Anas Tobacco

8/2/2019 Anas Tobacco

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Biology

Health effect of tobacco

Made by: Anas A.H

Class: IX-B


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Vectors

Chewing tobaccois one of the oldest ways of consuming tobacco leaves.The leaves are gently compacted against the lip. This stimulates the salivary

glands, which creates sputum.

Gutkais a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, catechu, lime, andflavorings. It is manufactured, exported, and consumed in India. Social

custom does not permit children in India to smoke cigarettes; it has therefore

become increasingly popular.

Smokingencompasses Beedi, Cigarette, Cigar, Hookah, Kreteks, and Pipe.o Beedis, similar to cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular in

India and other South-East Asia. It produces three times more carbon

monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than regular cigarettes.o Cigarettesmoking is the most common method of tobacco

consumption. There is no credible evidence that "Low Tar," "Light,"

or "Ultra Light" cigarettes are safer than regular cigarettes. Most of

these terms refer to the type of filter that is used, and can vary

depending on the brand. In some countries, advertising cigarettes as

being "Light" has been banned. Smoking cigarettes increases

mortality rates by 40% in those who smoke less than 10 cigarettes a

day, by 70% in those who smoke 1019 a day, by 90% in those who

smoke 2039 a day, and by 120% in those smoking two packs a dayor more.

o Cigarsmoking is generally not inhaled as is cigarette smoke, becausethe high alkalinity of the smoke can quickly become irritating to the

trachea and lungs. The relative risk for cigar-only smokers of all-

cause mortality is 1.02 for 1-2 cigars/day, 1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and

1.17 for 5+ cigars/day. Though most cigar smokers do not inhale

those that do have risks of lung cancer similar to cigarette smokers.

Increased risk for heart attack is less for cigar smokers, but still

present.

o Hookah, also referred to as Shishas, are smoked in EasternMediterranean region.

Some studies suggest that hookah smoking is

considered to be safer than other forms of smoking. However, water is

not effective for removing all relevant toxins, e.g. the carcinogenic

aromatic hydrocarbons are not water-soluble. Several negative health

effects are linked to hookah smoking and studies indicate that it is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_tobacco


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likely to be more harmful than cigarettes, due in part to the volume of

smoke inhaled.

o Kreteksare clove and tobacco cigarettes most commonly smoked inIndonesia.

o Pipe smokingare the usage of tobacco from which the tobacco leavesare ground and placed into a pipe for inhalation. Pipe smoking has

also been researched and found to increase the risk of various cancers

by 33%. In addition to the cancer risk, there is some risk of infectious

disease resulting from pipe sharing, and other risks associated with the

common addition of other psychoactive drugs to the tobacco.

Secondhand smoke, also called passive smoking, it is a involuntaryinhalation from the end of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or otherwise.

Snuffis a smokeless tobacco inhaled through the nose. Snus, also with the variation ofdipping tobacco, are placed between the

upper lip and teeth, where nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream throughthe mucous membrane.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipping_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipping_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipping_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipping_tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreteks


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Effect of chewing tobacco Beedis

Secondhand Smoking Cigarette

Crazy People!!!...
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg


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Pulmonary

In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke such as carbon

monoxide, cyanide, and so forth, are believed to be responsible for pulmonarydamage and for loss of elasticity in the alveoli, leading to emphysema

Secondhand smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette,pipe or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily

inhaled, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished, and can

cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, respiratory

infections, and asthma. Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke at

home or work increase their heart disease risk by 2530% and their lung cancer

risk by 2030%. Secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause 38,000 deaths

per year, of which 3,400 are deaths from lung cancer in non-smokers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg


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Cardiovascular(Effect on the heart and blood vessels):

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking, known as

tobacco disease, is a permanent, incurable reduction of pulmonary capacity

characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with sputum,

and damage to the lungs, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart

and blood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as

much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Carbon monoxide in

tobacco smoke exerts its negative effectsby reducing the bloods ability to carry

oxygen.

Smoking also increases the chance ofheart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, and

peripheral vascular disease. Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing of

blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of a blockage, and thus a heart attackor

stroke. According to a study by an international team of researchers, people under

40 are five times more likely to have a heart attack if they smoke.Although

cigarette smoking causes a greater increase of the risk of cancer than cigar

smoking, cigar smokers still have an increased risk for many health problems,

including cancer, when compared to non-smokers. Smoking tends to increase

blood cholesterol levels.

Cardiovascular (Effect on the heart and blood vessels):

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking, known as

tobacco disease, is a permanent, incurable reduction of pulmonary capacity

characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with sputum,

and damage to the lungs, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease


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Before and After smoking (Lungs)

Effect on Alveoli


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Oral

Perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that oforal cancer.

However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some

almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. The National Institutes of Health,

through the National Cancer Institute, determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking

causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth,

throat), esophagus, larynx, and lung." Pipe smoking involves significant health

risks, particularly oral cancer. Roughly half ofperiodontitis or inflammation

around the teeth cases attributed to current or former smoking. Smokeless tobacco

causes gingival recession and white mucosal lesions. Up to 90% of periodontitis

patients who are not helped by common modes of treatment are smokers. Smokers

have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and the trend can

be extend to pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers. Smoking has

been proven to be an important factor in the staining of teeth. Halitosis or badbreath is common among tobacco smokers. Tooth loss has been shown to be 2

to 3

times higher in smokers than in non-smokers. In addition, complications may

further include leukoplakia the adherent white plaques or patches on the mucous

membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, and a loss of taste sensation or

salivary changes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingival_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoplakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoplakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingival_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer


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Infection

Tobacco is also linked to susceptibility to infectious diseases, particularly in the

lungs. Smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day increases the risk oftuberculosis by

two to four times, and being a current smoker has been linked to a fourfold

increase in the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. It is believed that smoking

increases the risk of these and other pulmonary and respiratory tract infections both

through structural damage and through effects on the immune system. The effects

on the immune system include an increase in CD4+ cell production attributable to

nicotine, which has tentatively been linked to increased HIV susceptibility.The

usage of tobacco also increases rates of infection: common cold and bronchitis,

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis in

particular.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette


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Psychological

Smokers report a variety of physical and psychological effects from smoking

tobacco. Those new to smoking may experience dizziness, and rapid heart beat.

The usage of tobacco also creates cognitive dysfunction, which include: increased

risk (or decrease) of Alzheimer's disease and decline in cognitive abilities,reduced

memory and cognitive abilities in adolescent smokers, brain shrinkage (cerebral

atrophy).

Most smokers say they enjoy smoking, which is part of the reason why many

continue to do so even though they are aware of the health risks. Taste, smell, and

visual enjoyment are also major contributions to the enjoyment of smoking, in

addition to camaraderie with other smokers. Ironically, chronic exposure to

tobacco smoke may inhibit one's sense of taste and smell, rendering him or her less

able to enjoy these aspects of tobacco smoking.

Most smokers, when denied access to nicotine, exhibit symptoms such asirritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, and rapid heart beat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness


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Reproductive

A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in

miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other

threats to the health of the fetus(The unborn offspring of a human at thelater stages of its development, especially from eight weeks afterfertilization to its birth. In a fetus, all major body organs arepresent.).

Second-hand smoke appears to present an equal danger to the fetus. Secondhand

smoke is connected to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Infants who die from

SIDS tend to have higher concentrations ofnicotine and cotinine (a biological

marker for secondhand smoke exposure) in their lungs than those who die from

other causes. While smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of SIDS, infants

exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are also at a greater risk ofSudden InfantDeath Syndrome whether or not the parent(s) smoked during pregnancy. The

nicotine obtained from smoking travels through a woman into her breast milk, thus

giving nicotine to her child. Secondhand smoke is known to harm children, infants

and reproductive health through acute lower respiratory tract illness, asthma

induction and exacerbation, chronic respiratory symptoms, middle ear infection,

lower birth weight babies, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

According to earlier studies the smoking ban led to significant improvements

regarding respiratory symptoms and lung function in people visiting bars and

restaurants. Previously scientists stated that environmental tobacco smoke leads to

coronary heart disease, lung cancer and premature death.

There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking kill

sperm cells. Therefore, some governments require manufacturers to put warnings

on packets. Smoking tobacco increases intake of cadmium, because the tobacco

plant absorbs the metal. Cadmium, being chemically similar to zinc, may replace

zinc in the DNA polymerase, which plays a critical role in sperm production. Zinc

replaced by cadmium in DNA polymerase can be particularly damaging to the

testes.

Incidence ofimpotence (the quality of lacking strength or power;

being weak) is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared tonon-smokers, and it is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). Smoking causes

impotence because it promotes arterial narrowing.
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There is limited evidence that smoking reduces the incidence ofpregnancy-

induced hypertension, but not when the pregnancy is with more than one baby (i.e.

it has no effect on twins etc.). Smoking does, however, increase the likelihood of

almost every other pregnancy-related health risk to both mother and child, and is

the single most preventable cause of illness and death among mothers and infantsin the developed world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy-induced_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy-induced_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy-induced_hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy-induced_hypertension


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Other

The primary risks of tobacco usage include many forms of cancer, particularly lung

cancer, cancer of the kidney, cancer of the larynx and head and neck, breast cancer,

bladder, esophagus, pancreas, and stomach. There is some evidence suggesting an

increased risk ofmyeloid leukemia, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, liver cancer,

cervical cancer, colorectal cancer after an extended latency, childhood cancers and

cancers of the gall bladder, adrenal gland and small intestine.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_of_the_larynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloid_leukemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloid_leukemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_of_the_larynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer


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Kidney

Breast cancer

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