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An Analysis of theImportance of
Commercial LocalRadio and Television
Broadcastingto the
United States Economy
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Copyright 2011,Woods & Poole Economics, Inc.All rights reserved. Reproduction by any method is prohibited.
The local commercial broadcast television and radio data contained in this report are estimated by Woods & PooleEconomics, Inc. Some of the historical data is estimated and is subject to revision. Forecasts and projections areuncertain and future data may differ substantially from the forecasts and projections in this report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ....................................................... 1
Overview ....................................................................... 3
Direct Impact of Local Television and Radio .................... 3
Effect of Local Television and Radio on Other Industries .... 4
Stimulative Effect of Local Television and Radioon the U.S. Economy ..................................................... 4
The Outlook for Local Television and RadioRevenues ....................................................................... 6
United States Data Table ................................................. 7
State Data Tables ............................................................ 8
Technical Documentation ............................................. 59
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Executive Summary
The commercial local broadcast industry, terrestrial radio andtelevision stations, is critically important to the United Stateseconomy as a whole and to local economies in particular. Localradio and television's key role in the dissemination of entertainmentand local programming is well established. Its important value to thenational economy is often overlooked, and in many ways taken forgranted. This analysis quantifies some of the core ways commerciallocal radio and television stations enhance economic productivity,efficiency, and growth. Only local commercial broadcast radio andtelevision is included in this analysis.
Results of this study show:
$1.17 trillion of Gross Domestic Productoriginating in the commercial local radio andtelevision industry annually
2.52 million jobs attributable to the local radioand television industry on an annual basis
The commercial local radio and television broadcast industry isimportant not only because of its direct employment, estimated atmore than 300 thousand jobs nationwide, but because of theindustries and economic activity it supports. Through advertising,the industry provides consumers with critical economic data on theprice and features of products and services. To businesses, theindustry provides a forum for getting messages about innovations andefficiencies directly to consumers. An unintended benefit of businessto consumer advertising is that other businesses receive the sameinformation and are prodded to adopt technologies and efficienciesto remain competitive; this free competitive intelligence is veryvaluable to consumers and to the economy as a whole.
The following analysis identifies, explains, and quantifies all of theseeffects. Table 1 on the following page displays the economic impactfor the United States as a whole. The impact on individual statesfollows the national analysis.
An Analysis of the Importance of Commercial LocalRadio and Television Broadcasting to the United States Economy
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Local radio and televisionbroadcasting directly, and throughit stimulative effect on theeconomy, supports 2.52 millionjobs nationwide.
Table 1. The 2010 Impact in GDP and Jobs
Total Impact of Local Television and Radio Broadcasting
$1.17 trillion in GDP annually$716.43 billion from television$453.88 billion from radio
2.52 million jobs on an annual basis1.54 million in television0.98 million in radio
Direct Impact of Local Television and Radio
$49.32 billion in GDP annually$30.19 billion from television$19.13 billion from radio
305.23 thousand jobs on an annual basis186.85 thousand in television118.38 thousand in radio
Effect of Local Television and Radio on Other Industries
$134.64 billion in GDP annually$82.42 billion from television$52.22 billion from radio
833.27 thousand jobs on an annual basis510.10 thousand in television323.16 thousand in radio
Stimulative Effect of Local Television and Radio on the Economy
$986.35 billion in GDP annually$603.82 billion from television$382.54 billion from radio
1.38 million jobs on an annual basis846.56 thousand in television536.32 thousand in radio
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Overview
The economic impact of the commercial local broadcast industry,terrestrial television and radio stations, has three major components.
First, the direct impact of the industry is the result of its significantsize: 1,370 commercial television stations and more than 11,700commercial radio stations sustaining more than 300 thousand jobsand more than $49 billion in output.
Second, as with any industry in a developed economy, workers in thecommercial local broadcast television and radio industry consumegoods and services in all other sectors of the economy supportingmore jobs and creating more income and output. This ripple effectis estimated to result in 833 thousand jobs and $135 billion inoutput.
Third, the output of commercial local broadcast television and radioindustry stimulates economic activity by providing a forum foradvertising that is free to consumers. The stimulative effect ofadvertising on local commercial broadcasts is very significant. Anestimated $986 billion in United States output and 1.38 million jobsare attributable to the stimulative effects of advertising on localtelevision and radio.
It is important to note that only commercial local broadcasttelevision and radio is included in this analysis. If noncommerciallocal broadcast television and radio were included the impact on theUnited States economy would be greater.
The Direct Impact
The direct impact of local television and radio broadcasting on theUnited States economy is estimated at 305 thousand jobs and $49billion in economic output. Local television broadcast stationsgenerate 187 thousand jobs and $30 billion in economic output,while local radio broadcast stations generate another 118 thousandjobs and $19 billion in economic output.
The core direct impact of local television and radio broadcastingincludes the number of jobs directly in local television and radio aswell as the number of jobs in advertising and programming. It isestimated that local television and radio broadcasting and advertisingand programming alone account for 195 thousand jobs. In additionhowever, other industries are impacted by local television and radio
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Local television and radiocommercial broadcasting directlyaccounts for more 300 thousandjobs and $49 billion in U.S.economic output.
The direct impact includesindustries supplying goods andservices directly to localbroadcasters.
broadcasting because they provide goods and services used increating local television and radio broadcasting and advertising.Industries as varied as telecommunications, public utilities,manufacturing, transportation and retail trade provide inputs into theproduction of local television and radio broadcasting. Whenmeasured with a technical input-output analysis an additional 110thousand jobs are supported in other industries because of the goodsand services requirements of local television and radio broadcaststations.
The Economic Impact on Other Industries
The income earned by workers in jobs directly related to localtelevision and radio broadcasting, either in the industry itself or inthe many suppliers that support the industry directly, helps createadditional economic activity. Each worker directly employed in localtelevision and radio broadcasting maintains a household andconsumes all of the goods and services American workers consume.A worker in local broadcast television advertising consumesmanufacturing output when he or she purchases an automobile. Aworker in local radio broadcasting consumes construction sectoroutput when he or she purchases a new home.
The income from local television and radio broadcast jobs flowsthrough the economy creating additional jobs and income in variouseconomic sectors. A job in local television and radio broadcaststations multiplies itself by helping create jobs in construction,farming, mining, state and local government and all other economicsectors. The workers in the industries supplying goods and servicesto local television and radio broadcast workers in turn consumegoods and services. It is estimated that the cascading effect of jobsand income emanating in local television and radio broadcastingresults in $135 billion in additional GDP and 833 thousand jobsnationwide.
The Stimulative Effect on the Economy
The commercial local broadcast industry, terrestrial television andradio stations, stimulates additional economic activity by providing aforum for advertising goods and services. The advertising providedby commercial local television and radio is unique in itscomprehensive coverage and very low cost to consumers. Localtelevision and radio advertising serves an important role for bothconsumers and businesses in providing economic information onproduct prices and features. This information increases market
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The ripple effect of the economicimpact of local commercialbroadcasting on other industriesis also called the multipliereffect.
The stimulative effect is the resultof the economically beneficial roleadvertising plays in the economy.
efficiencies and results in greater demand for well made and wellpriced goods and services. The additional demand contributes toaggregate economic growth. With the product and service featureand price information obtained from local broadcast television andradio advertising consumers allocate their purchases more efficientlyand businesses design goods and services to keep pace with theircompetitors. The stimulative effect of local broadcast television andradio advertising can be very great because almost all households inthe United States receive the information creating significantdemand and economies of scale for producers and consumers alike.
The primary role of broadcast television and radio is reducing thecost of product information through advertising. In this way,broadcast television and radio stations have their most significantimpact on economic growth, although the entertainment value oflocal broadcast television and radio is often emphasized in discussionson their impact on society. Reaching all United States households,local broadcast television and radio stations provide consumers withhighly valued marketplace information and businesses withimmediate economic and competitive intelligence.
Paid advertising on television and radio provides consumers withproduct information and price comparisons that enable efficientconsumer expenditures. An unintended consequence of paidadvertising by business is that competitors can learn of productfeatures, innovations and price structures. This competitiveintelligence encourages businesses to adapt and to offer betterproducts at lower prices benefiting consumers and creating realeconomic growth and increases in wealth.
The economic impact of advertising on both consumers andcompetitors is significant. Advertising on local broadcast televisionand radio stations is estimated to stimulate more than $986 billion ineconomic activity and support 1.38 million jobs.
Scope of this Analysis
Local commercial broadcast radio and television stations includinglocally owned and operated commercial stations, affiliate stations andindependent stations are included in this study. The operations ofover-the-air broadcast networks are not part of this analysis, exceptfor their owned-and-operated local television stations. By definition,cable, satellite and other video provider networks and stations are notincluded because this study covers only commercial broadcasttelevision and radio stations. Noncommercial radio and televisionstations are also not included.
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Advertising benefits consumersbecause businesses learn ofcompetitors innovations andadopt them.
This analysis covers localcommercial broadcast radio andtelevision stations.
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The Outlook
The outlook for growth in the commercial local broadcast industry,terrestrial television and radio stations, is strong. Research suggeststhat both television and radio local broadcast revenues will growthrough the year 2015 (see Charts below). The unique forum andlow cost of providing entertainment and product information toconsumers ensure that revenues will increase in coming years. Theeconomic impact previously described in this study will showparallel growth.
The outlook for local broadcastingrevenue growth is positive.
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United States
Local Television and RadioTotal U.S. Economic Impact
$1.17 trillionTelevision $716.43 billionRadio $453.88 billion
2.52 million jobsTelevision 1.54 million jobsRadio 0.98 million jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in U.S.
$49.32 billion305.23 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in U.S.$134.64 billion833.27 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in U.S.$986.35 billion
1.38 million jobs
United States Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 310,009.24 341,251.67Households (thousands) 118,817.59 133,495.12
Employment (thousands of jobs) 174,062.64 197,896.71
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $4,290.32 $5,178.07GDP (billions 2010 $) $13,946.75 $17,248.33Income per Capita (2010 $) $39,063 $44,140
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 1,370Radio: 11,707
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Alabama
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$14.74 billionTelevision $9.05 billionRadio $5.69 billion
33.83 thousand jobsTelevision 20.77 thousand jobsRadio 13.06 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.62 billion4.10 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.70 billion11.18 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$12.42 billion18.56 thousand jobs
Alabama Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 4,748.32 5,163.39Households (thousands) 1,903.51 2,115.55
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,403.33 2,708.81
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $59.78 $71.23Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $157.98 $190.81Income per Capita (2010 $) $33,354 $37,677
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 34Radio: 300
Alaska
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$3.06 billionTelevision $1.87 billionRadio $1.19 billion
5.76 thousand jobsTelevision 3.52 thousand jobsRadio 2.24 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.13 billion0.70 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.35 billion1.90 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$2.58 billion3.16 thousand jobs
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Alaska Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 705.94 783.32Households (thousands) 258.29 295.46
Employment (thousands of jobs) 450.50 513.35
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $10.81 $13.15Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $50.11 $60.78Income per Capita (2010 $) $43,292 $48,586
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 13Radio: 108
Arizona
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$24.01 billionTelevision $14.71 billionRadio $9.29 billion
52.80 thousand jobsTelevision 32.36 thousand jobsRadio 20.44 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.01 billion6.39 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.76 billion17.45 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$20.23 billion28.96 thousand jobs
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Arizona Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 6,714.03 7,921.04Households (thousands) 2,529.26 3,048.89
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,343.74 3,932.71
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $90.59 $117.11Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $250.05 $319.98Income per Capita (2010 $) $32,359 $35,917
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 21Radio: 255
Arkansas
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$9.14 billionTelevision $5.49 billionRadio $3.65 billion
21.28 thousand jobsTelevision 12.80 thousand jobsRadio 8.49 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.39 billion2.58 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.05 billion7.03 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$7.70 billion11.67 thousand jobs
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Arkansas Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 2,916.28 3,195.78Households (thousands) 1,167.71 1,306.81
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,548.34 1,767.71
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $35.43 $42.54Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $97.63 $122.83Income per Capita (2010 $) $31,539 $35,766
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 27Radio: 192
California
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$155.10 billionTelevision $96.32 billionRadio $58.78 billion
321.97 thousand jobsTelevision 200.07 thousand jobsRadio 121.91 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$6.54 billion38.98 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$17.84 billion106.4 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$130.72 billion176.59 thousand jobs
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California Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 37,342.26 41,294.38Households (thousands) 12,894.88 14,578.21
Employment (thousands of jobs) 19,870.80 22,592.50
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $505.35 $612.30Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $1,794.31 $2,222.50Income per Capita (2010 $) $41,769 $46,986
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 91Radio: 709
Colorado
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$21.29 billionTelevision $13.06 billionRadio $8.23 billion
46.37 thousand jobsTelevision 28.45 thousand jobsRadio 17.92 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.90 billion5.61 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.45 billion15.32 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$17.94 billion25.43 thousand jobs
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Colorado Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 5,104.71 5,923.42Households (thousands) 1,995.02 2,338.22
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,110.53 3,612.63
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $78.02 $99.20Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $240.86 $302.40Income per Capita (2010 $) $40,392 $45,297
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 27Radio: 233
Connecticut
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$15.34 billionTelevision $9.51 billionRadio $5.83 billion
30.52 thousand jobsTelevision 18.93 thousand jobsRadio 11.59 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.65 billion3.69 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.76 billion10.08 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$12.93 billion16.74 thousand jobs
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Connecticut Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 3,532.24 3,686.13Households (thousands) 1,379.28 1,469.85
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,229.33 2,514.54
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $55.35 $63.29Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $220.70 $274.05Income per Capita (2010 $) $54,314 $63,550
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 9Radio: 74
Delaware
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$3.71 billionTelevision $2.47 billionRadio $1.23 billion
6.83 thousand jobsTelevision 4.62 thousand jobsRadio 2.21 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.16 billion0.83 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.43 billion2.26 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$3.12 billion3.74 thousand jobs
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Delaware Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 894.02 986.35Households (thousands) 351.11 397.07
Employment (thousands of jobs) 516.40 581.92
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $15.65 $18.92Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $60.55 $73.60Income per Capita (2010 $) $39,517 $43,736
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 1Radio: 26
District of Columbia
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$8.47 billionTelevision $2.79 billionRadio $5.68 billion
16.35 thousand jobsTelevision 4.85 thousand jobsRadio 11.50 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.36 billion1.98 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.97 billion5.40 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$7.14 billion8.97 thousand jobs
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District of Columbia Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 599.96 604.89Households (thousands) 272.98 285.45
Employment (thousands of jobs) 777.93 862.08
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $5.71 $6.31Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $93.87 $116.46Income per Capita (2010 $) $67,453 $75,806
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 6Radio: 16
Florida
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$76.99 billionTelevision $51.27 billionRadio $25.72 billion
169.72 thousand jobsTelevision 112.82 thousand jobsRadio 56.90 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$3.24 billion20.55 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$8.86 billion56.09 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$64.89 billion93.08 thousand jobs
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Florida Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 18,813.32 21,637.80Households (thousands) 7,617.00 8,954.26
Employment (thousands of jobs) 9,856.79 11,581.49
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $280.59 $353.60Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $726.01 $932.66Income per Capita (2010 $) $37,194 $42,213
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 78Radio: 480
Georgia
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$36.30 billionTelevision $21.87 billionRadio $14.43 billion
80.14 thousand jobsTelevision 48.30 thousand jobsRadio 31.84 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.53 billion9.70 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$4.18 billion26.48 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$30.60 billion43.95 thousand jobs
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Georgia Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 9,966.55 11,377.58Households (thousands) 3,723.09 4,312.38
Employment (thousands of jobs) 5,206.37 6,036.99
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $136.97 $171.33Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $385.11 $478.66Income per Capita (2010 $) $33,454 $37,562
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 36Radio: 389
Hawaii
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$4.90 billionTelevision $2.76 billionRadio $2.14 billion
10.81 thousand jobsTelevision 6.11 thousand jobsRadio 4.70 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.21 billion1.31 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.56 billion3.57 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$4.13 billion5.93 thousand jobs
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Hawaii Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,308.23 1,443.86Households (thousands) 451.11 514.38
Employment (thousands of jobs) 834.76 936.21
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $19.26 $23.29Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $62.67 $76.60Income per Capita (2010 $) $42,055 $46,940
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 23Radio: 89
Idaho
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$4.50 billionTelevision $2.45 billionRadio $2.06 billion
10.87 thousand jobsTelevision 5.98 thousand jobsRadio 4.88 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.19 billion1.32 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.52 billion3.59 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$3.80 billion5.96 thousand jobs
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Idaho Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,573.68 1,857.96Households (thousands) 582.89 699.15
Employment (thousands of jobs) 897.20 1,047.33
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $20.36 $26.33Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $52.59 $66.45Income per Capita (2010 $) $31,386 $35,609
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 14Radio: 132
Illinois
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$56.52 billionTelevision $33.59 billionRadio $22.93 billion
119.62 thousand jobsTelevision 71.05 thousand jobsRadio 48.57 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$2.38 billion14.48 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$6.50 billion39.53 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$47.63 billion65.61 thousand jobs
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Illinois Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 12,983.72 13,769.31Households (thousands) 4,898.21 5,285.12
Employment (thousands of jobs) 7,242.20 8,038.30
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $177.72 $206.50Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $615.82 $747.01Income per Capita (2010 $) $41,237 $46,889
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 36Radio: 361
Indiana
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$21.13 billionTelevision $13.37 billionRadio $7.76 billion
47.59 thousand jobsTelevision 30.07 thousand jobsRadio 17.52 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.89 billion5.76 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.43 billion15.73 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$17.81 billion26.10 thousand jobs
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Indiana Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 6,461.24 6,868.37Households (thousands) 2,556.07 2,787.54
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,433.12 3,819.89
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $91.54 $106.62Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $240.95 $291.01Income per Capita (2010 $) $34,006 $38,399
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 31Radio: 257
Iowa
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$11.33 billionTelevision $6.33 billionRadio $5.00 billion
25.82 thousand jobsTelevision 14.50 thousand jobsRadio 11.32 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.48 billion3.13 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.30 billion8.53 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$9.55 billion14.16 thousand jobs
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Iowa Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 3,021.30 3,168.04Households (thousands) 1,221.76 1,313.19
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,978.34 2,199.41
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $41.09 $47.20Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $135.01 $165.37Income per Capita (2010 $) $37,038 $42,327
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 24Radio: 232
Kansas
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$9.61 billionTelevision $5.55 billionRadio $4.06 billion
22.23 thousand jobsTelevision 12.90 thousand jobsRadio 9.33 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.40 billion2.69 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.11 billion7.35 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$8.10 billion12.19 thousand jobs
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Kansas Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 2,839.83 3,061.87Households (thousands) 1,123.41 1,239.54
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,853.93 2,077.98
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $35.96 $42.48Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $123.15 $152.04Income per Capita (2010 $) $38,354 $43,698
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 23Radio: 198
Kentucky
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$14.56 billionTelevision $8.60 billionRadio $5.96 billion
33.41 thousand jobsTelevision 19.78 thousand jobsRadio 13.62 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.61 billion4.04 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.67 billion11.04 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$12.27 billion18.32 thousand jobs
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Kentucky Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 4,340.48 4,621.70Households (thousands) 1,755.81 1,913.27
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,369.36 2,653.90
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $55.25 $64.46Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $155.90 $189.60Income per Capita (2010 $) $32,497 $36,944
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 20Radio: 308
Louisiana
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$16.31 billionTelevision $9.81 billionRadio $6.50 billion
33.98 thousand jobsTelevision 20.42 thousand jobsRadio 13.56 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.69 billion4.11 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.88 billion11.23 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$13.74 billion18.64 thousand jobs
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Louisiana Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 4,528.69 4,912.73Households (thousands) 1,720.66 1,907.87
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,514.68 2,834.08
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $55.60 $66.09Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $220.67 $271.76Income per Capita (2010 $) $35,233 $39,959
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 31Radio: 219
Maine
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$3.94 billionTelevision $2.44 billionRadio $1.50 billion
9.44 thousand jobsTelevision 5.84 thousand jobsRadio 3.60 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.17 billion1.14 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.45 billion3.12 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$3.32 billion5.18 thousand jobs
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Maine Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,327.09 1,420.25Households (thousands) 554.42 607.83
Employment (thousands of jobs) 812.79 921.64
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $21.04 $24.68Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $49.25 $60.84Income per Capita (2010 $) $37,355 $42,340
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 10Radio: 106
Maryland
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$22.83 billionTelevision $14.89 billionRadio $7.94 billion
49.07 thousand jobsTelevision 32.00 thousand jobsRadio 17.07 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.96 billion5.94 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.63 billion16.22 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$19.24 billion26.91 thousand jobs
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Maryland Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 5,769.51 6,490.93Households (thousands) 2,229.78 2,584.67
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,296.51 3,814.34
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $82.84 $102.12Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $266.12 $336.55Income per Capita (2010 $) $48,425 $54,663
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 10Radio: 108
Massachusetts
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$27.75 billionTelevision $16.23 billionRadio $11.52 billion
57.80 thousand jobsTelevision 33.76 thousand jobsRadio 24.05 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.17 billion7.00 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$3.19 billion19.10 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$23.39 billion31.70 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Massachusetts Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 6,624.86 6,964.26Households (thousands) 2,625.29 2,824.00
Employment (thousands of jobs) 4,092.32 4,584.24
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $100.88 $116.19Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $360.92 $440.58Income per Capita (2010 $) $50,217 $57,468
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 18Radio: 139
Michigan
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$31.93 billionTelevision $19.50 billionRadio $12.43 billion
70.87 thousand jobsTelevision 43.29 thousand jobsRadio 27.58 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.35 billion8.58 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$3.67 billion23.42 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$26.91 billion38.87 thousand jobs
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Michigan Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 9,998.19 10,324.00Households (thousands) 3,921.21 4,139.69
Employment (thousands of jobs) 4,943.89 5,459.61
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $140.47 $158.93Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $361.56 $433.92Income per Capita (2010 $) $34,573 $39,525
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 42Radio: 366
Minnesota
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$20.67 billionTelevision $11.55 billionRadio $9.12 billion
45.73 thousand jobsTelevision 25.62 thousand jobsRadio 20.11 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.87 billion5.54 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.38 billion15.11 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$17.42 billion25.08 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Minnesota Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 5,319.38 5,871.84Households (thousands) 2,104.20 2,381.94
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,527.01 4,029.75
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $82.21 $99.43Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $262.73 $328.92Income per Capita (2010 $) $41,270 $46,520
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 24Radio: 292
Mississippi
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$8.24 billionTelevision $4.96 billionRadio $3.28 billion
19.58 thousand jobsTelevision 11.80 thousand jobsRadio 7.78 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.35 billion2.37 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.95 billion6.47 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$6.95 billion10.74 thousand jobs
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Mississippi Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 2,974.85 3,215.37Households (thousands) 1,122.58 1,238.53
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,488.08 1,676.40
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $33.37 $39.52Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $89.14 $110.19Income per Capita (2010 $) $30,365 $34,368
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 23Radio: 244
Missouri
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$21.42 billionTelevision $12.14 billionRadio $9.28 billion
49.12 thousand jobsTelevision 27.96 thousand jobsRadio 21.15 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.90 billion5.95 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.46 billion16.23 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$18.05 billion26.94 thousand jobs
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Missouri Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 6,031.10 6,490.40Households (thousands) 2,434.06 2,682.71
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,491.67 3,904.30
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $85.31 $100.59Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $230.60 $281.59Income per Capita (2010 $) $35,493 $39,929
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 31Radio: 302
Montana
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$2.98 billionTelevision $1.60 billionRadio $1.38 billion
7.32 thousand jobsTelevision 3.99 thousand jobsRadio 3.32 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.13 billion0.89 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.34 billion2.42 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$2.52 billion4.01 thousand jobs
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Montana Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 986.89 1,109.67Households (thousands) 405.41 467.61
Employment (thousands of jobs) 620.66 707.86
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $14.35 $17.68Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $35.00 $43.19Income per Capita (2010 $) $34,034 $38,085
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 21Radio: 152
Nebraska
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$6.96 billionTelevision $3.91 billionRadio $3.05 billion
15.90 thousand jobsTelevision 8.98 thousand jobsRadio 6.92 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.29 billion1.92 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.80 billion5.25 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$5.87 billion8.72 thousand jobs
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Nebraska Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,807.97 1,928.65Households (thousands) 723.65 791.88
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,221.28 1,369.18
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $27.20 $31.79Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $82.99 $101.16Income per Capita (2010 $) $38,251 $43,358
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 18Radio: 142
Nevada
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$11.43 billionTelevision $7.78 billionRadio $3.65 billion
24.40 thousand jobsTelevision 16.62 thousand jobsRadio 7.78 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.48 billion2.95 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.31 billion8.06 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$9.63 billion13.38 thousand jobs
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Nevada Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 2,690.76 3,177.99Households (thousands) 1,022.53 1,233.87
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,551.39 1,841.05
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $44.16 $57.14Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $128.09 $169.33Income per Capita (2010 $) $37,354 $42,716
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 18Radio: 101
New Hampshire
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$4.81 billionTelevision $3.08 billionRadio $1.73 billion
10.80 thousand jobsTelevision 6.90 thousand jobsRadio 3.90 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.20 billion1.31 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.55 billion3.57 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$4.05 billion5.92 thousand jobs
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New Hampshire Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,339.36 1,492.76Households (thousands) 532.32 608.91
Employment (thousands of jobs) 832.87 956.35
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $27.81 $33.96Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $59.51 $75.56Income per Capita (2010 $) $42,833 $48,805
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 4Radio: 78
New Jersey
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$31.50 billionTelevision $21.94 billionRadio $9.55 billion
63.65 thousand jobsTelevision 44.70 thousand jobsRadio 18.95 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.33 billion7.71 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$3.62 billion21.04 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$26.55 billion34.91 thousand jobs
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New Jersey Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 8,756.68 9,281.38Households (thousands) 3,263.39 3,526.31
Employment (thousands of jobs) 4,985.26 5,575.08
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $134.54 $156.24Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $469.25 $574.26Income per Capita (2010 $) $50,521 $57,920
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 10Radio: 88
New Mexico
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$6.65 billionTelevision $3.98 billionRadio $2.67 billion
14.79 thousand jobsTelevision 8.86 thousand jobsRadio 5.93 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.28 billion1.79 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.76 billion4.89 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$5.60 billion8.11 thousand jobs
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New Mexico Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 2,040.92 2,361.29Households (thousands) 785.53 931.80
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,072.06 1,258.95
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $26.42 $33.49Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $78.08 $101.77Income per Capita (2010 $) $33,141 $37,295
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 23Radio: 172
New York
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$81.96 billionTelevision $49.00 billionRadio $32.97 billion
160.73 thousand jobsTelevision 95.85 thousand jobsRadio 64.88 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$3.45 billion19.46 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$9.43 billion53.12 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$69.08 billion88.15 thousand jobs
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New York Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 19,609.92 20,374.83Households (thousands) 7,436.30 7,835.51
Employment (thousands of jobs) 10,894.32 11,931.92
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $240.12 $273.36Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $1,136.06 $1,359.21Income per Capita (2010 $) $48,247 $54,740
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 50Radio: 432
North Carolina
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$30.65 billionTelevision $18.90 billionRadio $11.74 billion
67.54 thousand jobsTelevision 41.65 thousand jobsRadio 25.88 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.29 billion8.18 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$3.53 billion22.32 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$25.83 billion37.04 thousand jobs
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North Carolina Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 9,512.12 10,860.90Households (thousands) 3,799.69 4,447.53
Employment (thousands of jobs) 5,191.03 5,960.89
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $131.68 $164.74Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $390.85 $490.38Income per Capita (2010 $) $34,566 $39,100
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 37Radio: 379
North Dakota
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$2.23 billionTelevision $1.19 billionRadio $1.04 billion
5.34 thousand jobsTelevision 2.90 thousand jobsRadio 2.45 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.09 billion0.65 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.26 billion1.77 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$1.88 billion2.93 thousand jobs
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North Dakota Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 649.91 683.17Households (thousands) 268.31 289.10
Employment (thousands of jobs) 496.25 558.76
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $10.06 $11.59Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $30.75 $37.81Income per Capita (2010 $) $39,873 $45,363
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 20Radio: 89
Ohio
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$39.16 billionTelevision $24.29 billionRadio $14.87 billion
87.89 thousand jobsTelevision 54.49 thousand jobsRadio 33.41 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.65 billion10.64 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$4.51 billion29.05 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$33.01 billion48.21 thousand jobs
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Ohio Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 11,573.11 11,925.38Households (thousands) 4,651.98 4,894.18
Employment (thousands of jobs) 6,471.04 7,125.45
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $158.49 $178.94Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $460.12 $554.90Income per Capita (2010 $) $35,464 $40,546
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 40Radio: 329
Oklahoma
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$12.93 billionTelevision $7.89 billionRadio $5.04 billion
29.48 thousand jobsTelevision 17.99 thousand jobsRadio 11.49 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.54 billion3.57 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.49 billion9.74 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$10.90 billion16.17 thousand jobs
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Oklahoma Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 3,714.09 3,999.64Households (thousands) 1,483.40 1,634.86
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,161.93 2,413.10
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $44.59 $52.61Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $146.45 $180.03Income per Capita (2010 $) $35,093 $39,704
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 24Radio: 193
Oregon
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$12.80 billionTelevision $7.27 billionRadio $5.53 billion
28.77 thousand jobsTelevision 16.39 thousand jobsRadio 12.38 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.54 billion3.48 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.47 billion9.51 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$10.79 billion15.78 thousand jobs
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Oregon Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 3,868.16 4,308.93Households (thousands) 1,544.48 1,753.96
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,235.47 2,545.02
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $54.50 $66.52Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $159.40 $195.91Income per Capita (2010 $) $35,430 $39,731
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 27Radio: 215
Pennsylvania
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$45.97 billionTelevision $27.30 billionRadio $18.67 billion
100.65 thousand jobsTelevision 59.80 thousand jobsRadio 40.85 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.94 billion12.18 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$5.29 billion33.26 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$38.74 billion55.20 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Pennsylvania Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 12,652.05 13,176.82Households (thousands) 5,037.78 5,356.00
Employment (thousands of jobs) 7,108.97 7,976.64
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $172.90 $197.29Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $542.75 $637.57Income per Capita (2010 $) $39,900 $46,085
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 38Radio: 408
Rhode Island
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$3.39 billionTelevision $2.06 billionRadio $1.33 billion
7.32 thousand jobsTelevision 4.45 thousand jobsRadio 2.87 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.14 billion0.89 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.39 billion2.42 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$2.86 billion4.02 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Rhode Island Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,058.01 1,110.24Households (thousands) 424.75 455.90
Employment (thousands of jobs) 586.36 663.28
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $13.78 $15.84Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $46.56 $57.15Income per Capita (2010 $) $41,649 $48,365
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 4Radio: 27
South Carolina
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$13.26 billionTelevision $8.58 billionRadio $4.68 billion
31.25 thousand jobsTelevision 20.13 thousand jobsRadio 11.12 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.56 billion3.78 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.53 billion10.33 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$11.17 billion17.14 thousand jobs
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South Carolina Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 4,616.45 5,186.12Households (thousands) 1,820.44 2,097.37
Employment (thousands of jobs) 2,470.33 2,841.72
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $59.88 $73.70Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $153.41 $187.89Income per Capita (2010 $) $31,937 $35,685
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 24Radio: 220
South Dakota
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$3.00 billionTelevision $1.48 billionRadio $1.52 billion
6.93 thousand jobsTelevision 3.48 thousand jobsRadio 3.46 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.13 billion0.84 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.35 billion2.29 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$2.53 billion3.80 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
South Dakota Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 818.96 888.01Households (thousands) 323.76 360.56
Employment (thousands of jobs) 554.99 624.03
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $13.16 $15.63Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $36.83 $44.74Income per Capita (2010 $) $37,100 $42,203
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 17Radio: 104
Tennessee
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$20.00 billionTelevision $12.21 billionRadio $7.79 billion
45.52 thousand jobsTelevision 27.80 thousand jobsRadio 17.72 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.84 billion5.51 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.30 billion15.04 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$16.85 billion24.97 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Tennessee Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 6,367.53 7,105.19Households (thousands) 2,574.66 2,946.35
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3556.80 4090.99
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $85.85 $104.96Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $244.50 $296.32Income per Capita (2010 $) $34,022 $38,720
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 34Radio: 350
Texas
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$105.09 billionTelevision $65.32 billionRadio $39.78 billion
220.49 thousand jobsTelevision 137.10 thousand jobsRadio 83.40 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$4.43 billion26.69 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$12.09 billion72.87 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$88.57 billion120.93 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Texas Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 25,205.75 29,533.98Households (thousands) 9,093.68 10,849.55
Employment (thousands of jobs) 14,508.22 17,011.00
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $346.31 $444.60Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $1260.71 $1617.27Income per Capita (2010 $) $35,993 $40,678
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 118Radio: 818
Utah
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$9.03 billionTelevision $5.21 billionRadio $3.83 billion
20.80 thousand jobsTelevision 12.04 thousand jobsRadio 8.77 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.38 billion2.52 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$1.04 billion6.88 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$7.61 billion11.41 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Utah Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 2,838.36 3,386.10Households (thousands) 908.77 1,104.39
Employment (thousands of jobs) 1,624.49 1,918.77
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $37.03 $48.40Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $107.90 $142.30Income per Capita (2010 $) $30,078 $33,707
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 15Radio: 105
Vermont
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$1.84 billionTelevision $1.03 billionRadio $0.82 billion
4.49 thousand jobsTelevision 2.53 thousand jobsRadio 1.96 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.08 billion0.54 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.21 billion1.48 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$1.55 billion2.46 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Vermont Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 627.12 683.18Households (thousands) 255.62 285.69
Employment (thousands of jobs) 428.01 480.32
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $9.92 $11.84Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $25.73 $31.75Income per Capita (2010 $) $39,527 $44,485
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 4Radio: 61
Virginia
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$28.71 billionTelevision $18.86 billionRadio $9.85 billion
61.00 thousand jobsTelevision 40.10 thousand jobsRadio 20.89 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.21 billion7.38 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$3.30 billion20.16 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$24.20 billion33.45 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Virginia Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 8,007.16 9,284.64Households (thousands) 3,141.31 3,730.41
Employment (thousands of jobs) 4,802.38 5,593.01
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $114.71 $145.73Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $399.11 $506.61Income per Capita (2010 $) $43,799 $49,091
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 27Radio: 303
Washington
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$24.44 billionTelevision $14.26 billionRadio $10.18 billion
52.03 thousand jobsTelevision 30.34 thousand jobsRadio 21.69 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$1.03 billion6.30 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.81 billion17.20 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$20.60 billion28.54 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Washington Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 67,58.00 77,21.35Households (thousands) 2,667.55 3,111.43
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,903.50 4,510.52
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $94.86 $118.75Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $323.07 $405.48Income per Capita (2010 $) $41,387 $46,067
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 28Radio: 231
West Virginia
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$5.31 billionTelevision $3.22 billionRadio $2.09 billion
12.18 thousand jobsTelevision 7.39 thousand jobsRadio 4.79 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.22 billion1.47 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.61 billion4.03 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$4.48 billion6.68 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
West Virginia Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 1,824.00 1,873.77Households (thousands) 763.76 802.64
Employment (thousands of jobs) 868.12 955.33
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $21.83 $24.58Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $57.39 $63.18Income per Capita (2010 $) $32,420 $36,506
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 15Radio: 156
Wisconsin
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$20.29 billionTelevision $12.23 billionRadio $8.06 billion
46.23 thousand jobsTelevision 27.89 thousand jobsRadio 18.34 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.86 billion5.60 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$2.33 billion15.28 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$17.10 billion25.36 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Wisconsin Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 5,697.06 6,142.75Households (thousands) 2,274.24 2,510.96
Employment (thousands of jobs) 3,440.79 3,849.01
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $80.73 $95.38Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $233.93 $286.18Income per Capita (2010 $) $36,693 $41,505
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 36Radio: 284
Wyoming
Local Television and RadioTotal Economic Impact in State
$2.12 billionTelevision $1.26 billionRadio $0.86 billion
4.38 thousand jobsTelevision 2.60 thousand jobsRadio 1.78 thousand jobs
Local Television and RadioDirect Economic Impact in State
$0.09 billion0.53 thousand jobs
Economic Impact on Other Industries in State$0.24 billion1.45 thousand jobs
Stimulative Effect on Economy in State$1.79 billion2.40 thousand jobs
, . , .. , - - ..
Wyoming Economy2010 2020
Population (thousands) 549.13 599.96Households (thousands) 220.70 246.72
Employment (thousands of jobs) 386.18 436.38
Retail Sales (billions 2010 $) $8.28 $9.91Gross State Product (billions 2010 $) $34.10 $41.20Income per Capita (2010 $) $44,161 $50,943
Number ofCommercial Stations
Television: 15Radio: 135
Introduction
The Woods & Poole Economics, Inc. database contains more than900 economic and demographic variables for every county in theUnited States for every year from 1970 to 2040. This comprehensivedatabase includes detailed population data by age, sex, and race;employment and earnings by major industry; personal income bysource of income; retail sales by kind of business; and data on thenumber of households, their size, and their income. All of thesevariables are projected for each year through 2040. In total, there areover 200 million statistics in the regional database. The regional modelthat produces the projection component of this database wasdeveloped by Woods & Poole. The regional projection methods arerevised somewhat year to year to reflect new computational techniquesand new sources of regional economic and demographic information.Each year, a new projection is produced based on an updated historicaldatabase and revised assumptions.
The fact that the proprietary Woods & Poole economic anddemographic projections rely on a very detailed database, makes themone of the most comprehensive county-level projections available. Adescription of some characteristics of the database and projectionmodel is contained in this chapter.
Overview of the Projection Methods
The strength of Woods & Pooles economic and demographicprojections stems from the comprehensive historical county databaseand the integrated nature of the projection model. The projection foreach county in the United States is done simultaneously so thatchanges in one county will affect growth or decline in other counties.For example, growth in employment and population in Houston willaffect growth in other metropolitan areas, such as Cleveland. Thisreflects the flow of economic activity around the country as newindustries emerge or relocate in growing areas and as people migrate,in part because of job opportunities. The county projections aredeveloped within the framework of the United States projection madeby Woods & Poole. The U.S. projection is the control total for the2011 regional projections and is described in the Overview of the2011 Projections chapter included in Woods & Poole publications.
The regional projection technique used by Woods & Poole linking the counties together to capture regional flows andconstraining the results to a previously determined United States total
, . , .. , - - ..
Summary Technical Description of the Woods & Poole Economics, Inc.2011 Regional Projections and Database
Woods & Poole Economics, Inc.is a small, independentcorporation that specializes inlong-term county economic anddemographic projections. Woods& Poole's database for everycounty in the U.S. containsprojections through 2040 for morethan 900 variables.
This document is a summary.Please contact Woods & PooleEconomics, Inc. at (800)786-1915for a more detailed TechnicalDescription of the 2011 RegionalProjections and Database.
avoids a common pitfall in regional projections. Regionalprojections are sometimes made for a city or county without regardfor potential growth in surrounding areas or other areas in the country.Such projections may be simple extrapolations of recent historicaltrends and, as a result, may be too optimistic or pessimistic. If thesecounty projections were added together, the total might differconsiderably from any conceivable national forecast scenario; this isthe result of each regional projection being generated independentlywithout interactive procedures and without being integrated into aconsistent national projection.
The methods used by Woods & Poole to generate the countyprojections proceed in four stages. First, forecasts to 2040 of totalUnited States personal income, earnings by industry, employment byindustry, population, inflation, and other variables are made. In the2011 Woods & Poole model the U.S. forecast included an estimate ofthe 2008-09 recession using preliminary employment data for 2009and 2010 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Second, the country isdivided into 179 Economic Areas (EAs) as defined by the U.S.Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). TheEAs are aggregates of contiguous counties that attempt to measurecohesive economic regions in the United States (a list of all EAs andtheir component counties can be found in Appendix 6 following thischapter); in the 2011 Woods & Poole model, EA definitions releasedby the BEA in May 2007 are used. For each EA, a projection is madefor employment, using an export-base approach; in some cases, theemployment projections are adjusted to reflect the results of individualEA models or exogenous information about the EA economy. Theemployment projection for each EA is then used to estimate earningsin each EA. The employment and earnings projections then becomethe principal explanatory variables used to estimate population andnumber of households in each EA.
The third stage is to project population by age, sex, and race foreach EA on the basis of net migration rates projected fromemployment opportunities. For stages two and three, the U.S.projection is the control total for the EA projections. The fourth stagereplicates stages two and three except that it is performed at thecounty level, using the EAs as the control total for the countyprojections.
Historical Data
Much of the historical economic data in the Woods & Pooleregional databases are obtained from the Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA) of the Department of Commerce. The historical data from theBEA include county-level data for each year 1969 through 2008 foremployment and earnings by one-digit Standard Industrial
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U.S. PROJECTIONS
ECONOMIC AREABASIC SECTORPROJECTIONS
ECONOMIC AREANON-BASIC SECTOR
PROJECTIONS
COUNTY BASICSECTOR PROJECTIONS
COUNTY NON-BASICSECTOR PROJECTIONS
Classification (SIC) code (1969 to 2000) and by one-digit NorthAmerican Industry Classification System (NAICS) code (2001 to2008), and personal income by source of income. Other sources ofdata include the 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Censuses and post-Censalreports for population and household data, and the quinquennialCensus of Retail Trade for retail sales data. Woods & Poole generallyaccepts the government data as given unless indicated otherwise in thischapter. The discussion which follows, of the historical data used byWoods & Poole, is not intended to be a complete explanation of thehistorical data; the user should consult the government sources of thehistorical data for a complete explanation. Some of the sources ofgovernment data used by Woods & Poole have technical explanationsof how the historical data is collected, how the data can be used, andlimitations to the data; the documentation may contain importantinformation on the applicability of the data for particular applicationsand should be reviewed by users of the historical data; thedocumentation can be obtained from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, theGovernment Printing Office or many public libraries. All data for theyears 2009-2040 (2010-2040 for population) are projected by Woods& Poole.
Historical data are subject to revision from time to time.Historical employment and income data from the Bureau ofEconomic Analysis are revised on a regular basis. For example,historical data released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in 1984showed total employment for the United States in 1980 to be 106.4million jobs; the current estimate of 1980 U.S. total employment is114.0 million jobs. When using the historical data, it is important touse the current revision and not combine this data with previousversions since there may be definitional changes in the data.
Gross Domestic Product by State
Gross Domestic Product by State, formerly Gross State Product(GSP), is called Gross Regional Product (GRP) in the Woods & Pooledatabase. GRP is historical for the United States total, regions, andstates for the years 1969-2007 from the Bureau of Economic AnalysisGross Domestic Product by State series. All county, and metropolitanarea, historical GRP data, 1969-2007, is estimated by Woods & Pooleby allocating state GRP in a particular year to counties within thestate based on the proportion of total state earnings of employeesoriginating in a particular county. County GRP estimates areconstrained to state totals for the years 1969-2007. All GRP data isestablishment based.
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Historical data used by Woods & Poole are subject tosignificant revisions.
Gross Domestic Product by State(formerly Gross State Product orGSP) is called Gross RegionalProduct (GRP) in theWoods & Poole database.
Local Television and Radio Employment and Output
All of the estimates provided in this report are for 2010. Theestimates of local radio and television employment were obtained fromthe U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.Employment estimates by detailed NAICS industries for broadcastingand advertising were used to create U.S. and state employmentestimates for television and radio. The input-output factors to estimateemployment from suppliers were obtained from the detailed input-output tables of the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The multiplierfactors were assumed to always be less than 2.8 jobs. The stimulativefactor was always assumed to be less than $20 of economic output per$1 of advertising output and less than 45 jobs per $1 million ofadvertising output. The output data was obtained from local televisionand radio broadcasting sources.
Employment
The employment data in the Woods & Poole database are acomplete measure of the number of full- and part-time jobs by placeof work. Historical data, 1969-2008, are from the U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. The employment datainclude wage and salary workers, proprietors, private householdemployees, and miscellaneous workers. Wage and salary employmentdata are based on an establishment survey in which employers areasked the number of full- and part-time workers at a givenestablishment. Because part-time workers are included, a personholding two part-time jobs would be counted twice. Also, since thewage and salary employment data are based on an establishmentsurvey, jobs are counted by place of work and not place of residence ofthe worker; thus, a job in the New York Metropolitan Area is countedin the New York Metropolitan Area regardless of where the workerlives. The 2011 Woods & Poole model included an estimate of the2008-09 recession using preliminary employment data for 2009 and2010 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Data on proprietors include farm and non-farm proprietors bysector. Proprietors include not only those people who devote themajority of their time to their proprietorship, but people who devoteany time at all to a proprietorship. Thus, a person who has a full-timewage and salary job and on nights and weekends runs a small businesslegally defined as a proprietorship would be counted twice. Theemployment data therefore include full- and part-time proprietors.
Private household employment data include persons employed bya household on the premises, such as full-time baby-sitters,housekeepers, gardeners, and butlers. Miscellaneous employment datainclude judges and all elected officials, persons working only oncommission in sectors such as real estate and insurance, students
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Employment data are historicalfor the years 1969-2008 andprojected for the years 2009-2040.Employment data by NAICSindustries is estimated for theyears 1969-2000.
employed by the colleges or universities in which they are enrolled,and unincorporated subcontractors in sectors such as construction.
The employment data used by Woods & Poole comprise the mostcomplete definition of the number of jobs by county. Woods & Pooledata may be higher than that from other sources because they measuremore kinds of employment. There are three other commonly usedgovernment sources for employment data: the Bureau of LaborStatistics (BLS), the Bureau of the Census, and the National Incomeand Product Accounts (NIPA). These sources of employment datadiffer from the data used by Woods & Poole. The BLS establishmentdata are generally much lower than the Woods & Poole data becauseagricultural workers, the military, proprietors, households, andmiscellaneous employment are not included; the exclusion ofproprietors from the BLS data is the most significant difference. Datafrom the Census (and some survey data from the BLS) are based onemployment by place of residence and differ fundamentally in conceptfrom the Woods & Poole employment data by place of work; Censusemployment data are generally lower than Woods & Poole data, butnot always. Since Census data are based on a household survey,persons holding two jobs would be counted only once, and, therefore,the data would be lower than Woods & Poole. However, Censussurvey data for counties that have a large number of commuters andrelatively few jobs within the county could yield employment datahigher than Woods & Poole. Employment data in the National Incomeand Product Accounts are close to Woods & Poole data, except thatpart-time proprietors and certain miscellaneous employees areexcluded; therefore, these data are usually lower.
Personal Income
The historical data (1969-2008) for total personal income are fromthe U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.Total personal income is the income received by persons from allsources, that is, from participation in production, from bothgovernment and business transfer payments, and from governmentinterest, which is treated like a transfer payment. Persons consist ofindividuals, nonprofit institutions serving individuals, private uninsuredwelfare funds, and private trust funds. Personal income is the sum ofwages and salaries, other labor income, proprietors income, rentalincome of persons, dividend income, personal interest income, andtransfer payments less personal contributions for social insurance.
As with employment, the definition of total personal income usedby Woods & Poole is the most comprehensive one available. Anothercommonly used measure of income is money income of persons.Money income is the concept used by the Bureau of the Census and iswidely used in other sources. When Woods & Pooles income data are
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Historical data in the Woods & Poole database isrevised each year.
Personal income data arehistorical for the years 1969-2008and projected for the years 2009-2040.
Employment in the Woods &Poole database is usually muchhigher than BLS employmentdata because Woods & Pooleincludes proprietors andgovernment workers.
higher than data from another source, once inflation adjustments aretaken into account, it is probably because the other source uses moneyincome base data. Total personal income includes all of moneyincome plus the exclusions to money income. Money incomeexcludes payments-in-kind such as food stamps, agricultural payments-in-kind, and the value of in-kind medical payments; the imputedrental value of owner-occupied housing; the imputed value of certaininterest payments such as the value to consumers of free non-interestbearing checking accounts; all other labor income; capitalconsumption adjustments for proprietors; inventory valuationadjustments, although sometimes this is negative; and lump-sumpayments such as liability judgments and consumer defaults on debtsto businesses. For the U.S. as a whole, money income is about 25%less than total personal income; at the regional level, the differencevaries depending on the specific composition of total personal income.
Another commonly used measure of income is disposable income,which is defined as total personal income less personal tax and non-taxpayments. Disposable income is the income available to persons forspending or saving. Tax payments are payments, net of refunds, madeby persons to the government; it includes taxes such as income, estateand gift, and personal property taxes, but it excludes personalcontributions to social insurance. Non-tax payments include tuitionand fees paid to schools and hospitals operated mainly by thegovernment, donations to such institutions, passport fees, and fines andpenalties.
Retail Sales and Food Services Sales
Data for retail sales by kind of business are from the 1972, 1977,1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002 Census of Retail Trade (U.S. Departmentof Commerce, Bureau of the Census). Retail sales data for 1972, 1977,1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997 has been changed by Woods & Poole fromSIC classifications to estimated NAICS kind of business classificationsto be consistent with 2002 Census of Retail Trade data. Theintervening historical data for the years 1969-71, 1973-76, 1978-81,1983-86, 1988-91, 1993-96, and 1998-2001 are also estimated byWoods & Poole. These estimates are made by interpolating retail salesby kind of business per capita for the intervening years (e.g., 1973-76).These proportions are then multiplied by population for theintervening years to estimate retail sales by kind of business. Theestimates are then constrained to U.S. retail sales by kind of businessfor the intervening years. U.S. retail sales data for 1969-2002 are fromthe Bureau of Economic Analysis but are revised by Woods & Poole tobe consistent with the sum of the county retail sales data for theCensus years. Therefore, retail sales data for the U.S. are the sum ofcounty retail sales as published in the Census of Retail Trade and differ
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Personal income (and income percapita) data used by Woods &Poole are usually much higherthan money income data used bythe Census because money incomeexcludes some forms of income.
Retail sales data are historical forthe years 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987,1992, 1997, and 2002; estimatedfor all other years 1969-2001;and projected for the years 2003-2040.
Retail sales by kind of businessare based NAICS classifications.Total retail sales includes foodservices and drinking places.
from the U.S. data published monthly by the Department ofCommerce.
Some county data from the Census of Retail Trade are withheldbecause of Federal information disclosure policies. All withheld datahave been estimated by Woods & Poole; the techniques used to makethese estimates are described below in the section titled Estimation ofMissing Historical Data.
In the 2011 Woods & Poole database total retail sales are modifiedto include food services and drinking places sales (NAICS 722). Theinclusion of food services and drinking places sales makes total retailsales more consistent with the SIC definition.
Retail sales are counted, as are employment and earnings, on anestablishment basis. Mail-order sales are counted at the point fromwhich the merchandise is sent and not at the point at which it isreceived. Retail sales are classified by kind of business according to theprincipal lines of commodities sold (e.g., groceries or hardware) or theusual trade designation (e.g., drug store or cigar store). In some cases,an establishment sells goods in several different business groups, such asa convenience store with gasoline pumps. In these cases, all theestablishments sales are classified in the business group that is theprimary activity of the establishment; therefore, the retail sales data bykind of business does not reflect retail sales by merchandise line.
Population
The historical population data for the years 1969 to 2009 is fromthe U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Thehistorical population data in the 2011 Woods & Poole database doesnot include 2010 Census results. The historical county totalpopulation and population by single year of age by race and sex forthe years 1991-1999 and 2001-2009 was estimated by Woods & Pooleusing 1990 and 2000 Census results and Bureau of the Censusintercensal and postcensal estimates. The historical county populationby single year of age by race and sex for the years 1971-1979 and1981-1989 is estimated by using single year of age data from the 1970,1980, and 1990 Census of Population for counties, and U.S. annualpopulation by single year of age by race and sex.
Population is defined as July 1 residential population and includes:civilian population; military population except personnel stationedoverseas; college residents; institutional populations, such as prisoninmates and residents of mental institutions, nursing homes, andhospitals; and estimates of undocumented aliens. Excluded arepersons residing in Puerto Rico, U.S. territories and possessions, andU.S. citizens living abroad.
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Total population data arehistorical for the years 1969-2009, and projected for the years2010-2040.
The 2011 Woods & Pooledatabase does not include 2010Census population data.
The population data in the Woods & Poole database are generallyconsistent with data from other sources, including the Census Bureau.The most significant difference between the Census Bureau data usedby Woods & Poole and the actual 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Censusresults is that Woods & Poole data are July 1-based and the decennialcensus data are April 1-based. Decennial census data were adjustedforward from April 1 to July 1 to make them consistent withpopulation data for other years as well as with the employment andincome data, which are also July 1-based.
Households
The data for households are from Census Bureau counts in 1970,1980, 1990, and 2000 and Census Bureau estimates for 1985. As withpopulation, the household data from the decennial censuses wereadjusted from April 1 to July 1. The 1985 Census Bureau estimate wasalready July 1-based. All other years of county household data (i.e.,1969, 1971-1979, 1981-1984, 1986-1989, and 1991-1999) areestimates. Household data for the U.S. and states, 1969-2000, are basedon Census Bureau data.
Household data for total number of households, group quarterspopulation, and average size of households from the 1990 and 2000Census, adjusted to a July-1 base, are included in the Woods & Pooledatabase.
Households are defined as occupied housing units. A housing unitis a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupiedas separate living quarters. The occupants of a housing unit may be asingle family, one person living alone, two or more families livingtogether, or any group of related or unrelated persons who share livingquarters. All people are part of a household except those who residein group quarters. Group quarters include living arrangements such asprisons, homes for the aged, rooming houses, college dormitories, andmilitary barracks. The average size of households is defined as totalpopulation less group quarters population divided by the number ofhouseholds. Mean household income is defined as total personalincome less estimated income of group quarters population divided bythe number of households.
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The 2011 Woods & Pooledatabase does not include 2010Census household data.
Household data are historical forthe years 1970, 1980, 1985 1990,and 2000; estimated for all otheryears 1969-1999; and projectedfor the years 2001-2040.
