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6 . 4. Antonymy ( 反意性 ). 09002050 이 경민. 6.4.1. Types of Antonymy. Contradictory terms Contrary terms Relative terms. 6.4.1 Types of Antonymy. Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Antonymy (反意性 )
09002050 이 경민
6 . 4
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Types of Antonymy
1.Contradictory terms2.Contrary terms3.Relative terms
6.4.1
6.4.1 Types of AntonymyAntonymy is concerned with semantic opposition.
Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
There are a variety of ‘opposite-ness’. 3
1. Contradictory terms
They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit possibility between them.An animal is either dead or alive present/ absent boy/girl male/ female true/ false
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2. Contrary termsAntonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes rich/ poor, old/ young, big/ small,
This kind of form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below.
NORM huge/very big/big/quite big/medium sized/quite small/small/tiny
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3. Relative termsThis third type consists of relational oppo-sites such as parent/ child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor, employer/ em-ployee.
This type also includes reverse terms. sell/ buy• A sells something to B.• A sells it to B.• B buys something from A• A sells it to B.
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Some of the Character-istics of Antonyms
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6.4.2
(1~4)
6.4.2 Some of the Charac-teristics of Antonyms (1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites. read, hit, house, book, power, maga-zine
Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.
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6.4.2 Some of the Charac-teristics of Antonyms (2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than nor antonym.
word antonyms• fast : firm, secure loose• fast : pleasure-seeking sober or wild• dull : boring interesting
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6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.
We can say male/ female dog, but we can-not use these adjectives with bitch.
dog/ bitch
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man/ woman
6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3) tall/short
[36] How tall is his brother? [37] How short is his brother?
• [36] includes the meaning of [37].• [37] is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically ab-normal.
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6.4.2 Some of the Charac-teristics of Antonyms (4)
Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, dif -fering in degree of intensity, so each such has its own corresponding opposite.
hot – warm – cool - cold The opposite of hot is cold and that of warm
is cool. We can’t regard cool as the antonym of hot or cold as the antonym.
intensity
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The Use of Antonyms
6, 4, 3
6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms
• Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.
• Antonyms are useful in enabling us to ex-press to economically the opposite of a particular though, often for the sake of contrast.
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6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms
• Many idioms are formed with antonyms, they look neat and pleasant, and sound rhyth-mic. rain or shine now or never here and there thick and thin weal and woe high and low friend or foe give and take•Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve to emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. Easy come, easy go. More haste, less speed United we stand, divided we fall
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Hyponymy (下意語 )
6.5
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6.5 Hyponymy• Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.•The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.
Super- or-dinate terms
animal flower
Subordi-nate terms
hyponyms lion rose
elephant tulip17
6.5 HyponymyHyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graph, with higher- order as super-ordinates above the lower subordinates. creature living things animal plant
horse dog pig insect vegetable flower tree butterfly cabbage rose pine mare hound boar
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6.5 HyponymyKnowing the semantic features of the hy-ponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness and con-creteness.
[40a] Trees surround the water near our summer place.[40b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
[41a] I met a writer who is the relation of a politi-cian.[41b] I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.
[b] is better than sentence [a] !!
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Semantic Field( 意味場 )
6 . 6
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6.6 Semantic Field
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘colour’.
Viewing the total meaning is this way is the basis of field theory.
fruits celery, lettuce, leek, cucumber, potato, carrot
Colours
red, orange, yellow, green, white, black, blue 21
6.6 Semantic Field•Words in catch field are semantically related and define one another.
• It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist the word itself, but it rather spreads over the neighbouring words, because the neighbouring words identify the semantic field and help pin down the meaning.
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6.6 Semantic FieldThe vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal relations of the whole set alter.
female male
unmarried Miss Mr married Mrs
neutral
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6.6 Semantic Field
female male unmarried Miss
Mr married Mrs neutral Ms
The same semantic field has now reorga-nized itself as in :
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Thank you
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