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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 1 ANTARCTICA The last frontier LA ULTIMA FRONTERA, UN VIAJE POR LA PENINSULA ANTARTICA Luis Bertea Rojas

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Page 1: ANTARCTICA - Patagonia Chilena · ANTARCTICA The last frontier 9 his book is the result of a particular path I chose to follow a few years ago, which has led me to travel across much

ANTARCTICA The last frontier 1

A N T A R C T I C AThe last frontier

L A U L T I M A F R O N T E R A , U N V I A J E P O R L A P E N I N S U L A A N T A R T I C A

L u i s B e r t e a R o j a s

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Si quiere recorrer y fotografiar lo mejor de Patagonia, aventurarse entre fiordos, canales y descubrir los confines de la Terra Australis, tienes que conocer el concepto de expedición que ha transformado en su sello la alianza entre

Patagonia Photosafaris y M/V Forrest.Cruceros de exploración en busca de los mejores sitios para fotografiar, un verdadero viaje de aventura en la

Patagonia.

If you wish to explore and photograph the best of Patagonia, venture through fjords and channels to reach the very end of Terra Australis, you really must discover the concept of expedition which has become the trademark of the Alliance between Patagonia Photosafaris and M/V Forrest.Exploration cruises in search of some of the best spots for capturing the most spectacular images - a true adventure

voyage into Patagonia.

Exploration cruisE to thE rEmotE rEgions of Patagonia

[email protected]

Patagonia

photosafaris

Patagonia

photosafaris

Patagonia

photosafaris

Exploration cruisE to thE rEmotE rEgions of Patagonia

T h e g re a t o u t d o o r p h o t o g r a p h y e x p e d i t i o n

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 3

...a mis padres por darme la vida....a mi esposa por enseñarme a vivirla!

...to my parents for giving me the gift of life....to my wife for teaching me how to live it!

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier4

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 5

A N T A R C T I C AThe last frontier

L u i s B e r t e a R o j a s

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6 ANTARCTICA The last frontier

ANTARCTICA - The last frontier

Editor / PublisherFotografías / Photographs

Diseño gráfico / Graphic designTextos / Text

Textos geología/ Geology textTextos sobre flora y fauna/Flora & fauna text

Traducción / TranslationImpresión / Printed by

Editorial Patagonia InteractivaChiloe 1667 Punta Arenas, Chile

Fono/Phone 56-61 [email protected]

Primera Edición bilingue, Español-Inglés de 3000 ejemplaresPunta Arenas, Patagonia, Chile, diciembre de 2007First Bilingual edition, Spanish-English, 3000 copies

Punta Arenas, Patagonia, Chile, december 2007

ISBN: 956-7820-07-4Inscripción Nº / Registration Nº 157.725 - © 2006 Luis Bertea Rojas

Derechos reservados de los textos y fotografíasAll rights reserved for text and photographs

Prohibida su Total o Parcial ReproducciónPartial or Total Reproduction is Prohibited

Luis BerteaLuis BerteaCelia Morales - Nancy LunaAndrea EspinozaConsuelo Coloma - Miroslav RodríguezRicardo MatusSara AndersonImprenta Maval

E D I T O R I A L

Patagoniai n t e r a c t i v a

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7ANTARCTICA The last frontier

Indice / IndexPrólogo / Prologue 7

Mapa Antártica / Antarctic Map 8

Mapa Península Antártica 9

Secretos del continente blanco 10

Canal Beagle / Beagle Channel 26

Bahía Fildes / Fildes Bay 38

Estrecho Bransfield / Bransfield Strait 47

Rada Covadonga / Rada Covadonga 53

Isla Kopaitic / Kopaitic island 66

Bahía Paraiso / Paraiso Bay 71

Canal Príncipe Gustavo / Prince Gustav Channel 83

Isla James Ross / James Ross Island 89

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9ANTARCTICA The last frontier

his book is the result of a particular path I chose to follow a few years ago, which has led me to travel across much of

Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica.

Travelling through these places, some of the most southerly on the planet, gave me the chance to meet the people, see the natural beauties and to capture their essence through my camera lens.

I began with Antarctica as I feel it is the most dramatic and thrilling destination. Whosoever visits Antarctica knows that this is a

voyage right into the heart of the earth, pure and white, wild and extreme; a journey for those who love nature and

possess an adventurous spirit.

This is the first in a series of books with which I hope to stimulate an interest in both visiting and protecting these wonderful places. I hope that all those who turn these pages will experience the sensation of travelling and get to feel a part of the place, even if they have never actually set foot on this continent.I have divided the book into two parts. The first provides

useful information so that the reader can form an idea of what the place is like and the second and most weighty

part is a photographic journey which starts in the Beagle and Murray Channels (one of the routes leading to Drake´s Passage), before continuing on to the paradises that are the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, places nowadays included in the itineraries of most cruise ships.

It is no coincidence that this book is titled the Ultima Frontera (The Last Frontier) as Antarctica was the last place to be conquered by mankind. This mysterious place has sparked the interest of great adventurers and attracted many ambitious expeditions.

If I can manage to move those who see these pictures I will have fulfilled the task I set myself: that of showing what my own eyes saw and what my camera recorded.

Bon voyage.

E T ste libro es el resultado de un camino que comenzó hace algunos años y que me llevó a recorrer gran parte de la

Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego y la Antártica.Viajar por estos lugares, los más australes del planeta, me dio la oportunidad de conocer su gente, sus bellezas naturales y capturar su esencia a través de una cámara fotográfica.

Comencé con la Antártica por ser el destino más dramático y apasionante. Quien la conoce, sabe que es un viaje al alma de la tierra, blanca y pura, salvaje y extrema; una travesía para los amantes de la naturaleza virgen y para los de espíritu aventurero.

Este es el inicio de una serie de obras con las que espero motivar el interés de visitar y proteger estos maravillosos parajes. Quiero que todo aquel que se interne en sus páginas experimente la sensación de viajar, hacerlo sentir parte del lugar, sin importar que nunca hubiese puesto un pie allí. Por eso dividí la obra en dos partes. La primera entrega aquellos datos indispensables para formarse una idea de cómo es este territorio. La segunda, y la más importante, es un recorrido fotográfico, que comienza en los canales Beagle y Murray, una de las rutas que lleva a enfrentar el Paso de Drake; continuando con los paisajes de las Islas Shetland del Sur y la Península Antártica, hoy parte del itinerario de los cruceros turísticos.

No es casual que el libro lleve por nombre la Última Frontera. La Antártica fue el último lugar que el hombre conquistó. Un lugar misterioso que por años apasionó a grandes aventureros y atrajo ambiciosas expediciones.

Si logro conmover a quien vea estas fotografías, habré cumplido la tarea que me propuse, mostrar lo que mis ojos vieron y el lente de mi cámara atesoró para ustedes. Buen viaje.Luis Bertea Rojas

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Continente Antártico

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11ANTARCTICA The last frontier

Islas Shetland del SurIsla Rey Jorge

Comandante Ferraz (Brasil)Arctowsky (Polonia)

Jubani (Argentina)King Sejong (Corea del Sur)

Artigas (Uruguay)Bellingshausen (Rusia)

Pdte. Eduardo Frei (Chile)Gran Muralla China (China)

Isla GreenwichArturo Prat (Chile)

Isla LivingstonJuan Carlos I (España)

Península AntárticaGral. Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile)

Esperanza (Argentina)Pdte. G. Gonzalez Videla (Chile)

Isla SeymorMarambio (Argentina)

Isla James RossBase J. G. Mendel (Czech Republic)

Isla AnversPalmers (USA)

1

2

36

4

7

5

Bases antarticas / Antarctic stations

Peninsula Antártica

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Secretos del Continente BlancoLos griegos fueron los primeros en teorizar sobre la existencia del Continente Antártico hace unos 2 mil 500 años, y la llamaron Terra Incognita Australis. En esa época suponían que el hemisferio sur debía albergar grandes continentes para equilibrar los que se encontraban en el norte, o en la tierra -hasta ese entonces- conocida.

Sin embargo, debieron pasar muchos siglos para que se dejara de especular sobre estas recónditas tierras. Los exploradores que osaron adentrarse en ellas, lo hicieron por primera vez hace sólo 200 años, convirtiendo a la Antártica en el último continente en develar sus secretos al ser humano, y resultó ser el lugar más frío, ventoso, seco y extremo del planeta.

Fue bautizada como Antártica gracias a que se sitúa en el punto más austral del globo. Esta palabra proviene del griego “Antarktikos”, que significa opuesto al “Arktico” u Osa Polar, como fue llamada la constelación del hemisferio norte, situada en el otro extremo del planeta. Muchos imaginan a esta tierra como un lugar inhóspito, plano e infinito, parecido a un desierto, pero de nieve y hielo. A pesar de eso, en este sobrecogedor paisaje blanco, rodeado de volcanes, icebergs, glaciares, acantilados y grietas, también hay lugar para la vida; hermosos pingüinos, focas, elefantes marinos, albatros, skuas, entre otras especies, conviven en sus costas y adornan sus playas e islas.

La Antártica posee una superficie que sobrepasa los 14 millones de km2, una extensión mayor a Europa y Australia juntas. Su forma semi circular tiene directa relación tectónica con la placa sobre la cual se encuentra asentado el continente; siendo la Península Antártica, también conocida como tierra de O´Higgins, la zona más sobresaliente. Este punto se ubica frente al extremo sur de Chile continental y corresponde al

The secrets of the white continentThe Greeks were the first to speculate about the existence of an Antarctic continent more than 2500 years ago. They called it the Terra Australis Incognita, the unknown south land. At that time it was imagined that the southern hemisphere harboured various large continents which would provide equilibrium for those in the north, or rather the part of the world that was at that time known.

However, many hundreds of years passed before the speculation could become fact about this hidden land. The adventurers who dared to explore only did so for the first time some 200 years ago making Antarctica the last continent to reveal its secrets to humans, and it turned out to be the coldest, windiest, driest and most extreme place on the planet.

It was named Antarctica thanks to its location in the most southerly point of the globe. The word came from the Greek “Antarktikos”, which meant opposite to the Arctiko or Ursa Polar, as the constellation of the northern hemisphere was named, as it was situated in the other extreme of the planet.

Many thought this land would be an inhospitable, flat and unending place similar to a desert but with ice and snow. However in this overwhelming white landscape surrounded by volcanoes, icebergs, glaciers, cliffs and crevices there is a place for life as well. Beautiful penguins, seals and sea lions, albatrosses and skuas, amongst other animals, live on the coasts and adorn the beaches and islands.

Antarctica has a surface area of 14 million km2 (5,460.000 square miles) which is larger than Europe and Australia put together. Its semi-circular shape relates directly to the tectonic plate on which the continent is situated. The Antarctic Peninsula, also known as O´Higgins Land is the most protuberant section. This peninsula is directly opposite the far

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sector más septentrional del territorio. Debido a esta relativa cercanía, la península actúa como la principal puerta de acceso de balleneros, foqueros, exploradores e investigadores, y es también allí donde se concentra la mayor cantidad de estaciones científicas.

La topografía subglaciar del llamado continente blanco, es en parte montañosa. Las altas cumbres se levantan por sobre el hielo que se desplaza en lenguas desde la zona central hasta alcanzar las costas. Muy característica es la presencia de numerosas plataformas de hielo, que corresponden a grandes masas parcialmente flotantes unidas a la tierra. Las principales plataformas son las de Ross y Filchner, ambas con superficies que bordean los 500 mil km2 y representan la principal fuente de los gigantes icebergs tabulares que deambulan por el océano Antártico.

De los accidentes geográficos destaca el Monte Vinson (4 mil 892 mt de altura), en la cadena Ellsworth, y el volcán activo Erebus (3 mil 794 mt), cercano al Mar de Ross. Este último forma parte de las Montañas Transantárticas, una de las cadenas más largas del mundo con 3 mil km de longitud, y que divide al territorio en dos sectores: la Antártica Oriental, más antigua, con una data aproximada de 3 mil millones de años, y la Occidental, que incluye a la Antártica Chilena.

Casi la totalidad de la superficie está cubierta por una enorme capa de hielo de 2 mil 500 metros sobre el nivel del mar, unas tres veces la altura promedio de cualquier otro territorio, convirtiéndolo en el continente más elevado del mundo. El máximo espesor registrado ha sido de 4 mil 800 mt, casi cinco kilómetros de hielo sobre algunos puntos de la estructura rocosa de la Antártica.

Como este continente concentra además el 90% de todo el hielo existente, la Antártica es considerada la reserva más grande de agua dulce del planeta. Si esta capa se derritiera, los océanos aumentarían unos 70 metros por encima de su nivel actual.

south of continental Chile and is the most northerly point of the continent. Due to its relative closeness to land the peninsula was the principal means of access for whalers, sealers, explorers and investigators and the largest concentration of scientific bases can be found here.

The sub-glacial topography of the white continent is partly mountainous. There are high peaks that stick out through the ice; this ice travels in the form of tongues from the central zone right down to the coastal regions. The presence of numerous ice shelves is characteristic; these are partially floating large masses joined to the land. The main shelves are the Ross and Filchner both with areas that are more than 500,000 km2 (195,000 square miles) and these are the main source of the giant tabular icebergs that drift about the Antarctic Ocean.

Geographically of particular note are Mount Vinson, 4,892 mt (16,000 feet) in the Ellsworth range and the active volcano Erebus 3,794 mt (12,500 feet) close to the Ross Sea. Erebus forms part of the Trans-Antarctic Mountain Range which is one of the largest in the world some 3000 km (1860 miles) long. It effectively divides the territory into two sectors, eastern Antarctica which is the oldest part dating from some 3000 million years ago and the western part which includes the Chilean part of Antarctica.

Almost all the surface is covered with a layer of ice, some 2500 meters (8,200 feet) above sea level, three times the average altitude of any other territory making i t the highest continent in the world. The maximum thickness has been measured at 4,800 mt, almost 5 kilometers (16,400 feet) of ice over some rocky places in the Antarctic.

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Origen ContinentalHace más de 500 millones de años, todas las tierras que conforman el planeta eran parte de un sólo continente llamado Pangea, en griego “Todas las Tierras”. La comunidad científica, en base a la teoría de tectónica de placas, establece que Pangea se dividió en dos grandes masas continentales durante un periodo que duró entre 300 y 225 millones de años atrás.

De la fragmentación resultó, por un lado, Laurasia, continente que unió a América del Norte y Eurasia, y por otro, Gondwana, que congregó a Sudamérica, África, India, Madagascar, Australia y la Antártica. El descubrimiento de fósiles comunes en África, India y Sudamérica, principalmente de reptiles, anfibios, helechos y hayas, además del registro paleomagnético, dan las bases para la elaboración de esta teoría científica.

El proceso de desfragmentación continental dio paso para que en la tierra se viviera un largo período glacial, que tuvo lugar entre 320 y 230 millones de años atrás.

Durante ese tiempo, Gondwana llegó a cubrirse completamente por una capa de hielo, lo que creó un efecto de inestabilidad gravitacional, derivando en su desplazamiento hacia lugares más templados. Posteriormente, hace 220 millones de años, Gondwana comenzó su propia división, dando como resultado la formación de los continentes que hoy conocemos.

Mientras se ubicaba en su posición actual en el extremo sur del globo, hace 65 millones de años, la Antártica alcanzó su separación total. Desde entonces han acaecido una serie de procesos

Antarctica has 90% of all the ice in the world, thus the continent is considered to be the greatest reserve of freshwater on the planet. If the ice layer melted the oceans would rise by over 70 meters (250 feet).

The Origin of the ContinentMore than 500 million years ago all the land on the planet formed just one continent called Pangaea, Greek for “all the lands”. The scientific community, basing their theories on the study of the tectonic plates, has established that Pangaea divided into two great continental masses sometime during the period which lasted between 300 and 225 million years ago.

T h i s break-up caused the formation of Laurasia, a continent which consisted of North America and Eurasia, and Gondwana which joined South America, Africa, India, Madagascar, Australia and Antarctica. Discoveries of similar fossils in Africa, India and South America (mainly reptiles, amphibians, ferns and beeches) as well as

paleo-magnetic records have supported the development of this scientific theory.

The continental fragmentation process produced a long period of glaciation which took place between 320 and 230 million years ago.

During this time Gondwana became completely covered by an ice sheet which created gravitational instability moving the mass to more temperate

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geológicos que modelaron su superficie y dejaron al continente tal como se encuentra en la actualidad.

El Implacable Clima Antártico La Antártica presenta características tan extremas que con seguridad se la podría catalogar como una de las regiones más inhóspitas del mundo. Es más, no existe registro alguno de la presencia de vida humana autóctona dentro de sus tierras, ya que el drástico ambiente, que influye en los cambios climáticos de todo el hemisferio sur, crea a menudo condiciones muy adversas para la supervivencia humana.

Las incesantes transformaciones que experimenta el territorio con la llegada de cada estación, le han llevado a asumir el nombre de “Continente Pulsante”. Esto porque si durante el verano la superficie aproximada es de 14 millones de km2, en invierno, cuando el mar adyacente se congela, su extensión aumenta al doble.

La solidificación de las aguas no es difícil de imaginar si pensamos que las temperaturas que se ostentan son las más bajas de todo el planeta. En los meses cálidos, el promedio en la costa no supera los 0 ºC, mientras que en el interior varía entre -15 ˚C y -35 ˚C. Por su parte, en los meses más fríos, las temperaturas en el litoral fluctúan entre los -15 ˚C y -30 ˚C, y en el centro entre -40 ˚C y -70 ˚C, siendo -89,6 ºC la temperatura más baja registrada en la base rusa Vostock en 1983.

El único lugar que manifiesta una temperatura promedio invernal más templada de -9 ˚C es la Península Antártica. Este es el sector menos adverso para el hombre, por lo que allí reside la mayor parte de la población que mantiene presencia en este continente.

Otro factor que caracteriza a la Antártica son sus escasas lluvias, que además tienden a disminuir desde la costa hacia el interior. Aquí la media anual de precipitaciones equivale a menos de 70 mm de agua,

climes. Later, some 220 million years ago, Gondwana began its own division, resulting in the continents that exist today.

When it reached its current location in the extreme south of the globe, about 65 million years ago, Antarctica completed its separation. Since then a series of geological processes have occurred which have shaped the surface and created the continent that exists today.

The implacable Antarctic climate

Antarctica has such extreme characteristics that it can be, without a doubt, categorised as the most inhospitable region in the world. Furthermore there is no evidence for the presence of any native human life on its lands as the drastic environment, that influences all the climatic changes in the southern hemisphere, often creates conditions which would be completely adverse to human survival.

The constant transformations that the territory experiences with the arrival of each new season have given the continent the name of the “Living continent”. In summer the approximate surface area covers 546,000 square miles, in winter this figure doubles.

This freezing over of the sea is not difficult to imagine considering that the temperatures reached are the lowest on the planet. In the warmer months the average coastal temperature does not go above 32 ºF whilst inland the temperature varies between 5 °F and -31 °F. During the coldest months the coastal temperature fluctuates between 5 °F and -22 °F, whilst the inland temperatures range between -40 °F and -94 °F. The lowest temperature ever registered was -129,3 °F which was recorded in the Russian Vostok Base in 1983.

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siendo más árido que el desierto del Sahara. Las pocas precipitaciones se suman a los fuertes vientos catabáticos que soplan por la llanura polar y pueden alcanzar velocidades de hasta 300 km/h. Estos vientos se comportan como verdaderos temporales y pueden durar varios días e incluso semanas, el más intenso registrado en la superficie terrestre se produjo en julio de 1972, en la estación científica francesa Dumont d’Urville, y fue de 327 km/h.

Días y NochesEn este continente el día dura seis meses y la noche otros seis. En el mes de enero -pleno verano- los días tienen luz casi las 24 horas, mientras que en invierno, permanecen en tenue oscuridad. Más al sur del Círculo Polar Antártico hay al menos un día en que no se pone completamente el sol (solsticio de verano) y por lo menos una noche en que no sale totalmente el sol (solsticio de invierno).

Espectáculos LuminososLa magnífica belleza que posee la Antártica se ve aún más intensificada con la luz que se proyecta durante los amaneceres y atardeceres. Estos procesos tan cotidianos para la mayoría, aquí se transforman en verdaderos espectáculos, que han sido admirados por unas pocas personas.

A estos instantes de majestuosidad hay que agregar la constante ocurrencia de fenómenos ópticos. Los más destacados son: los halos o anillos luminosos que se forman alrededor del sol o de la luna, dando la impresión de ver tres soles o lunas en la misma línea; una infinidad de espejismos, cuando la luz se refleja sobre las capas superpuestas de aire frío y caliente; y los blanqueos, que hacen perder la noción de profundidad visual, haciendo difícil localizar objetos en el espacio.

The Antarctic Peninsula is the only place that has an average winter temperature of warmer than –9 ºC. This is the least adverse region for humans, which means that the largest part of the population resident in Antarctica is to be found on the peninsula.

Another characteristic of Antarctica is the scarce rainfall, which decreases from the coast to the interior. The average rainfall is less than 70mm making this place more arid than the Sahara Desert.This slight precipitation adds to the strong, sudden katabatic winds that blow across the polar plain, which can reach temperatures of up to 300 km/h (186 m/ph). These winds are like real storms and can last days and even weeks. The most intense storm registered on land was at the French scientific base Dumont d´Urville where winds of 327 km/h (202 m/ph) were recorded in July 1972.

Day and NightOn this continent, day lasts six months and night for the other six. In the month of January, in high summer, the days have light for almost 24 hours whilst winter remains bathed in a constant pale darkness. Further south, beyond the Antarctic Circle, there is at least one day when the sun does not set (summer solstice) and likewise a night when the sun does not rise (winter solstice).

Luminous ShowsThe magnificent beauty of Antarctica is intensified by the light produced during the sunrises and sunsets. These processes, usually so mundane for the majority of people, are transformed into amazing spectacles here, although they can be admired by only a few lucky people.To this majestic sight one must add the constant occurrence of optical phenomena. These are truly outstanding and include the halos and rings

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Pero quizás el espectáculo más sorprendente que puede observarse en el extremo sur es la Aurora Austral, un fenómeno luminoso que sólo es posible divisar en las zonas próximas a los polos, que es llamado Aurora Boreal cuando ocurre en el Ártico.

Estas increíbles visiones, que se producen en la ionosfera, una de las capas externas de la atmósfera, pueden cambiar de intensidad y variar en los colores dependiendo del nivel en que se generen, siendo algo verdosos a una altura de entre 100 y 150 km sobre el nivel del mar, y más rojizos en altitudes superiores.

Un Agujero Amenazante Lo que conocemos como agujero en la capa de ozono, es en realidad un adelgazamiento de la capa encargada de filtrar las radiaciones ultravioleta que llegan a la tierra. Mientras más delgada se vuelve la capa de ozono, la radiación toca con más fuerza la superficie del planeta, afectando al conjunto de las especies. Aunque sus efectos en los seres humanos se encuentran aún en estudio, es muy posible que produzcan quemaduras, envejecimiento y cáncer a la piel, conjuntivitis, entre otras patologías.

Se cree que este fenómeno es producido por los contaminantes que despiden algunos aerosoles y anticongelantes, conocidos como clorofluorocarbonos. Estos tóxicos se depositan en los cielos antárticos, al ser trasladados por los vientos estratosféricos; una vez allí, durante el invierno austral, se mezclan con las nubes más altas.

Con la llegada de la primavera, el sol comienza a tener mayor presencia, el calor de los rayos solares, hacen reaccionar los químicos que estaban en estado de congelamiento. Este cambio produce moléculas de cloro, que son las responsables de disolver temporalmente esta delgada capa, dejando a la tierra sin protección contra la nociva radiación solar.

of light that form around the sun and the moon giving the appearance of three suns or moons in the same line. There are constant mirages when the light reflects on the superimposed layers of hot and cold air, and a blinding whiteness that causes one to lose one´s depth of vision, making it difficult to locate objects in the distance.But perhaps the most surprising spectacle that can be seen in the extreme south is the Aurora Australis (Southern lights), a luminous phenomenon that is only seen close to the Poles and is known as the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) in the Arctic north.These incredible visions that are produced in the ionosphere, one of the outermost layers of the atmosphere, can change in intensity and vary their colours depending on the level in which they occur. They seem somewhat green at an altitude of 100 to 150km (60 to 90 miles) above sea level and more reddish when they occur at higher altitudes.

The Threat of the Ozone HoleWhat is known as the ozone hole is, in reality, a thinning of the layer in charge of filtering the ultraviolet rays that reach the earth.

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Durante estos meses -entre septiembre y diciembre- el adelgazamiento en la capa de ozono, que presenta una forma ovalada y se ubica a unos 900 km2 del Polo Sur, alcanza sus máximas dimensiones, bordeando los 24 millones de km2, pero que incluso ha llegado a 27 millones. Este crecimiento perjudica aún con mayor intensidad a los habitantes de las ciudades más australes del planeta como Ushuaia en Argentina y Punta Arenas en Chile.

Flora AntárticaLa mayor parte del territorio antártico es un “desierto” nival. El clima es tan extremo que la escasa vegetación

existente en la superficie se reduce a musgos y líquenes, presentes

sobre las rocas y en zonas más septentrionales libres de

hielo y nieve.

Bajo el agua predomina el fitoplancton o plancton vegetal, formado por

m i c r o o r g a n i s m o s autótrofos e inmóviles

que realizan fotosíntesis. Estas algas microscópicas constituyen el primer eslabón de la cadena trófica de los océanos, y de ellas se alimentan todos los seres vivos marinos que habitan en el sector. Por su parte, la vegetación macroscópica se

concentra en las costas del continente y en algunas zonas de los nunataks.

As the layer gets thinner the rays become stronger affecting the entire species. Although the effects on human beings are still being studied it is possible that the damage includes burns, conjunctivitis, premature aging, cancer of the skin and other illnesses.

It is thought that this phenomenon is caused by the pollutants that are given off by certain aerosols and anti-freezes, known as chlorofluorocarbons. These toxins are deposited in the Antarctic skies having been brought by the stratospheric winds, once there, they mix with the highest clouds during the southern winter.When spring arrives the sun becomes stronger and the heat of the sun´s rays causes the chemicals that were in a frozen state to react. This change produces chlorine molecules that are responsible for the temporary dissolution of this thin layer, leaving the earth unprotected against the harmful solar radiation. During these spring months, from September to December, the thinning of the ozone layer (an oval shape some 900 km (560 miles) from the South Pole) reaches its largest dimension of some 24 million km2 (9 million square miles), and it has been known to reach 27 million (10 million square miles). This growth in the ozone hole is particularly damaging for the inhabitants of the most southerly cities of the planet, such as Ushuaia in Argentina and Punta Arenas in Chile.

Antarctic FloraThe majority of the Antarctic territory consists of desert (covered in perpetual snow and glaciers). The climate is so extreme that the only vegetation that grows on the surface are mosses and lichens which can be found on the rocks and in any of the most northerly zones that are free from ice and snow.Under the sea, phytoplankton or vegetable plankton dominate. They are formed by autotrophic micro-organisms that drift passively during photosynthesis. These microscopic algae are the first link in the food

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La fauna en la Antártica Antártica, es a menudo asociada con la presencia de pingüinos en sus hielos. Sin embargo de las 17 especies de pingüinos que existen en el mundo solo 3 de ellas basan su ciclo reproductivo en este continen-te. Las demás especies habitan y se reproducen en una diversidad de ambientes que van desde las mas indómitas islas subantárticas, has-ta grandes colonias ubicadas en los continentes americano y africano, algunas de ellas en las cercanías del Ecuador. En la Antártica las co-lonias de pingüinos y otras aves como petreles se establecen en las costas libres de la cobertura de nieve. Tan solo el pingüino Emperador ha logrado adaptarse a las extremas condiciones de frío y viento que dominan la superficie de hielo, sitio escogido por el más grande de los pingüinos para nidificar. Los lobos y focas son los grandes mamíferos presentes en las costas del territorio antártico, territorio que ocupan para reproducirse durante el verano austral. Entre las especies que se pueden observar con frecuen-cia esta el lobo fino antártico especie que ha repoblado este paisaje con importantes colonias, luego de ser casi exterminadas en el pasado por su cotizada piel. Otros grandes mamíferos marinos que crían en las costas de la península antártica son los elefantes marinos, estos se desplazan entre la península antártica y las Georgias de sur durante sus movimientos migratorios. También con frecuencia es posible obser-var a los leopardos marinos, focas de Weddell, cangrejera y con menor frecuencia a la foca de Ross, todos ellos se reproducen sobre el hielo en latitudes más cercanas al polo. Las grandes ballenas visitan la antártica durante la primavera-verano para alimentarse de las grandes masas de krill mientras las mismas crían en latitudes mas bajas. Así es posible ver ballenas jorobada, fran-ca austral, azul, minke y orcas, estas ultimas se alimentan de presas mayores como las mismas ballenas, El krill es un crustáceo vital en la cadena alimentaría de este continente.

chain of the oceans, and they are fed on by other marine life in the area. The macroscopic vegetation is concentrated in the coastal region and on some nunataks (exposed rocks on a glacier).

Antarctic FaunaThe presence of penguins on the ice is an image frequently associated with Antarctica. However, of the 17 penguin species in the world, only three of them actually reproduce on this continent. The other species live and reproduce in a variety of places ranging from the most indomi-table sub-Antarctic islands to the large colonies located on the American and African continents, some of which are even close to the equator. In Antarctica, penguins and other birds, such as petrols, establish their colonies on the snow-free coastal beaches. The Emperors, the largest of the species, are the only penguins that have managed to adapt to the extreme conditions of cold and wind that dominate the icy surface, which is their chosen nesting site.Sea lions and seals are the largest mammals found on the coast of An-tarctica and it is here that they reproduce during the southern summers. The Antarctic Fur Seal is one of the species that is frequently seen. This species has effectively managed to repopulate important colonies, even though it was almost brought to extinction in the past, due to hunting for its precious fur. The Elephant Seal is another large marine mammal that raises its young on the coasts of the Antarctic peninsula. These seals move between the peninsula and the South Georgia Islands during their migration. Leopard, Weddell, and Crabeater Seals are often seen, whilst the Ross seal can be observed but with less frequency. All of these seals reproduce on the ice at latitudes closer to the pole.The great whales visit Antarctica during spring and summer to feed on the large masses of krill although they breed and raise their young at lower latitudes. Thus Humpback, Southern Right, Blue, and Minke Wha-les, may be spotted as well as Orca Whales, which feed on larger prey (such as other whales). Krill is a crustacean of vital importance in the food chain of this continent.

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Población y Bases AntárticasCada vez es más grande el flujo de personas que visitan la Antártica. Los turistas llegan a estas tierras a bordo de buques de pasajeros que desde hace un tiempo han incorporado en sus rutas de viaje el paso por el continente helado.Sin embargo, existe una población casi permanente que se distribuye en cerca de 100 estaciones científicas de unos 20 países. Durante los meses de verano, los habitantes antárticos pueden llegar a las 10 mil personas, pero en invierno, este número decae estrepitosamente y son apenas unas mil almas las encargadas de seguir con las labores científicas y el cuidado de las estaciones.

Casi todos los países miembros del Tratado Antártico cuentan con bases de investigación científica. Algunas operan durante todo el año, mientras otras funcionan sólo en verano, pero la mayoría se concentra en la mitad norte de la Península Antártica.

La que más tiempo ha estado en operación continua es la estación argentina Orcadas, que funciona desde el 22 de febrero de 1904; y la más grande es la base McMurdo de Estados Unidos, ubicada al sur de Nueva Zelanda, esta posee la microcentral atómica más antigua del continente.

Sólo tres estaciones se han aventurado a situarse más cerca al polo geomagnético sur, ellas son la estación estadounidense Amundsen-Scott (89˚59’51” S - 139˚16’22” E), la rusa Vostok (78˚28’00” S - 106˚48’00” E) y la franco-italiana Concordia (75˚06’06” S - 123˚23’43” E).

Antarctic Bases and PopulationsThe number of people who visit Antarctica is increasing all the time. Tourists arrive on board cruise ships that have for some time now included the frozen continent on their travel routes.

However there is also a semi-permanent population, which is spread out amongst the 100 or so scientific bases, of twenty different nationalities. In summer the number of Antarctic inhabitants can number as many as 10,000, but in winter this number falls drastically and there are barely 1,000 hardy souls left to carry on with their scientific tasks and the maintenance of the bases.

Almost all the members of the Antarctic Treaty have scientific bases. Some operate all year round year whilst others only function during summer and the majority of the bases are located on the Antarctic Peninsula.The Argentine base Orcadas is the oldest functioning base, which has operated since the 22nd February, 1904 and the largest base is the McMurdo Base belonging to the USA. This base directly south of New Zealand has the oldest atomic micro-center on the continent.

Only three bases have dared to locate themselves closer to the magnetic South Pole, these are the Amundsen Scott base belonging to the USA (89°59’51” S - 139°16’22” E), the Russian Vostok Base (78°28’00” S - 106°48’00” E) and the Franco-Italian Concordia Base (75°06’06” S - 123°23’43” E).

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En Busca de la Tierra AustralSegún antecedentes del Archivo Municipal de La Haya, es posible que el verdadero descubridor de la Antártica fuera el Almirante español Gabriel de Castilla, al ser el primero en avistar las Islas Shetland del Sur, cercanas al continente. Castilla, al servicio de la corona española, zarpó desde Valparaíso en 1603 abordo del “Buena Nueva”; cuando se encontraba cerca del Cabo de Hornos, fue arrastrado por vientos y corrientes marinas, alcanzando la latitud 64 grados sur.Desde ese momento y hasta fines del siglo XVIII, el resultado de las expediciones hacia el territorio austral se centraron en el avistamiento de tierras cercanas a la Antártica, debido en gran parte a su considerable lejanía con respecto a los demás continentes y a la inclemencia del clima que reina en los mares antárticos.

Tal es el caso del capitán James Cook, que en 1774 divisó las Islas Sandwich del Sur en una de las e x p l o r a c i o n e s que comandó hacia la Antártica. Cuatro años antes, el marino británico había sido el primero en cruzar el Círculo Polar Antártico, y aunque circunnavegó la Antártica, nunca pudo vislumbrar el continente.

Pero Cook pudo darse cuenta de la existencia de un continente

In search of the South LandAccording to historical archives in The Hague, it is possible that the true discoverer of Antarctica was the Spanish admiral, Gabriel de Castilla who was the first to catch sight of the South Shetland Islands that are close to the continent. Castilla, working for the Spanish crown, set sail from Valparaiso in 1603 on board the Buena Nueva. When the boat was close to Cape Horn it was dragged by the strong winds and currents until it reached the latitude 64° S.

From this time on, until the end of the 18th century, the expeditions to the southern territory consisted solely of sightings of the far off lands of Antarctica. The failure to observe the actual continent was due mainly to the considerable distance and the inclement weather that dominated these Antarctic waters.

Such was the case for Captain James Cook who in 1774 was able to make out in the distance the South Sandwich Islands on one of his explorations to Antarctica. Four years earlier the British sailor had been the first to cross the Antarctic Circle but, although he circumnavigated Antarctica, he was never able to glimpse the continent.

But Cook realised that there was a southern

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meridional, al divisar en los icebergs ciertos depósitos de rocas. A pesar de las expectativas, la Antártica no era el exuberante y poblado lugar que la mayoría esperaba.

Probablemente los que avistaron por primera vez el continente fueron dos grupos cazadores de focas, el del estadounidense Nathaniel Palmer y el de los oficiales navales británicos William Smith y Edward Branfield; ambos navegaron cerca de la punta de la Península Antártica en 1820.

En febrero del año siguiente, otro cazador de focas, el capitán estadounidense John Davis, realizó el primer desembarco del que se tiene conocimiento. Por su parte, el ballenero británico James Weddell descubrió en 1823 el mar que hoy lleva su nombre y penetró hasta el punto más austral que ningún barco había alcanzado. A pesar de los importantes datos entregados por los navegantes, sólo en 1840 se le concede el rango de continente a la Antártica. Fueron necesarias tres expediciones separadas, una francesa, una británica y una estadounidense, para asegurar que esa tierra cubierta de hielo que habían visto era realmente una masa continental.

Con el estímulo del Congreso Geográfico Internacional, varios países enviaron expediciones para visitar la Antártica hasta principios del siglo XX. Entre ellas una belga, comandada por Adrien de Gerlache; dos británicas, al mando de Robert Scott y Carsten Borchgrevink, respectivamente; y una alemana, dirigida por Erich Von Drygalski.

continent (not just ice) as he saw rock deposits in the icebergs. In spite of all expectations, Antarctica turned out to be very different from the exuberant and populated place that most people believed it to be.

Those who in all probability saw the actual continent for the first time were two groups of seal hunters. The first group was led by the North American, Nathaniel Palmer and the other by two British naval officers, William Smith and Edward Bransfield. Both groups sailed close to the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in 1820.

In February of the following year another seal hunter, the North American, Captain John Davis made the first known landing. In 1823 the British whaler, James Weddell, discovered the sea which now carries his

name and he was able to reach a point more southerly than any before.In spite of the important data provided by these sailors it was only in 1840 that the range of the Antarctic continent was fully acknowledged.Three separate expeditions were required, one French, one British and one North American to make sure that what had been sighted - a land covered in ice - was truly a continental mass.

Encouraged by the International Geographical Congress, various countries sent expeditions to visit Antarctica from this

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La primera expedición con objetivos científicos fue la realizada por Adrien de Gerlache. El Capitán belga se dirigió a la zona del océano Pacífico de la Península Antártica, pero quedó atrapado por el hielo que comenzaba a formarse y tuvo que pasar allí el invierno de 1897 y 1898. Un año después, la expedición inglesa de Carsten Borchgrevink desembarcó en Cabo Adare y se convirtió en el primer grupo de hombres que pasó un invierno en tierra.

Entre 1901 y 1904, la expedición de Robert Scott utilizó la isla Ross, ubicada en el estrecho de McMurdo, como base y exploró la plataforma de hielo de Ross y la Tierra Victoria. Paralelamente, el geofísico alemán Erich Von Drygalski, guió su exploración por la costa del océano Índico de la Antártica. Ambos llevaron globos cautivos que utilizaron para la observación aérea de la superficie de la Antártica.

Durante esa época también hubo expediciones de países patrocinadas por privados, como fue el caso de Suecia, dirigida por Otto Nordenskjöld, de Escocia, encabezada por William Bruce, y de Francia, liderada por Jean Charcot.

Cazadores de Focas y BallenerosEl anuncio del Capitán Cook, sobre la gran cantidad de focas que había en los mares antárticos, llevó a los cazadores de éstas a su explotación cruel y desmedida. Ya en 1820 trabajaban en estas faenas más de tres mil hombres, con unos 90 barcos, sin contar las factorías donde transformaban la grasa en aceite. La intensa actividad llevó a que cinco años más tarde, la mayoría de las poblaciones de lobos finos antárticos y subantárticos se encontraran al borde de la extinción.

Luego vino la caza comercial de cetáceos, que comenzó en diciembre de 1904 en Grytviken, Georgia del Sur, y en menos de diez años se extendió a las islas situadas más al sur en el Arco de Escocia y a las islas Kerguelén.

time until the beginning of the 20th century. There was a Belgian one under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, two British expeditions led by Robert Scott and Carsten Borchgrevink respectively, and a German one headed by Erich Von Drygalski.

The first expedition with a purely scientific objective was the Belgian one carried out by Adrien de Gerlache. He headed to the Pacific Ocean area of the Antarctic Peninsula but was trapped by forming ice and had to stay there for the winter of 1897/98. One year later the expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink landed on Cape Adare and the members became the first group of men to spend the winter on the land.

Between 1901 and 1904 the expedition of Robert Scott used Ross Island, located in the McMurdo Sound, as a base to explore the ice shelf of Ross and Victoria Land. At the same time the German geo-physicist Erich Von Drygalski led an exploration of the Indian Ocean coast of Antarctica. Both expeditions used hot air balloons for aerial observations of the surface of the continent.

During this time there were also various privately funded expeditions from different countries. There was a Swedish expedition led by Otto Nordenskjöld, a Scottish trip, led by William Bruce and one from France, led by Jean Charcot.

Seal and Whale HuntersThe announcement by Captain Cook concerning the great number of seals to be found in the Antarctic waters led to the cruel and excessive exploitation of these animals by hunters.

By 1820 there were three thousand people working in the slaughter employing some 90 different boats not counting the numerous factories that turned the fat into oil. Five years later this intense exploitation took

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La ballena jorobada, habitante de las zonas más costeras, fue el primer objetivo de la cacería, seguida por la ballena azul.

Estas factorías balleneras se asentaron en diferentes lugares como en Isla Decepción, en Bahía Almirantazgo, Puerto Foster o Puerto Svend Fdyn. La empresa ballenera más grande de la época fue la chilena “Sociedad de Magallanes”, cuya flota de buques estuvo al mando del Capitán Adolfo Andressen.Los cazadores de ballenas, al igual que sus antecesores, los que capturaban focas, develaron muchos de los secretos que ocultaba el continente. Internarse con sus barcos por estas desconocidas aguas y su estadía en las fábricas y en las plantas para faenar ballenas, instaladas en pleno mar antártico, les permitió conocer más de cerca las condiciones del extremo sur.

Objetivo: El Polo SurYa establecida la existencia de un continente antártico, alcanzar el Polo Sur -el punto más austral del planeta-, se convirtió en el siguiente propósito que dominó todas las expediciones dirigidas al continente.

El primero en lograr un acercamiento importante fue Sir Ernest Shackleton. El capitán británico encabezó una expedición entre 1907 y 1909, llegando a sólo 160 kilómetros del Polo Sur, pero se vio obligado a regresar por la falta de provisiones.

Un año después, una segunda expedición británica, al mando de Robert Scott, y una noruega comandada por Roald Amundsen, emprendieron el viaje. Esta última, con la ayuda de trineos arrastrados por perros, logró conquistar primero la meta, el 14 de diciembre de 1911.

Sin saber que la expedición noruega había tenido éxito, Scott y los cuatro miembros de su equipo llegaron al Polo apenas un mes después, el 18 de

the population of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic fur seal to the edge of extinction.

Next came the hunting of cetaceans which began in Grytviken, South Georgia in 1904 and which, within 10 years, had spread to the islands located in the Scottish Arc and the Kerguelen Islands. The humpback whale, which inhabited the coastal regions, was the first target, followed by the blue whale.

These whaling factories were set up in various places, for example on Deception Island, in the Almirantazo Bay, Foster Port and Svend Fdyn Port. The largest whaling company at that time was the Chilean “Sociedad de Magallanes” whose fleet of boats was under the command of Captain Adolfo Andressen.

The whale hunters, like their sealing predecessors, helped to reveal many of the secrets that the continent had hidden. Spending so much time in these unknown waters and working at the factories and plants which were built right in the middle of the Antarctic seas, allowed them to get to know in great detail the conditions of the extreme south.

Objective: The South PoleOnce the existence of the Antarctic continent was established the goal to reach the South Pole, the most southerly point of the planet, became the next challenge to dominate the expeditions to the continent.

The first to achieve an important approximation of the pole was Sir Ernest Shackleton. This British captain led an expedition between 1907 and 1909 managing to get to within 160 km (99 miles) of the South Pole but the team was obliged to turn back through lack of provisions.

One year later the second British expedition led by Robert Scott, and

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enero de 1912, luego de arrastrar ellos mismo los trineos durante la parte más difícil de la ruta. Con decepción se dieron cuenta que no habían sido los primeros, la tienda y una carta de Amundsen les comunicó la mala noticia, entonces emprendieron el viaje de vuelta del que no pudieron regresar con vida. Aunque la meta de conquistar el Polo Sur ya se había logrado, Shackleton volvió a la Antártica en 1914, esta vez con el objetivo cruzar el continente. Pero su barco, el Endurance, fue atrapado y triturado por los hielos. Shackleton y sus hombres lograron volver a la isla Elefante en tres pequeñas embarcaciones y finalmente fueron rescatados en agosto de 1916 por el Piloto chileno Luis Pardo, al mando de la escampavía Yelcho.

Sobrevolando la AntárticaCon el avance de la tecnología aérea, en la década de los años veinte del siglo pasado, la aviación también quiso tener un rol preponderante en la exploración de la Antártica. El australiano Sir George Wilkins y el estadounidense C. B. Eielson, fueron los primeros en sobrevolar el continente blanco en 1928, específicamente sobre la Península Antártica.

Por su parte, el expedicionario estadounidense Richard Evelyn Byrd, estableció un campamento llamado Little America, en la plataforma de hielo de Ross, desde donde voló al Polo Sur en 1929. Fascinado con la Antártica, Byrd regresó cinco años después con otra expedición, manteniendo su carácter investigativo al incluir en ambas oportunidades personal científico.

Otras expediciones aéreas que se destacaron fueron las dirigidas por el estadounidense Lincoln Ellsworth, cuando atravesó el continente en 1935; por los noruegos, que sobrevolaron todo el litoral; por los alemanes, que enviaron una misión aérea en 1938 y 1939; y por la expedición del Servicio Antártico estadounidense entre 1939 y 1941.

a Norwegian one led by Roald Amundsen, embarked on the same epic journey. Amundsen, with the help of sledges pulled by teams of dogs, was the first to conquer the goal on the 14th December, 1911.

Without knowing that the Norwegian had succeeded Scott, and the four members of his team, arrived at the South Pole barely a month later on the 18th January, 1912 after having to pull their own sledges across the most difficult part of the route. They disappointedly realised they had not been the first when the tent and a letter from Amundsen indicated the bad news. They started on the return journey, but the team did not make it back dying on the ice.

Although the goal of conquering the Pole was thus completed Shackleton returned to Antarctica in 1914 with the idea of crossing the continent but his boat the Endurance was trapped and crushed by the ice. Shackleton and his men managed to reach Elephant Island in three small life boats and were finally rescued in August 1916 by the Chilean sea pilot Luis Pardo at the helm of the cutter the Yelcho.

Flights over AntarcticaGreat advances in aeronautical technology in the 1920´s meant that aviation also wanted to play an important part in the exploration of Antarctica. The Australian, Sir George Wilkins and the North American, C.B.Eielson were the first to fly over the white continent in 1928, specifically over the Antarctic Peninsula.

The North American explorer, Richard Evelyn Bird, established a camp called Little America on the Ross Ice Shelf, from where he flew to the South Pole in 1929. Fascinated with Antarctica, Byrd returned 5 years later with another expedition. He maintained an investigative character by including scientific personnel on both trips.

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Pero quizás la expedición aérea más grande y ambiciosa que se haya realizado ocurrió un año después de terminada la II Guerra Mundial. Entre 1946 y 1947, los Estados Unidos enviaron a la Antártica la operación Highjump, al mando del Almirante Byrd, en la que participaron 4 mil 200 personas a bordo de unos veinte aviones y trece barcos, gracias a ella fue posible fotografiar gran parte de la costa, lo que se utilizó como registro para la elaboración de mapas.

Dejemos hasta aquí esta pequeña reseña sobre la Antártica. Ahora los invito a disfrutar de un viaje inolvidable, un recorrido que a través de estas fotografías los llevará al corazón mismo de un maravilloso territorio…

Other noteworthy aerial expeditions were those led by the North American, Lincoln Ellsworth when he crossed the continent in 1935. The Norwegians flew over all the coastal regions. The Germans sent aerial missions in 1938 and 1939 and there was a US Antarctic Service expedition between 1939 and 1941.

Perhaps the largest and most ambitious aerial expedition took place a year after the end of the Second World War. Between 1946 and 1947 the United States sent the Operation Highjump to Antarctica under the command of Admiral Richard Byrd. Some 4,200 people participated using some 20 planes and 13 boats. Thanks to this operation a large part of the coast was photographed and the resulting information used for making maps.

Here our little summary of Antarctica finishes. Now is the time to enjoy an unforgettable journey, a photographic trip that will take you to right into the very heart of this wonderful territory.....

Isla misteriosa

En el siglo cuarto A.C. el filosofo griego Aristoteles sugirió

que si existían hielos en el Aretos o Norte (divisados por

los navegantes de la época) por simetría debería haberlos

también en el Sur. El denomina a este continente o región

Antarkticos, y fue por años conocida como Terra Australis

Incognita, el desconocido continente.

Abraham Ortelius 1570

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Canal BeagleEste canal, constituye un notable carácter

de la geografía de este país. Puede ser

comparado al valle de Lochness, en Escocia,

con su cadena de lagos y de bahías. El canal

de Beagle tiene unas 120 millas de largo,

con una anchura media, de unas 2 millas.

Es casi todo él perfectamente recto, tanto

que la vista, limitada a cada lado por una

línea de montañas, se pierde en lontananza.

Ese canal atraviesa la parte meridional de

Tierra del Fuego.

“This channel ....is a most remarkable

feature in the geography of this, or indeed of

any other country. Its length is about 120

miles with an average breadth, not subject to

any very great variations, of about 2 miles.

It is throughout the greater part so extremely

straight, that the view, bounded on each side

by a line of mountains, gradually becomes

indistinct in the perspective. This arm of the

sea may be compared to the valley of Loch

ness in Scotland, with its chain of lakes and

entering firths....The Beagle Channel crosses

the southern part of Tierra del Fuego in an

east and west line.”

Charles Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, 1839.

Amanecer en Canal BeagleSunrise in the Beagle Channel

ntre las Islas de Tierra del Fuego y Navarino, nace este canal que fusiona el océano

Atlántico con el Pacífico. Los lobos marinos, nutrias y ballenas habitan el Beagle, donde la vegetación convive en plenitud con los hielos. Aquí la naturaleza subsiste abundante y saluda al estéril paisaje que se aproxima, mientras se avanza hacia el sur.

Sobre toda la costa norte se posa la Cordillera Darwin, inicio montañoso de Los Andes, que desde sus cumbres desborda enormes glaciares, formando espectáculos de belleza imposibles de ignorar por quienes navegan en sus aguas.

Estos paisajes sirvieron de inspiración para que Charles Darwin comenzara a esbozar su teoría de la evolución de las especies. En 1981, junto al capitán Robert Fitz Roy, cruzó este canal a bordo del bergantín HMS Beagle, de donde proviene su nombre, mientras realizaba un viaje alrededor del mundo.

El canal Beagle era llamado Aunashaka (Canal de los Ona) por los yaganes, quienes habitaban la zona antes que fuera descubierta por estos exploradores. Aquí se encuentra la ciudad más austral del mundo, Puerto Williams, que comparte su condición con la ciudad argentina de Ushuaia, ubicada al noroeste en la Isla Tierra del Fuego.

E

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Los colores de la Patagonia, Canal BeagleThe colours of Patagonia, Beagle Channel

his channel that unites the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans separates the islands of Tierra del

Fuego and Navarino. Sea lions, seals and whales live in the channel where the vegetation cohabits fully with the ice. Here nature is abundant but on the journey south the surroundings start to change preparing the traveller for the sterile scenery that awaits.

The Darwin Cordillera, which marks the beginning of the Andes Mountains, dominates the landscape. Enormous glaciers fall from its peaks forming beautiful and impressive spectacles for those who sail through the Channel.

These landscapes provided inspiration for Charles Darwin just as he was starting to develop his theory of the evolution of the species. In 1832, he and Captain Robert FitzRoy sailed through this channel on the HMS Beagle, (which gave its name to the channel), on their journey around the world.

The channel was called Aunashaka (Onas Channel) by the Yaganes who lived in this region long before it was discovered by explorers. Puerto Williams, the most southerly town in the world is located in this channel on Navarino Island. It shares this honour with the Argentine city of Ushuaia located to the northeast, on the island of Tierra del Fuego.

T

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Darwin contemplo con asombro la diversidad de especies durante su travesía por el Canal BeagleDarwin was amazed at the diversity of species he observed on his journey through the Beagle Channel.

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Una capa de nieve eternas,

deslumbrantes de blancura, recubren la

cima de esas montañas, y numerosas

cascadas, que resplandecen a través

de los bosques, vienen a verter sus

aguas en el canal. En muchos lugares,

magníficos glaciares se extienden por el

flanco de la montaña hasta el mismo

borde del agua. Es imposible imaginar

nada de más bello que el admirable

color azul de esos glaciares, sobre todo

a causa del sorprendente contraste que

existe entre ellos y el blanco mate de la

nieve que los domina. Los fragmentos

que se desprenden constantemente de

esos glaciares flotan por todas partes, y

el canal con sus montañas de hielo se

parece, en el espacio de una milla, a un

mar polar en miniatura.

Glaciar Italia, en la “avenida de los glaciares”Italia Glacier, on “glacier avenue”

A cape of eternal snow, dazzling white, covers the peaks of these

mountains and numerous waterfalls shining through the forests

pour their waters into the Channel. In many places, magnificent

glaciers extend from the mountains right down to the water´s

edge. It is impossible to imagine anything quite as beautiful as the

intense blue of these glaciers and the surprising contrast that this

creates with the dominant white matt of the snow and ice. The

fragments which are continually calving off these glaciers float

everywhere thus making the channel and its ice mountains appear

like a miniature polar sea.

Charles Darwin

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 35Ballena Jorobada o Yubarta (Megaptera novaeangliae)Humpback whale or Yubarta (Megaptera novaeangliae)

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Soy el Albatros que te espera en el final del mundo.

Soy el alma olvidada de los marineros muertos,

que cruzaron el Cabo de Hornos,

desde todos los mares de la tierra.

Pero ellos no murieron en las furiosas olas,

hoy vuelan en mis alas,

hacia la eternidad,

en la última grieta de los vientos antárticos.

Sara Vial

Puerto Williams, el poblado mas austral del mundo, Isla Navarino - ChilePuerto Williams, the most southerly settlement in the world, Navarino Island - Chile

Cabo de Hornos, ChileCape Horn, Chile

I am the Albatross that awaits you at the end of the earth.

I am the forgotten soul of the dead sailors,

that crossed Cape Horn,

from all the seas in the world.

They did not die in the furious surf,

today they fly on my wings,

to eternity,

in the crevice of the Antarctic winds.

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Bahía Fildes

bicada en la isla Rey Jorge, la más grande de las Islas Shetland del Sur, Bahía Fildes es

el lugar donde el hombre le dobló la mano a una extrema geografía, construyendo la mayor cantidad de bases científicas antárticas. La bahía, dominada por el hielo, es el hogar de especies como el pingüino Papúa, Barbijo, la foca de Wedell, Leopardo y el elefante marino.

his bay is on King George Island, the largest of the South Shetland Islands. Fildes Bay is

the place where the greatest numbers of Antarctic scientific bases have been built, despite the extreme geography. The bay, dominated by ice, is home to a variety of species such as the Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins, and the Weddell, Leopard and Elephant seals.

U T

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“The Polar Regions leave a profound mark on those who have

struggled in them, which is difficult to express to men to who have

never left the civilized world. It is an extraordinary sensation to

find oneself 10,000 feet up in the extremity of the world.

Ernest Shackleton

“Las regiones polares dejan, en los que han luchado en ellas,

una marca cuya profundidad pueden difícilmente explicarse a los

hombres que no han salido jamás del mundo civilizado .

Es una sensación extraordinaria encontrarse a más de 3 mil

kilómetros en la extremidad del mundo.”

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Iglesia Católica, Villa Las Estrellas - isla Rey JorgeCatholic Church, Villa las Estrellas - King George island

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 45Iglesia ortodoxa rusaRussian orthodox church

Villa Las Estrellas, isla Rey JorgeVilla las Estrellas, King George island

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Panorámica del Glaciar Jubany y Cerro Tres Hermanos, en bahía fildes - Isla Rey JorgePanorama of Jubany Glacier and the Three Brothers Hill panoramic, Fildes Bay - King George Island

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“Éramos diminutas motitas negras que se arrastraban lenta

y penosamente por la blanca llanura, concentrando nuestro

infinito vigor en la tarea de arrancar a la naturaleza secretos que

habían permanecido inviolables a través de las edades.”

We were like tiny black specks that slowly and painfully crawled

across the white plain, concentrating our infinite vigour in

the task of extracting the secrets of nature which had remained

intact throughout the ages.

Ernest Shackleton

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Estrecho Bransfieldu nombre nace en homenaje a Edward Bransfield, responsable de cartografiar las

Islas Shetland del Sur en 1820. Se ubica entre estas islas y la Península Antártica.

En el Bransfield destacan las formas sinuosas de los icebergs que transitan por sus aguas y por sobre una cadena volcánica de montes submarinos. El más grande de ellos es el que le da vida a la Isla Decepción, único centro volcánico conocido en la Antártica Occidental. Su última erupción fue en 1967, pero aún hoy es posible observar algunas fumarolas cercanas a la costa.

his strait was named in honour of Edward Bransfield who was in charge of the

cartography of the South Shetland Islands in 1820. The strait separates these islands from the Antarctic Peninsula.

In the Bransfield Strait the sinewy forms of the icebergs that drift around the sea are truly outstanding as is the chain of underwater volcanic mountains also found here. The largest of these mountains is known as Deception Island and it is the only volcanic centre known in western Antarctica. The volcano last erupted in 1967 although it is still possible to observe some smoke wisps close to the coast.

S

T

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“Jamás vi algo tan magnífico

como este estupendo trabajo de la

naturaleza. Los monumentos más

importantes y hermosos levantados

por manos humanas nunca me

inspiraron con la sensación que

experimenté al encontrar el primer

témpano antártico.”

I had never seen anything as

magnificent as this stupendous

work of nature. The most important

and beautiful monuments built by

mankind never inspired me with the

sensation that I experienced when I

saw my first Antarctic iceberg.

Herbert Ponting, Scott´s photographer

Témpanos errantesWandering icebergs

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“En los agrietados costados de los

témpanos, en las grutas y cuevas

que el mar había abierto sus

líneas de flotación, había viva y

extrañas tonalidades azules, pálidos

y delicados verdes y sazonados

amarillos y grises. El mar rompía

sobre sumergidas agujas y hacía

explosión en masas de brillante

espuma.”

On the cracked sides of the icebergs,

in the caves and caverns formed

by the sea, there were vivid and

unusual tones of blue, pale

and delicate greens, yellows and

greys. The sea broke against these

submerged holes and exploded into

brilliant spray.

Admiral Richard E. Bird Portal de hielo erosionado por el clima antárticoIce archway eroded by the Antarctic climate

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Rada Covadonga

“Estos continentes y estos mares

pueden ser considerados como la obra

de arte más sublime de la naturaleza.

Aquí hay una puerta entreabierta a

través de la cual podemos apartarnos

por corto tiempo de nuestro pequeño

mundo, para entrar en silencio y

armonía del cosmos.”

These continents and seas can be

considered as the most sublime work

of art created by nature. Here, there

is a door ajar. through which we may

absent ourselves, for a short time,

from our little world and enter into

silence and harmony with the cosmos.

Admiral Richard E. Bird (1934)

mediados del siglo pasado, una flotilla chilena, al mando del Capitán Ernesto González

Navarrete, se dirigió a la Antártica con la misión de encontrar un lugar para la construcción de una base para el Ejército. La tripulación encontró el sitio ideal, y lo llamaron “Rada Covadonga”, debido al nombre del barco que utilizaron en el viaje.

Muy próximo a este sitio -plano y con buena altura- había un desembarcadero natural y además, ofrecía un puerto abrigado, de fácil acceso por el Estrecho Bransfield. existe una colonia de pingüinos Papúa y presencia de orcas, focas de Wedell, focas Leopardo, pingüinos Barbijos y Adelia.

El 9 de enero de 1948 se inició la construcción de la nueva base chilena que finalizó 47 días después, siendo inaugurada como la base “General Bernardo O’Higgins”. Esta es la encargada de enviar cada tres horas, al Centro Meteorológico Presidente Frei en la Isla Rey Jorge, las observaciones sinópticas de superficie, de hielo marino, de temperatura de agua, de mar y de radiación solar. Además entrega mensajes meteorológicos aeronáuticos cuando se realizan vuelos desde las bases cercanas y, cuando navegan buques en el sector, remiten los antecedentes glaciológicos a la base Prat. Actualmente brinda asistencia a la estación de rastreo satelital alemana, en base al Convenio de Cooperación Antártica chileno-alemán.

A

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 57El blanco se une al cielo, Monte Jacquinot - Península AntárticaThe white merges into the sky, Mount Jacquinot - Antarctic Peninsula

El clima inhóspito va moldeando los témpanos errantes - Bahía Toro The inhospitable climate moulds the drifting icebergs - Toro Bay

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier58Rompehielos Chileno Oscar Viel, frente a Rada Covadonga

The Chilean Icebreaker Oscar Viel, opposite Covadonga Bay

n the middle of the last century a Chilean fleet under the command of Captain Ernesto

González Navarrete, headed towards Antarctica on a mission to find a suitable place for the construction of a military base. The crew found this spot ideal and named it “Rada Covadonga”, after the boat used on the trip.

Very close to this area, which is flat and quite high, there is a natural landing point providing a sheltered port with easy access to the Bransfield Strait. There is a resident colony of Gentoo penguins and orcas, Weddell and Leopard seals and Chinstrap and Adelie penguins can often be seen in this area.

On the 9th January, 1948 the construction of the new Chilean base was begun. It was finished 47 days later and inaugurated with the name of General Bernardo O’Higgins Base. This base is in charge of sending observations of the surface and the sea, the ice floes, the temperature of the water and the solar radiation, every three hours, to the President Frei Meteorological Center on King George Island. The base also provides meteorological data for when there are flights from the bases close by and sends glaciological reports to the Prat Base. The base is currently supporting the tracking of German satellites in a Chilean-German Antarctic Cooperation Agreement.

I

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 61Foca de Weddell (Leptonychotes weddellii)Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)

La Foca de Weddell, fue cazada en el pasado para alimentar a

los perros que tiran de los trineos y por su aceite, hoy en día están

protegidas bajo el Tratado Antártico. La única matanza reciente

registrada de esta especie corresponde a 107 individuos que fueron

cazados en la temporada 1986-1987 por la Unión Soviética.

Actualmente se estima que cerca de 800.000 individuos viven en

el continente antártico e islas sub-antárticas.

The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) was hunted in the past

to feed the sledge dogs and to provide oil. These seals are now

protected in the Antarctic Treaty. The only recent hunt registered

for this species was in 1986-87 when the Soviet Union hunted 107

seals. Currently there is a population of around 800,000 living

on the Antarctic continent and on the sub-Antarctica islands.

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El pingüino Papua (Pigoscellis papua) anida en montículos cerca del mar, que arma recolectando guijarros y restos de vegetación. Ponen 2 huevos del tamaño de una pelota de tenis, las hembras y los machos se turnan para incubarlos durante 35 dias.

The Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) nests in mounds close to the sea which it makes with pebbles, grass, leaves and twigs. It lays two eggs each about the size of a tennis ball. The males and females share an incubation period of 35 days.

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Paloma Antártica (Chionis alba), haciendo gala de su destreza como bailarinaA Snowy sheathbill (Chionis alba), showing off its skill as a dancer

La Paloma Antártica, ronda los nidos de pingüino en busca de huevosThe Snowy Sheathbill (Chionis alba), approaches the penguin nests looking for eggs

Pingüino Papua (Pigoscellis papua) anidandoGentoo Penguin (Pigoscellis papua) nesting

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier66Lobo Fino Antártico / Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella)

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 67Foca de Weddell / Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddelli)

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Isla Kopaitic

Pingüino de Barbijo (Pygoscelis antarctica)Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)

s una pequeña isla rocosa con forma de tortuga, ubicada frente a la Rada

Covadonga. Todo el que visita isla Kopaitic es recibido por un olor y sonido característico, producto de los nidos que mantiene sobre las rocas, la colonia de pingüinos Barbijo que habita el lugar. Este pingüino, uno de los más vistos en la Península Antártica, junto al pingüino Papúa, debe su nombre a la línea negra que decora su rostro y que asemeja una barba. Normalmente pueden ser vistos cuando “vuelan” sobre el mar, en busca de alimentos para sus crías o arrancando de alguna orca o foca leopardo.

his is a small rocky island in the shape of a turtle found in front of Rada Covadonga.

All those who visit Kopaitic are welcomed by the characteristic smell and sound, coming from the colony of Chinstrap penguins who have built their nests on the rocks here. This penguin and the Gentoo penguin are those most commonly seen. The Chinstrap penguin owes its name to the black line across its chin that resembles a strap. (In Spanish it is called the Bearded penguin.) They can usually be seen “flying” over the water looking for food to take back to their chicks or when they are escaping from an orca or a Leopard seal.

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El pingüino Barbijo se reproduce siempre en la

misma colonia en la que nació, cuando alcanza

la madurez sexual, a los dos o tres años de edad.

Año tras año vuelve al mismo nido, donde

estuvo con su pareja del año anterior. Primero

llegan los machos, y unos días después lo hacen

las hembras. Si alguno de los dos no aparece

tomarán como pareja a alguno de sus vecinos

mas próximos.

The Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)

returns to the same colony where it was born to

reproduce when it reaches sexual maturity, at 2 or

3 years old. Year after year it returns with its mate

to the same nest from the previous year. The males

arrive first and a few days later the females. If

one of the pair does not arrive they will mate with

one of the penguins close by.

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Bahía Paraíso

ara muchos es el lugar más bello de toda la Península Antártica. El borde claroscuro de

su costa y la quietud sorprendente de sus aguas crearon el ambiente de un verdadero paraíso en pleno continente blanco.

Esta apacible tranquilidad y el fácil contacto con la colonia de pingüinos Papúa y Barbijo que habitan la bahía, la convirtieron en uno de los destinos privilegiados por los turistas que visitan la Antártica a bordo de los cruceros.

Bahía Paraíso se ubica al suroeste de la Bahía Andvord, frente a la boca norte del Canal Neumayer. Es un lugar rodeado de montañas y glaciares, que cuando entran al mar, desprenden masas de hielo originando los icebergs, que con el tiempo y las inclemencias del clima, son moldeados gracias a la ayuda del viento y el mar.

Aquí se enfrentan la excepcional belleza y la inusitada dureza que entrega la Antártica, donde lo más significativo es el silencio. Visitar este lugar despierta un indescriptible impulso de volver, un impulso que Shackleton describió como: “La nostalgia del hielo, la tristeza de la partida, el anhelo de regresar a la inmensidad blanca y vacía”.

any people consider this bay to be the most beautiful on the whole of the Antarctic

Peninsula. The light and shade along the coast line and the surprising stillness of its waters have created the atmosphere of a real paradise right in the middle of this white continent.The peaceful tranquillity and the easy contact with Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins that live in the bay have made this one of the destinations most favoured by tourists who visit Antarctica, on board cruise ships.

Paradise Bay is located to the southeast of the Andvord Bay, opposite the northern mouth of the Neumayer Channel.

P

M

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Pingüinera entorno de refugio erigido en 1950, cerca de la Base Chilena

“Gabriel Gonzalez Videla”, en honor del Primer Jefe de Estado en visitar la

Antártida

Penguin colony next to an old shelter built in 1950, close to the Chilean Base

“Gabriel González Videla” that was named after the first head of state to

visit Antarctica.

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 77Juvenil Pingüino Barbijo (Pygoscelis antarctica)Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)

Juvenil Pingüino Papua (Pigoscellis papua) Gentoo Penguin (Pigoscellis papua)

Pingüino Papua albino (Pigoscellis papua) Albino Gentoo penguin (Pigoscellis papua)

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 79Pingüinera en Punta Maruja (Caleta Gloria), Bahía ParaisoPenguin colony on Maruja Point (Gloria Cove), Paraiso Bay

Juvenil Pingüino Papua (Pigoscellis papua) Gentoo penguin (Pigoscellis papua)

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“El paisaje de nuestro entorno

es de lo mas grandioso que

haya visto en mi vida.

“Acantilados que llevan sus

serradas escarpas trescientos

metros hacia el cielo se mezclan

con glaciares que se arrojan

al mar en forma de cascadas

agrietadas. Aqui presentan

muros de hielo de 30 a 55

metros de altura”

The surrounding landscape is

some of the greatest I have seen

in my life. Steep, jagged cliffs

rise up 1000 feet towards the

sky where they meet with the

glaciers that hurl themselves

down in frozen waterfalls.

Here there are walls of ice bet-

ween 100 and 200 feet high.

Diary of Frank Hurley, 1915

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Canal Príncipe Gustavon ambas costas del Canal Gustavo sobresalen grandes puntas de rocas irregulares que

emergen desde las nieves eternas. Este salvaje escenario es adornado por cientos de icebergs de diferentes tamaños y colores que navegan errantes.

Este canal, separa la Isla James Ross y la Isla Vega, de la Península Antártica. Otto Nordenskjöld, explorador de estas tierras, descubrió el canal en octubre de 1903, cuando recorría la costa oriental de la Península Antártica, recolectando muestras geológicas y de fauna marina. El geólogo sueco lo bautizó con el nombre del -en ese entonces- príncipe heredero, Gustavo de Suecia.

reat peaks stick out from the eternal snow on both sides of the Gustavo Channel. This wild

landscape is adorned with hundreds of icebergs of all different sizes, shapes and colours drifting around.

This channel separates James Ross Island and Vega Island from the Antarctic Peninsula. The explorer Otto Nordenskjöld discovered the channel in October 1903 when he was travelling along the eastern coastline of the Antarctic Peninsula collecting samples of the geology and marine life. This Swedish geologist named the channel after the crown prince Gustav of Sweden.

E

G“El hielo estaba aquí, el hielo estaba allí,

el hielo estaba todo alrededor;

¡crujía y gruñía, y rugía y aullaba;

como ruidos en lo salvaje!“

“The ice was here, the ice was there,

The ice was all around :

It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,

Like noises in a swound !

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (poeta inglés 1798)

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier86Cabo Lachman, Canal Príncipe Gustavo / Lachman Cape, Prince Gustav Channel

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier 87Isla Roja, al fondo Glaciar Russell East en la Península Antártica / Red Island, with Russell East Glacier in the background, Antarctic Peninsula

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier88“Esfinges de Hielo” en Canal Príncipe Gustavo, frente a Isla Vega

“Ice Sphinxes” in Prince Gustav Channel infront of Vega Island

Telón de niebla para un poema de hielo, Canal Príncipe Gustavo / A backcloth of fog frames a magnificent iceberg, Prince Gustav Channel.

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Isla James Rosss parte de un grupo de islas separadas de la Península Antártica por el Canal

Príncipe Gustavo. La Isla James Ross, fue bautizada en honor a Sir James Clark Ross, quien cartografió gran parte de la costa del continente cuando comandó la expedición antártica del HMS Erebus y del HMS Terror, entre 1839 y 1843. Durante el viaje descubrió el Mar de Ross, la Tierra Victoria y los volcanes Monte Erebus y Monte Terror.

En esta isla se construyó la primera base científica checa (última en ser autorizada), ubicada frente a la Bahía Brandy, un lugar con excepcional vista al Canal Gustavo y la Península Antártica. Aquí se han encontrado trozos de madera fosilizada y los restos de un posible dinosaurio carnívoro desconocido hasta ahora y no más grande que un ser humano. Se cree que vivió entre 65 y 144 millones de años atrás, época en que el clima en esta tierra era más cálido y húmedo, muy diferente al que hoy conocemos.

E

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Pintura de hielo sobre lienzo azul, arte en Bahía Brandy / Ice painting on blue canvas, art at Brandy Bay

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Cristales de hielo descolgandose de un iceberg / Icicles hanging from an iceberg.

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ANTARCTICA The last frontier98Bahía Brandy, Isla James RossBrandy Bay, James Ross Island

T his island forms part of a group of islands separated from the Antarctic Peninsula by

the Prince Gustav Channel. James Ross Island was named in honour of Sir James Clark Ross, the cartographer who mapped much of the continent´s coastline when he led the Antarctic expedition on board HMS Erebus and HMS Terror between 1839 and 1843. During this trip he discovered the Ross Sea, Victoria Land and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror.

The first Czech scientific base (the last to be authorized) was built here opposite Brandy Bay in a place with an exceptional view overlooking the Gustav Channel and the Antarctic Peninsula. Fossilized pieces of wood have been found here and the remains of what are thought to be a previously unknown, carnivorous dinosaur. It is believed that this dinosaur, no greater than the size of a human, lived between 65 and 144 million years ago, during an era when the climate of this region was warmer and more humid; very different to that of today.

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En verano, un mágico atardecer da inicio a una noche fugáz, seguida de un día de 20 horas de luz. En invierno, sería solo una

noche de 6 meses de absoluta soledad.Vista desde la Bahía Brandy; a la izquierda esta el Monte

Lagrelius y al fondo se divisa la Península Antártica

A magical summer sunset precedes the fleeting night which will be followed by 20 hours of daylight. In winter the night lasts for 6

months of absolute solitude.View of Brandy Bay, Mount Lagrelius on the left with the Antarctic

Peninsula in the distance.

Brandy Bay, Isla James Ross

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E D I T O R I A L

Patagoniai n t e r a c t i v a

www.patagoniainteractiva.com

T H I S B O O K I S A S O U V E N I R F R O M A N T A R C T I C A

E S T E L I B R O E S U N S O U V E N I R D E L A A N T A R T I C A