Upload
vuongkien
View
232
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ANGGOTA FILUM CHORDATA(LANJUTAN)
• I GEDE SUDIRGAYASA
MANUSIAMAMALIA YANG MEMILIKI OTAK BESAR DAN LOKOMOSI BIPEDAL
ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA
What do you notice that is odd?
• The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old, which is very young, considering that life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Derived Characters of Humans
• A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes
– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
– Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
– Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
– Shorter digestive tract
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical
• How can we be this close, yet so different?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Misconception: Early hominins were chimpanzees
– Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor
• Misconception: Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens
– Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only humans survive today
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
8
Evolution of Primates
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pro
sim
ian
sA
nth
rop
oid
s
Ho
min
oid
s
Ho
min
ids
Ho
min
ine
s
Lemurs
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
hominin
hominin
Humanscommon ancestor
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
commonchimpanzee
westernlowlandgorilla
Borneanorangutan
white-handedgibbon rhesus
monkeyOld World Monkeys
New World Monkeys
ring-tailedlemur
Mammalianancestorenters trees.
Angiospermsevolve andforests spread.
capuchinmonkey
Tarsiers
Philippinetarsier
70 60 50 40 30 20 10Million Years Ago (MYA)
9
Evolution of Primate Hand
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
c. Monkey
d. Human
sharp claws
short thumb
nails
long thumb
a. Tree shrewsuctioncup-like pads
b. Tarsier
fingerseasilycurve
10
Stereoscopic Vision
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
binocular field
Reducedsnoutdoes notblockvision.
11
Adaptations for Standing
a. b.
Human spine exits from the skull’s center;ape spine exits from rear of skull.
Human spine is S-shaped; ape spine has aslight curve.
Human pelvis is bowl-shaped; ape pelvis islonger and more narrow.
Human femurs angle inward to the knees;ape femurs angle out a bit.
Human knee can support more weight thanape knee.
Human foot has an arch; ape foot hasno arch.
12
Human Evolution
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
77.5 6.5 6 5.5 5 1.54.5 14 0.5 03.5 23 2.5
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilisAustralopithecus garhi
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus afarensis
Paranthropus robustus
Ardipithicus ramidus Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus aethiopicusAustralopithecus anamensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neandertalensis
Homo habilis Homo sapiensSahelanthropustchadensis
Australopithecusafarensis
Paranthropusrobustus
Million Years Ago (MYA)
Classification
ORDER: Primates
TRIBE*: Hominini (hominins)
Early Humanlike Hominins
Later Humanlike Hominins
GENUS: Homo (humans)
Early Homo
Later Homo
Homo habilis,Homo rudolfensis,Homo ergaster,Homo erectus
australopithecines
• Adapted to an arboreal life• Prosimians, Anthropoids
CLA
SSIF
ICA
TIO
N
SUBFAMILY: Homininae (hominines)
Sahelanthropus,ardipithecines,
Brain size greaterthan 1,000 cc; tooluse and culture
Homo heidelbergensis,Homo neandertalensis,Homo sapiens
Brain size greaterthan 600 cc; tool useand culture
* A new taxonomic level that lies between subfamily and genus.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The skeleton of “Ardi,” a
4.4-million-year-old
hominin, Ardipithecus
ramidus.
Australopiths
• Australopiths are a paraphyletic assemblage of hominins living between 4 and 2 million years ago
• Some species, such as Australopithecus afarensiswalked fully erect
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.48 Evidence that hominins walked upright 3.5 million years ago.
(a) The Laetoli footprints (b) Artist’s reconstruction of A. afarensis
• Homo erectus originated in Africa by 1.8 million years ago
• It was the first hominin to leave Africa
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homo erectus
18
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Neanderthals
• Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis, lived in Europe and the Near East from 350,000 to 28,000 years ago
• They were thick-boned with a larger brain, they buried their dead, and they made hunting tools
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
20
NeandertalsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© The Field Museum, #A102513c
Homo Sapiens
• Homo sapiens appeared in Africa by 195,000 years ago
• All living humans are descended from these African ancestors
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A 160,000-year-old fossil of Homo sapiens.
• Homo sapiens were the first group to show evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought
• In 2002, a 77,000-year-old artistic carving was found in South Africa
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
24
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Transparency #608 Courtesy Dept. of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History
27
28
DULU
SEKARANG
ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA
What do you notice that is odd?
ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA
What do you notice that is odd?
DISKUSI