.

1

1-

., . ., .

2005

.

2

.

:

- .

: HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, NH4OH.

- 6 .

:

1. .

(Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Fe3+).

2. (Fe3+, Fe2+,

NH4+).

3. .

, :

1. -

I II III IV V VI

Ag+, Pb2+ Ba2+, Ca2+ Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+

Fe3+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg2+

Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+

K+, Na+, NH4+

HCl (2 /)

H2SO4 (1 /)

NaOH NH3H2O

NH3H2O .

1

1-2 1-6 2-3 HCl.

Ag+, Pb2+.

HCl 1-2 .

H2SO4; - ; - .

(AgCl, PbCl2) + H2O Pb2+ AgCl Pb2+ + KI ( K2Cr2O7) AgCl + NH4OH(.) Ag+ + Ag+ + ... ()

.

3

2 1-2 Ag+, Pb2+ 2-3 H2SO4.

Ba2+, Ca2+.

6

5 1 2 3 (NH4)2CO3.

9-10 , 3,

4 5 , 6 (K+, Na+, NH4+). ,

6 .

3

( (NH4)2CO3) HCl:

5

, NaOH ( 4, 5 ), NH4Cl

NH4OH():

A 4

(BaSO4, CaSO4) + Na2CO3 BaCO3, CaCO3 BaCO3, CaCO3 + HCl Ba2+, Ca2+ Ba2+ + () Ca2+ + ()

MeCO3, Me(HCO3)x + HCl + NaOH () Na3[Al(OH)6], Na3[Cr(OH)6], Na2[Zn(OH)4] +

( 4, 5 )

Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Mn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2 + NH4Cl NH4OH() t [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+ Cu(OH)2, Co(OH)2, Ni(OH)2 + Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Mn(OH)2, Mg2+ Mg2+ + () Cu2+ + () Co2+ + () Ni2+ + ()

Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Mn(OH)2 + HCl Fe3+, Fe2+, Mn2+ Fe3+, Fe2+, Mn2+ + NaOH + H2O2 Fe(OH)3, Mn(OH)4 Fe(OH)3, Mn(OH)4 + HCl Fe3+, Mn4+ Fe3+, Mn2+ + ()

.

4

2.

I

Ag+

HCl, KCl, KBr, KI

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl AgCl NH4OH (NH4)2CO3

Ag+ + Br- AgBr AgBr Na2S2O3

Ag+ + I- AgI AgI

Na2S2O3

H2S, (NH4)2S 2Ag+ + S2- Ag2S Ag2S HNO3 NaOH, KOH Ag+ + OH- AgOH AgOH, Ag2O HNO3

K2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO42-

Ag2CrO4

-

Ag2CrO4 CH3COOH

Pb2+

HCl, NaCl, KCl Pb2+ + 2Cl- PbCl2 PbCl2

NaOH, KOH Pb2+ + 2OH- Pb(OH)2

Pb(OH)2

H2S, (NH4)2S Pb2+ + S2- PbS PbS HCl

H2SO4 . Pb2+ + SO42-

PbSO4

PbSO4 ,

CH3COONH4, H2SO4 .

KI Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 PbI2 II

Ba2+

H2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4

Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4

BaSO4 ,

BaCO3

Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3

Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3

BaCO3

K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7 Ba2+ + CrO42-

BaCrO4 BaCrO4 CH3COOH

Na2HPO4 Ba2+ + HPO42-

BaHPO4 BaHPO4

Na2SO3 Ba2+ + SO32-

BaSO3

BaSO3

H2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4

Ca2+ + SO42- CaSO4

CaSO4

(NH4)2SO4

.

5

Ca2+ NaOH, KOH Ca

2+ + 2OH- Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2

Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3 Ca2+ + CO32-

CaCO3 CaCO3

(NH4)2C2O4 Ca2+ + C2O42-

CaC2O4 CaC2O4

K4[Fe(CN)6] + NH4Cl Ca2+ + 2NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4-

Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]

Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]

III

Al3+

NaOH, KOH Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3

Na2CO3, K2CO3

CO32- + HOH HCO3- + OH-

Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3

C22H11O9(NH4)3 -

-

C14H6O2(OH)2 -

Cr3+

NaOH, KOH Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3

-

Cr(OH)3

Na2CO3, K2CO3

CO32- + HOH HCO3- + OH-

Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr (OH)3

-

Cr (OH)3

Na2HPO4 Cr3+ + PO43-

CrPO4 CrPO4 CH3COOH

H2O2 + NaOH 2CrO2- + 3H2O2 + 2OH- 2CrO42- +

4H2O

K2S2O8 2Cr3+ + 3S2O82- + 7H2O Cr2O72- +

6SO42- + 14H+

KMnO4 10 Cr3+ + 6MnO4-

+12H2O 5Cr2O72- + 6Mn2+ + 22H+

Zn2+

NaOH, KOH Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2

(NH3H2O) . Zn(OH)2 + 6NH3 [Zn(NH3)6]2+ + 2OH-

[Zn(NH3)6]2+ -

H2S, (NH4)2S Zn2+ + S2- ZnS K4[Fe(CN)6]

3Zn2+ + 2K+ + [Fe(CN)4]4-

K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2

,

C6H5-(NH)2-C-N=N-C6H5

S

CH3COOH

IV NaOH, KOH

Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2

o-

.

6

Fe2+ Na2CO3

Fe2+ + CO32- FeCO3

H2S, (NH4)2S Fe2+ + S2- FeS K3[Fe(CN)6]

Fe2+ + + + [Fe(CN)4]3- KFe[Fe(CN)6]

,

Fe3+

NaOH, KOH Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3

-

,

H2S, (NH4)2S 2Fe2+ + 3S2- Fe2S3 HCl K4[Fe(CN)6]

4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4- Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

,

HCl

KSCN, NH4SCH Fe3+ + 3SCN-

Fe(SCN)3 -

Fe(SCN)3

Mn2+

NaOH, KOH Mn2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2

H2S, (NH4)2S Mn2+ + S2- MnS Na2CO3

Mn 2+ + CO32- MnCO3

Na2C2O4 Mn 2+ + C2O42-

MnC2O4 MnC2O4 CH3COOH

(NH4)2S2O8 2Mn2+ + 5S2O82- + 8H2O 2MnO4- +

10SO42- + 16H+

PbO2 2Mn2+ + 5PbO2 + 4H+ 2MnO4- + 5Pb2+ +

2H2O

NaBiO3 2Mn2+ + 5BiO3- + 14H+ 2MnO4- +

5Bi3+ + 7H2O

Mg2+

NaOH, KOH Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2

Na2CO3 Mg 2+ + CO32-

MgCO3

(NH4)2C2O4 Mg 2+ + C2O42-

MgC2O4

Na2HPO4,

(NH4OH + NH4Cl) Mg2+ + NH4+ + PO43-

MgNH4PO4

V

Cu2+

NaOH, KOH Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2

NH3

H2S Cu2+ + S2- CuS HNO3

Na2S2O3 (insuf.)

Cu2+ + S2O32- CuS2O3

CuS2O3 + H2O CuS + 2H+ + SO42-

HNO3

.

7

(NH3H2O) Cu2++ 4NH3

[Cu(NH3)4]2+

-

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ -

Zn, Al, Fe Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ +

Cu

Co2+

NaOH, KOH

Co2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2

H2S, (NH4)2S Co2+ + S2- CoS HNO3

(NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4] Co2+ + [Hg(SCN)4]2- Co[Hg(SCN)4]

(NH3H2O) Co2+ + 6NH3

[Co(NH3)6]2+

-

KSCN, NH4SCN Co2+ + SCN-

[Co(SCN)4]2- -

Ni2+

NaOH, KOH Ni2+ + 2OH- Ni(OH)2

NH3

(NH3H2O) Ni2+ + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6]2+

H2S, (NH4)2S Ni2+ + S2- NiS HNO3

Na2HPO4 3Ni2+ + 2PO43-

Ni3(PO4)2

C4H8N2O2 ( )

CH3-C=N

CH3-C=NNi

N=C-CH3

N=C-CH3

O OH

O OHH

VI

K+

NaHC4H4O6 K+ + HC4H4O6-

KHC4H4O6

Na3[Co(NO2)6] 2K+ + Na+ +

[Co(NO2)6]3- K2Na[Co(NO2)6]

+

Na+

K[Sb(OH)6] Na+ + [Sb(OH)6]-

Na[Sb(OH)6]

UO2(CH3COO)2 Na+ + UO2(CH3COO)2

+ CH3COO- NaUO2(CH3COO)3

NH4+

NaOH, KOH NH4+ + OH- NH3

+ H2O

K2[HgI4] + KOH NH4+ + 2[HgI4]2- +

4OH- [OHg2NH2]I + 3H2O + 7I-

.

8

Hg2Cl2

2NH4OH + Hg2Cl2 [Hg2NH2]Cl + NH4+ +

Cl- + 2H2O [Hg2NH2]Cl

[HgNH2]Cl + Hg

[HgNH2]Cl + Hg

3.

I II III

SO42-, SO32-, CO32- PO43-, CrO42-

Cl-, Br-, I-, S2- NO3-, MnO4-,

CH3COO- BaCl2 AgNO3

4.

I

SO42-

BaCl2 SO42- + Ba2+

BaSO4

BaCO3

AgNO3 SO42- + 2Ag+

Ag2SO4 NH3 HNO3

Pb(CH3COO)2 SO42- + Pb2+

PbSO4

SO32-

BaCl2, BaNO3 SO32- + Ba2+

BaSO3

H2SO4, HNO3 SO32- + 2H+ SO2 +

H2O

SO2

KMnO4 ()

5SO32- + 2MnO4- + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 3H2O

CO32-

CO32- + 2H+ CO2 +

H2O

CO2 , Ca(OH)2 CaCO3

Pb(CH3COO)2 CO32- + Pb2+

PbCO3 PbCO3

Ba2+, Ca2+ CO32- + Ba2+ BaCO3

PO43-

AgNO3 PO43- + 3Ag+

Ag3PO4 NH3

Zn(NO3)2

2PO43- + 3Zn2+ Zn3(PO4)2

Zn3(PO4)2

.

9

Al(NO3)3, AlCl3 PO43- + Al3+ AlPO4 AlPO4 CH3COOH FeCl3

PO43- + Fe3+ FePO4

FePO4

CH3COOH

CrO42- Pb(NO3)2

CrO42- + Pb2+ PbCrO4

PbCrO4

2CrO42- + 3SO32- + H2O 2CrO2- + 3SO42- + 2OH-

K2CrO4

II

Cl-

H2SO4 . 2Cl- + SO42- + 4H+

Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O Cl2 - -

Cl2

MnO2 (H+) 2Cl- + MnO2 + 4H+

Cl2 + Mn2+ 2H2O Cl2 - -

Cl2

Hg2(NO3)2 2Cl- + Hg22+

Hg2Cl2 H2O

AgNO3 Cl- + Ag+ AgCl AgCl NH4OH (NH4)2CO3

Br-

H2SO4 . 2Br- + SO42- + 4H+

Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

-

Br2

Cl2 + H2O 2Br- + Cl2 Br2 +

2Cl-

-

Br2

AgNO3 Br- + Ag+ AgBr AgBr Na2S2O3

10Br- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ 5Br2 + 2Mn2+

+ H2O

-

Br2

I-

H2SO4 . 2I- + SO42- + 4H+ I2

+ SO2 + 2H2O -

Hg(NO3)2 2I- + Hg2+ HgI2 KI CuSO4

4I- + 2Cu2+ 2CuI + I2

2I- + 2Fe3+ I2 +

2Fe2+ -

S2-

S2- + 2H+ H2S ,

CuSO4 S2- + Cu2+ Cus HNO3

5S2- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ 5S + 2Mn2+ +

8H2O

-

III

NO3- Cu + H2SO4 .

2NO3- + 8H+ + 3Cu 3Cu2+ + 4H2O + 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2

NO

NO2

FeSO4 (H2SO4 .)

2Fe2+ + 2NO + 2SO42-

.

10

2[Fe(NO)]SO4

(6H5)2NH

-

NO3-

Zn, Al NO3- + 4Zn + 7OH-

NH3 + 4ZnO22- + 2H2O

,

MnO4-

(FeSO4, KNO2)

2MnO4- + 5NO2- + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 5NO3-

+ 3H2O

H2O2 2MnO4- + 5H2O2 +

6H+ 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O

,

MnSO4 2MnO4- + 3Mn2+ + 2H2O 5MnO2+

4H+

CH3COO-

H2SO4 . CH3COO- + H+

CH3COOH

AgNO3 CH3COO- (.) + Ag+

CH3COOAg

Fe3+

3CH3COO- + Fe3+ + 2H2O

Fe(OH)2CH3COO + 2CH3COOH

1. Isac V., Dragalina G., Chetru P., Revenco M. Probleme la chimie, Ed. Lumina, 1995. 2. . , . , 1975. 3. . , . , 1984.

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