An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1

Mr. Knowles

Anatomy and Physiology

Liberty Senior High School

A Brief OutlineI. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

A. DefinitionsB. Relationship

II. Common Themes in Anat. and Phys.A. Structure and FunctionB. Levels of OrganizationC. Homeostasis and System Regulation

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

• Anatomy“to cut open”- the

study of internal and external structures.

Examples are gross and microscopic anatomy.

• PhysiologyStudy of how anatomical

structures perform vital functions.

Examples are

physiologists and therapists.

Two Perspectives

• The Anatomist- studies a truck by measuring, photographing, and taking apart its various parts.

Two Perspectives• The Physiologist-would study the truck by

driving it, testing the brakes to determine how they work, and figure out how the engine performs.

Early Anatomists• Hippocrates- Greek

philosopher and physician, 400 B.C.

• Hippocratic Oath• Four “Humours” of

the body.• Observations, little

Experimentation

Greek and Roman Surgical Instruments

Early Black Bag

Claudius Galenus (Galen)• Roman anatomist

during the 1st Century.

• Described the human anatomy in detail.

• Little understanding of physiology.

Galen’s Office

Galen’s Specimens

Vesalius• 16th Century anatomist

who provided exquisite detail of systems.

• Experimentation with domestic animals. To determine function.

• Assumed Galen to be correct; not questioned.

Vesalius at Work!

William Harvey• 17th Century English

anatomist who questioned some of Galen’s conclusions.

• Determined how the CV system worked in 1628 publication.

• Used experimentation to prove CV function.

1st Theme: Structure and Function are Related

Structure Function

Form and Function are Related

• Example: the human elbow joint- ulna (forearm) and the humerus bone of upper arm form a hinge joint.

• Both at macroscopic and microscopic levels.

2nd Theme: Levels of Organization

• Atoms/chemicals form the Molecular Level.

• Organelles organized into the Cellular Level.

• Cells are organized into a Tissue Level.

• Several tissues form the Organ Level.

• Several organs form the Organ System Level.

• Organ systems function together for the Organism

Levels of Organization

• Functional and structural relationship between the levels.

• Example: The Cardiovascular System.

What functional characteristics must all organisms do in order to

live?

There are 8 functions.

Design a creature!

1. Maintain Boundaries• Organisms must maintain

boundaries to separate internal and external environments.

• Protection from pathogens, dessication (loss of water), harmful chemicals.

• Regulation.

2. Movement• Includes moving the

body through the external environment and materials through the internal environment.

• Even at the cellular level.

• Muscular and skeletal.

3. Responsiveness• Sense changes in

the environment (stimuli) and react to them.

• Nervous, muscular, and skeletal

4. Digestion• Breaking down

ingested foods into molecules the body can use for growth and maintenance.

• Digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine.

5. Metabolism• Breaking down

complex molecules simple ones for building blocks.

• Making simple ones complex ones.

• Simple Molecules Energy

• Several systems.

6. Excretion• Removing toxic solid,

liquid, and gases.• Examples are

indigestible solids, urea, and CO2.

• Digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems.

7. Reproduction• Occurs at the

cellular and organismal levels.

• Includes the reproductive, endocrine, nervous, and muscular.

8. Growth

• Increase in size of body or tissue.

• Increase in the number of cells in all systems.

Some Organ Systems• Nervous• Cardiovascular • Respiratory• Integumentary• Endocrine• Muscle• Skeletal

• Processing center• Internal transport• Gas exchange• Protection, regul.• Communication• Movement• Support

How are Organ Systems Related?

RespiratorySystem

IntegumentarySystem

Processing Centers

CV

System

Interrelated Systems

Link to the Homeostasis Lecture

Homeostatic Regulation• Homeostasis- The existence of a stable internal environment.

• Has 3 Parts:

Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus.

Control Center: receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor.

Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the original stimulus.

Homeostasis in Your House!

Show Me Some Homeostasis!

Two Types of Homeostasis• Negative Feedback:

when the effector(s) activated by the control center oppose or eliminate stimulus.

• Many examples; most common feedback system.

• Positive Feedback: initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances its effects.

• Labor Contractions

• Blood Clotting

Physiological Example

Show me an example of homeostasis!

The New Living Body-Homeostasis, 1995, VT

574.1 HOM