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CAD is the use of computer technology to aid in the design and especially the drafting

(technical drawing and engineering drawing) of a part or product, including entire

buildings. It is both a visual (or drawing) and symbol-based method of communicationwhose conventions are particular to a specific technical field.

Computer Aided Design involves creation, modification, analysis and optimization of anew component using a computer. It has three major elements called CAD Hardware,

CAD Software and user. Here ability of the user along with computer gives an optimum

CAD system. CAD is generally used for creating 3D models and also to generate 2Ddrawings of physical components. A CAD system is an Interactive Computer Graphics

System (ICG) system and is a combination of software and hardware. The hardware

consists of central processing unit (CPU), a graphics display terminal, input devices,

output devices. The software consists of computer programs which gives suitableinstructions to the system and create the necessary display/outputs. Today many

companies use CAD software to generate 3D models, surface models, 2D drawings etc.

The main reasons for the use of CAD system includes [1]:

When compared to conventional methods CAD is faster and accurate. There will be no repetition of designing or drawing of any component under CAD

system. Once the component has been made it can be used for all future works. Modification of a model is very easy. Hence it helps the designer to easily improve the

model for future requirements.

The CAD system eliminates design error and hence it brings in accuracy in the designproduct, thereby resulting in a quality product.

CAD system provides high quality engineering drawings with better documentation and

fewer errors. This helps to read and implement the design successfully into production.

CAD system provides a large database for manufacturing activities.

The potential benefits to companies moving to 3D CAD technology areextensive and meaningful to the bottom line, more profit for the company. Someof these benefits are:

Concurrent engineering (CE) - Engineering and manufacturing process are

enabled simultaneously from shared 3D CAD data.

Higher quality - Due to increased efficiency resulting from the ability to explore

a greater number of design iterations during product development.

Lower unit costs - Due to reduced development and prototype expenses.

Rapid prototyping (RP) - 3D CAD models can be used to produce prototypes

from Stereo lithography and other RP technologies.

Personnel development - 3D CAD technology provides a challenging

environment for employees. Personnel advancement - A variety of positions regarding the management and

supervision of 3D CAD become available to advance employee careers.

Identify and eliminate inefficiencies - 3D CAD develops opportunities for the

elimination of inherent inefficiencies in existing workflows and/or practices.

Increased workload capacity - Efficient use of 3D CAD allows the production

of more work while maintaining current staff levels.

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Greater feedback and control of production operations - 3D CAD enables NC

tool paths to be generated, updated, and verified automatically with little humanintervention.

Improved overall communications - 3D CAD enables a shift from the

traditional paper based design and manufacturing system to a electronic paperless

one. Increased accuracy of MRP data - 3D CAD data files can be easily linked and

managed by MRP software. Increased design flexibility - 3D CAD offers a more robust set of tools and methods to

modify designs.

Increased design data integrity - With a single 3D CAD model supporting alldownstream processes, changes are reflected quickly and accurately.

CAM is the use of computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in

manufacturing or prototyping product components. CAM is a programming tool thatallows you to manufacture physical models using computer-aided design (CAD)

programs.

Computer-aided manufacturing CAM is the use of computer-based software

tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product

components. CAM is a programming tool that allows you to manufacture physical

models using computer-aided design (CAD) programs. CAM creates real life versions ofcomponents designed within a software package. CAM was first used in 1971 for car

body design and tooling. Traditionally, CAM has been considered as an NC

programming tool wherein 3D models of components generated in CAD software areused to generate CNC code to drive numerical controlledmachine tools. Although this

remains the most common CAM function, CAM functions have expanded to integrate

CAM more fully with CAD/CAM/CAEPLMsolutions. As with other Computer-Aided

technologies, CAM does not eliminate the need for skilled professionals such asManufacturing Engineers and NC Programmers. CAM, in fact, both leverage the value of

the most skilled manufacturing professionals through advanced productivity tools, whilebuilding the skills of new professionals through visualization, simulation and

optimization tools.

CAM is software for programming CNC machine tools. Like machine tools,

CAM ranges from very simple to very complex. Its used in metals-oriented systems, aswell as to drive machinery for woodworking, printed circuit boards, composite materials,

and systems for assembly and packaging. In addition to the ubiquitous 3-axis milling-

machine CAM, there are the following types: 2-axis, for basic turning and grinding plus punching, drilling, riveting, flame-

cutting, shearing, electrical discharge machining (EDM), and cutoffs. 2-1/2-axis engraving. 3-1/2-axis milling for tools and prototypes.

4-axis turning for dissimilar operations on one part at the same time.

5-axis profiling and laser machining for surfaces curved in two or more

directions (saddles or potato chips), helixes, fillets and splines. 6-axis robotics. In addition to X, Y and Z, robot wrists have roll, pitch and

yaw for welding, spray-painting, material handling etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_aided_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Lifecycle_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Lifecycle_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Lifecycle_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_aided_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Lifecycle_Management

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7-, 9- and even 11-axis machining, so components can be produced in a single

setupturned, milled and drilled simultaneouslyor formed sequentially by bending.

Detailed CAM Benefits

Safeguard design intent by eliminating all redrawing of geometry. Making CAM

functionality available from within solid-modeling systems ensures that even thesubtlest engineering change will not be overlooked. Programmers no longer have

to search for them and changes are easily implemented in quick CAM revisions.

Eliminate errors that cause rework or scrap by verifying CNC toolpaths. NCvisualization is the best technique yet. Error-free tool paths are assured and test

cuts can be skipped, worry-free.

Slash delivery times and simplify operations by minimizing machine-to-machinetransfers and setups. Job simulation addresses ways to minimize setups and

transfers between machines. Prequalified tooling, fixturing and work pieces help

get rid of the need for incoming inspectionand unpleasant surprises on theloading dock.

Integrate inspection and quality assurance. Geometric dimensioning andtolerancing (GD&T) helps avoid potential disputes. When disputes do occur, the

data is on hand in CAM to resolve them equitably.

Generate accurate time estimates and avoid collisions by simulating processes.

Get the best from skilled workers by increasing their productivity. Capturing best

practicesand enforcing their reusegoes a long way toward stamping outprocess variations, which are still the greatest source of manufacturing error.

Evaluate workarounds for avoiding production bottlenecks and optimize key

equipment. This means delivery promises can be relied on by everyone

CAPP

Computer-aided process planning uses computer systems to plan the entiremanufacturing process from raw material to fully finished product. There are two

approaches in CAPP, they are Variant approach & Generative approach.

CNC

Computer Numerical Control is the use of computer systems to create codedinformation that automatically controls the machine operation.

Integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM/CNC

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PART-C

Rendered model of the seating system

Curvature Analysis (Porcupine Curvature Analysis)

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This analysis is used to analyse the curvature of curves, or surfaceboundaries.

Select Porcupine curvature analysis from shape analysis toolbar in

freestyle workbench.

Select the surface where analysis has to be done.

The analysis will be performed on all the boundaries of the surface. Thecurvature comb willbe created automatically on the selected surface.

The curvature graph is also displayed in this analysis.

By analyzing the curvature comb and the curvature graph, the curvature

of the curves can beanalyzed.Figure 3.7 shows the curvature comb and the curvature graph which arecreated during PorcupineCurvature AnalysisFigure

Analysis using Cutting Planes:Here Analysis is done using parallel cutting planes.The intersection of planes with the surfaces is represented by the curveson the surfaces. In Figure3.8 the resulting curves at various places where the planes intersect areshown clearly. Hence fromthis analysis the evenness of the surfaces over the entire length can be

verified.

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