e gc ShdGEG J JOdG ch ,eO dG SCGQe dH dG b CG H EG gH GdG ,Gh G jQJjdG TCG e TY e c GjEG T .T Y e fcc bh ,dG RZ Y d f CG LQO EG T

VQ fi c d{ :jOd JQjR d aGG

,dG YU Y aj e T Y j H..zGMCG e NBG T EG QJ b QeCG fdQeCG J c JH Oa dG j ce d dj LH f j fC ,LQ efEG db dH ,j CG j e ,j CG jj

!zG G{ ojShdG IOdGh fGjEG IOdG bEG cZ SCG QH IOH QdG dG H b e CHd J ,hf M ?jG jQdG eH ch ,ehQ e GkAL MCG fEG jQdG be H QdG Gj fCH aG e JOb ,JGHh jQS e e MCG QH .jG J

N e J dh ,dH QNCG a oJ YWGh ffEG bG g HJ ,He GecdG L GedG J VJ c ,bG Zdge WC geh ,jOG HGWh QedGh g !G e ihC kW QGdG cGjQRG H b e CG j bY g j CGj CG fGdGh dGh fdGh jdGH !?dG jdG g c GP T M dG ce e e e kL CN g CGeEH fCG Vj dG j ,GjEGh ShdGgh !IY Jb j J Y QdG dG Zoj CGG QN fEa ,kM d dfl fH VGaG

.ffEd hG jQdGjdG n o bG GQJ e NBG e

GN Y YG dGh ,ghUeh fGjEG,zhe{ fC SCG Y aGJ fCG gjH ,GdGdH ,d HdG ,G M jd dG GhjdG g a .zFGSEG M{ LCG e ,IfGh,eGdG e OY H ,VQCG Y Jh QfG,ShdG dG PdGh GdG OLh gNBG c,e fVh GkOYh FGSEG ShQ YCG MM EG jQS e CT GP SC GM CG FGSEG Wb f e cCG C W eCG gh ,GJ G e BG G a !!ShQ UCG e,ISN fCG j e hCG g ce jdG!M hCG YL V dh ,T V VJ fCfEG j dG GjEGh ShdG jG CH eCGgAM GdCa ,zgQEG{ HQ jQS g

,HgQEG YG qSh qQO Y OGH dG

K (OQdG f) d G kOa J khCG CGH dGiT aH OGH G jJ LQO EG ,OGH

!2009Y eCG QdG dG VG c Ea VQCG Y FG g c ed VGh SS WQh Seh GW ce UdG oG CG EG ,IH P,GJCG e iNCG L a jJ Se .QfEG,Y jJh SS IjGe BG J cH ,ICa zbGdG GdG{ e fG OG Hhc ,cdG d jQJ FW OLh e QTIG VQCG Y fGjEG e OLh geM{ J dGh ,bGdG G EG dG e

!!zbGdG VQCGd HhDhO hfi g CG VGh dG egh ,jQS ShdG GjEG RCG Y QfCGG f AHEG QGUEG L e ce RCeGZCH fSH VQh dG HdG e fOCGTh ,IdG dHh keh kej kb T de j CH Y Fe b nVj iNCG L edG YdG jOhfi ZQ ,LCG UGY NgZh fdG dG ehb eY ,bdG dP 1920) zdSG GP{ HdG jQJ dCH ISN jQS NE gGa .(1942 eY kfGN OGOJ gh ,Y Ge CHh MdG H ,a hj CG j e NG ij

.VQCG Y bGdG Y

bOU jGHh kM dG g JGG UdGdM Dda ,jQS dfG MG JJ EGWN IAGb dH g jL e FGQdG JhG jdG e dG fH ,bd IUbh

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!SCGQ j CG EG dG Dhj h ..z!?jCd

:

GU jQS GdG CG dG ANCG cCG eY LCG e dh de GU a ..LdjjBG

.jQdG

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edG IQGOEG Y je QMQeCG AdhCGh AHBG ,G adY QGh G PJG gCHFHdG Rd FHCG GSGY cJ H dPh ,dG PhCG He hO FHdG MdGM dG Ia N UN bGe

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AKCG Y P FHc RL QJ Y f ,AHdH T,NdGh IQGG e G dUjdG G adG LQ CG EGb FbO 3 N bG EG GUhjG Y IdG e GaGeh Z bH EG dUh ehjCG J G h ,G kVe ,G Wd HUEGOY QJ OGG g e CG

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JGh UGG IQGRd HJeCG U e hCG YdG dG Yh Qd f ,dGf ,jQhG YGdGh fCHcG Fd H HUEG YMGH GkKCe G J dG,IQdG M H QfG Hd Y Y NBG f H

.SEG IQS SGH dG

HGh dG aZ JhYdG Qhd edG IQGOEHbH j kZH Gka eGQdG Yh ,H Qhe OMb eC G jQhdG LJQhG LQ THh OGGSGh ,ffd G JGAGLEGk d Gk OdG GOaEOG bh Heh hX ,G eS Y WG HcG dGREG Y aGQ dJ K

fh OG cG.adG Qhd edG IQGOEG

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.H qCG dG dG HUEH GkKCe

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QcdG dGh HdG jRh bj dG EG dG Y H LeGkcDe ,H IOdG b e c gHjdhCG SCGQ Y JCj dG CdG CG

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.WGG J

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.jdG fH IObSG g fEG{ , VCGhVdGh IOdG H fCH d IdGdG AG WdG Gg Xfi fCdG X ,Gh jYdH fZI M S gOj dG edG

BG Y H M G dG MU

YH ,iG jdG e NG dG MU S e IfehFQ N BG S H N eCGMU S e IQRGDh bG AGQRdGN BG M H S eCG G dGFdG YCG FdG Ff eCG dG h G M ,AGQRdG Fd hCG

.zgYQhFHCGh WdG eN CG EG QTCGhOG SCG e J dhDG qhgQYH fEG j CG j dGe j ,Wd SSCG QG,edG dG EG bdG LJ LdG dG QGS kSSCG gQYHdG jdG JRMCGRGYGh a fi UCG dGh ,jdG

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dG NGdG IQGOEG je cCGHdG OS d YCG HjdG jQG e Y j fCGe eMCG flh J Y G Y f U hCG c

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e AfG Y zjG{ d cheTh jMh jL H fb ZUQj Sh IjG dG jdG d aGe H LdG jdG dG fb CG Y IOe ,GdGS dG IYdG H S jGfGb J G Y JjeGdG OGeh OH e a JGQGbh

.jQdGh YdG YdG fb J S fG HdG Hh G AdE dH G dGceCG NdG hG QGdGh bdGIQGRh de e g dh edG,G iNG Gh jd GJ dG dG RHCG CG EG Iedfl ,jH G jJ

,NJ hH dG OdG YG,IG G jdH HdG jJdG dG HY hGJ b fCGheG dGh G H e Ad dGJe J b dG dG HYh dG

.GS Y Gj dG CGG g cGdG CG cCGhHSEGh kf fh dG fdG Y,d YCG G Y H OG aJ eG Y He

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d YG G aG GOYh dG cGGh dGPG UN dG GOdGh SGOGG hG G OGG GSG OGQG edGh dG NGdG jhdG

Td IQG ILG hG VGedaGe Y d faY d d YG GZQ dM dch G aGG,IQcG OGd GSGh OGSG YGh dG fdU NGJ eCGdG e d cdG NGJhjGh ,dG IQGRh j dG

SG GOYh W cGe NGJJ Y jh dG IQGRh jjYd IG G IQGOG QGb

.dhG,dG NGdG OH H ahIQOdG NGdG OY H fG db3447 f 2014 Y N IQGOG e NGdG Y H c , kNJf QG dG e hG dG

. kYe kNJ 1419 dG dG dG RHCG Yhe GMh AfEG G cCG ,gUQNJ hH BGh fG NGOdG OdG YG dflh ,HjdH HdG jJh ,NJ hHY AGdG jJh ,IG G

dPh ,Gh KG fG jW.YdG BGh fG jW YhGJ a Hd dH eCGAG Z hCG edH ICG Z H eH jh ,ICG e dG

fGd eG H QGfG LJ GdG

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Jh HJQG dG dG feGdGh G HY a fdGG Je J dG dG HYh dG

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.FdG dGG H OG aJ eCGhe bh G OGaCGh SDGhUa e jj H f CG MGe e

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..ICe hCG f CG V dG

HdG OS

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e 500 GM UG e ,S 60 EG 50 dPh ,IOe eL hO e IFdjje jhQ H G ebG c MQHh dG dG jdG T jeGh jYG e T 300 GM

.YIFG S dG MG Gg hVdG UdG Y gh Qahda HS afi gh ,ge SLYh SGQ AdG FQh cJfQceL FQ QHh dG AdG gdG Sa e FQh ,jdG fG

.Qec TS QahdGFGG jRJ G Ga N ehdG dG aBG Y UN L c UdG gh QahdG a dCGe IMG (dG e dG Ib) GH

e JhCG eh{ :Jh fS G dbdG dG{ CG UdG GkcDe ,zkb EG dGCG fG SG Lh Y G jG eeN dG ILCG jh AdG OJjJGh dGh dG AGS fGdGh aG YGh UGGhgaQh fG IM Z ,SdGh

.zLQO 180UdG gh QahdG VCGhedG NdG e QU GHGh dH{b QhO 200 e cdG Y Od,kdM QhO 7000 GM EG S 100000Y e Ya cG dG CG cDj CG EG dP Gke ,VQG OQGeh fGjh ,LG eN d eL g dGVQG cc LGJ dG jd MSMG e J hCG W QGc eVQG M AdG T M ,QGG hdG IOd aQ d G GVhhb c gNBGh ,IG Gh dG e

.QG jO fG dG jQH

UdG gh .O

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M EG GjJ SQCG ,jOdG OJ dG HdG,AKCG .YQe HYh HHO dP ,eCGbCG Y kJe 68 CG bh jY QOe YCG jOGh eG GdG H Qe eCG GbdG H CG EG jY QOe QTCGh .dG Tb QOe OaCG a ,ed dGG GdG e 28Y cTG ,KG e GkOe 40 S YY S dG OdG Z T VM je b

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