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ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA. Novi Febrianti. SEKILAS ANATOMI. Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti memotong Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani dan Latin. Cabang – cabang Anatomi :. Microscopic anatomy / Anatomi mikroskopis ( Sitologi , Histologi ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ANATOMI PERBANDINGANVERTEBRATANovi Febrianti
SEKILAS ANATOMI•Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang
berarti memotong•Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa
Yunani dan Latin
Cabang –cabang Anatomi:•Microscopic anatomy/Anatomi
mikroskopis (Sitologi, Histologi)•Developmental anatomy/Anatomi
perkembangan (Embriologi)•Comparative anatomy/Anatomi
perbandingan
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY• Mempelajari susunan tubuh hewan vertebrata• Membandingkan susunan organ tubuh antar
kelas pada sub phylum vertebrata• Tubuh hewan terbagi menjadi :
- caput / chepala : kepala- collum / cervix : leher- trunchus : badan- cauda : ekor- extremitas : anggota badan bebas^ ant / pos
^ sup / inv
TERMINOLOGI
•Anterior – posterior (arah)•Superior – inferior (arah)•Dorsal : daerah punggung•Ventral : daerah perut•Lateral : daerah samping / sisi•Cranial : daerah kepala•Caudal : daerah ekor•Abdominal : daerah badan•Thoracal : daerah dada (dalam dada)
TERMINOLOGI
•Sinister : kiri•Dexter : kanan•Medial : daerah tengah•Linea mediana : garis tengah tubuh•Proximal : lebih kearah / dekat LM•Distal : lebih menjauhi LM•Origo : titik pangkal tidak
bergerak•Insersio : : menimbulkan gerak
TERMINOLOGI
•Organ analog•Mayor = besar•Minor = kecil•Pectoral : dada•Pelvis : punggung bawah•Bilateral simetri
Simetri tubuh
Simetri radial Simetri bilateral
Dorsal
Bidang simetri
Ventral AnteriorVentral
Dorsal
Bidang simetri Posterior
Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik
Aselomata Pseudoselomata
Selomata
Cacing pipih
Ektoderm
Mesoderm (otot)
MesenkimEndoderm (usus)
Cacing gilig
Pseudoselom
Organ internal
Ektoderm
Endoderm (usus)
Mesoderm(otot)
Cacing tanah
Ektoderm
SelomEndoderm (usus)
Mesoderm(peritoneum)
Organ internal
Mesoderm (otot)
Sistem penyokong tubuh hewanCangkang luar
Endoskeleton
Eksoskeleton
Tubuh lintahdibentuk olehcairan di dalamtubuhnya
Sistem tubuh pada hewan
Saluran kelamin Testis Otak sederhana dengandua ganglion
Ovarium
Usus bagian dari sistemsaluran pencernaan Otak kecil
Lambung
Eksoskeleton
Kelenjar pencernaanNotokorda berada disepanjang tubuh bagian ventral
Otak besar
Paru-paruGinjal
Jantung
UsusPembuluh darah
PHYLUM CHORDATACiri – ciri :•Adanya dorsal tubular nerve cord, pada
keadaan embrio, larva atau seumur hidup.
• Mempunyai notochord, minimal pada fase embrio
•Pada dinding pharynx ada lubang-lubang/celah-celah pada keadaan larva atau seumur hidup (pharyngeal slits).
• Mempunyai ekor
Anatomy of a Chordate
Subphylum Urochordata• sea squirts or tunicates• notochord present only in free-swimming larvum• notochord does not extend into head• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding• adult is sessile filter feeder
Subphylum Urochordata • sea squirts or tunicate• Campbell p 631
•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.
Subphylum Cephalochordata• “head” cord• lancelet or Amphioxus• notochord present throughout life –
extends into head region• shallow marine waters• chordate characteristics developed
and apparent in adult• tail has blocks of muscles called
myotomes• adults resemble tunicate larvum
Anatomy
ofa lancelet
Cephalochordata: lancelet
Subphylum VertebrataGeneral Characteristics: • chordates with a backbone• exhibit cephalization• closed circulatory system• neural crest (p. 633)
Subphylum VertebrataAgnatha (without jaws)• lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/
rasping tongue• hagfish – mainly scavengers• no paired appendages• larvum resembles lancelet
Agnatha: a sea lamprey
Lamprey mouth
Subphylum VertebrataChondrichthyes (cartilaginous
fishes)• flexible endoskeletons of cartilage
strengthened by calcium granules• sharks (internal fertilization)
▫ oviparous – egg laying▫ ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch
within the uterus ▫ viviparous – young develop in the uterus
• suspension-feeders (plankton)
Cephalochordata: lancelet
Subphylum VertebrataChondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
• Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans
• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)
Subphylum VertebrataChondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
• Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans
• Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)
Subphylum VertebrataOsteichthyes
(bony fishes)• Endoskeleton of hard calcium
phosphate matrix• Operculum- protective flap• Swim bladder – controls buoyancy
Seahorse
Subphylum VertebrataAmphibia
(“two lives”)• first tetrapods• transition to land – still tied to water
for respiration and reproduction• Gills lungs (metamorphosis)• Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts
Subphylum VertebrataReptilia (Campbell, p. 644)
(to creep)• lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila
monsters, crocodiles, alligators• first true land animal• Scales, lungs, amniotic egg• no feathers• cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy
conservation)
Hatching reptile
Subphylum VertebrataFossil links…………• Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles
and birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-reptile
• Clawed forelimbs• Teeth• Long tail w/ vertebrae
Archaeopteryx
Subphylum VertebrataAves (bird)
• feathered• few flightless: ostrich, kiwi,
emu• breastbone with keel –
carina – permitting flight• jays, sparrows, warblers,
etc
Subphylum VertebrataMammalia (breast)• Hair or fur of keratin• Active metabolism = endothermic• Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm• Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered
heart• Layer of fat• Mammary glands, tooth
differentiation
Subphylum VertebrataMammalia (breast)
• Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters)
• Placental mammals• Marsupial mammals – kangaroo,
opossum
Marsupial &PlacentalMammals
Marsupial Placental