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Alwashin Shugaban {asar Amirkar

Watan Tahirin Mata Na Shekarar 2017

Muna alfahari da irin nasarorin da }asarmu ta samu, wajen inganta cikakken

tsoma hannun mata, a harkokin rayuwar jama’ar {asar Amirka, da kuma irin

dagewar da muka yi, na tallafa wa ci gaban duk wani al’amari, a Amirka da kuma

]aukacin duniya.

{asar Amirka tana girmama duk wata mace, da kuma shugabannin da suka yi

fice, a tarihinmu, kazalika ma, sauran gwarzayen matan da ba a bayyana ba, a

harkokin rayuwarmu, ta yau da kullum. Muna girmama duk wata fitacciyar mace,

da wa]anda suka bayar da gudunmawa, ga rayuwar }asarmu, da al’adu, da tarihi,

da tattalin arziki, da irin yadda aka daidaita iyalanmu, da taimakawa, ga cika

alkawurran }asar Amirka.

Muna murna da gagarumar nasarar da kakanninmu, matan {asar Amirka suka

samu, matan da suka taimaka ga gano lagun }asarmu da kuma gano duk wani

al’amarin da ya kamaci mu tunkara, a Yammacin Turai. A ]aukacin ya}e-ya}en

da kuma yi, na haramta bauta da sauran ya}e-ya}e, a waje, matanmu ba su yi

}asa a gwiwa ba. Kuma matan }asar Amirka, sun yi fafitikar }wato ‘yancin mata

da sauran jama’a, daga tozarta }ungiyoyin }watar ‘yanci. Miliyoyin tsayayyun

mata, marasa tsoro, sun samu galabar harkokin kasuwanci, da kuma wuraren aiki,

wa]anda suka kasance }ashin bayan rayuwar iyalanmu, da al’ummarmu, da

kuma }asarmu.

A lokacin Watan Tarihin Matan, mun ]an tsagaita tunawa da manyan matan da

suka yi ruwa da tsaki, a manyan harkoki da dama, da bu]e hanyar da matan yau,

ba su yi ba, amma, suka jagoranta da kuma daidaita duk wani nau’i na rayuwar

jama’ar {asar Amirka. Tun asali, an albarkace mu da hazi}an mata, irin su

Henrietta Johnson, mace ta farko da ta yi fice ga harkar zane-zane, a

nahiyoyinmu; sai Margaret Corbin, wadda ta dage, matu}a, a Juyin Juya Halin

{asar Amirka; da ma Abigail Adams, uwargidan Shugaban {asa, kuma

}wa}}warar mai bayar da shawara ga Shugaba John Adams.

Har ila yau, muna tuna }asaitattun mata irin su Mary Walker, mace, ta farko, da

ta samu Lambar Yabo ta Majalisar {asa; sai Harriet Tubman, wadda ta ku~utar

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da kanta daga bauta, a shekarar 1849, ta kuma ku~utar da ]aruruwa, ta hanyar

Jirgin }asan dake }ar}ashin }asa; sai Susan B. Anthony, mawallafiya, kuma

editar mujallar The Revolution, tare da abokiyarta, Dokta Charlotte Lozier, ]aya

daga cikin mata, na farko, da suka zama likitoci, a {asar Amirka, wa]anda,

dukansu, suka bayar da shawarwari, kan mutuntawa da kuma daidaita Kason

mata, da mata, masu juna biyu, da kuma yaranasu; sai Rosa Parks, wadda ta yi

turmin-danyar hana farar fata kujerar zamanta, al’amarin da ya tunzura kafa

}ungiyar }watar ‘yancin bil adama, ta zamani; sai Shirley Temple Black,

fitacciyar zarumar wasan kwaikwayon nan, wadda ta riki]e jakada, kuma babbar

jami’ar harkokin hul]a, ta farko, ga Shugaban {asar Amirka; sai Anna Bissell,

babban jami’ar hukumar, mace, ta farko, a tarihin {asar Amirka; akwai Amelia

Earhart, mace ta farko, da ta fara walanke]uwa da jirgin sama, ta ratsa Tekun

Atlantic; sai Ella Fitzgerald, gagarumar mawa}iya, kuma Sarauniyar Ki]an Jazz;

da kuma Sally Ride, ba’amirka, ta farko, da ta zama ‘yar sama-jannati.

{asar Amirka za ta ci gaba da kare mutunci da kuma ‘yancinsu, a dukan fa]in

}asar, da ma duniya baki ]aya. Kodayake talauci kan yi wa mata, da dama, cikas,

{asar Amirka, ba za ta bar hakan ya ]ore ba. Za mu inganta rayuwa dukan mata,

ta hanyar sanya su, samun biyan bukatun rayuwa, a Amirka, da zama, da kuma

yin aiki, da ma yun}urawa, a al’umma, mai walwalar da za ta bar su, ta kuma

wadata su, da iyalansu.

Har ila yau, }asar Amirka, na sane da irin fafitikar da ]imbin mata ke ci gaba da

yi, a fa]in duniya, inda ake cin mutunci da zarafin matan da aka mayar saniyar

ware. {asar Amirka, za ta talalfa wa wa]annan matan, ta kuma dage kan kare

budurwowin da ake }wace wa ‘yancinsu, a cutar da su, da kuma bautar da su, a

fa]in duniya.

DON HAKA, A YAU, NI, DONALD J. TRUMP, Shugaban {asar Amirka, a bisa

]imbin ikon da Tsarin Mulki da Dokokin {asar Amirka, suka mallakka min, na

tsayar da watan Maris na Shekarar 2017, a matsayin Watan Tarin Mata. Ina kira

ga ]aukacin jama’ar {asar Amirka, da su bi sahu, tare da shirye-shirye da

bukukuwa da kuma harkokin da suka dace.

A BISA KUMA GA SHAIDA, na sanya hannu, a ranar ]aya ga watan Maris, na

wannan shekararmu, ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai, da kuma ‘Yancin {asar

amirka, na shekaru ]ari biyu da arba’in da ]aya.

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DONALD J. TRUMP

https://goo.gl/81PyQ3

TAKE:

“Girmama Fitatattun Mata A Fannonin {wadago da Kasuwanci”

Taken shekarar 2017, na Watan Tarihin Matan {asa, shine girmama matan da suka

samu nasarorin duk wata }alubalar dake damun matan, a fannonin harkokin

kasuwanci da kuma aikin albashi. Matan kan yi aiki, amma, a wani loton, ba a

sanin martabar aikin da suke yi, da ma biya.

[imbin wa]anda aka girmaman, a shekarar ta 2017, sun fito ne daga wurare

dabam daban, kuma kowace, ta nuna }wazo a fanninta. Bugu da }ari, wa]anda aka

girmaman, sun aikatu, sun kuma canja ra’ayoyin }arni, har uku, na tarihin }asar ta

Amirka. Wa]annan matan, duk sun samu nasarorin }alubalantar rashin

kyautatuwar harkokin jin da]in rayuwa, da na shari’ar da suka nemi dawwamar da

mata, a kusan ayyukan bauta, da }arancin albashi.

Bisa ga irin yadda suka ri}a fuskantar bambanci, a wuraren aiki (na }arancin

albashi, da rashin kyakkyawan yanayin aiki, da ma }arancin dama), sun yi fafitikar

rage yawan wahalolin da matan ke sha. Sun samu nasarar fa]a]a wa mata damar

shiga harkokin kasuwanci, da kuma samun }arfin da ya kamace su, a harkokin

}wadago. A ma matsayinsu na shugabannin harkokin cinikin da }ir}ire-}ir}ire,

sun kauce wa duk wani }unci, ta hanyar nuna }wazon mata, game da }o}arin

}ir}iro da }ungiyoyi da kafa harkokin kasuwancinsu, da suka bu]e hanyar

kyautata rayuwar gudanar da ayyuka, da samun cikakken albashi, gare su, da

sauran mata.

Sun bu]e hanyar da matan za su iya samun nasara, a kowane fanni. Yayinda kuma

kowane matar da aka girmama, ta yi fice, kowacensu ba ta wuce rayuwar da kowa

ke fuskanta ba, da tabbatar da ganin ana ganin kimar shugabannin harkokin

kasuwancin mata da }wadago. Mafi yawan abinda ke da muhimmanci shine,

shekarar Fitattun, ta 2017, ta bu]e fage ga magadan shugabancin kasuwanci da

}wadagon mata, su ha~aka.

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Matan Da Aka Girmama A Watan Tarihin Mata Na Shekarar 2017

Rebecca Anderson

(1940) Mai {ir}iro da Ci Gaban Harkokin Tattalin Arzikin Al’umma

Rebecca “Becky” Anderson, tare da wata }ungiyar jama’ar Yammacin Arewacin

Carolina, suka }ir}iro da }ungiyar sana’ar hanu, mai suna HandMade, a {asar

Amirka. Ita ce darektar farko, ta }ungiyar, wadda ta kafa shirin mayar da hankali

ga harkokin sana’o’in hannu, a yankuna 25, na jihar. Al’amarin ya kasance abin

gado, na koyi, ga Yankunan Harkokin Tarihi na {asa, kuma abin koyi ga tsare-

tsare 16, na gwamnati.

A matsayinta, na darekta, na }ungiyar ta sana’o’in hannu ta Handmade, Anderson,

ta gudanar da manyan ayyukan yawon sha}atawa, da inganta }ananan garuruwa,

da harkokin ilmin makarantu. Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Sana’o’in Hannu, da

{ir}ire-}ir}ire, da Zane-zane, a cikin tsarin koyarwar Jami’ar North Carolina.

Shirinta, na tsarin harkokin sha}atawa ya faro ne, da litattafan karantar da Tafarkin

Sana’o’in Tarihi, dake kai maziyarta, zuwa wuraren yankuna, da wuraren ajiyar

kayayyakin tarihi, da wuraren tarihin, har 23. A bisa ga haka ne, aka samu }aruwar

masu yin kayayyakin sana’o’in hannu, da kashi 23, cikin 100. A kuma }a}ashin

jagorancin Anderson, }ungiyar ta Handmade ta samu lambobin girmamawa, da

dama, ciki har da Lambar Yabo ta [orewar Ci Gaba, daga Hukumar Renew

America, Inc. A shekarar 2003 kuma, mujallar Worth, ta sanya }ungiyar ta

Handmade, a matsayin ta ]aya, a cikin }ungiyoyin harkokin yin sana’o’in hannu,

24, dake {asar Amirka.

Shirin Kyautata Harkokin {ungiyar Handmade A {ananan Garuruwa, ya }unshi

gagaruwa 13, da yawan jama’arsu bai wuce dubu ba, da ma wa]anda suka ajiye

kayayyakin har 177, a cikin fiye da shekaru 12; da yi wa gine-gine 212

kwaskwarima; da ~ullo da ayyuka har dubu ]aya da 350; da sababbin harkokin

kasuwanci 349; da fa]a]a harkokin kasuwanci 83; da zuba jarurrukan jama’a, na

jimlar dolar Amirka miliyan tara; da zuba jarin kamfanoni, na dolar Amirka

miliyan 43; da ma samar da awowin da suka kai dubu 183, da 713, na masu

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ayyukan sanya-kai, a garuruwan da ba su da manajoji, ko kuma jami’ai. Dangane

da ha]in gwiwarta da kolejojin al’umma, da Harkokin Bun}asa Albarkatun

Gunduma, }ungiyar ta Handmade ta kafa wa]ansu rufaffun wuraren }ona yum~un

yin fa]i-ka-mutu, da gilashi, ta hanyar yin amfani da iskar gas ta methane, da ake

dafuwa da ita, a matayin makamashi. Wani kuma sifiyon da kamfanin EPA LMOP,

ya kammala, dangane da daina amfani da iskar ta methane gas, ya kuma fito da

shugaba itatuwa har dubu 14, ko daina amfani da motoci dubu 21, a kan hanyoyi.

Masu gudanar da sana’o’in hannun, sun kuma kafa sababbin harkokin kasuwanci

har 17.

Kafin ~ullo da }ungiyar ta Handmade, Becky Anderson darekta ce, ta Majalisar

Harkokin Bun}asa Al’umma, na Kamfanin Land of Sky Regional Planning, ta ma

ta~a ri}e mu}amin Darektar Bun}asa Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, ta garin Ashville,

da na {ungiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta NC, da kuma Darektar Bun}asa Tattalin

Arzikin garin na Ashville. A shekarar 2000, an bayyana sunan Anderson, a jerin

sunayen masu zurfin tunani, 20, a kafofin labarun U.S. News da World Report, dake {asar Amirka.

Barbara Hackman Franklin

(1940)

Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Ciniki

Ayyukan da Barbara Hackman Franklin ta yi, suna da ban mamaki, a dukan sassan

gwamnati da kuma masu zaman kansu, kuma ta na da }o}arin bu]e wa

shugabannin mata kafofin shugabanci. A matsayinta, na wadda ta yi aiki da

shugabannin }asa, har biyar, Franklin ta jagoranci }o}arin }ara yawan matan dake

cikin harkar gwamnati, da daidaita dangantakar harkokin kasuwancin dake

tsakanin }asashen Amirka da China, kuma }wararriya ce a fannin hul]ar

shugabancin mulki.

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Franklin ta fara aiki ne, a shekarar 1971, a matsayin }aramar jami’a, a ofishin

Shugaba Nixon. Ita ce ta shugabanci duk wani yun}uri, na farko, a Fadar

Gwamnatin {asar Amirka, na na]a mata manyan mu}aman gwamnati, wanda,

kusan ya ru~anya jimlar wa]anda ke kan wa]annan mukamai, har gida hu]u, a

shekarun 1971 zuwa 73. An tuna da wannan }o}ari na ta, a wani littafin da Lee

Stout ya wallafa, a shekarar 2012, mai suna A Matter of Simple Justice: the Untold Story of Barbara Hackman Franklin and A Few Good Women, watau Idan Za A Yi

Adalci: Akwai Abinda Za A Fa]a Game Da Barbara Hackman Franklin Da Sauran

Tsirarun Mata. A sakamakon haka ne, aka ba ta mu}amin Kwamishiniyar

Hukumar Kare Darajar Kayayyakin da Jama’a ke Amfani da Su, inda ta mayar da

hankali kan tsabtar kayayyakin da }ananan yara ke amfani da su, a shekarun 1973

zuwa 78. A matsayinta, na Sakatariyar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta 29, a gwamnatin

Shugaba George H.W. Bush, ta }ara yawan irin kayayyakin da {asar Amirka ke

sayowa, daga }asashen China, da Rasha, da Japan, da kuma Mexico. Tarihin da ta

yi, na kai ziyarar aiki, a {asar China a shekarar 1992, ta daidaita hul]ar harkokin

kasuwanci, da wannan }asar, ta kuma kawar da duk wani shingen tarurrukan

ministoci, da dawo da wata kwangilar dolar Amirka miliyan dubu ]aya, da aka

sanya wa kamfanonin }asar ta Amirka hannu. Harkar kasuwanci da }asar ta China

ta bun}asa, a shekarun da suka biyo baya, haka ma al’amarin da ya shafi zuba

jarurrukan }asashen waje.

Franklin ce Shugaba kuma Babban Jami’ar Kamfanin Barbara Franklin

Enterprises, wani kamfanin bayar da shawarwari na duniya. Ta kuma kasance

wakiliyar hukumar darektocin kamfanonin gwamnati, da sauran kamfanoni da

}ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, ta shugabanci harkokin }ungiyoyin

}wararru, kuma ita ce jagorar shugabantar kafa {ungiyar Manyan Jami’an

Gwamnati Mata, a shekarar 1973. Franklin ta kammala karatunta, da sakamako

mai ]an karen kyau, a Jami’ar Jihar Pennsylvania, kuma ta na ]aya daga cikin

matan farko, a Makarantar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Harvard. Cikin irin lambobin

yabon da ta samu, da kuma digirori, sun ha]a da na]a ta wakiliya a Zauren Fitattun

Mata, na Connecticut, a shekarar 2013, da Zauren {ungiyar Fitattun Darektocin

Hukumomi, (NACD), a shekarar 2014, da kuma Zauren Fitattun Manyan Jami’an

Harkokin Ku]a]en duniya, a shekarar 2015. Ta na zaune ne a Biranen

Washington, DC da Bristol, CT, tare da mijinta, Wallace Barnes.

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Alexis Herman

(1947)

tsohuwar Sakatariyar Harkokin {wadago

An haifi Alexis Herman a yankin Alabama, inda kuma Herman ta fara aikin bayar

da taimakon agaji, na [ari}ar Catholic, ga matasan dake neman aiki. Tun tana da

shekaru 29, Shugaba Carter ya sanya ta zama darektar da ta fi kowa }arancin

shekaru, a tarihin Sashen Harkokin {wadago, na Ofishin Kula da Mata. A shekarar

1992, ta zama mace, Ba}ar Fatar {asar Amirka, ta farko, da aka na]a, a matsayin

darektar dake taimaka wa shugaban }asa, a Ofishin Hul]a da Jama’a, na Fadar

Gwamnatin Amirka. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayun 1997, an rantsar da Herman, a

matsayin Sakatariyar Harkokin {wadagon {asar Amirka, ta 23, kuma ba}ar fata,

mace, ta farko, da ta fara jagorancin Ma’aikatar {wadago ta {asar Amirka. A

lokacinta, na wakiliya a Majalisar Zartaswar Shugaban {asa, Herman ta kuma ri}i

mu}amin wakiliya, mai daraja, ta Majalisar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki ta {asa.

A matsayinta na Sakatariya, Herman ta mayar da hankali kan tsara ma’aikata, da

samar da ma’aikatan, da kuma ingancin wuraren aiki. A wannan }udurin ne, a

zuciyarta, ta cure duk wata basirar gudanar da ayyukan ma’aikatar, suka kasance

masu sau}in aiwatarwa, da gudanarwa. Herman ta jagoranci himmar cibiyar

daidaita ayyukan }wadagon }ananan yara, ta duniya; ta inganta ayyukan jama’a,

ya zuwa masu mutunci; da kuma }addamar da wani tunanin ha}i}ancewa kan

samar da aikin matasa, tun shekarun 1970. A }ar}ashinta, an rage yawan rashin

aikin yi, na kusan shekaru 30, har ya kuma zuwa yau. Amirka ta ga wani

kyakkyawan tarihi game da ayyukan, da ba ta ta~a gani ba, a tarihin harkokin aikin

Ma’aikatar {wadago. A halin yanzu, Alexis Herman, ita ce shugaba kuma babbar

jami’ar Kamfanin New Ventures, da Kamfanin Gudanar da Kare Ha]urra na LLC.

Ta ci gaba da nuna bajintarta, ga hukumomin harkokin kasuwanci, da dama, da

kuma }ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. A da, Herman na daga cikin amintattun

tsofaffin ]aliban Jami’ar Xavier, dake Louisiana. Da kuma ita aka shugabanci

Asusun Tara Gudunmawar Gwamnatocin Bush da Clinton, kan Guguwar Katrina,

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kuma wakiliya ce, ta hukumar Tara Gudunmawar Gwamnatocin Clinton da Bush,

kan agaza wa Asusun {asar Haiti. A halin yanzu, ta na shugabantar Hukumar

Bayar da Shawarwari ne ga Kamfanin Toyota. Ayyukan da take yi wa }ungiyoyi

masu zaman kansu, sun ha]a da: kasancewa Amintatta ga {ungiyar Al}arya ta

{asa, kuma wakiliya ce ta Hukumar Manyan Jami’an Kamfanin Delta Sigma

Theta Sorority, Inc., kuma shugabar Asusun Harkokin Ilmi ta Tunawa da Dorothy

I. Height.

Lilly Ledbetter

(1938)

‘Yar Fafitikar Daidaita Albashi

Lilly Ledbetter ta kai duk wata matsalar nuna bambancin bayar da aiki, har ya

zuwa Babbar Kotun {olin {asar Amirka, da ma fiye da haka. A yau, ita ce kakaki,

kuma mai fa]a a ji, dangane da harkokin fafitikar ‘yancin mata, da sauran jama’a.

Ledbetter ta girma ne a kusa da garin Jacksonville, na Alabama; ta na da aure, da

yara biyu, kuma ta yi aiki a ofisoshin aikin }wadago, da dama. A shekarar 1979, ta

yi hasashen zama manaja, a wata }aramar masana’antar Kamfanin yin tayoyi na

Goodyear. A matsayinta, na mace, tilo, dake aiki, a masana’antar, ta sha barar

maza. Duk da irin bambancin da ake nuna ma ta, ta yi aiki, tu}uru, ta kuma zauna a

kamfanin na Goodyear, da fatan al’amurra za su inganta. A shekarar 1998, bayan

ta yi shekaru 19, da kamfanin, Ledbetter samu wata wasi}ar da ba ta san ko daga

ina ta fito ba, dake nuna cewa, ana biyanta albashi }asa da wanda ake biyan mazan

dake yin aiki irin na ta. A sakamakon haka ne, sai Ledbetter, ta kai }arar ana nuna

bambanci, a matsayinta, na da]a]]ar ma’aikaciya, don ta na mace.

An yi ta tu}a wannan shari’a, tsakanin Ledbetter da kamfanin Goodyear Tire da

ma Kamfanin Rubber Co., wadda kuma Ledbetter ta samu nasara, amma, sai

kamfanin Goodyear ya ]aukaka }ara, aka kuma canja nasarar. A shekarar 2007, sai

al}alan Kotun {olin {asar Amirka, biyar, suka rinjayi al}alai hu]u, inda suka

yanke hukuncin rashin bai wa Ledbetter nasara, sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa,

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kamata ya yi, ta gabatar da kokenta, bayan kwanaki 180, da ta kar~i albashinta, na

farko, da aka nuna ma ta bambancin. Rashin amincewar Mai Shari’a Ginsberg, ta

bayar da hujjar cewa, Ledbetter ta kasa gabatar da koken ne, tun da wuri, domin ba

ta san cewa, akwai bambanci ga albashin ba; Ginsberg ya bayar da hujjar da ta ci

gaba da bin }ararta. Amma, Ledbetter sai ta sare. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar

2008, ta yi }orafi game da nunin bambancin biyan albashin, a Babban Taron

Jam’iyyar Democrat na {asa. A ranar 29, ga watan Janairun 2009, Shugaba

Obama, ya sanya hannu a kan Batun Adalcin Biyar Albashin Da Ya Kamata, na

Lilly Ledbetter, ya zuwa doka. Sabuwar dokar ce ta sukurkuta duk wani tarna}in

gabatar da }arar nuna bambanci, inda aka ware kwanaki 180, su kasance lokacin

da suka kamaci duk wanda aka nuna wa bambanci, ya gabatar ta koke. Duk da

haka, wannan nasarar, Ledbetter ba ta samu wani tagomashi ba, daga kamfanin na

Goodyear.

A yanzu, Lilly Ledbetter ‘yar gwagwarmaya ce, inda take ro}on mata da ‘yan

tsiraru, da su ya}i samun ‘yanci. A shekarar 2012, ta kuma gabatar ta wani littafin

tarihinta, mai suna Sama da {asan Fafitikar Daidaita Biyan Albashi da Nuna

Adalci, a Kamfanin Goodyear da Gaba da Haka. (Grace and Grit: My Fight For Equal Pay and Fairness at Goodyear and Beyond).

Kate Mullany

(1845 – 1906)

Wadda ta kafa {ungiyar {wadagon Mata Zalla, ta farko

Kate Mullany ce ta kafa cikakkar }ungiyar mata, zalla, ta }asa. A shekarar 1864, ta

tara ‘yan uwanta, mata, fiye da 300, mata, masu wankin tufafi, na garin Troy, dake

Birnin New York, domin kafa {ungiyar Wankin Tufafi ta Collar Laundry.

An haife ta ne, a {asar Ingila, kuma mahaifanta ‘yan asalin {asar Ireland ne,

amma, Mullany ta yi gudun hijira, zuwa {asar Amirka, tare da iyalanta, bayan da

mahaifinta ya mutu, ta kuma fara aikin tallafa wa mahaifiyarta, da ‘yan uwa.

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Mullany ta yi aiki, a ]aya daga cikin wuraren wankin tufafi, 14, dake garin na

Troy, inda mata ke share awowi 12, zuwa 14, suna wankin tufafi, da sanya ma su

sitaci, da kuma guga. Idan kuma aka dubi aiki, sai a ga yana da ha]ari, ba kuma

wani abin-a-zo, a gani, ake biya ba. Irin nasarar da ma’aikata yankin ke samu ce, ta

bai wa Mullany }warin gwiwar ha]a kan ‘yan uwanta mata, masu wankin tufafi.

Kafa }ungiyar ba }aramin aiki ba ne, domin mata, da dama, suna da ]awainiyar

iyalan dake gabansu, bayan sun kammala aiki, kuma babu wani wurin da za su ri}a

ha]uwa, amma, Mullany ta dage, sai da aka kafa wannan }ungiyar ta Collar

Laundry Union.

A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 1864, Mullany, da sauran takwarorin aikinta, suka

yi bore, a masana’antar wankin tufafin ta garin Troy, da sunan zanga-zanga.

Mullany, da }ungiyar, sun bukaci da a }ara ma su albashi, a kuma kyautata ma su

tsarin aiki. Da farko masu masana’antar wankin tufafin sun }i saurarensu, amma

sai {ungiyar Collar Laundry Union, tare da goyon bayan }aramar }ungiyar Iron

Molder’s Union, suka dage kan neman bukatunsu. Bayan kwanaki biyar, sai

wa]ansu daga cikin masu masana’antun wankin tufafin suka bai wa bori kai ya

hau, inda suka }ara albashin da kashi 25, cikin 100, kashegari kuma sai sauran

masana’antun suka bi sahu. Wannan zanga-zangar ta yi tasiri. Domin kuma nuna

godiya ga shugabancin Mullany, sai aka na]a ta, mace, ta farko, da ta zama jami’ar

}ungiyar ta }asa, a lokacin da aka za~e ta a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren

{ungiyar {wadago ta {asa, a shekarar1868. Daga bisani ta koma garin Buffalo,

inda ta auri John Fogarty, ta kuma bu]e masana’antar wankin tufafi, ta Troy

Laundry.

Kate Mullany ta mutu, a shekarar 1906. Ta na kuma daga cikin wa]anda aka

karrama, a Zauren Fitattun Mata na {asa, a shekarar 2000, da kuma Zauren

Kayayyakin Tarihi na {asa, a shekarar 1998, da kuma karramawar da Majalisar

{asa ta yi ma ta, a Wuraren Tarihi na {asa, a shekarar 2004. Cibiyar Nazarin

Harkokin {wadago ta Amirka ce ke da wurin, kuma ita ce ta ke ri}e da wurin. Har

ila yau, ta na daga cikin jerin Manyan Wuraren Gadon da Mata Suka Bari, a Birnin

New York, watau New York State’s Women’s Heritage Trail. Domin }arin bayani,

a tuntu~i shafin yanar-gizo mai suna: http://www.katemullanynhs.org/.

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Lucy Gonzalez Parsons

(c. 1853- 1942)

Shugabar Gurguzu da Tsara Harkokin {wadago

Lucy Gonzalez Parsons, ‘yar }ungiyar }wadago ce, kuma }angararrar mai son

ganin an kyautata harkokin jin da]i, ga ta kuma ‘yar adawa da gwamnati. Ita ce ta

kafa {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Masana’antu ta Duniya, kuma marubuciya ce, kuma

kakakin jama’a. A }ololuwar tashenta, na fafitika, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan

Chicago, bayyana cewa, Parsons da cewa “ta fi dubun masu zanga-zanga ha]ari.”

Lucy Gonzalez ‘yar asalin Amirka ce, da jinin ba}ar fatar Amirka da na {asar

Mexico, a jikinta, mai yiwuwa ma an haife ta a }angina bauta ne. Ta auri Albert

Parsons, a shekarar 1871. Saboda rashin ha}urin aurensu, na yare dabam daban, an

tilasta wa ma’auratan da su koma arewa da yankin Texas. Lokacin da suka koma

garin Chicago, na Illinois, ma’auratan sun }ara durmuya ga shugabancin harkokin

fafitikar juyin-juya halin sama wa ma’aikata ‘yanci, da kuma fursunonin siyasa, da

wa]anda ba fararen fata ba, da marasa muhalli da kuma mata. Lucy Parsons ta

wallafa }asidun gwagwarmaya da dama, ciki har da litattafan The Socialist, da The Alarm, wata mujalla, ta {ungiyar Ma’aikata ta Duniya.

An kama Parsons da mijinta, sau da yawa, saboda jawabai ga jama’a, da rarraba

}asidun hamayya da gwamnati. A shekarar 1887, an kama mijinta, aka kuma harbe

shi, a Illinois, saboda ya shiga zanga-zangar Kasuwar Tattaka, watau Haymarket Riot, inda mutane da dama suka yi imanin dama an shirya ne. A shekarar 1905,

Parsons ta }ir}iro da {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Masana’antu ta Duniya, wata }ungiyar

duniya da ta yi imanin cewa, ya kamata duk wani ma’aikaci ya bayar da ha]in kan

kafa gungun kyautata jin da]in rayuwa. Saboda mayar da hankali kan faafitikar

wannan gungun dake artabu da fatara da rashin aikin, Parsons, ta shirya wata

zanga-zanga ta Ya}ar Yunwa, a Birnin Chicago, a shekarar 1915, zanga-zangar da

ta haifar da wata gagarumar zanga-zanga, a wata na gaba, tare da ha]in kan

{ungiyar {wadago ta Tarayyar Amirka, da Jam’iyyar Gurguzu, da kuma

Gidauniyar Jane Addams’ Hull House. An yaba wa Parsons, bisa hangen nesan za

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a mayar da martabi, nan gaba, inda, maimakon ta kauce wa mayar da martanin, sai

ta dage kan mamaye duk wa]ansu kayayyakin aiki, domin kasancewa wani mayar

da martanin, na zaman-dirshan, a }asar ta Amirka.

Lucy Parsons ta ci gaba da yi wa jama’a jawabai, har lokacin da ta cimma shekaru

80. A shekarar 1942, lokacin da take da shekaru 89, a duniya ne, Lucy ta mutu, a

wata gobarar gida. Ta mutu ne, a gobarar gida. A shekarar 1970, aka kafa Cibiyar

Lucy Parsons, wani wurin ajiyar litattafan tsageranci, dake Birnin Boston. Birnin

Chicago kuma ya sanya sunanta, a wani wurin sha}atawa, don girmamawa, a

shekarar 2004.

Barbara “Dusty” Roads

(1928)

Shugabar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Safarar Jiragen Sama

Barbara, wadda ake kira da sunan “Dusty” Roads, tsohuwar ma’aikaciyar safarar

jiragen sama ce, da ta yi fafitika da masana’atun jiragen sama, game da irin yadda

ake kai wa mata bara, dangane da sharu]]a da dokokin aikinsu. Kamfanin Jiragen

Saman Amirka, ya ]auki Dusty aiki, a shekarar 1950. A shekarar 1953, iyayen

gijinta suka matsa da a aiwatar da wani sashen dokar yin kwangilar aiki, ga dukan

masu hidimar safarar jiragen saman da aka ]auka aiki, bayan 1 ga watan Disambar

shekarar ta 1950, don za a kore su, da sun zarce shekaru 32 da haihuwa; dokar da,

ba a jima ba, ta zama kar~a~~a, a }asa. Dusty ta kira wannan dokar, a matsayin

nuna bambanci ga mata, ta kuma ro}i }ungiyarta, mai suna ALSSA, (Airline

Stewards and Stewardesses Association), da ta ya}i al’amarin. Bayan da ta kasance

a tsakiyar yarjejeniyar kwangilar aikin, da shugabantar reshen }ungiyar ta ALSSA,

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dake Birnin Los Angeles, sai aka na]a ta mai sasanta }ungiyar ta ALSSA, ta }asa,

dake Birnin Washington D.C., a shekarar 1958. A matsayinta, na mai sasantawa, ta

bayar da shaida, a wani zaman kwamitin bincike game da kiyaye ha]urran jiragen

sama, da harkokin horarwa, da bayar da takardun shaida, da kuma sharu]]an da

aka gindaya game da shekaru. Ta yi }awa da Wakiliyar Majalisar Dokoki, Martha

W. Griffiths da ‘Yar Majalisar Dattijai Margaret Chase Smith, wa]anda suka

tallafa wa manufofinta. {o}arin da Dusty ta yi, a shekarar 1963 ne, ya jagoranci,

wani yun}urin gaggawar zayyana wani batun majalisa, na soke sashen dokar da ya

yi bayani game da }ayyade shekaru. Dokar mai suna Tsohon Batu, (The Old

Broads Bill), wadda ‘yan majalisar }asa suka gabatar, ta kasa cimma gaci. A

yun}uri, na biyu, da ta yi, Dusty, tare da sauran ma’aikata, sun yi wa manema

labaru jawabi kan nuna rashin amincewarsu da manufar ta }ayyade shekaru.

Wannan ya janyo hankulan kafofin watsa labaru, na }asa, da ma muhawara kan

bukatun masana’antun jiragen saman, suka haddasa.

A shekarar 1965, Dusty ta shiga Hukumar Daidaita Damar Bayar da Aiki, (EEOC),

a ranar farko, da aka bu]e ta, ta kuma gabatar da koken farko, game da nuna

bambanci, wajen bayar da ayyuka, a {asar Amirka, a madadinta, da kuma

takwararta, Jean Montague. Bayan shekaru uku, suna fafatawa da hukumar ta

EEOC, sai a }arshe, aka soke wannan shara]in game da shekaru, bayan da

}ungiyar ta yi barazanar yin zanga-zanga, a shekarar 1968. A shekarar 1977, Dusty

ta taimaka wajen kafa wata sabuwar }ungiyar, mai zaman kanta, watau {ungiyar

{wararrun Ma’aikatan Safarar Jiragen Sama, (APFA), wadda ta kasance,

katafariyar }ungiya mai zaman kanta, a }asa. Ta yi ritaya, tana da shekaru 66, a

duniya. Duk da yanzu ta kai shekaru tamanin, Dusty na ci gaba da tallafa wa kare

bukatun duk wani ma’aikacin da ya nuna }wazo bisa neman a tauye ma sa

‘yancinsa, a yau. Litattafai, da dama, game da tarihin yun}urin mata, sun nuna irin

gudunmawar da ta bayar, da kuma yadda take yin ruwa da tsaki, a shirye-shiryen

giajen rediyo da telebijin, ciki har da shirin nan, na asali, na PBS

Makers. http://www.makers.com/dusty-roads

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Andra Rush

(1960)

Shugaba/Babbar Jami’ar Rukunin Kamfanonin Rush Group

A matsayinta, na wadda ta kafa, kuma jagora, babbar jami’a, kuma Shugabar

Rukunin Kamfanonin na Rush Group, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin

Dakkota Integrated Systems, da Detroit Manufacturing Systems da kuma Rush

Trucking Corporation, Andra Rush, na shugabantar wani katafaren kamfanin

kasuwancin da mace ta mallaka, a Birnin Michigan, kuma ]aya daga cikin manyan

kamfanoni, mallakar ‘yan {asar Amirka, a {asar ta Amirka.

A shekarar 1984, Rush ta ranto dolar Amirka dubu biyar, daga iyayenta, da kuma

yi amfani da wannan bashin, domin }addamar da kamfanin Rush Trucking, da

mota ]aya, tilo, sai kuma a-kori-kura biyu. A yau, kamfanin Rush Trucking

Corporation ne, ke safaar ]aukacin kayayyakin rukunin kamfanonin Fortune 100, a

dukan fa]in }asashen Amirka da Canada, inda yake da manyan motoci dubu ]aya

da 100, da kuma direbobi har 700.

Manufarta, tun da farko, ita ce ta }ir}iro da wata damar samar da aiki, mai ]orewa,

ga al’ummar da ba su da galihu.

Rush ta }addamar da kamfanin Dakkota Integrated Systems, a shekarar 2001,

wanda ke yi wa manyan kamfanonin kayayyakin aiki hidima, ta hanyar cikakkar

kulawa, da yadda suke harha]a kayayyakin, da kuma tsara duk wani alatu, dake

cikin motoci, ta hanyar ha]a gwiwa da kamfanin Magna International Inc.

kamfanin na Dakkota, wanda ya yi suna, game da inganta bayar da kayayyaki, da

kuma bambanta su, ta hannun Majalisar Inganta Rarraba wa ‘Yan Tsiraru

Kayayyaki, ta Michigan, na da ma’aikata dubu biyu, da 200, da suka }ware kan

aiki, wanda kuma Rukunin Kamfanonin Chrysler Group ya bayyana, a matsayin

fitattun Masu Rarraba Kayayyaki, na Shekara, kuma hansha}iyar masana’antar

duniya, a shekarar 2013, kazalika wanda kamfanin General Motors ya bayyana, a

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matsayin Mai Rarraba Kayayyaki ta Shekara, har tsawon shekaru uku, jere, watau

2013, da 2014 da kuma 2015.

Shugaba Barack Obama, ya jinjina wa Rush, a lokacin da yake Jawabin {asa, na

Shekarar 2014, dangane da }ir}iro da ayyukan masana’antu, a Birnin Detroit, tare

kuma da bu]e Masana’antar Detroit Manufacturing Systems, a watan Yunin

shekarar 2012, wani ha]in gwiwa da kamfanin Faurecia – kamfani, na farko da aka

bu]e, a birnin, a cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce.

Wannan aikin, na rarraba wa masana’antun harha]a motoci kayayyaki, ya yi

bun}asar ]aukar ma’aikata har dubu, aiki, dake zaune, a birnin na Detroit.

Rush kuma wakiliya ce, a Majalisar Masana’antu ta {asar Amirka, kuma babbar

jami’a ce, a kwamitin masana’antu, masu zaman kansu, dake bayar da shawarwari

ga Sakataren Harkokin Ciniki, kan manufofin gwamnati da tsare-tsarenta, kazalika,

da taimakawa, ga sashen masana’antu. Ta na daga cikin manyan wakilan }ungioyi,

da dama, ciki har da ta Shugabannin Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Michigan, da Kulob

na Tattalin Arziki, na Detroit, sai Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Detroit, da Hukumar

Ma’aikata ta Detroit, da kuma {ungiyar United Way.

A watan Oktobar shekarar 2014, aka karrama ta, a Zauren Fitattun Matan Yankin

Michigan.

Nina Vaca

(1971)

Babbar Jami’a, Shugabar Rukunin Kamfanonin Pinnacle Group

Nina Vaca ce, ta fara kafa Rukunin Kamfanonin na Pinnacle, kuma ita ce shugaba,

kuma babbar jami’a. {wazonta, kan shugabanci, na fiye da shekaru 20, ya ciyar da

kamfanin gaba, daga la~u~unsa, na harkokin sadarwar zamani, watau IT, ya zuwa

wani dandali na warware matsalolin duk wata tangar]ar kamnoni, a yau. Vaca

wata }wa}}wara hujja ce, game da abinda zai yi, a wannan }asar. Jagora ce, kuma

17

]aya daga cikin tsirarun ‘yan kabilar Latino, da aka za~a, a matsayin darektar

watsa labarun tsayayyun kamfanoni. Bun}asar kamanin na Pinnacle, a kuma

gagarumar nasarar da yake samu, duk wani yun}uri ne, da jaruntakar Vaca,

dangame da shawo kan duk wata }alubale da kuma mawuyacin tunanin yadda za a

aiwatar da tsauraran ayyuka, da ma tausaya wa mutane, game da dukan al’amari.

Kamfanin na Pinnacle na daga cikin tsayayyun kamfanoni 500, a jerin kamfanoni

5000, da suke bun}asa, a cikin shekaru 10, da ma shekarar 2015, wa]anda

{ungiyar Shugabannin Mata suka yi wa la}abi da Kamfanonin da Suka Yi Tashin

Gwauron Zabo, Mallaka Mata, a {asar Amirka. Vaca na wakilci a hukumomi uku,

kuma a shirye take, ta tallafa wa mata, wajen bin sahunta, a Shirin Tunanin Kan

Tebur. Ta na kuma da digirorin girmamawa har uku, daga manyan jami’o’i, kuma

ita ce, ta fi kowa }arancin shekaru, a cikin tarihin tsofaffin ]aliban makarantarsu,

da aka girmama, a matsayin fitattar ]aliba.

Mujalloli, da dama, sun yi batutuwa game da Vaca, kuma mace ce, dake da amsar

kowace irin magana, kuma shugaba ce. A wannan shekarar, Vaca ta kasance cikin

Rukunin Ma’abuta Henry Crown, na shekarar 2016, a Cibiyar Ilmi ta Aspen. A

matsayinta, na shugaba, a duniya, Vaca Ma’abuciyar Tunawa da Wani Barden

{asar Jamus ce, kuma tana daga cikin masu gudanar da ayyukan Ha]in Gwiwar

{asashen Ingila da Amirka. A matsayinta na jakadiyar PAGE, Vaca ta yi batutuwa

da dama, na }ara }warin gwiwa ga ]aukacin ‘yan kasuwar dake duniya, ta kuma yi

tafiye-tafiye, zuwa }asashe, a dukan nahiyoyi biyar, dake duniya, domin tallafa wa

rukunin magadan harkokin kasuwanci, a duniya.

Vaca shugaba ce mai }wazo, da tausayawa. Ta na bayar da kyawawan shawarwari

ga mata da ‘yan kasuwa, sai kuma bayar da himmar inganta rayuwar }ananan

mata, da kuma shirin STEM na mata. A shekarar 2014, Fadar Gwamnatin Amirka,

ta na]a Vaca a matsayin Jakadiyar Shugaban {asa, a Harkokin Kasuwanci na

Duniya. Har ila yau, ri}i mu}amin fitattar shugaba, ta Hukumar Harkokin Ciniki ta

Kabilar Hispanawan Amirka. Banda ma harkokin wasanni motsa jiki, Vaca na

tsoma baki ga harkokin fitattun gasar guje-guje, wanda kwanan ma, ta kafa

gidauniyar tara ku]a]e, har dolar Amirka dubu 100, don agaza wa ‘yan kasuwa.

https://pinnacle1.box.com/s/am19beaowifdd3vc4q0ybacssnwwm231

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Maggie Lena Walker

(1864 – 1934)

‘Yar Kasuwa kuma Shugabar Bankin Al’umma

Maggie Lena Walker ce ba}ar fata, ta farko, a {asar Amirka, da ta kafa banki.

Nasarar da ta samu, a matsayinta na shugabar harkokin kasuwanci da kuma

}ungiyar al’umma, sun sanya ta zama tamkar allura ga ba}ar fatar {asar Amirka,

da ma ]aukacin matan dake }asa.

Walker, wadda ta girma a bayan ya}in basasar Richmond, a yankin Virginia, ta

kuma samu }warewar harkokin shugabanci ne, tun tana budurwa, lokacin da ta

shiga {ungiyar Independent Order of St. Luke. Wannan }ungiyar ta zumunci, ta

bun}asa ayyukan agaji, da kuma taimaka wa jama’a, game da duk }o}arin

taimakon kai-da-kai. Walker ta ri}e mu}aman shugabanci, da dama, kuma a cikin

shekarar 1899, ta ri}e babban mu}amin shugabancin Babbar Sakatariyar Right

Worthy; mu}amin da ta ri}e har lokacin da ta mutu. A }ar}ashin shugabancin

Walker, na }ungiyar ta Order, an samu }wa}}waran ci gaban }arin samun yawan

rassa, da kuma ingantancin warware duk wata harka ta ku]a]e.

A shekarar 1902, ta ~ullo da wata jarida, mai suna St. Luke Herald, domin inganta

harkokin sadarwa, a tsakanin }ungiyar ta Order da sauran jama’a. A shekarar 1903,

Walker ta kafa bankin adashi na St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, ta kuma zama

shugabarsa, ta farko. Walker ta kafa tarihin kasancewa mace, ba}ar fata, ta farko,

da ta kafa banki. Daga bisani, wannan bankin na Walker, ya ha]e da wa[ansu

biyu, inda suka riki]e kamfanin Curarren Bankin Amana, (Consolidated Bank and

Trust Company), ta kuma shugabanci hukumar darektocin sabon bankin, har

tsawon rayuwarta. Bankin ya kuma bun}asa, a matsayin tsohon bankin da Ba}ar

Fatar Amirka suka ci gaba da riritawa, a {asar Amirka, har ya zuwa shekarar 2009.

Walker ta ci gaba da samun nasarar harkokin kasuwancin da suka ba ta }arin

damar cimma burinta, na }ara wa ba}ar fata, mata, }warin gwiwa. Ta kuma ri}i

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wakilcin hukumomin }ungiyoyin mata, ciki har da {ungiyar Wa]anda ba Farar

Fata ba, ta {asa, da Makarantar Koyon Sana’o’in ‘Yan Mata, ta Virginia. Walker

ta kuma ri}i mu}amin mataimakiyar shugaban }ungiyar NAACP, da kuma

wakilcin Hukumar Kabilun Virginia.

Maggie Walker ta auri Armstead Walker Jr. wanda suka haifi yara biyu. Ta mutu, a

shekarar 1934, bayan da ta yi fama da shanyewar jikin da ta kasance a cikin kujera,

har na tsawon shekaru shida, na rayuwarta. Gidanta, dake unguwar nan mai tarihi

ta Jackson Ward, dake yankin Richmond, yanzu shine wani wurin Tarihi na {asa,

da Hukumar Harkokin Wuraren Sha}atawa ta {asar ke kula da shi.

Yvonne Walker

(1959)

Shugabar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Rundunonin Tsaro ta Duniya, (SEIU)

Yvonne Walker, ita ce Shugabar {ungiyar SEIU Local 1000. {o}arinta, dangane

da harkokin tattalin arziki da kuma tabbata da adalci, sun gauraye, ba ma

maza~arta ta yankin California, ka]ai ba, har ma ]aukacin ma’aikatan dake }asar

da kuma fa]in duniya.

Walker ta girma, a gidan sojoji, kuma ta yi aiki a rundunar sojoji na musamman,

watau Marine, a inda ta fara samun dabarunta, na shugabanci. A shekarar 1995, ta

yi aiki, a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin shari’a, ta Sashen Shari’a na Yankin

California. Nan kuma ta shiga harkokin }ungiyarta, da duk wani }o}ari na ha]e

kan takwarorinta. Kwatsam, Walker sai ta yi fice, a cikin shugabancin }ungiyar,

inda ta ri}e shugabancin Ofishin {ungiyar Tantaunawa da Abubuwan da suka

shafi Ma’aikata, daga bisani kuma ta ri}e mu}amin Mataimakiyar Shugaban

Tantaunawar ta fa]in jiha. A shekarar 2008, Walker ta zama Shugabar {ungiyar

SEIU Local 1000, a matsayin ba}ar fata, ta farko, da ta ri}e wannan mu}amin. A

matsayinta, na shugaba, Walker ta wakilci jama’a da ma’aikatan kamfanonin

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yankin CA fiye dubu 95. Shugabancinta, ya inganta rayuwar ma’aikatan da

iyalansu, a wajen yin amfani da murya ]aya, wajen fafitika kan tattalin arziki da

tabbatar da adalci. Ta kuma shugabanci gwagwarmayar hana zabtare ku]a]en

fensho da albashi, da wa]ansu tallafi, da kuma kiwon lafiya. A bisa ga yadda aka

san ta, a matsayin }wararrar warware matsaloli da zurfafa tunani, an ]auki Walker

a matsayin mai bayar da gudunmawa ga duk wani yun}uri na }asa da kuma

duniya. Ta yi wakilci, a hukumar Kwamitin Hangen Nesa, na Duniya, na {ungiyar

SEIU, wanda ya ha]e kawunan shugabannin }ungiyar na fa]in duniya, domin

tsara dabarun hangen nesa, da kuma irin yadda za a kai gaci. Musamman, Walker

ta dage ga gwagwarmayar kare mutuncin ritaya. Bisa ga wannan }o}arin ne, ta

shugabanci Kwamitin Duniya Kan Kare Mutuncin Ritaya, na {ungiyar SEIU, da

kuma Hukumar Samar da Abin Yi Bayan Ritaya, na yankin California.

Kodayake a ]aukacin shugabancin da ta yi, Yvonne Walker ta kan kasance, a

sahun gaban gwagwarmaya ne, na neman ha}}in }ananan ma’aikata. Dukan

}o}arin da ta yi ne ya samar ma ta amincewa da ta wakilci ma’aikatan yankin

California, fiye da dubu 95. Har ila yau, ta samu lambobin yabo, da dama, daga

}ungiyoyi, mafi yawansu, na Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar {wadago ta Mata.

Addie L. Wyatt

(1924 – 2012)

Shugabar {ungiyar {wadago kuma ‘Yan Gwagwarmayar Neman ‘Yancin

Al’umma

An haifi Addie L. Wyatt ne, a yankin Mississippi, a shekarar 1924, ta kuma je

yankin Chicago ne, a shekarar 1930, ta kuma taimaka ga kula da }annenta, bakwai.

Ta auri Claude S. Wyatt Jr. tun tana da shekaru 16, da haihuwa, ta kuma nemi

aikin mai buga keken rubutu, na kamfanin Armour and Company. Amma, ba a

]aukar ba}a}en fata, mata, aikin buga keken rubutu, don haka sai aka aike da ita

zuwa sashen cika gwangwanaye.

21

A shekarar 1953, Wyatt ta zama ba}ar fata, ta farko, da aka za~a, a Ofishin

Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Packinghouse, na Local 56, (UPWA). A

matsayinta, na limamiyar addinin kirista, ita da mijinta ne suka kafa Mujami’ar

Vernon Park Church of God, dake yankin Chicago, a shekarar 1955, suka kuma

fara aiki da Dokta Martin Luther King, Jr. Sun kuma shiga gagarumin jerin-

gwanon }watar ‘yanci, har da ma wanda aka yi, a watan Maris, a Birnin

Washington, da kuma wanda ya taso daga yankin Selma, zuwa na Montgomery,

dake Alabama.

Har ila yau, Addie Wyatt, ta shugabanci gwagwarmayar Kwaskwarimar Dokar

Daidaita ‘Yanci. Eleanor Roosevelt kuma ya na]a ta wakiliyar Hukumar

Gwamnatin Amirka, Mai Kula da Matsayin Mata, a farkon shekarun 1960, da

kuma shekarar 1966, ta na kuma daga cikin wa]anda suka kafa {ungiyar Mata ta

{asa.

Wyatt ta zama cikin wakilan farko, na Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar {wadagon Ba}a}en

Fata, a shekarar 1972. Shekaru biyu bayan ta ja akalar kafa Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar

{wadagon Mata, (CLUW), ta yi wani gagarumin jawabi, ga mata dubu uku da

200.

A shekarar 1975, mujallar TIME Magazine, ta ambace ta da kasance ]aya daga

cikin “Matan Shekara 12.” Bayan shekara guda, sai ta zama Mataimkiyar Shugabar

Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Masana’antun Sarrafa Kayayyakin Abinci ta

Duniya. A matsayinta, ta shugabar }ungiyar ta }wadago, da gwagwarmayar

}watar ‘yanci, da }ungiyar ‘yancin mata, an san Addie L. Wyatt da ha}uri da

kuma juriya. Ta kasance mai sasanta ha]a zumunta, mai ]an}o, da kuma bayar da

damar shugabancin mata da ‘yan tsiraru. Ta shawarci Barack Obama, lokacin da

yake matashin jami’in gudanar da ayyukan al’umma, a Birnin Chicago. Limamiyar

Addinin Kirista Addie L. Wyattm ta mutu, a shekarar 2012. Ta ya}i nuna duk wani

bambanci ga mata, ko kabilanci, bisa ga duk wani rashin daidaituwa, da daidaita

biyan albashi, bai ]aya, ga ma’aikata.

22

Norma Yaeger

(1930)

Mace ta farko da aka bari ta yi hada-hadar sayar da hannuwan jari, a Hukumar

Sayar da Hannuwan Jari ta Birnin New York (NYSE)

Norma Hason Nahmias Yaeger ta yi fice, a fannin sayar da hannuwan jari, wadda

ta yi gwagwaryar ‘yancin mata, domin su shiga sahun maza, a zauren sayar da

hannuwan jari, na Birnin New York. Ta kuma kai ga kafa wani asusu, da kuma

kamfanonin harkokin jari, har biyu.

Norma Hason, wadda ta fito ne daga tsatson makiyayan Kabilar Yahudawa, ta

kuma yi aure, tun ta na matashiya, ta kuma zauna a gida, tare da yaranta, ta bayar

mijinta, yana ciyar da su. Bayan mijinta ya rasa aikinsa, sai Norma ta fara tunanin

kyautata rayuwa, ta kuma san abinda ya fi ba ta sha’awa shine sayar hannuwan

jari. A shekarar 1962, Norma ta yi rajista da shirin kamfanin Hornblower &

Weeks, Inc. shirin dake koyar da sayar da hannuwan jari, ta kuma zama mace, ta

farko, da ta sauke karatun. Tunda yake babu wata macen dake cikin wannan

sana’ar, sai ta samu nasarar fafitikar da ta shiga sahun ‘yan ajinsu, maza, a zauren

Sayar da Hannuwan Jarin na Birnin New York. Zauren na NYSE, bai ta~a barin

wata mace ba, da ta yi hada-hada, don haka sai ya amince da Yaeger, a matsayin

mace, ta farko, da ta karya wannan dokar. Har ila yau, Norma ta zama mace, ta

farko, a Hukumar Gudanar da Shirin na kamfanin Hornblower & Weeks.

Norma Yaeger ta sake yin aure, abinda ya sa ta koma yankin California, inda ta

fara yin rajistar Asusun Kasuwar Ku]a]e, da Asusun Karayar Jari. A shekarar

1981, Yaeger ta bu]e kamfanin hada-hadar ku]a]e na kanta, watau Yaeger

Securities. Ta kuma bu]e kamfanin, na biyu, a shekarar 1991, mai suna Yaeger

Capital Markets, domin ta tsara wa gwamnati yadda za ta ri}a biyan ku]a]en

fensho. A }ololuwar aikinta, kamfanonin na Yaeger, suna samun hada-hadar sayar

da miliyoyin dolar Amirka, a kowace rana. Norma ta samu takardun lasisi daga

Zauren Hada-hadar Hannuwan Jari na Birnin New York, da {ungiyar Dillalan

23

Hannuwan Jari ta {asa, da Hukumar Za~in Kasuwanci, ta Yankin Chicago, da

kuma Musayar Kayayyakin Abinci. Ta sayar da kamfanin, ta kuma yi ritaya, a

shekarar 1998. Bayan shekara guda, sai Wakiliya Loretta Sanchez, (ta Jam’iyyar

Democrat, daga CA), ta bai wa Yaeger Lambar Yabon Majalisar {asar Amirka.

Norma ta reni yara biyar, tare da mijinta, Larry Yaeger. A kuma cikin shekarun

1980, ta ci gaba da gabatar da laccoci, a dukan fa]in }asa, game da tallafa wa

mata. A shekarar 2014, Yaeger ta wallafa wani littafin tarihinta, mai suna Breaking Down the Walls, watau Rushe Bango. Yanzu ma, ana mayar da tarihin na ta, a

faifan sinima.

https://goo.gl/EUJCFx

Watan Tarihin Mata na {asa

Daga Molly Murphy MacGregor, Babban Darekta kuma Wanda Ya Ha]a Hannun

Kafa Ayyukan Tarihin Mata na {asa

Bukukuwan Cikin Gida

A cikin shekarun 1970, ba a san wani batu ba, game da tarihi

mata, a ]aukacin manhajar K-12, ko ma tunanin al’umma, baki

]aya. Domin magance wannan al’amari, sai Kwamitin Wucin-

gadi Kan Harkokin Ilmi na Yankin Sonoma, (California), da

Hukumar Matsayin Mata, suka }ir}iro da bukukuwan tunawa

da “Makon Tarihin Mata,” a shekarar 1978.

Makon, na Ranar Tunawa da Matan Duniya, ya yi daidai da

ranar 8 ga watan Maris, wadda aka za~a, a matsayin ranar shan

shagulgula. Bukukuwan, na Makon Tarihin Matan Duniya, ya

kar~u, matu}a, kuma ]aruruwan makarantu kan tsara shirye-shiryen Makon na

Tarihin Mata. A cikin }ungiyoyin al’ummar mata, 100, dake shiga wa]annan

bukukuwan, na musamman, a ajujuwan dake fa]in }asa, da kuma irin ]aruruwan

wallafe-wallafen da ake samu game da Gasar Rubutun {asida, Game da

"Ha]a]]iyar Mace." Ana kuma gudanar da sakamakon fareti da kuma shirin bikin

makon ne, a cibiyar dake sabon garin Santa Rosa, na yankin California.

24

Janyo Ra’ayin Kafa {ungiya

A shekarar 1979, an gayyaci Molly Murphy MacGregor, wata wakiliyar

}ungiyarmu, domin ta shiga taron Cibiyar Tarihin Mata, dake Kolejin Sarah

Lawrence, wanda wata sanannar masaniya harkokin tarihi, Gerda Lerner, ta

shugabanta, taron da kuma shugabannin }ungiyoyin mata da ‘yan mata na }asa

suka halarta. Lokacin da masu halartar taron suka ji irin nasarorin da bukukuwan

Makon Tarihin Matan Yankin Sonoma ya samu, sai suka yanke shawarar da su

~ullo da gudanar da irin wa]annan bukukuwa, a }ungiyoyinsu, da kuma al’umma,

da ma makarantun gundumomi. Har ila yau, sun amince da su tallafa wa }o}arin

]orewar "Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa."

Taimakon Shugaban {asa da Majalisar {asa

Takon farko, na samun nasara ya zo ne, a cikin watan Fabrairun 1980, lokacin da

Shugaba Carter, ya bayyana Alwashinsa, na farko, inda ya amince da Makon Ranar

8, ga watan Maris na 1980, a matsayin Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa. A kuma

wannan shekarar ne, Wakiliyar Majalisar Wakilai, Barbara Mikulski, wadda, a

wannan lokacin take a Majalisar Wakilai, a kuma ‘Yar Majalisar Dattijai, Senator

Orrin Hatch, suka ]auki nauyin gabatar wani batun Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa,

a gaban Majalisar {asa, a shekarar 1981. Wannan al’amari, ya nuna irin yadda aka

amince da girmamawa da kuma nasarorin da matan Amirka suka samu, dangane da

bukukuwan, a siyasance.

{o}arin Janyo Ra’ayin Jama’ar {asa

Lokacin da labara ya game ]aukacin }asa, sai ma’aikatar ilmi, ta taimaka wa

bukukuwan Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa, a matsayin wata }wa}}waran hanyar

da za a samu daidaituwar nasarori, a makarantu. Jihohin Maryland, da

Pennsylvania, da New York, da Oregon, da Alaska, da ma sauran jihohi, sun

inganta da kuma rarraba manhajojin koyarwa, a dukan makarantun gwamnati.

{ungiyoyi kuma, suka ]auki nauyin gasar wallafa }asidu da sauran shirye-shirye,

na musamman, a yankunansu. A cikin ‘yan shekaru, sai dubban makarantu, da

al’umma suka fara gudanar da bukukuwan Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa, wanda

wani batun gwamnoni, da majalisun }ananan hukumomi, da hukumomin

makarantu, da ma Majalisar {asar Amirka suka amincewa, da tallafa ma sa.

A kowace shekara, ana canja ranar bukukuwan na Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa,

(8 ga watan Maris), kuma kowace shekara ana da bukatar sabon salon neman

amincewar jama’a. A kowace shekara, akwai }o}arin da ake yi, na }asa, wanda ya

25

ha]a da irin yadda dubban mutane, da ]aruruwan }ungiyoyin mata da ilmi, ke

jagorantar Ayyukan Bikin Tarin Matan, na {asa.

Watan Tarihin Mata, na {asa

Ya zuwa shekarar 1986, jihohi 14 sun amince da watan Maris, a matsayin Watan

Tarihin Mata. An yi amfani da wannan yun}urin, da kuma irin abubuwan da jihohi

ke yi, a matsayin dalilin gabatar da fadancin da Majalisar {asa, za ta amince da

watan Maris, na shekarar 1987, ya zama Watan Tarihin Mata, na {asa. A shekarar

1987, Majalisar {asa ta amince da watan na Maris, a matsayin Watan Tarihin

Mata, na dindindin. Ana kuma gabatar da wani Alwashin Shugaban {asa, a

kowace shekara, wanda ke karrama dukan muhimman nasarorin da matan {asar

Amirka suka samu.

Sa}on Shugaban {asa A Shekarar 1980

Sa}on Shugaba Jimmy Carter, na ranakun 2, zuwa 8 ga watan Maris, na 1980, ga

}asa, shi ya }ara tabbatar da Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa.

"Tun daga jama’ar, da suka fara zama, a bakin tekun nahiyarmu, daga iyalan farko, na Indiyawan Dajin da suka yi abota da su, da maza da matan da suka ha]a hannun gina wannan }asa. Mafi yawan lokutta, ba a tunawa da mata, wani lokacin ma, ba a kulawa da irin gudunmawar da suke bayarwa. Amma, dukan irin nasararorin da aka samu, da shugabanci, da juriya, da }arfi da ma soyayyar da matan ke nuna wa wa]anda suka gina {asar Amirka, sun yi daidai da irin manyan al’amurran da mazan da muka sani, sarai, ke yi.

Kamar yadda Dokta Gerda Lerner ta nuna, “Tarihin Mata, wani ‘Yanci ne, na Mata.” – Wani muhimmi ne, kuma abin dogaron da za a yi alfahari da shi, wajen jin da]i, da juriya, da kuma dogon hasashe.”

Na tambayi sauran jama’ar Amirka, da su amince da wannan abin gadon, ta gudanar da bukukuwa, a a lokacin Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa, a ranakun 2, zuwa 8 ga watan Maris na 1980.

Ina ro}on ]akunan karatu, da makarantu, da }ungiyoyin al’umma, da su mayar da hankalinsu, wajen lura da shugabannin da suka yi gwagwarmayar daidaituwar al’umma – irin su Susan B. Anthony, da Sojourner Truth, da Lucy Stone, da Lucretia Mott, da Elizabeth Cady Stanton, da Harriet Tubman, da kuma Alice Paul. Kuma gane cikakken tarihin }asarmu, zai taimaka ma na, wajen tantance bukatun }ara daidaituwa, a }ar}ashin dokokin da ake kafa wa al’ummarmu.

26

Ta kuma hanyar amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta 27, ga Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka ne, ka]ai, wanda ya bayyana cewa, “Daidaituwar ‘Yanci, a }ar}ashin Doka, ba zai sanya {asar Amirka, ko wata jiha ta tauye ko karkatar da ‘yancin kowa ba, bisa ga bambancin jinsi,” za mu iya cimma wannan burin.

https://goo.gl/WWP9wJ

RAHOTO: Daidaita ‘Yancin Mata da ‘Yan Matan da Ba Fararen Fata Ba

BIRNIN WASHINGTON, DC – A yau, Majalisar Fadar Gwamnatin {asar

Amirka, mai kula da Mata da ‘Yan Mata, ta gabatar da rahoto, kuma za ta kira

wani taro, kan harkokin gwamnati, domin daidaita ‘yancin mata da ‘yan matan da

ba farar fata ba, da kuma bayyana dukan wata mafita, da inganta armashin wuraren

aikin dake faruwa, a dukan fa]in }asa. Taron, zai ha]a kawunan masu fa]a-a-ji, da

dama, daga jami’o’i, da sassan agaza wa jama’a, na gwamnati da kamfanoni masu

zaman kansu, domin tantauna hanyoyin da za su ture duk wani shingen dake

nakushe nasarori, da kuma tsayar da wani tsanin samun dama, ga duk wani ]an

}asar Amirka, ciki har da mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba. Za a yayata

wannan taron, kai-tsaye, a yanar-gizo mai suna:

obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/live da ma cikakken rahoton dake NAN.

Tun lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Matan da ‘Yan Mata, take mayar da hankali kan

bukatu da kuma }alubalen ]aukacin mata da ‘yan mata. A wani }o}arin da ta yi,

na kulawa da musamman, mata da ‘yan matan da wannan al’amari zai shafa, a

shekarar 2014, Majalisar Kula da Matan da ‘Yan Mata, ta }addamar da wani aiki,

na musamman da ta kira “Inganta Daidaituwar ‘Yanci” domin tabbatar da aiwatar

da manufofi da tsare-tsare, a gwamnatin tarayya, domin ganin an lura da duk wata

matsalar, ta musamman, dake mayar da mata da ‘yan mata, saniyar-ware, da matan

da ‘yan mata ke fuskanta, ciki har da mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba.

A cikin watan Nuwambar 2014, Majalisar Matan da ‘Yan Mata, ta gabatar da wani

rahoto, mai la}abin “Magance {alubale da Fa]a]a Samun Damar Mata da ‘Yan

Matan Da Ba Farar Fata Ba” domin gano duk wani shinge, ko bambancin da

matan, da ‘yan matan, da ba farar fata ba, ke fuskanta. Wannan rahoton ya yi

bayanai kan ayyukan da gwamnati ta yi, na fiye da shekaru shida, domin inganta

rayuwar mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba. Ya kuma tantauna muhimman

al’amurra, irin su samun ilmi, da kariyar tattalin arziki, da kiwon lafiya da kariyar

kai, da ma tayar da hankulan mata, da aikata laifuka da shari’ar yaran da ba su

balaga ba. Har ila yau, rahoton ya ha]a da yin kira da a yun}ura, wajen kafa taron

ha]in gwiwar hukumomin tarayya, don tantauna irin yadda za a ~ullo da tunanin

inganta samar da dama, da za ta fara aiki, a watan Maris na shekarar 2015.

27

Bayan shekara ]aya, a cikin watan Nuwambar 2015, majalisar ta gabatar da wani

sabon rahoto “Inganta Daidaituwar ‘Yancin Mata da ‘Yan Matan da Ba Farar Fata

Ba” domin bayyana }ariin wa]ansu matakan da gwamnati ta ]auka, game da

al’amurran da matan da ‘yan matan da farar fata ba, ke fuskanta, tun daga shekarar

2014 har zuwa shekarar 2015. A wannan rahoton, majalisar kula da matan da ‘yan

matan, ta gano wa]ansu al’amurra, biyar, inda kai agaji zai iya inganta samar da

damar nasarorin makarantu, da wuraren aiki, da al’umma, ga matan da ‘yan matan

da ba farar fata ba. Al’amurran, biyar sun ha]a da:

1. Inganta nasarorin da makarantu ke samu, da kuma rage munanan hukunce-

hukunce ta hanyar aiwatar da tallafa wa dabaru da manufofin aiwatar da hukunce-

hukuncen, ciki har da wayar da kan al’umma, game da munin abinda ke samun

‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba;

2. Biyan bukatun matasan da abin ya shafa, da kuma masu nuna }wazo ta

hanyar amincewa da kuma kai agajin da ya kamata, da gano hanyoyin da ‘yan

matan, da dama, za bi sahun shirin, ta hanyar da za fara daga zogin fya]e da kuma

ki]imewa;

3. {ara yawan kutsa kai ga ilmin STEM don cimma yawan ma’aikatan da ake

bukata, a {arni na 21, da kuma rage yawan gi~in damar da ake bai wa mata, a

fannoni irin su kimiyya, da fasaha, da aikin injiniya, da ma ilmin lissafi, da sauran

fannoni, wa]anda kan shafi mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba;

4. [orewar rage yawan budurwowin dake samun juna biyu, da kuma inganta

nasarorin al’amarin ta hanyar fa]a]a damar samun ilmin kulawa da haihuwa da

kuma wa]ansu cututtukan annoba;

5. Fa]a]a hanyoyin bun}asa tattalin arziki ta hanyar samar da ayyukan nan da

can, da kuma zuba jarin baje koli, da daidaita manufofi, a wuraren aiki.

Wannan rahoton, na kwanan nan, ya kasance wani tafarkin rahotannin shekarun

2014 da 2015, kamar yadda gwamnatin nan, ta du}ufa kan Inganta Daidaituwa.

Gwamnatin Obama, ta ]auki muhimman matakan ]aukakawa da kuma magance

manyan al’amurran da suke haddasa nunin bambancin ga mata da ‘yan matan da ba

farar fata ba, kazalika da mata da ‘yan matan da ake musgunawa, ko aka mayar

saniyar-ware. Bugu da }ari, kiran da aka yi, na yun}urawa, game da wannan aikin,

ya yi allurar zabura ga shugabannin harkokin bayar da agaji, da jami’o’i, da

}ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na da su ci gaba da samar da ]orewa da kuma

ginawa kan irin nasarorin da aka samu, na inganta rayuwar mata, da ‘yan matan da

ba farar fata ba

28

https://goo.gl/4TbE0G

Gangamin Tallafa Wa Mata

Lokacin da Hira Batool Rizvi ta fara aiki, ta lura cewa, ]aukacin matan dake

wurin, sun faye }orafi ne game da matsalolin sufuri. Hakan ya faru ne, saboda a

{asar Pakistan, mata na fuskantar matsalar yadda za su ri}a zuwa aiki — kuma har

su kula da kawunansu da iyalansu.

Hira Batool Rizvi, na daga cikin wa]anda

suka kafa kamfanin She`Kab

Rizvi ta san cewa, tana da bukatar da ta

taimaka wa irin wa]annan da kuma sauran

mata. Amma, sai lokacin da ga irin yadda

ake ake bayar da ]ani, a {asar Amirka,

kamar su kamfanonin Uber da Lyft, sa’in

nan ta gane bakin zaren. “Na ga irin abinda

suka yi, na kuma yi tunanin muna da bukatar

wani abu, irin wannan, amma, akwai sauran

rina, a kaba, game da abinda za mu yi, ga al’adun,” in ji ta.

Don haka, sai ta fara kamfanin She`Kab, kamfanin farko, a }asar ta Pakistan, dake

da motocin safarar mata. Manufarsa kuma ita ce: ta kare lafiya, ta yi rahusa da

kuma biyan bukatun kai ma’aikata wurin aiki. “Mun ga irin yadda kamfanin na

She`Kab ke tallafa wa matanmu, dake aiki, kai-tsaye, ta hanyar magance duk wata

matsalar harkokin sufurin da ake da ita, a }asar ta Pakistan,” in ji Rizvi.

Kamfanin na She`Kab, kan nemo abokan hul]a, ya ha]a su da direbobi, ta hanyar

yanar-gizo; akwai ma wani linzamin wayar tafi-da-gidanka, da ake amfani da shi.

A cikin watannin da aka }addamar da kamfanin, a }arshen shekarar 2015, sai da

kamfanin na She`Kab ya samu abokan hul]a fiye da 800, wanda kuma yawansu ya

yi ta }aruwa “domin kamfanin na She`Kab, na matu}ar biyan bukata, yayinda

kuma yake da haba-haba da kyautata jin da]i.”

29

Kankamar Aiki

Fara aikin, ba kanwar lasa ba ne, musamman tunda sai na “jingine duk wani abinda

na koya, da kuma damar samun wa]ansu tsayayyun ku]a]e, a kowane wata,” in ji

Rizvi. Da]in al’amarin shi ne, sai ta samu taimako. Irin horon da ta samu, daga

cibiyar horar ta mata, ayyukan sana’o’i ta {asar Pakistan WECREATE/Pakistan

Center for Women’s Entrepreneurship, tare da ha]in gwiwar Majalisar Mata ta

}asashen Amirka da Pakistan, wadda ta taimaka ma ta “wajen kawar da duk wani

fargaban irin yadda mutanen dake zagaye da ita, za su amince da al’amarin” na

wannan tunanin da ba ta ta~a gwadawa ba.

Har ila yau, Rizvi ta yi tsammanin za ta bukaci ku]a]e, kai-tsaye. “Na yi tunanin

ba zan iya fara aikin ba, ba tare da an zuba wani jari ba,” in ji ta. Amma, sai godiya

ga iyayen-gijin da ta sadu da su, a cibiyar ta WECREATE/Pakistan, “ba fahimci

cewa, dukan abinda na bukata, bai da wani gagarumin tasiri ga aikin … (na)

taimaka wa jadadda wannan sabon salon na mu … (kuma), za ka iya fara aiki, ba

tare da wa]ansu ajiyayyun ku]a]e ba, gaba ]aya.”

An samu abubuwan mamaki, in ji ta. Alal misali, ta yi tsammanin za ta fuskanci

matsaloli, tamkar na irin matan dake gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. Maimakon

haka, sai ta fahimci cewa, wani lokacin “kasancewar mu, mata, na taimaka ma na.

wa]ansu mutane kan tausaya wa mata,shugabanni, a wurin aiki.”

Har ila yau, akwai wata }alubalen, muddin kusan ma’aikatanka maza ne. duk da

yake ba ta yi arangama da wata matsala ba, ta yin magana da ma’aikatanta, ta

wayar tarho, ta lura cewa, wa]ansu kan kasa yin magana, a gabanta. Wannan ya

canja irin matakan da ta ]auka, matu}a, na sabawa da irin yanayinta. “Ni kan rufe

kaina, a wajen bita da kuma tarurrukan }ara wa juna ilmi, al’amarin dake sanya

sukan saki jiki.”

Kun shirya fara aiki?

Ka na tunani game da irin yadda za ka fara aikin harkarka ne? To, Rizvi na da

wa]annan shawarwarin da za ka samu nasara:

30

A karanta wani abu, game da sauran harkokin kasuwanci, a kuma samu

}warewa daga gare su.

A karanta duk wani abinda ya shafe ka, da kuma wanda zai haddasa gasa,

a fakaice.

A sadu da jama’ar da za su }ara ma }warin gwiwa, da wa]anda za su

taimake ka, wajen tantance tunaninka.

Ka da a firgita da yin mu’amala — kana ma iya sanin duk wata sha’awar

da mai zuba jari ke da ita, a ko’ina.

A furta duk wani tunanin da ka ke da shi, amma, ga wa]anda ke tare da

kai, da ba za su sace tunaninka ba, ko wa]anda ba za su mayar ma ka da

hannun agogo baya ba.

https://goo.gl/zpc5tE

Hujjojin Tarihin da {asar Amirka ta Gabatar

Watan Tarihin Mata: watan Maris na 2017

2, ga watan Fabrairun 2017

Watan Tarihin Mata na {asa, ya samo asali ne, tun ranar 8, ga watan Maris, na

shekarar 1857, lokacin da mata, daga masana’antu, da dama, na Birnin New York

City, suka yi wani bore, game da yanayin aiki. Ita kuma ranar Matan Duniya, an

fara bukukuwanta ne, a shekarar 1909, amma, sai shekarar 1981 Majalisar {asa ta

amince da fara bukukuwan Makon Tarihin Mata na {asa, a kowane mako, na biyu,

na watan Maris ]in kowace shekara. A shekarar 1987, Majalisar {asa ta fa]a]a

makon ya zuwa wata. A kowace shekara kuma, Majalisar {asa kan zartar da wani

batu, na Watan Tarihin Matan, shi kuma shugaban }asa ya gabatar da alwashinsa.

Yawan Jama’a

Miliyan 163, da dubu 200

Shine yawan matan dake {asar Amirka, ya zuwa watan Yulin 2015. Jimlar maza

kuma ita ce miliyan 158, da dubu 200.

31

{iyasin yawan shekarun rayuwar matan, kan kai 85, sai dai tsofaffi sun wuce

yawan mazan, a shekarar 2015, (daga miliyan hu]u a duku 100, zuwa miliyan

biyu, da dubu 100).

Ayyuka

Miliyan 76, da dubu 100.

Shine yawan matan da shekarunsu ba su wuce 16 ba, kuma wa]anda suka fi su

shekaru, dake aiki a masana’antu, a shekara 2015. Mata ne suka kwashe kashi 47,

da ]igo 4, cikin 100, na yawan ma’aikata, a shekarar 2015.

Kashi 43, da ]igo 9, cikin 100

Shine kason matan dake rai, da }oshin lafiya da kuma masana kimiyyar jin da]in

rayuwa, a shekarar 2015, wanda shine kaso, mafi girma, na matan dake sarrafa

na’urori masu }wa}walwa, a aikin injiniya, da kuma al’amurran da suka shafi

kimiyya. Akwai kuma kashi 24, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, na masu sarrafa na’urorin da

kuma masana lissafi, sai kuma kashi 14, cikin 100, na masana harkokin gine-gine

da aikin injiniya da mata ke yi.

Kashi 63, cikin 100

Shine kason matan dake da masaniyar harkokin kimiyyar kyautata jin da]in

rayuwa, a shekarar 2012, wanda shine kaso mafi tsoka, na ]aukacin matan dake

fannonin STEM (kimiyya, da fasaha, da aikin injiniya, da kuma lissafi). Daga cikin

sauran fannonin na STEM, yawan matan ya kai kusankashi 14, cikin 100, na

injiniyoyi, sai kashi 45, cikin 100, na masana lissafi da }ididdiga, da kuma kashi

47, cikin 100, na kimiyyar rayuwa. Tazarar yawan masana lissafin da kuma

}ididdiga ba ta da yawa, kuma tazarar masana harkokin kimiyyar rayuwa ba ta da

wani yawan a-zo-a-gani.

Yawan Matan Dake Wa]ansu Za~a~~un Ayyukan

1970 2006 zuwa 2010

Ma’aikatan Jinya masu rajista Kashi 97, da ]igo 3,

cikin 100

Kashi 91, da ]igo 2,

cikin 100

32

Mataimakan Likitocin

Ha}ora

Kashi 97, da ]igo 9,

cikin 100

Kashi 96, da ]igo 3,

cikin 100

Ma’aji Kashi 84, da ]igo 2,

cikin 100

74, da ]igo 7, cikin

100

Masana Magunguna Kashi 12, da ]igo 1,

cikin 200

Kashi 52, da ]igo 6,

cikin 100

Akantoci Kashi 24, da ]igo 6,

cikin 100

Kashi 60, cikin 100

Masana Na’urori Kashi 24, da ]igo 2,

cikin 100

Kashi 24, da ]igo 4,

cikin 100

Likitoci da Masu Fyi]a Kashi 9, da ]igo 7,

cikin 100

Kashi 32, da ]igo 4,

cikin 100

Lauyoyi da al}alai Kashi 4, da ]igo 9,

cikin 100

Kashi 33, da ]igo 4,

cikin 100

Jami’an ‘Yan Sanda Kashi 3, da ]igo 7,

cikin 100

Kashi 14, da ]igo 8,

cikin 100

Injiniyoyin Gine-gine Kashi 1, da ]igo 3,

cikin 100

Kashi 12, da ]igo 7,

cikin 100

Inda aka samo: Rahotannin {aramar {ididdigar {idayar Jama’a ta shekarun 1980

da 1970 – Cikakken Bayanin Ayyukan {wararru, bisa ga jinsinsu, a {asar Amirka

da kuma Sassa, da kumaEEO, da Jerin Al}alumman EEO-ALL1R, kan Sifiyon

Al’ummar {asar Amirka, na shekarun 2006, zuwa 2010.

www.census.gov/people/eeotabulation/data/

Kashi 14, da ]igo 2, cikin 100

Yawan kason mata, ma’aikata, da shekarunsu ba su wuce 16, har ya zuwa shekarar

2015, wa]anda ke kan manyan mu}amai, da wa]anda ke ri}e da harkokin

33

kasuwanci da ku]a]e, idan aka kamanta su da kashi 15, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, na

ma’aikata, maza, na wannan shekarar.

Sojoji

Miliyan ]aya da dubu 500

Yawan tsofaffin sojoji, mata, dake {asar Amirka, a shekarar 2015.

Albashi

Kashi 9, da ]igo 7, cikin 100

Yawan kason masu aure, a shekarar 2016, inda mata suke kar~ar, a}alla, dolar

Amirka dubu 30, fiye da mazansu.

Dolar Amirka dubu 40, da 742

Wannan shine jimillar albashin da mata, wa]anda shekarunsu suka kai 15, ko fiye

da haka, dake aikin wata-wata, a cikin shekarar 2015. Idan aka kamanta su da

maza, masu kar~ar matsakaicin albashin na dolar Amirka dubu 51, da 212.

Centi 80

Shine ku]a]en aunakar da cikakkun ma’aikata, mata, ke kar~a, a kowane watan

shekarar 2015, kan kowane takwaransu, namiji.

Ilmi

Miliyan 12, da dubu 500

Shine yawan matan da suka yi rajista, a kolejoji da jami’o’i, a shekarar 2015.

Matan, sun ha]a da kashi 55, da ]igo 4, cikin 100, na ]aukacin ]aliban kolejojin

(bayar da digiri, da takardun shaida).

Harkokin Kasuwanci

Dolar Amirka miliyan zambar dubu ]aya da miliyan dubu 400

{iyasin abinda aka kar~o ke nan, daga kamfanonin matan {asar Amirka, a

shekarar 2012, wanda ya }aru zuwa kashi 18, da ]igo 7, cikin 100, daga dolar

Amirka miliyan zambar dubu ]aya, da miliyan dubu 200, a shekarar 2007.

34

Inda aka samo bayani:

Miliyan 9, da dubu 900

Shine }iyasin yawan kamfanonin matan {asar amirka, a shekarar 2012, da ya }aru

zuwa miliyan bakwai da dubu 800, ko ma kashi 26, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, a

shekarar 2007.

Kashi 35, da ]igo 8, cikin 100

{iyasin yawan kamfanonin da mata suka mallaka ke nan, a {asar Amirka, ya zuwa

shekarar 2012. Sun fi kuma }arfi a sassan kiwon lafiya da taimaka wa kyautata jin

da]in rayuwa (kashi 62, a ]igo 5, cikin 100), da sassan harkokin ilmi, (kashi 54, da

]igo 2, cikin 100), da kuma sassan “sauran ayyuka,” (kashi 51, da ]igo 8, cikin

100). Idan aka kamanta, akwai ke nan kashi 51, da ]igo 5, cikin 100, na matan da

suke da shekaru 18, da fiye da haka, a {asar Amirka, a shekarar 2012.

Dubu 114, da 103

Wannan shine yawan kamfanonin da mata suka mallaka, dake da ma’aikatan da

ake biya albashi, na kusan shekaru biyu, a {asar Amirka, a shekarar 2014. Mafi

yawan kamfanoni dubu 177, da 127, na sassan kiwon lafiya da taimaka wa

kyautata jin da]in rayuwa, ko kuma kashi 16, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, mallakar mata

ne.

Za~e

Kashi 43, cikin 100

Shine yawan matan da shekarunsu suka kai 18, ko fiye da haka, da aka bayar da

rahoton suka }ada }uri’a, a lokacin za~en shekarar 2014. Idan aka kamanta

wannan kashi 40 da ]igo 8, cikin 100 ne, ka]ai, na takwarorinsu, maza, da bayar d

rahoton sun yi za~en.

Haihuwa

Miliyan 43, da dubu 500

Shine }iyasin yawan iyaye, mata, masu shekaru 15, zuwa 50, a {asar Amirka, a

shekarar 2014.

35

Kashi 2, cikin 100

Shine kwatankwacin yawan yaran da mata, masu shekaru 40 zuwa 44, suka haifa,

ya zuwa shekarar 2014, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 3 da ]igo 1, cikin 100, na yaran

da aka haifa a shekarar 1976, shekarar da Ofishin Gudanar da {idaya, ya fara

tattara bayanai, a karo na farko. Wannan kason na mata, dake cikin wannan

rukunin shekarun, na wa]anda suka ta~a haihuwa, ya kai kashi 84, da ]igo 8, cikin

100, a shekarar 2014, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 89, da ]igo 9, cikin 100, a

shekarar 1976.

Inda aka samu bayanai:

Aure

Miliyan 67, da dubu 400

Wannan shine yawan mata, masu shekaru 18, da fiye da haka, dake da aure (ciki

har da wa]anda aka saki, ko mazansu suka bar su), a shekarar 2016.

Miliyan 5

Shine yawan matan dake zaman aure, a matsayin iyaye, a dukan fa]in }asar, a

shekarar 2016, idan aka kamanta da maza dubu 209, dake zaune, a gida, a matsayin

iyaye.

Wannan jerin, wata }ididdiga ce, da Ofishin Gudanar da {idayar, ya tattara, a

Kundin da za a ri}a gabatarwa:

A watan Fabrairu ake yin gasar wasan

}wallon Amirka, na Watan Tahirin

Ba}ar Fata, don Tunawa da Ranar

Soyayya, ta ranar (14 ga watan

Fabrairu). Sai Watan Tahirin Mata, a

watan (Maris), Watan Gargajiyar ‘Yan

Asalin {asar Ireland, ‘yan Amirka, a

watan (March), tare da Ranar Tunawa

da St. Patrick, a ranar (17 ga watan

Maris), sai Ranar Tunawa da Duniya,

(22 ga watan Afrilu), sai Watan

(ranar 4, ga watan Yuli), da Zagayowar

Ranar Kafa Dokar Masu Fama da Ciwon

Sukari, na {asar Amirka (26, ga watan

Yuli). Sai Lokacin Komawa Makaranta

(watan Agusta), Ranakun Watan

Harkokin {wadago, da Ta Gargajiyar

Kakannin Kabilar Hispanawa, (15, ga

watan Satumba, zuwa 15, ga watan

Oktoba). Ranar Soyayyar Gwagware da

Tazuran {asar Amirka (31, ga watan

Oktoba). Watan Gargajiyar Kabilun

36

Gargajiyar ‘Yan Asalin Asia, da

Pacific, dake Amirka, a watan (Mayu),

sai Watan Tunawa da Tsofaffin {asar

Amirka, a watan (Mayu), sai Ranar

Tunawaw da |ullowar Guguwar Iyaye

Mata, tun daga (1, ga watan Yuni), sai

kuma Ranar Tunawa da Iyaye Maza, a

Indiyan Daji da na Yankin Alaska,

(Nuwamba). Ranar Mazan Jiya, (11, ga

watan Nuwamba). Ranar Nuna Godiya,

da Ranakun Hutu, (Disamba)

Bayanain Edita: Dukan wannan }ididdigar an tattara ne, daga kafofi, da dama,

kuma suna iya canjawa, yayinda wa]ansu ke ]auke da kura-kurai. A kan fitar da

irin wa]annan bayanai, watanni biyu, kafin a gudanar da ranakun da aka zayyana,

domin a daidaita tsarin lokutan yin su. Ana iya gabatar da tambayoyi ko kuma

}orafi, kai-tsaye, zuwa ga Sashen Watsa Labaru, na Ofishin Gudanar da {idaya:

wayar tarho : 301-763-3030; ko yanar-gizo: pio@census.gov.

An inganta bayanan ne, a ranar 1, ga watan Fabrairun 2017

https://goo.gl/ZoPkdc

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Rosa Parks Center Whitney M. Young Information Res. Center

Information Resource Center Public Affairs Section

Public Affairs Section U.S. Consulate General

Embassy of the United States of America 2, Walter Carrington Crescent

Plot 1075 Diplomatic Drive Victoria Island, Lagos

Central District Area, Abuja. Tel: (234)-1-460-3804/6

Tel: (234)-9-461-4000 Fax: (234)-1-460-3717

Fax: (234)-9-461-4011 E-mail: wyllagos@state.gov

URL: http://nigeria.usembassy.gov

URL: http://nigeria.usembassy.gov