4
1 0 G . D . BRAITHWAITE A N D T . W. GOODWIN 1960 SUMMARY 1 . T he incorporation o f [2-14C]acetate into ,- carotene b y P . blakesleeanus i s decreased b y D L - mevalonate a n d b y L-leucine. 2 . DL-[2_14C]Mevalonate i s incorporated into , B - carotene by P . blake8leeanws some fifteen times more efficiently than [2-14C]acetate. 3 . C -2 o f mevalonate retains i t s individu- ality when incorporated into p-carotene a n d occurs only i n C - w o f t h e isoprenoid residue. 4 . P . blake8leeanu8 cultured o n ou r basal medium, with asparagine a s t h e nitrogen source, does n o t f i x C O 2 into ,B-carotene; however, when leucine i s present i n t h e medium 14CO2 appears i n t h e ,B-caro- tene. A n explanation o f this observation i s offered. 5. Labelled ,8-carotene i s synthesized b y washed suspensions o f P . blake8leeanus grown i n t h e presence o f diphenylamine a n d DL-[2-14C]meva- lonate. W e thank Hoffman-La-Roche an d C o . (Switzerland) f o r a gift of synthetic ,-carotene ( D r 0 . Isler) a n d Roche Products Ltd. (England) f o r t h e gift o f a shaking machine (D r A . L. Morrison). Dr Rita Coomforth kindly synthesized t h e DL-[2-J4C]mevalonate used i n t h e investigation. O n e o f u s (G.D.B.) participated in this work a s t he holder of a Medical Research Scholarship f o r training i n Research Methods. REFERENCES Braithwaite, G . D . (1958). Ph.D. Thesis: University o f Liverpool. Braithwaite, G . D . & Goodwin, T . W . (1957a). Biochem. J . 6 6 , 31P. Braithwaite, G . D . & Goodwin, T . W . (1957b). Biochem. J . 6 7 , 13P. Braithwaite, G . D . & Goodwin, T . W . (1960). Biochem. J. 7 6 , 1. Chichester, C . O . , Nakayama, T . , Mackinney, G . & Goodwin, T . W . (1955). J . biol. Chem. 214, 515. Chichester, C. O . , Yokoyama, H ., Nakayama, T . 0 . M ., Lukton, A . & Mackinney, G . (1959). J. biol. Chem. 234, 598. Coon, M . J . , Kupiecki, F . P. , Dekker, E . E. , Schlesinger, M . J. & d e l Campillo, A . (1959). I n T h e Biosynthesis o f Terpenes a n d Sterols, p. 6 2 . Ed . b y Wolstenholme, G . E . W . & O'Connor, M . London: J. an d A . Churchill Ltd. Durr, I. F ., Rudney, H . & Ferguson, J. J . , jun. (1959). Fed. Proc. 1 8 , 219. Garton, G . A . , Goodwin, T . W. & Lijinsky, W . (1951). Biochem. J . 6 8 , 154. Goodwin, T . (1952). Biochem. J . 5 0 , 550. Goodwin, T . W . (1955). Handb. Plant Anal. 8 , 272. Goodwin, T. W . (1958a). Biochem. J . 7 0, 612. Goodwin, T . W . (1958b). Proc. 4 t h int. Congr. Biochem., Vienna, 1 1 , 5 4 . Goodwin, T . W . (1959a). I n T h e Biosynthe8is o f Terpenes a n d Sterols, p . 279. E d . b y Wolstenholme, G. E. W . & O ' Connor, M . London: J . a n d A . Churchill Ltd. Goodwin, T . W . (1959b). Advanc. Enzymol. 21, 295. Goodwin, T . W . , Jamikorn, M . & Willmer, J . S . (1953). Biochem. J. 5 3 , 531. Goodwin,T.W. & Lijinsky, W . (1952). Biochem. J . 50,268. Goodwin,T.W. & Osman, H . G . (1954). Biochem. J.56, 222. Grob, E . C . (1957). Chimia, 11, 338. Jensen, S L . , Cohen-Bazire, G . , Nakayama, T . 0 . M . & Stanier, R . Y . (1958). Biochim. biophys. Acta, 2 9 , 477. Karrer, P ., Helfenstein, A . , Wehrli, H . & Wettstein, A. (1930). Helv. chim. acta, 18, 1084. Lynen, F . (1959). I n T h e Bio8ynthesis o f Terpenes a n d Sterols, p . 291. E d . b y Wolstenholme, G . E . W. & O'Connor, M . London: J. a nd A . Churchill Ltd. Mackinney, G. , Chandler, B . V . & Lukton, A . (1958). Abstr. Comm. 4 t h int. Congr. Biochem., Vienna, p . 130, 10-59. Popjak, G . (1958). Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2 7, 587. Schuerch, C. Huntress, E . H . (1949). J . Amer. chem. Soc. 7 1 , 2233. Wolf, D . E. , Hoffman, C . H . , Aldrich, P . E . , Skeggs, H. R . , Wright, L . D . & Folkers, K . J . Amer. 7 9 , 1486. Wolstenholme, G . E . W . & O'Connor, M . (1959). T h e Biosynthesis o f Terpenes and Sterols, p . 311. London: J . an d A . Churchill Ltd. Wuhrmann, J . J . , Yokoyama, H . & Chichester, C . 0 . (1957). J. Amer. chem. Soc. 79, 4569. Yokoyama, H . , Chichester, C . O . , Nakayama, T. , Lukton, A . & Mackinney, G . (1957). J . Amer. chem. Soc. 79,2029. Biochem. J. (1960) 76, 1 0 Inhibition o f Amylase Activity of Human Body Fluids b y Citrate B Y H . V . STREET* Department o f Pathology, Crump8all Hospital, Manchester 8 (Received 6 Augumt 1959) McGeachin, Dougherty, Hargan & Potter (1957) used th e method of V a n Loon, Likins & Seger (1952) t o compare t h e amylase activities ofplasmaandserum prepared from t h e same blood sample. With human blood they found that, when oxalate o r citrate w as used a s anticoagulant, the amylase activity o f plasma w a s slightly lower than that o f serum. With rat an d d o g bloodthey found n o such difference. * Present address: Department of Forensic Medicine, University o f Edinburgh.

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1 0 G . D . BRAITHWAITE AND T . W. GOODWIN 1 9 6 0

SUMMARY

1 . The i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f [ 2 - 1 4 C ] a c e t a t e i n t o , -c a r o t e n e by P . b l a k e s l e e a n u s i s d e c r e a s e d by D L -

m e v a l o n a t e and by L - l e u c i n e .2 . D L - [ 2 _ 1 4 C ] M e v a l o n a t e i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o , B -

c a r o t e n e by P . b l a k e 8 l e e a n w s some f i f t e e n t i m e s

more e f f i c i e n t l y t h a n [ 2 - 1 4 C ] a c e t a t e .3 . The C - 2 o f m e v a l o n a t e r e t a i n s i t s i n d i v i d u -

a l i t y when i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o p - c a r o t e n e and o c c u r s

o n l y i n C-w o f t h e i s o p r e n o i d r e s i d u e .4 . P . b l a k e 8 l e e a n u 8 c u l t u r e d on o u r b a s a l m e d i u m ,

w i t h a s p a r a g i n e a s t h e n i t r o g e n s o u r c e , d o e s n o t

f i x C O 2 i n t o , B - c a r o t e n e ; h o w e v e r , whe n l e u c i n e i s

p r e s e n t i n t h e medium 1 4 C O 2 a p p e a r s i n t h e , B - c a r o -t e n e . An e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n i s o f f e r e d .

5 . L a b e l l e d , 8 - c a r o t e n e i s s y n t h e s i z e d by w a s h e d

s u s p e n s i o n s o f P . b l a k e 8 l e e a n u s g r o w n i n t h e

p r e s e n c e o f d i p h e n y l a m i n e and D L - [ 2 - 1 4 C ] m e v a -

l o n a t e .

We t h a n k H o f f m a n - L a - R o c h e a n d C o . ( S w i t z e r l a n d ) f o ra g i f t o f s yn th e t i c , - c a r o t e n e ( D r 0 . I s l e r ) a n d R o c h e

P r o d u c t s L t d . ( E n g l a n d ) f o r t h e g i f t o f a s h a k i n g m a c h i n e

( D r A . L . M o r r i s o n ) . Dr R i t a C o o m f o r t h k i n d l y s y n t h e s i z e d

t h e D L - [ 2 - J 4 C ] m e v a l o n a t e u s e d i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . O n e o f

u s ( G . D . B . ) p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h i s w o r k a s t h e h o l d e r o f a

M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h S c h o l a r s h i p f o r t r a i n i n g i n R e s e a r c h

M e t h o d s .

REFERENCES

B r a i t h w a i t e , G . D . ( 1 9 5 8 ) . P h . D . T h e s i s : U n i v e r s i t y o f

L i v e r p o o l .B r a i t h w a i t e , G . D . & G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 7 a ) . B i o c h e m . J .

6 6 , 3 1 P .

B r a i t h w a i t e , G . D . & G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 7 b ) . B i o c h e m . J .6 7 , 1 3 P .

B r a i t h w a i t e , G . D . & G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 6 0 ) . B i o c h e m . J .7 6 , 1 .

C h i c h e s t e r , C . O . , N a k a y a m a , T . , M a c k i n n e y , G . &

G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 5 ) . J . b i o l . C h e m . 2 1 4 , 5 1 5 .C h i c h e s t e r , C . O . , Y o k o y a m a , H . , N a k a y a m a , T . 0 . M . ,

L u k t o n , A . & M a c k i n n e y , G . ( 1 9 5 9 ) . J . b i o l . C h e m . 2 3 4 ,5 9 8 .

C o o n , M . J . , K u p i e c k i , F . P . , D e k k e r , E . E . , S c h l e s i n g e r ,M . J . & d e l C a m p i l l o , A . ( 1 9 5 9 ) . I n T h e B i o s y n t h e s i s o fT e r p e n e s a n d S t e r o l s , p . 6 2 . E d . b y W o l s t e n h o l m e ,

G . E . W. & O ' C o n n o r , M . L o n d o n : J . a n d A . C h u r c h i l lL t d .

D u r r , I . F . , R u d n e y , H . & F e r g u s o n , J . J . , j u n . ( 1 9 5 9 ) .F e d . P r o c . 1 8 , 2 1 9 .

G a r t o n , G . A . , G o o d w i n , T . W. &L i j i n s k y , W. ( 1 9 5 1 ) .B i o c h e m . J . 6 8 , 1 5 4 .

G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 2 ) . B i o c h e m . J . 5 0 , 5 5 0 .G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 5 ) . H a n d b . P l a n t A n a l . 8 , 2 7 2 .G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 8 a ) . B i o c h e m . J . 7 0 , 6 1 2 .G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 8 b ) . P r o c . 4 t h i n t . C o n g r . B i o c h e m . ,

V i e n n a , 1 1 , 5 4 .0

G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 9 a ) . I n T h e B i o s y n t h e 8 i s o f T e r p e n e sa n d S t e r o l s , p . 2 7 9 . E d . b y W o l s t e n h o l m e , G . E . W. &O ' C o n n o r , M . L o n d o n : J . a n d A . C h u r c h i l l L t d .

G o o d w i n , T . W. ( 1 9 5 9 b ) . A d v a n c . E n z y m o l . 2 1 , 2 9 5 .G o o d w i n , T . W . , J a m i k o r n , M . & W i l l m e r , J . S . ( 1 9 5 3 ) .

B i o c h e m . J . 5 3 , 5 3 1 .G o o d w i n , T . W . & L i j i n s k y , W. ( 1 9 5 2 ) . B i o c h e m . J . 5 0 , 2 6 8 .

G o o d w i n , T . W . & O s m a n , H . G . ( 1 9 5 4 ) . B i o c h e m . J . 5 6 , 2 2 2 .G r o b , E . C . ( 1 9 5 7 ) . C h i m i a , 1 1 , 3 3 8 .J e n s e n , S . L . , C o h e n - B a z i r e , G . , N a k a y a m a , T . 0 . M . &

S t a n i e r , R . Y . ( 1 9 5 8 ) . B i o c h i m . b i o p h y s . A c t a , 2 9 , 4 7 7 .

K a r r e r , P . , H e l f e n s t e i n , A . , W e h r l i , H . & W e t t s t e i n , A .

( 1 9 3 0 ) . H e l v . c h i m . a c t a , 1 8 , 1 0 8 4 .

L y n e n , F . ( 1 9 5 9 ) . I n T h e B i o 8 y n t h e s i s o f T e r p e n e s a n d

S t e r o l s , p . 2 9 1 . E d . b y W o l s t e n h o l m e , G . E . W. &O ' C o n n o r , M . L o n d o n : J . a n d A . C h u r c h i l l L t d .

M a c k i n n e y , G . , C h a n d l e r , B . V . & L u k t o n , A . ( 1 9 5 8 ) .A b s t r . C o m m . 4 t h i n t . C o n g r . B i o c h e m . , V i e n n a , p . 1 3 0 ,1 0 - 5 9 .

P o p j a k , G . ( 1 9 5 8 ) . A n n u . R e v . B i o c h e m . 2 7 , 5 8 7 .

S c h u e r c h , C .&

H u n t r e s s ,E .

H . ( 1 9 4 9 ) . J . A m e r . c h e m . S o c .7 1 , 2 2 3 3 .W o l f , D . E . , H o f f m a n , C . H . , A l d r i c h , P . E . , S k e g g s , H . R . ,

W r i g h t , L . D . & F o l k e r s , K . ( 1 9 5 7 ) . J . A m e r . c h e m . S o c .7 9 , 1 4 8 6 .

W o l s t e n h o l m e , G . E . W. & O ' C o n n o r , M . ( 1 9 5 9 ) . T h eB i o s y n t h e s i s o f T e r p e n e s a n d S t e r o l s , p . 3 1 1 . L o n d o n :J . a n d A . C h u r c h i l l L t d .

W u h r m a n n , J . J . , Y o k o y a m a , H . & C h i c h e s t e r , C . 0 .( 1 9 5 7 ) . J . A m e r . c h e m . S o c . 7 9 , 4 5 6 9 .

Y o k o y a m a , H . , C h i c h e s t e r , C . O . , N a k a y a m a , T . , L u k t o n ,A . & M a c k i n n e y , G . ( 1 9 5 7 ) . J . A m e r . c h e m . S o c . 7 9 , 2 0 2 9 .

B i o c h e m . J . ( 1 9 6 0 ) 7 6 , 1 0

I n h i b i t i o n o f A m y l a s e A c t i v i t y o f H u m a n Body F l u i d s b y C i t r a t e

BY H . V . STREET*D e p a r t m e n t o f P a t h o l o g y , C r u m p 8 a l l H o s p i t a l , M a n c h e s t e r 8

( R e c e i v e d 6 A u g u m t 1 9 5 9 )

M c G e a c h i n , D o u g h e r t y , H a r g a n & P o t t e r ( 1 9 5 7 )

u s e d t h e method o f Va n L o o n , L i k i n s & S e g e r ( 1 9 5 2 )

t o c o m p a r e t h e a m y l a s e a c t i v i t i e s o f p l a s m a a n d s e r u m

p r e p a r e d f r o m t h e same b l o o d s a m p l e . With h u m a nb l o o d t h e y f o u n d t h a t , when o x a l a t e o r c i t r a t e was

u s e d a s a n t i c o a g u l a n t , t h e a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y o f

p l a s m a w a s s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f s e r u m . Withr a t a n d d o g b l o o d t h e y f o u n d n o s u c h d i f f e r e n c e .

* P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : D e p a r t m e n t o f F o r e n s i c M e d i c i n e ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h .

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INHIBITION OF AMYLASE BY C ITRATE

D u r i n g s t u d i e s o f t h e a c t i v i t y o f a m y l a s e i n t h e

b l o o d s e r u m o f p a t i e n t s s u f f e r i n g f r o m d i a b e t e s

m e l l i t u s ( S t r e e t , 1 9 5 8 ) t h e w r i t e r n o t e d ( u n p u b -

l i s h e d w o r k ) t h a t c i t r a t e had an i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c ton a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y , b u t o x a l a t e had no e f f e c t .

I n v i e w o f t h e c l a i m s o f McGeachin e t a l . ( 1 9 5 7 ) ,

i t w a s d e c i d e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e more f u l l y t h e a c t i o n

on a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y o f c i t r i c a c i d and s u b s t a n c e s o fc l o s e c h e m i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t o c i t r i c a c i d .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

S o u r c e s o f a m y l a s e . Hum a n b l o o d w a s c o l l e c t e d b y v e n e -

p u n c t u r e i n a c l e a n , d r y t u b e a n d a l l o w e d t o c l o t . U n l e s s

o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d , 1 v o l . o f t h e s e p a r a t e d s e r u m w a s d i l u t e dw i t h 9 v o l . o f 0 - 8 5 % N a C l . H u m a n u r i n e w a s d i l u t e d 1 : 5

( o r 1 : 2 ) w i t h 0 . 8 5 % N a C l . Human s a l i v a w a s m i x e d w i t h

a n e q u a l v o l u m e o f w a t e r a n d c e n t r i f u g e d . T h e c l e a r s u p e r -n a t a n t l i q u i d w a s d i l u t e d 1 : 5 0 0 , 1 : 1 0 0 0 o r 1 : 2 0 0 0 w i t h

085 % N a C l .

0 - 2 M - P h o 8 p h a t e b u f f e r , pH 7 0 . 0 2 m-NaOH ( 2 9 . 5 4 m l . )w a s a d d e d t o 5 0 m l . o f 0 - 2 M - K H , P O 4 a n d d i l u t e d t o 2 0 0 m l .

w i t h w a t e r .

0 2 M - P h o s p h a t e b u f f e r , pH 7 - 6 . 0 - 2 a m - N a O H ( 4 2 . 7 4 m l . )w a s a d d e d t o 5 0 m l . o f 0 - 2 m - K H 2 P O 4 a n d d i l u t e d t o 2 0 0 m l .

w i t h w a t e r .

0 2 m - B o r a t e b u f f e r , pH 7 - 0 . B o r i c a c i d ( 1 . 2 3 7 g . ) w a s

d i s s o l v e d i n a b o u t 5 0 m l . o f warm w a t e r . T h e s o l u t i o n w a s

c o o l e d a n d d i l u t e d t o 1 0 0 m l . T h e pH o f t h i s s o l u t i o n w a s

a d j u s t e d t o 7 0 b y d r o p w i s e a d d i t i o n o f 0 2m-NaOH.

U r i n e a n d s a l i v a w e r e f r o m ' n o r m a l ' h e a l t h y a d u l t s .B l o o d w a s t a k e n f r o m ' n o r m a l ' a d u l t s a n d f r o m a d u l t

p a t i e n t s s u f f e r i n g f r o m v a r i o u s d i s e a s e s . When a s e r u m o f

h i g h a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y w a s r e q u i r e d , t h e b l o o d w a s t a k e nf r o m a p a t i e n t w i t h a c u t e p a n c r e a t i t i s .

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y . A m y l a s e a c t i v i t y w a s

d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e m e t h o d o f S t r e e t & C l o s e ( 1 9 5 6 ) , m o d i -

f i e d b y u s i n g 0 . 2 M - p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r , pH 7 0 . I n s e v e r a lt e s t s , t h i s m e t h o d a n d t h a t o f C l o s e & S t r e e t ( 1 9 5 8 ) w e r e

c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s a m e s a m p l e . U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d ,t h e d i g e s t i o n m i x t u r e w a s a d j u s t e d t o pH 7 0 b e f o r ea d d i t i o n o f t h e a m y l a s e s a m p l e . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f pH w e r e

made w i t h a g l a s s e l e c t r o d e a n d pH m e t e r .

RESULTS

E f f e c t o f v a r i a t i o n o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c i t r a t eo n

a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y . A q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s o f t r i s o d i u m

c i t r a t e d i h y d r a t e o f t h e r e q u i r e d m o l a r i t y w e r e

p r e p a r e d . A p o r t i o n ( 1 m l . ) o f e a c h s o l u t i o n was

a d d e d t o e a c h o f a s e r i e s o f 1 0 0 m l . v o l u m e t r i c

f l a s k s c o n t a i n i n g 5 m l . o f 0 2 M - p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r ,pH 7 - 0 . With t h e s e m i x t u r e s ( 6 m l . ) i n p l a c e o f

5 m l . o f p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a m y l a s e was d e t e r m i n e d

by t h e method o f S t r e e t & C l o s e ( 1 9 5 6 ) w i t h

( a ) s e r u m , ( b ) s a l i v a a n d ( c ) u r n e . The a d d i t i o n o f

1 v o l . o f m - s o d i u m c i t r a t e s o l u t i o n t o 5 v o l . o f

0 2 m - p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r s o l u t i o n , pH 7 0 , d i d n o t

m e a s u r a b l y a l t e r t h e pH o f t h e s o l u t i o n . The

r e s u l t s o f t h i s e x p e r i m e n t a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n

F i g . 1 .

D e t e r n m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m w m pH f o r a c t i v i t y o f

s e r u m a m y l k s e i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f c i t r a t e . P h o s p h a t e

b u f f e r s ( 0 1 M ) w e r e p r e p a r e d i n t h e r a n g e pH 6 - 0 -

8 - 0 i n s t e p s o f 0 - 2 pH u n i t . Amylase a c t i v i t y was

d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f and i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f

1 m l . o f M - s o d i u m c i t r a t e s o l u t i o n . A 1 : 4 0 d i l u t i o n

o f t h e same serum s a m p l e o f h i g h a m y l a s e a c t i v i t ywas u s e d t h r o u g h o u t . The p r e s e n c e o f 1 m l . o fM - s o d i u m c i t r a t e s o l u t i o n had no e f f e c t on t h e

e x t i n c t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n . The r e s u l t s a r e

i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 .C o m p a r i s o n o f e f f e c t o f c i t r a t e on a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y

a t pH 7 0 and 7 - 6 . To a s e r i e s o f 1 0 0 m l . v o l u m e t r i c

f l a s k s w e r e a d d e d 5 m l . o f m i x t u r e s o f 0 - 2 M -

p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r ( p H 7 . 0 ) a nd 0 2 M - s o d i u m c i t r a t e( a d j u s t e d t o pH 7 0 w i t h 0 - 2 m - c i t r i c a c i d ) i n v a r y -

i n g p r o p o r t i o n s ( s e e l e g e n d t o F i g . 3 ) . T h e s e 5 m l .

m i x t u r e s w e r e u s e d i n p l a c e o f 5 m l . o f p h o s p h a t e

. 7 0 r

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F i g . 1 . E f f e c t o f v a r i a t i o n o f c i t r a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n on

a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y . 0 , S e r u m d i l u t e d 1 : 1 0 ; A , u r i n ed i l u t e d 1 : 5 ; * , s a l i v a d i l u t e d 1 : 2 0 0 0 .

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F i g . 2 . E f f e c t o f c i t r a t e o n t h e pH o p t i m u m f o r s e r u m -

E a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y . 0 , C i t r a t e p r e s e n t ; 0 , w i t h o u t c i t r a t e .

V o l . 7 6 1 1

0 - e o - - -

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H. V . STREET

b u f f e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a c t i v i t y o f a d i l u t i o n o f

serum by t h e method o f S t r e e t & C l o s e ( 1 9 5 6 ) . Theexperiment was t h e n r e p e a t e d w i t h m i x t u r e s o f

p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a t pH 7 x 6 and c i t r a t e s o l u t i o n

a t pH 7 - 6 . F i g . 3 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s e x p e r i -

ment.

E f f e c t o f amylae a c t i v i t y o f v a r i o u s c o m p o u n d 8

o t h e r t h a n c i t r a t e . The p r e v i o u s experiment was re-

p e a t e d ( a t pH 7 0 o n l y ) w i t h 0 2 m - s o l u t i o n s o f t h e

f o l l o w i n g i n p l a c e o f c i t r a t e : i 8 o c i t r a t e , m a l a t e ,

l a c t a t e , g l y c o l l a t e , g l y c i n e , t a r t r a t e , c i s - a c o n i t a t e ,g l u t a r a t e , P - h y d r o x y - f i - m e t h y l g l u t a r a t e , t r i c a r b -a l l y l a t e and o x a l a t e . None o f t h e s e compoundsh a d any e f f e c t on a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y .

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When 0 2 M - b o r a t e b u f f e r , pH 7 - 0 , w a s a d d e d i n

p l a c e o f c i t r a t e , r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d a s i l l u s t r a t e di n F i g . 4 .

E f f e c t o f amylase a c t i v i t y o f b o r a t e in t h e p r e s e n c e

o f c i t r a t e and p h o s p h a t e . To a s e r i e s o f 100 m l .

v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k s were a d d e d 0 2 m - s o l u t i o n s o f p h o s -p h a t e , c i t r a t e a n d b o r a t e i n v a r i o u s p r o p o r t i o n s .The r e s u l t s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 5 w e r e o b t a i n e d .

DISCUSSION

The r e s u l t s show t h a t c i t r a t e i o n s i n h i b i t t h e

a c t i v i t y o f s e r u m a m y l a s e . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s h a v eb e e n o b t a i n e d w i t h s a l i v a r y and u r i n a r y a m y l a s e .T h i s i n h i b i t i o n i s r e a l a n d n o t an a p p a r e n t o n e

c a u s e d b y a s h i f t o f t h e pH optimum i n t h e

presence o f c i t r a t e . I t w i l l b e s e e n f r o m F i g . 2 t h a t

t h e c i t r a t e moves t h e pH optimum f r o m 7 0 t o

7 - 6 . H o w e v e r , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t i nw h i c h t h e a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y o f a serum w a s d e t e r -

mined i n t h e presence o f c i t r a t e a t b o t h pH 7 - 0 and

pH 7 - 6 show t h a t i n h i b i t i o n by c i t r a t e i s s i m i l a r a t

t h e t wo pH v a l u e s .O x a l a t e d o e s n o t i n h i b i t w h e t h e r i t i s a d d e d

d i r e c t l y t o t h e serum o r t o t h e d i g e s t i o n m i x t u r e

25-

1 2 3 4 5

V o l . o f 0 - 2 M - c i t r a t e a d d e d ( m l . )

Fig. 3 . C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e e f f e c t o f c i t r a t e on a m y l a s ea c t i v i t y a t pH 7 0 an d 7 - 6 . The t e s t s o l u t i o n s ( f i n a l v o l u m e1 0 0 m l . ) c o n t a i n e d 5 m l . m i x t u r e s o f 0 2 M - p h o s p h a t e a n d0 O 2 m - c i t r a t e b u f f e r s . The v o l u m e o f c i t r a t e i n e a c h m i x t u r ec a n b e r e a d f r o m t h e a b s c i s s a . 0, pH 7 0 ; 0, pH 7 x 6 .

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0 1 2 3 4 5V o l . o f 0 - 2 M - b o r a t e a d d e d ( m l . )

F i g . 4 . E f f e c t o f b o r a t e on a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y a t pH 7 - 0 .Th e t e s t s o l u t i o n s ( f i n a l v o l u m e 1 0 0 m l . ) c o n t a i n e d 5 m l .

m i x t u r e s o f 02 w - p h o s p h a t e a n d 0 2 m - b o r a t e b u f f e r s . Th ev o l u m e o f b o r a t e i n e a c h m i x t u r e can b e r e a d f r o m t h e

a b s c i s s a .

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0 - 2 M - C i t r a t e ( m l . ) | o 2 | o 3|1112

F i g . 5 . E f f e c t o f b o r a t e i n p r e s e n c e o f c i t r a t e o n a m y l a s ea c t i v i t y . T h e t e s t s o l u t i o n s ( f i n a l v o l u m e 1 0 0 m l . ) c o n -

t a i n e d 5 m l . m i x t u r e s o f 0 2 M - p h o s p h a t e , 0 - 2 M - b o r a t e a n d0 * 2 M - c i t r a t e . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f p h o s p h a t e , b o r a t e a n dc i t r a t e c a n b e r e a d f r o m t h e a b s c i s s a e .

--%O-I....-

1 2 1 9 6 0

' r

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o l . 7 6 INHIBITION OF AMYLASE BY CITRATE

{ H . V . S t r e e t , u n p u b l i s h e d w o r k ) . T h i s i s n o t i n

g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e work o f M c G e a c h i n e t a l . ( 1 9 5 7 ) .T h e s e w o r k e r s u s e d t h e method o f Va n Loon e t a l .

( 1 9 5 2 ) , w h i c h i s s i m i l a r t o t h e method o f S t r e e t &

l o s e ( 1 9 5 6 ) , t h e main d i f f e r e n c e b e i n g t h a t s t a r c h

i s u s e d a s s u b s t r a t e i n s t e a d o f a m y l o s e a s i n t h e

p r e s e n t m e t h o d .

W h e n t h e method o f Va n Loon e t a l . ( 1 9 5 2 ) was

a p p l i e d w i t h s t a r c h a s s u b s t r a t e t h e r e s u l t s o f

M c G e a c h i n e t a l . ( 1 9 5 7 ) c o u l d s t i l l n o t b e c o n f i r r m e d ,a l t h o u g h c i t r a t e s t i l l i n h i b i t e d a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y .

SUMMARY

1 . The e f f e c t o f c i t r a t e on t h e a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y

o f b l o o d s e r u m , u r i n e and s a l i v a h a s b e e n i n v e s t i -

g a t e d an d i t h a s b e e n shown t h a t i t i n h i b i t s t h e

e n z y m e .

2 . i 8 o C i t r a t e , m a l a t e , l a c t a t e , g l y c o l l a t e , c x -

a m n i n o a c e t a t e , t a r t r a t e , c 8 - a c o n i t a t e , g l u t a x a t e ,

P - h y d r o x y - - m e t h y l g l u t a r a t e , t r i c a r b a l l y l a t e and

o x a l a t e h a v e no e f f e c t on a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y .3 . B o r a t e i o n s a c t i v a t e a m y l a s e a c t i v i t y .

REFERENCES

C l o s e , J . R . & S t r e e t , H . V . ( 1 9 5 8 ) . C l i n . c h i m . A c t a , 3 , 4 7 6 .

M c G e a c h i n , R . L . , D o u g h e r t y , H . K . , H a r g a n , L . A . &P o t t e r , B . A . ( 1 9 5 7 ) . C l i n . c h i m . A c t a , 2 , 7 5 .

S t r e e t , H . V . ( 1 9 5 8 ) . C l i n . c h i m . A c t a , 3 , 5 0 1 .

S t r e e t , H . V . & C l o s e , J . R . ( 1 9 5 6 ) . C l i n . c h i m . A c t a , 1 , 2 5 6 .

Van L o o n , E . J . , L i k i n s , M . R . & S e g e r , A . J . ( 1 9 5 2 ) .A m e r . J . c l i n . P a t h . 2 2 , 1 1 3 4 .

B i o c h , e m . J . ( 1 9 6 0 ) 7 6 , 1 3

O l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s and A s s o c i a t e d G l y c o s i d a s e s i n Aspen T i s s u e s

BY J . B . PRIDHAM

C h e M i 8 t r y D e p a r t m e n t , R o y a l H o l l o w a y C o l l e g e ( U n i v e r 8 i t y o f L o n d o n ) , E n g l e f i e l d G r e e n , S u r r e y

( R e c e i v e d 2 8 D e c e m b e r 1 9 5 9 )

Th e l o w - m o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t c a r b o h y d r a t e s p r e s e n t

i n t h e s a p s o f v a r i o u s t r e e s h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n

r e v i e w e d by S t e w a r t ( 1 9 5 7 ) . R e l a t i v e l y f e w r e -p o r t s o n c a r b o h y d r a s e s a n d t r a n s f e r a s e a c t i v i t i e s i n

t r e e t i s s u e s a r e t o b e f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ,h o w e v e r .

T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s s t u d i e s w i t h q u a k i n g

( P o p u l u 8 t r e m u l o i d e 8 ) and b i g t o o t h ( P . g r a n d i -

d e n t a t a ) a s p e n s , w h e r e , i n a d d i t i o n t o g l u c o s e and

f r u c t o s e ( a n d a t r a c e o f x y l o s e ) t h e main s u g a r

p r e s e n t i n b o t h xylem ( 1 - y e a r - o l d - x y l e m e l e m e n t s )

a nd ' s o f t x y l e m ' ( n e w l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d t i s s u e c o n -

s i s t i n g o f f i b r e s , v e s s e l s and some c a m b i a l c e l l s ) i s

s u c r o s e . P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h s and a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n

o f t h e s e t i s s u e s h a v e b e e n g i v e n by K r e m e r s

( 1 9 5 7 ) .S m a l l a m o u n t s o f r a f f i n o s e a r e a l s o p r e s e n t ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e x y l e m , a n d O - a C - D - g l u c o p y r a n o -

a y l - ( l 2 ) - 0 - f l - D - f r u c t o f u r a n o s y l - ( 1 -* 2 ) - , B ' - D - f r u c -t o f u r a n o s i d e ( L F . - p - f r u c t o s y l s u c r o s e ) h a s b e e n i d e n -

t i f i e d a s a c o m p o n e n t o f t h e ' s o f t x y l e m ' . P r o t e i n

p r e p a r a t i o n s f r o m t h e c a m b i a l r e g i o n o f a s p e n

show g l y c o s i d a s e a n d t r a n s f e r a s e a c t i v i t i e s .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

H e a l t h y t r e e s w e r e s e l e c t e d i n a n e x p e r i m e n t a l f o r e s t a t

t h e s t a r t o f t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n ; t h e y w e r e i n f u l l l e a f .W i t h i n 1 0 - 1 5 m i n . o f f e l l i n g , t h e t i s s u e s r e q u i r e d f o r s u g a r

a n a l y s e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a n d q u i c k l y p l a c e d i n a b s o l u t e

m e t h a n o l . ' S o f t - x y l e m ' m a t e r i a l w a s o b t a i n e d b y r e m o v -

i n g t h e b a r k f r o m t h e b o l e a n d t h e n s l i c i n g o f f t h e t i s s u ew i t h a k n i f e b l a d e h e l d f l a t a g a i n s t t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e w o o d .

X y l e m w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y r e m o v e d w i t h a s p o k e s h a v e .A l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s g . o f s o l u t e / 1 0 0 m l . o f

s o l u t i o n u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d .I 8 o l a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s u g a r e . T h e c o l l e c t e d

t i s s u e s w e r e f i l t e r e d o f f f r o m t h e m e t h a n o l a n d r e - e x t r a c t e dw i t h h o t m e t h a n o l . T h e t w o m e t h a n o l i c s o l u t i o n s w e r e t h e n

c o m b i n e d a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d t o s y r u p s b y d i s t i l l a t i o n u n d e r

r e d u c e d p r e s s u r e . T h e s e w e r e e x a m i n e d o n p a p e r c h r o -m a t o g r a m s (Whatman n o . 1 p a p e r ) w i t h e t h y l a c e t a t e -

a c e t i c a c i d - w a t e r ( A ; 9 : 2 : 2 , b y v o l . ) , b u t a n - l - o l - p y r i d i n e -w a t e r ( B ; 6 : 4 : 3 , b y v o l . ) a n d p r o p a n - l - o l - e t h y l a c e t a t e -

w a t e r ( C ; 7 : 1 : 2 , b y v o l . ) s o l v e n t s . p - A n i s i d i n e - H C l a n d

r e s o r c i n o l - H C l ( H o u g h , J o n e s & Wadman, 1 9 5 0 ) w e r e u s e d

a s s p r a y r e a g e n t s .S m a l l q u a n t i t i e s o f s u s p e c t e d s u c r o s e a n d r a f f i n o s e w e r e

i s o l a t e d f r o m x y l e m e x t r a c t s ( P . g r a n d i d e n t a t a ) b y p a r t i -t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y o n Wh a t m a n n o . 3MM p a p e r w i t h

s o l v e n t A . T o t a l h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e r a f f i n o s e w a s e f f e c t e d b y

h e a t i n g a t 9 5 0 w i t h N - H 2 S 0 4 f o r 3 h r . T h e a c i d w a s t h e n

n e u t r a l i z e d w i t h B a C O 3 a n d t h e h y d r o l y s a t e e x a m i n e d o n

p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a m s ( s o l v e n t A ) . Y e a s t i n v e r t a s e ( 3 5 0 ;2 0 h r . ) was u s e d f o r a p a r t i a l h y d r o l y s i s a n d t h e r e s u l t i n gp r o d u c t s w e r e a g a i n e x a m i n e d o n p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a m s

( s o l v e n t s A a n d B ) .1 F - f - F r u c t o s y l s u c r o s e w a s o b t a i n e d b y p a s s i n g a n

a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n o f t he m e t h a n o l e x t r a c t o f ' s o f t x y l e m '

( P . t r e m u l o i d e s ) t h r o u g h a s m a l l c h a r c o a l - C e l i t e c o l u m n

( A n d r e w s , H o u g h & P o w e l l , 1 9 5 6 ) . T h e m o n o s a c c h a r i d e sw e r e e l u t e d f r o m t h e c o l u m n w i t h w a t e r a n d s u c r o s e w i t h

a q u e o u s 2-5% ( v / v ) e t h a n o l . E l u t i o n w i t h a q u e o u s 5 0 %