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HORIZON 2020 EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING FOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION
HORIZON 2020 EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING FOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION
An Overview of Nanomaterials for Energy Applications
Dr Peter Bishop
Technology Manager
Johnson Matthey Technology Centre
Reading U.K
Todays Presentation
Introduction
Low Emission Vehicles JM Activities
Nanomaterials Opportunities
Nanomaterial Synthesis
Examples in Functional Coatings, Batteries, Fuel cells
Divisional Structure
Emission Control Technologies
Process Technologies
Precious Metal Products
Fine Chemicals
New Businesses
Chemicals
Chemical Technologies (DPT)
Syngas
Chemical Catalysts (inc. Formox)
Oil and Gas
Refineries
Purification
Tracerco
Services
Platinum Marketing and Distribution
Refining
Manufacturing
Noble Metals
Colour Technologies
Chemical Products
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing
Catalysis and Chiral Technologies
Research Chemicals
New Business Development
Water
Battery Technologies
Fuel Cells
Light Duty Catalysts
Heavy Duty Catalysts
Stationary Emissions Control
3
JM Activities in Low Emission Vehicles
JM has a broad set of products, technology and research linked to the automotive sector
Light duty gasoline and diesel
Gasoline: Research and Development of fundamentals of
emission control by catalysts
Application engineering to customise solutions for most OEMs
Diesel: Research, development and manufacture of a range of
catalyst and filter configurations
- Flow through catalysts
- Diesel particulate filters (CRT technology)
- Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
Fuel Cells
Automotive and niche stationary power sectors
Research and development of catalysts and catalysed
components
Fuel cell stack catalysts
Membrane electrode assemblies
Reforming and gas processing catalysts
Heavy Duty and Non-Road applications
Global Truck Industry
Research, development and manufacture of HDD
emission control systems
DOC, DPF (CRT), SCR, Combined (SCRT)
systems
Battery Technologies
Battery Electric, Plug-in Hybrid, mild and micro
hybrid vehicles
Developer and assembly of advanced automotive
battery systems
Lithium ion batteries
Advanced battery materials
Glass Coatings
Design & supply of glass obscuration enamels
Supply of conductive Inks (heated windscreens)
Additional businesses / products in automotive
Supply of piezo-electric actuators for seats
PGM tips for spark plugs
Development projects in automotive
CO2 removal in cabin
Partial reforming of fuel using exhaust heat
Diesel / Gasoline reforming
Additional Capabilities
On-board Syngas formation for aftertreatment
Engine calibration
Gas purification techniques
Chemical process design
Nitinol and other metals (MIM)
Thermoelectrics
4
Challenges Opportunities for Nanomaterials Johnson Matthey is investigating the
challenges and opportunities arising from
the automotive sectors need to reduce
carbon and increase efficiency in vehicles
Thermal Interface
Materials
Sensors / OBD
Thermoelectrics On-board H2
Generation
Emissive Coatings
Smart Windows
Aim to understand challenges from the market
Cabin Air
Advanced air
management
concept
Battery Technologies
Battery Systems
Battery Materials
2011
Electrification
2012
Purification
2014
Low Carbon
Vehicles
Piezoelectric Friction
5
JM has used its materials expertise to approach problems in new ways
On-board H2 Generation Three year project funded by Technology Strategy
Board to reduce CO2 and improve fuel economy
Project aim: To improve and re-optimise the engine and after-treatment as a complete system Strategies to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2: 1.On-board H2 generation 2.Catalyst development 3.Total powertrain optimisation
What JM did: Used its materials competencies to study the effects of temperature, Fuel addition, Type of fuel ,Monolith length (GHSV), PGM loading and Washcoat loading and found improved catalyst development could improve H2 yield.
Partners involved: Ford Motor Co., Land Rover, ITM Power, Revolve Technologies, Cambustion Ltd, University of Bradford, University of Liverpool, University of Birmingham Next phase: Ongoing work with OEMs to address challenges
Case study
6
Nanoparticles have different properties to atomic or bulk materials:
Why are we interested?
Advantages of nanoparticles over conventional materials and catalysts.
Catalytic properties.
Functional materials.
Applications in the Automotive sector
Physical Optical Electronic
Nanoparticle Formation
7
Key Competence
Controlling Materials on a Nanometre Scale
A typical heterogeneous catalyst Pd/C
Control of particle size Control of particle shape
Small anchored particles,
highly dispersed, very
active, best use of
expensive metals Control of particle size,
tunes activity and
selectivity New shapes can take us
into new applications
2 nm Pd particles 2 nm
50 nm
8
Aucore-Pdshell AuPd nanoalloy Pdcore-Aushell
2-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation Au@Pd
Pd@Au PdAu
Core-Shells and Alloys
Pd:Au 5:1
2:1
9
Precursor(s)
Coagulation and agglomeration
Nucleation
Precursor dispersion, evaporation, and combustion
Flame Spray Pyrolysis
10
Increase in transmittance due to in decrease in crystallite size
FSP Nanomaterials
Pt on Alumina
ZnO
CeO2
11
Materials Development Nanoparticle
12
Manufacturing Capability
R&D
Scale Up
Manufacturing
Materials Expertise
Synthetic expertise Solid State, Solvo/Hydro-thermal,
Precipitation,
Novel nanotechnology
Microwave assisted technology, etc
Particle Design
Size, Shape, Composition (e.g. multimetallic) structure (e.g. alloys, core-shells) at nano-dimensions
Fundamental relationship between structure and activity
Application to battery materials
Using a mass filter allows precise size selected clusters to
be observed
Vacuum Deposition Metal to Metal Synthesis
13
University of Birmingham
From Clusters to Catalysts
Precise clusters (e.g. Au923) can be deposited onto substrate and the
rich top layer diced to provide an active powder
Scale currently limited
STEM images
of Au923 particles
14
University of Birmingham
Johnson Matthey is investigating the challenges and opportunities arising from the automotive
sectors need to reduce carbon and increase efficiency in vehicles
Aim to understand
challenges from
the market
Challenges and Opportunities Nanomaterials
Thermal
Materials
On-board
Sensors
Thermoelectrics Emissive
Coatings
Smart
Windows
Piezoelectric Lightweighting
On-board H2
Generation
Early investigations
Commercial
products Time
15
Solar Control Glazing
Static
Low Emissivity Spectrally-selective bulk glass,
coatings or films
Absorbs NIR whilst maximising
transmission of visible light
Dynamic (Smart Glass)
Passive Responds to non-
electrical stimuli (heat /
UV). Cannot be
controlled manually
Active Responds to
electrical stimuli.
Controllable manually
or automatically
Spectrally Selective,
Electronically
Switchable
Non-Spectrally Selective
Commercially
Available
Electronically switchable, near-Infrared selective,
smart glass
- the ability to control the transmission of heat and light
independently -
has been described as the Holy Grail for the
advanced glazing industry
Smart Windows: Existing technologies
16
NEAT Material to TEG Process
Nanocomposite
Preparation
Fast Sintering Cutting
SiGe
Ag Cu
AlN
Module Assembly Module Testing Environmental Testing
17
Nano Embedded Composite: (CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20
Selected area diffraction confirms CoSi2 along
[00-1] within less than 1%
CoSi2 Nanoparticle
FSP 6nm Co3O4 + n-Si80Ge20
(CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20
(CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20
mix and mill 3bar Ar
reduce H2 500C
2011-2014, eight-partner , EU project to develop
advanced nano-embedded alloy materials for
high-temperature thermoelectric applications.
A host-guest approach was followed with two
principal host alloys: (i) SiGe and (ii) Mg2SiSn.
A range of nano-embedded guest materials
were investigated with a central theme of host-
guest lattice-matching
Synthetic methods based on controlled
atmosphere,
high-energy ball-milling.
18
Johnson Matthey Battery Technologies
Battery Technologies group formed in 2012
Focus on advanced materials and applications engineering for high performance battery systems
Building the business in batteries through internal R&D and acquisition
Acquisition of the Axeon Group in Oct 2012
Expanded internal R&D programme
Second acquisition announced in June 2014, manufacturing assets of A123 materials business
Acquisition of Clariant Energy Systems battery materials business-completed March 2015
Plans for expanded product development in 2015/16
Johnson Matthey spans the battery value chain
Applications knowledge helps drive basic technology materials R&D
19
JMBM A leading supplier of LiFePO4
Powder
Life Power P2 very high rate capability, especially
at low temperature, due to small
primary particles
Life Power P2E reduced BET surface area and
increased D50 versus P2 for easier
dispersion, coating, and
compression
Spherical agglomerates
Life Power P2S spherical agglomerates for easier
product handling and electrode coating
Pilot Scale
Group of materials
Physical
characteristics
Grades
P2 & P2E P2S
20
Advantages
1. The reduced dimensions increases significantly the rate of lithium insertion/removal,
because of the short distances for lithium-ion transport within the particles..
2. A high surface area permits a high contact area with the electrolyte and hence a high
lithium-ion flux across the interface.
3. The range of composition over which solid solutions exist is often more extensive for
nanoparticles, and the strain associated with intercalation is often better accommodated.
Disadvantages
1. High electrolyte/electrode surface area may lead to more significant side reactions with the
electrolyte, and more difficulty maintaining inter-particle contact.
2. The density of a nano-powder is generally less than the same material formed from micro-
meter-sized particles. The volume of the electrode increases for the same mass of material
thus reducing the volumetric energy density.
Going Nano for Lithium Ion Batteries
21
Ordered Inorganic-Organic Hybrids using
Ionic Liquids for Emerging Applications
Ionic
Liquids
Inorganic
Materials
Light
Sensitizers
New Ordered
Inorganic-Organic
Hybrid Materials
Generation 1
Generation 2
Batteries Solar
cells
http://www.cidetec.es/ORION/index.html
Fundacion Cidetec
Consiglio Nationalle Delle
Ricerche
CEA-Liten
WWU Muenster
IMEC VZW
Ustav Fyzikalni Chemie
JHIPC
EPFL Lausanne
Universitat de Valencia
CNRS
Universitat Jaume I de
Castellon
Universite de Mons-
Hainaut
Solvionic S.A.
Centro Ricerche Fiat
SCPA
Cegasa
Solaronix S.A.
22
20-30nm Li4Ti5O12 prepared by FSP shows higher rate capability vs.
micron sized particles from conventional synthesis
Ordered Inorganic-Organic Hybrids using Ionic
Liquids for Emerging Applications
Conversion Materials for Li-ion batteries:
MOx + 2x Li+ + 2x e- M0 + x Li2O
(M= transition metal, e.g. Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, )
Effect of Precursor concentration
in Flame Spray Pyrolysis
23
Lithium Sulfur battery Exploiting
Nanotechnology nanostructured electrodes & electrolyte materials
practical implementation of high energy Li-S battery
lithium metal-free battery configuration
lithiated silicon as anode and a nanostructured sulfur-carbon
composite as the cathode
http://www.lissen.eu
Li2S
Cegasa
Volkswagen
Chalmers Univerity
Consorsio Sapienza
Innovazione
Stena Recycling
International AB
WWU Muenster
DLR
Hanyang Univeristy
Unichieti
Uniroma 1
ZSW
Ctheo = 1672 mAh g-1
S8 Highest practical capacity
reported so far 800 mAh g-1
(but: high fading)
Dissolution in electrolyte,
followed by reduction on
Anode!
24
FC Cars for 2015
Next-generation fuel-cell concept "FCV-R = Mirai
This concept model is a highly practical fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) that
was launched in 2015.
With the fuel-cell unit located beneath the specially designed body,
the vehicle can accommodate up to four passengers and boasts
impressive luggage space. The fuel cell stack, consisting of a
70MPa high-pressure hydrogen tank, has been improved to
provide a cruising distance of approximately 700 km (440 miles) or
more (under the JC08 test cycle; according to TMC).
Hyundai ix35
25
Automotive Research: New Materials for New Challenges
The main challenges for MEAs remain for Automotive:
Low Pt loadings driven by metal cost.
DOE target of 0.125 gPtkW-1
5000 hours durability.
New challenges arise as more real-life operational experience gained:
Start-stop degradation mechanisms lead to damaging high potentials on the cathode.
Hydrogen may contain small amounts of CO (1-2 ppm).
Anodes may be starved of hydrogen leading to damaging high potentials on the anode (cell reversal).
New materials are under development to meet the needs of all these situations.
26
The Catalyst
27
Dr Peter Bishop
Johnson Matthey Technology
Center
Reading U.K
Thank You
28