Anatomical Terminology

Anatomy: Study of...

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Physiology: Study of...

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Anatomical subdivisions

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1) Gross•

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2) Regional

3) Systemic• !•

•  4) Microscopic

Cytology

Histology

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• http://histology.leeds.ac.uk/what-is-histology/assets/lymphocyte.gif

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5) Developmental

6) Radiographic•Radiology !

• !•Medical imaging!

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Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845-1923) !Discovered X-Rays in 1895

X-Ray• !• !• !

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Computed axial tomography (CT Scan)

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CT image of a patient with adult onset hydrocephalus!“water on the brain”

NMR/MRI• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance!• Magnetic Resonance Imaging!

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• Soft tissue !– !–

MRI image of the brain; sagittal section

Ultrasound

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Levels of structural organization

1) chemical

• !• !• Molecules form macromolecules!

- !•Example:

2) cellular • Cell- !• Macromolecules combine!

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3) tissue•! Collection of cells !

•! Epithelial tissue!-Example:

4) organ•! Collection of different tissues !

- !•! Example: !

- Four fundamental tissues!- !- !- !-

5) system•! Collection of different organs !

- !•! Example: !

- !•! Organs: !

- !•! Other systems : !

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6) organism•! All the systems combined!

•! Example:!

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1) standard anatomical position

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Anatomical directions

2) prone & supine

• Prone: body; !

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• Supine: body; !

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3) anterior & posterior• Anterior: !

– Example: !

• Posterior: !

– Example:

4) superior & inferior• Superior: !

– Example: !

• Inferior: !

– Example:

superior

inferior

5) medial & lateral

• Medial: !

– Example: !

• lateral: !

– Example:

mediallateral

6) proximal & distal•! Proximal: !

-Example: !

- !•! Distal: !

- Example: !-

proximal

distal

7) ipsilateral & contralateral•! Ipsilateral: !

- Example: !- !

•! Contralateral: opposite side!- Example: !-

Regional terms anterior view

Regional terms anterior view

Planes1) sagittal

2) frontal (coronal)

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3) horizontal or transverse

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Body cavities1) dorsal

A) cranial

B) vertebral

A) thoracic

2) ventral

i) pleural pleural

ii) mediastinal

B) abdominal (9 regions)

C) pelvic

Homeostasis• “Maintenance of a constant state within the body”!• !• !• !• !•

blood pressure• !

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body temperature• !

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Others• !• !• !• !• !• !• !

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