“Fai sou Sao mo lau Gagana” - FAAMASANIGA I LE …faamasanigailegagana.yolasite.com/resources/Tulaga Gagana...“Fai sou Sao mo lau Gagana” Fono Fa’aletausaga lona Ono Kolisi

This presentation designed and

prepared by Dan Aga

“Fai sou Sao

mo lau Gagana”

Fono Fa’aletausaga lona OnoKolisi Tu’ufa’atasi o Amerika Samoa

Iuni 19-23, 2005

Fale’ula o Fatua’iupu o le Gagana Samoa


prepared by Dan Aga

Su’esu’ega Lautele

i le Tulaga

o le Gagana Samoa

i Amerika Samoa 2000ma ni isi manatu fou i le 2005

Folasaga:

Dr. Daniel F. Aga

Kolisi Tu’ufa’atasi

o Amerika Samoa


prepared by Dan Aga

Ta‟ita‟i: Muliaumaseali‟i Ripine

Su‟esu‟e: D. F. Mageo Aga

SPSS: Lanuola Asifoa-Palepua

Consultant:

Seuamuli M. Fiamalua


prepared by Dan Aga

Talafa’asolopitoContext of 2000

Prologue


prepared by Dan Aga

2000: Lepapaigalagala,

2001: Lalomalava, Savaii

1999: FatuoAiga “Ia Ola ma Oa le Gagana”

2005: “Fai sou Sao mo lau Gagana”

2002:

Aotearoa

FAGASA

2003: Carson, CA: FOASILA

“O le Muia’a e fusia ai le Aiga

-- o le Gagana”

2004: EW Center, UH

“O lau Gagana o lou Maluapapa”

2005: faaopoopo le Itulagi

O Amerika Matu I Sisifo


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga

State of the Samoan

Language in 2000

Tulaga o le Gagana Samoa

i Amerika Samoa 2000

Circa 1974


prepared by Dan Aga

Vaega I:

Tu‟ufa‟atasiga

o le Sailiiliga

Research Design


prepared by Dan Aga

National Maori Language Survey

$1 miliona NZ


prepared by Dan Aga

AutuPurpose

• O le fa’ata’atia lea o se laina ta’oto i le

tulaga o lo’o iai le gagana Samoa

• To establish baseline information on the state of

the Samoan language


prepared by Dan Aga

Lu’itau: Modernization, Globalization, homogenization


prepared by Dan Aga

O le Fa‟afitauliStatement of Problem

Ua a‟afia ai le lalolagi atoaLanguage loss is a global phenomenon

--Aofa‟i o gagana i le lalolagi

--Aofa‟i o gagana ua ono lamatia

--Aofa‟i o gagana o le a mou atuDr. Michael Krauss: Society for the study of the Indigenous Languages of

the Americas; Director - Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska


prepared by Dan Aga

Pe i‟u ina tafea i le auau o peau

la tatou gagana?Will the Samoan language one day be lost?


prepared by Dan Aga

O le a le tulaga o iai le gagana Samoa?What is the state of the Samoan language?

Extinct Endangered Stable Healthy

Mou Lamatia Mautu Malosi

70% 85%


prepared by Dan Aga

6 Itu eseese o le Su‟esu‟egaResearch Variables

• Aofa‟iga Mass

• A‟oa‟oina Acquisition

• Atamai Proficiency

• Malae e Tautala ai Oral Domains

• Malae e Tusitusi ai Written Domains

• Lagona Fa‟aalia Attitudes


prepared by Dan Aga

Ua saili tali o lenei fesili i ni

metotia e masani ona fa‟aaoga

e tagata su‟esu‟e.

Answers to the research question

were sought using generally accepted

research methods.


prepared by Dan Aga

MetotiaMethodology

• Community Advisory Committee

• 1000+ questionnaires across demographics

• 500+ Multiple-choice Proficiency

Assessments

• 8 Focus Groups across literacy domains

• Comprehensive documents review

• Public Hearings


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #1: Aofa’igaMass

• Ia maua le faitau aofa‟i o tagata o tautala i

le gagana Samoa.

To determine the number of Samoan language speakers


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #2: A’oa’oinaAcquisition

• Ia su‟esu‟eina pe fa‟apefea ona iloa ma

a‟oa‟oina le gagana.

To explore how Samoans acquired their language skills.


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #3: AtamaiProficiency

• Ia su‟esu‟eina le tulaga o le atamai o tagata

Samoa i le gagana.

To examine the proficiency of Samoans in speaking,

listening, reading, and writing the language.


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #4: Malae e Tautala aiLiteracy Domains (Spoken)

• Ia su‟esu‟eina le tele o taimi e tautala ai i le

gagana i malae eseese.

To identify how often the language is spoken

across literacy domains.


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #5: Malae e Tusitusi aiLiteracy Domains (Written)

• Ia mafai ona iloa le tulaga ua o‟o iai le

fa‟amautuina o le gagana i tusitusiga.

To determine the extent to which Samoan has been

stabilized in written texts and strengthened with

adequate resources and educational programs.


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #6: Lagona Fa’aaliaAttitudes

• Ia iloa ni isi o lagona po o uiga va‟aaia aga‟i

i le gagana Samoa.

To reveal some of the attitudes toward the

Samoan language.


prepared by Dan Aga

Vaega II:

Tali, Auiliiliga,

& Fetufaa‟iga

Findings, Analysis, & Discussion


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #1: Aofa’igaMass

• Ia maua le faitau aofa‟i o tagata o tautala i

le gagana Samoa.

To determine the number of

Samoan language speakers


prepared by Dan Aga

Aofa‟iga e tautala i le gagana

1,052 na fa‟atumu pepa

1,020 na tali “Ioe”

97%


prepared by Dan Aga

Aofa‟iga i Amerika SamoaRelative Mass

1900……6,000

2000……58,000

92% o tagata Samoa (1995 ASG DOC)

13% o tagata Hawaii (2000 US Census)


prepared by Dan Aga


Extinct Endangered Stable Strong


97%


prepared by Dan Aga


91,000 Samoan (one race alone) 1

133,000 Samoan alone or in

combination with other races2.

-- August 2003, U.S. Census Bureau


prepared by Dan Aga


2001 115,000

67 percent of Samoan people

(with a language) were

able to hold an everyday

conversation in Samoan

-- Samoan Population in New Zealand, 1991–2001

Source: Statistics New Zealand


prepared by Dan Aga

Su‟esu‟e atili(Breton)

• Pe to‟afia le aofa‟i o tupulaga talavou ma

tamaiti o tautala i le gagana?

• How many young people are speaking the

language?


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #2: A’oa’oinaAcquisition

• Ia su‟esu‟eina pe fa‟apefea ona iloa ma

a‟oa‟oina le gagana.

To explore how Samoans acquired their language skills.


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga

Aoga Samoa

EFKAS

Pava’ia’i


prepared by Dan Aga

Faafetai tele

Rev. Eteuati & Mrs. Lepeti Toma

NumeraAngle ageli

Acute ma’ai

Obtuse matatupa

Right ivasefulu


prepared by Dan Aga

Sa iai se taimi na motusia ai lau fa‟aSamoa?Ever stop speaking Samoan?

• Ioe 44.1%

• Leai 54.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ioe lea i


prepared by Dan Aga

Afai e ioe, o le a le umi sa e tautala

ai i le gagana ese?If yes, how long?

• 6 masina 19.6

• 1-5 tausaga 15.4

• 5 i luga 14.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

6 m asina 1-5 tausag a 5 i luga


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #3: AtamaiProficiency

• Ia su‟esu‟eina le tulaga o le atamai o tagata

Samoa i le gagana.

To examine the proficiency of Samoans in speaking,

listening, reading, and writing the language.


prepared by Dan Aga

Ituaiga atamai?What is meant by proficiency?

• Mai le Aiga & Afioaga i le Potuaoga

• From the Family & Village to the Classroom


prepared by Dan Aga

Ituaiga GaganaLevels of Usage

I. Socially Acceptable

A. Formal

1. Sacred

2. Secular

a. expository prose

b. poetry

II. Socially Unacceptable

B. Informal


prepared by Dan Aga

• Fa‟atusa (Model):

Grammar & Usage 40 fs.

Vocabulary 10 fs.

Reading Comp. 15 fs.

• Filifiliga (Sampling):

Kolisi 18 i le 21 tausaga

A‟oga Maualuga V9 -- 14 V12 -- 17 tsg.

A‟oga Tulaga Muamua V4 -- 10 V6 --12 tsg.

• Umi (Duration): 1 itula ae 65 fesili

• Au’iliiliga: (Analysis: item-by-item cross tabulation

using statistical software program SPSS)


prepared by Dan Aga

O le ta‟avale lena ___ Simi.A'oga

Leone Faga'itua ASCC Total

e e 23 4 1 28

8.2% 1.8% 4.2% 5.3%

ia ia 25 2 27

8.9% 0.9% 5.1%

I i 1 3 4

0.4% 1.3% 0.8%

a a 233 216 23 472

82.6% 96.0% 95.8% 88.9%

Total Total 282 225 24 531

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


prepared by Dan Aga

O le ta‟avale lena ___ Simi.A'oga


e 23 4 1 28

8.2% 1.8% 4.2% 5.3%

ia 25 2 27

8.9% 0.9% 5.1%

I 1 3 4

0.4% 1.3% 0.8%

a 233 216 23 472

82.6% 96.0% 95.8% 88.9%

Total 282 225 24 531

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


prepared by Dan Aga

Masalo ___ „ou le aoga taeao.A'oga


ua Count 82 11 1 94

% w/in School 41.3% 5.0% 4.2% 17.9%

sa Count 42 3 45

% w/in School 14.9% 1.4% 8.6%

o lo o Count 9 4 13

% w/in School 3.2% 1.8% 2.5%

o le 'a Count 147 203 23 373

% w/in School 52.3% 91.9% 95.8% 70.9%

12 Count 1 1

% w/in School 0.4% 0.2%

Total Count 281 221 24 526

% w/in School 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


prepared by Dan Aga

Masalo ___ „ou le a‟oga taeao.Vasega

4 6 8 9 12 Total

ua Count 33 30 19 4 7 93

% w/in School 41.3% 30.6% 18.4% 3.7% 6.3% 18.6%

sa Count 20 14 8 2 1 45

% w/in School 25.0% 14.3% 7.8% 1.9% 0.9% 9.0%

o lo o Count 7 2 3 1 13

% w/in School 8.8% 2.0% 2.8% 0.9% 2.6%

o le 'a Count 20 51 76 99 103 349

% w/in School 25.0% 52.0% 73.8% 91.7% 92.0% 69.7%

12 Count 1 1

% w/in School 1.0% 0.2%

Total Count 80 98 103 108 112 501

% w/in School 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


prepared by Dan Aga

Faavae i Mo‟omia a TamaitiStudent-Based Curriculum Development

Item-by-item analysis helps to identify where proficiency

is strong and where it is not. It tells us at what grade levels problems

seem to be occurring. With this information, curriculum can be

developed according to the students‟ learning needs in the Samoan

language.

O le a mafai i lenei ituaiga iloiloga ona iloa le tulaga

o lo‟o iai le atamai o alo ma fanau. E iloa tonu lava le vasega

o iai le fa‟aletonu. E fesoasoani fo‟i ia „i latou o tu‟ufaatasia

Ta‟iala o le Gagana Samoa aua o le faavae ai a‟oa‟oga o lo‟o

mo‟omia e alo ma fanau.


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #4: Malae e Tautala aiLiteracy Domains (Spoken)

• Ia mafai ona iloa po o le a le tele o taimi e

tautala ai i le gagana i malae eseese.

To identify how often the language is spoken

across various literacy domains.


prepared by Dan Aga

“Malae”Literacy Domains (Spoken)

Si‟omaga Language Environment

Itula Occasion

Nofoaga Locale or location

Setting

• Sa fa‟asa muamua Restrictive policies


prepared by Dan Aga

Malae e Tautala aiLiteracy Domains (Spoken)

• Nu‟u Village

• Lotu/Ekalesia Church

• Aiga Home

• Galuega Workplace

• Aoga School

• Ta‟aloga Sports


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga

Tatalaga o le lagi


prepared by Dan Aga

ItuMalo a Sua & le Vaifanua


prepared by Dan Aga

Aiga o Sa

Mulitauaopele


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga

O le tele o le taimi e tautala fa‟aSamoa ai How often Samoan is used

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

12 0

Nu'u Lo tu Aiga Galue ga Aoga

• Nu'u 95.5%

• Lotu 89.5%

• Aiga 67%

• Galuega 45.3%

• Aoga 38%


prepared by Dan Aga

Fetufaa‟iga Fa‟apitoaFocus Groups

• O se taofi ua fa‟aaoga tele e ekalesia

fou le gagana Peretania.

• A concern about the new churches use of

English.


prepared by Dan Aga

O le tele o le taimi e te tautala fa‟aSamoa ai? How often do you speak Samoan?

• Samoa 69.4%

• & Igilisi 15.9%

• Igilisi 12.9%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Sam oa S&I I


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #5: Malae e Tusitusi aiLiteracy Domains (Written)

• Ia mafai ona iloa le tulaga ua o‟o iai le

fa‟amautuina o le gagana i tusitusiga.

To determine the extent to which Samoan has been

stabilized in written (and electronic) texts.


prepared by Dan Aga

Suiga Taua o le Gagana –

mai le tu‟ugutu i le

faumauina i pepa

“Among the important factors ... in the

preservation of languages is the degree to

which it has become stabilized in a living

literature.”

(Keesing, Felix M. 1932. Language Changes in Relation to

Native Education in Samoa. The Mid-Pacific Magazine. Member of

Research Staff, Institute of Pacific Relations.)


prepared by Dan Aga

Oloa tau le GaganaLanguage Resources

Galuega o le Ofisa

Fa‟afoe

Duties of the

Secretariat

Website

www.ascc.as


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga

Si‟omaga o Tusitusiga & FaitauReading & Writing

• i le Malo Governance

• i Ala Faasalalau Media

• i A‟oga Education

• i Tala Literature

• i le Aganu‟u Culture

• Tuputupu a‟e Linguistic Development

O le Gagana


prepared by Dan Aga

Fa’amalosi Tulafono Executive


prepared by Dan Aga

Fa’amasinogaJudiciary


prepared by Dan Aga

Fono FaitulafonoLegislature


prepared by Dan Aga


prepared by Dan Aga

Pe tatau ona fa‟amautu atili le

gagana i tusitusiga a le Malo?

• Fa‟avae Constitution

• Tulafono Code Annotated

• Fa‟amasinoga Court Proceedings

• Official Reports Ripoti

• Tupe mo faaliliuga Translation funding


prepared by Dan Aga

Tusi Faitau i le AigaReading Materials in Home

• Tusi Paia 25%

• Nusipepa 23%

• Tusi A‟oga 22%

• Tusi Faitau 16%

• Tusi Ata 14%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Tusi L otu Nusipe pa Tusi A'oga Tusi Faitau

(no vel s)

Tusi Ata

(ma gazines)


prepared by Dan Aga

Ala o Fa’asalalauga: Nusipepa


prepared by Dan Aga

KVZK TV


prepared by Dan Aga

Letio


prepared by Dan Aga

Ala o Fa‟asalalauga

• Samoa News: 4,000 pepa i le aso

• Samoa Post: 2,000 I Aso Lua & Tofi

• Radio/cable: ???

• KVZK: est. 10,000 i le afiafi

• Internet: (exponential)


prepared by Dan Aga

Pe tatau ona fa‟amautu atili le

tusitusiga o le gagana i Aoga?

• A‟oga a le Malo Public schools

• A‟oga i tua Private/Parochial

• Fa‟atupeina Resources

• Agava‟a Faiaoga Qualified teacher

• Tusi A‟oga Curriculum materials


prepared by Dan Aga

Malae o Tala tusia

Tootoo

Aleki

(DOE)


prepared by Dan Aga

Tala mo TamaitiAmerika Samoa Humanities Council

Carmen Scanlan-Tofi Apo Sappa


prepared by Dan Aga

Tusi faitau

Tauiliili

Le’iataua

Pemerika


prepared by Dan Aga

i le Aganu‟u

Ma’ilo

Atonio


prepared by Dan Aga

Fofo

Sunia


prepared by Dan Aga

Faamatuainu

Faafetai Tu’i

1987


prepared by Dan Aga

Luagalau Leva Kamu

Minisita o Matagaluega

o Autalavou,

Taaloga & Aganuu

1997

Puipuia o Tala ma Manatu


prepared by Dan Aga

Fa‟amautu atili tusitusiga mo le

tuputupu a‟e o le gagana?

• Fa‟aleoina o Upu Pronounciation

• Upu Nono Borrowed Words

• Fa‟amamafa/Koma Punctuation

• Lomifefiloi Dictionary

• Tusitusiga e tasi Standardization


prepared by Dan Aga

la logo

nu nofoa

pi pusi

sa solofanua

ti taavale

vi vaa

Iloiloga:

Seu Mataio Fiamalua

EFKAS Pavaiai

EFKAS Pavaiai


prepared by Dan Aga

la logo lape

nu nofoa nuanua

pi pusi pili

sa solofanua sami

ti taavale timu

vi vaa vili

Iloiloga:

Seu Mataio Fiamalua


prepared by Dan Aga

Ua tele na‟ua upu ua sese ona fa‟aleoina.Too many mispronounced words.

• Ioe 83.4%

• Leai 5.4%

• Leai se taofi 9.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ioe Leai leai se taofi


prepared by Dan Aga

Ae faapefea le faaleoina o fua‟iupu?

Faamatalaga Samoa: Si’i le leo i le faai’uga

Faamatalaga Peretania: Pa’u le leo i le faai’uga

Fesili Samoa: E pa’u le leo i le faai’uga

Fesili Peretania: Si’i le leo i le faai’uga

-- Moega Tuitele & John Kneubuhl, 1979, DOE


prepared by Dan Aga

Ua tele na‟ua upu ua nono

mai le gagana Peretania.Too many borrowed words.

• Ioe 79.8%

• Leai 7.1%


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ioe Le ai lea i se tao fi


prepared by Dan Aga

Tekonolosi & le Gagana


prepared by Dan Aga

Galumalemana

A. Hunkin


prepared by Dan Aga

Aiono

Fanaafi


prepared by Dan Aga

Pratt

1862


prepared by Dan Aga

Milner

1966


prepared by Dan Aga

Fetufaa‟iga Fa‟apitoaFocus Groups

Ituaiga Lomififiloi?

Tusi Sikola Liguisi

Mo Faiaoga

Mo Tamaiti

Gagana Lua

(O le a le mamanu e faaaoga?)


prepared by Dan Aga

Puagagana mo ai?

Tusiga o Upu Orthography

Faailoga Punctuation

Ituaiga Gagana: Levels of Usage: include

“k”?

Pumo‟omo‟o? Regionalism


prepared by Dan Aga

Nisi o Tusi Lata Mai Nei

Hawaii 2004


prepared by Dan Aga

Feso’ota’iga tautelefoni


prepared by Dan Aga

PrivacySource: LBJ on Patients‟ Rights


prepared by Dan Aga

O le KanesaSource: Pacific Islanders in Cancer Control Network

Sevika

Porosetate


prepared by Dan Aga

Vai Taumafa

Water Quality

kolorini

vairusi

falasi

kopa


prepared by Dan Aga

Pala ma TaufusiSource: EPA & Coastal Management


prepared by Dan Aga

Vaega o Laufanua & Atina’e, KTAS


prepared by Dan Aga

Tausiga o meatuaoloSource: ASCC Land Grant


prepared by Dan Aga

Protecting

Low-income

& Underserved


prepared by Dan Aga

Tala eseese mai le Faipule I Uosigitone

Konekeresi

Initeria

Militeri

Feterale

Ripapilikana

Temokarati


prepared by Dan Aga

Sini #6: Lagona Fa’aaliaAttitudes

• Ia iloa ni isi o lagona po o uiga va‟aaia aga‟i

i le gagana Samoa.

To reveal some of the attitudes toward the

Samoan language.


prepared by Dan Aga

E sili atu ona aoga le fa‟aPeretania lo le

fa‟aSamoa i le su‟ega o le galuega.English more useful for a job.

• Ioe 64.6%

• Leai 19.5%


galuega

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ioe Leai leai se taofi


prepared by Dan Aga

Ia iloa le gagana Samoa & Peretania.Should know Samoan & English.

• Ioe 92%

• Leai 3%

• Leai se tali 4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10 0

Ioe Le ai lea i se tal i


prepared by Dan Aga

Ua manatu mama tupulagaYouth are disinterested

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ioe Leai Leai se tali

Ioe 83%

Leai 6%

Leai se tali 1%


prepared by Dan Aga

Le mafai ona tu‟ueseese

le aganu‟u & gagana.Cannot separate culture from language.

• Ioe 81%

• Leai 11%

• Leai se tali 7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ioe Le ai lea i se tal i


prepared by Dan Aga

O le gagana e iloa ai le Samoa moni.Language & a true Samoan.

• Ioe 72.9%

• Leai 20.3%

• Leai se tali 5.4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ioe Leai leai se tal i


prepared by Dan Aga

Po o ua amata ona mou atu le gagana?Is the language beginning to be lost?

0

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

50 0

60 0

70 0

80 0

90 0

Ioe Le ai Le ai se Tao fi

• Ioe 816 77.6%

• Leai 154 14.6%

• Leai se Taofi 69 6.6%


prepared by Dan Aga

Vaega III: Aotelega

Summary


prepared by Dan Aga

L u ’ita u : G lo b a liz a t io n , m o d e r n iz a t io n , h o m o g e n iz a t io n


prepared by Dan Aga

AutuPurpose

• O le fa’ata’atia lea o se laina ta’oto i le

tulaga o lo’o iai le gagana Samoa

• To establish baseline information on the state of

the Samoan language


prepared by Dan Aga


Extinct Endangered Stable Healthy


70% 85%


prepared by Dan Aga

6 Itu eseese o le Su‟esu‟egaResearch Variables

• Aofa‟iga Mass

• A‟oa‟oina Acquisition

• Atamai Proficiency

• Malae e Tautala ai Oral Domains

• Malae e Tusitusi ai Written Domains

• Lagona Fa‟aalia Attitudes


prepared by Dan Aga

Fautuaga fa‟ata‟atiaRecommendations to consider

1. Toe faia le su‟esu‟ega (Follow-up study in American Samoa)

2. Galulue ma isi Itulagi(Collaboration research with other Itulagi)

3. Faia se Fuafuaga mamao(Prof. Eggerington‟s Strategic Plan)


prepared by Dan Aga

Toe tala …

Epilogue …


prepared by Dan Aga

O le fuata ma lona lou …


prepared by Dan Aga

Se’i nonoa ifo sina lipine samasama!


prepared by Dan Aga

• Fa‟afou le gagana i malae ua masani ai

ae saili ni isi malae fou mo le gagana.

Create, re-new, & expand language domains and genres.

Seek new forms of expression & communication.


prepared by Dan Aga

La Tatou Gagana


prepared by Dan Aga

Acknowledgements

• Board of Higher Education

• Office of the President/Secretariat

• Vice-President, Deans & Directors, Faculty, Students Support Staff

• Advisors: Leifi T. Faumuina, Pulefaasisina Tuiasosopo, John Mayer

HTC Simona Lauti, Sio Tauanu‟u, Tia Seloti, Talitiga Dr. Vena Sele,

Vai Filiga, Pa‟u Faleatua

• Website: John Apisa, Tamari Mulitalo-Cheung, James Kneubuhl,

Sereima Sitanilei-Asifoa, Ruta Mahuka, Matesina Aseta,

• Staff: Elaine Filiaga, Sharon Fanolua, Eseta Sua-Kalio, Mele

Fuiava, Aufa‟i Areta & CNR Extension staff, Photos: certain photos from Sutherland photo essays, the rest are original photos.

Documents

“Fai sou Sao mo lau Gagana” - FAAMASANIGA I LE …faamasanigailegagana.yolasite.com/resources/Tulaga Gagana...“Fai sou Sao mo lau Gagana” Fono Fa’aletausaga lona Ono Kolisi