1 T TR R N NG G A A I I H HO O C C M M T TP P. .H HC CM M TAI LIEUHNG DAN HC TAP MON QUAN TR CHAT LNG Ngi soan: TS. HOANG MANH DUNG Thang 01 nam 2008 2 Liniu Qunt rcht lnglmt hot ngkhngt ht hiut rongqunliuhnh camiloihnht chc.Cht lngl phnhn caqunl.Hot ngnychi phint t cmit hnhvin, mymct hit b,nguynvt liu,ngicungng,phngphplmvic, camt t chchnht hnhnnsnphmpngnhu cucakhchhngvccbnlinquan. Khoahcqunt rcht lnglnmnhr ntt rong t hp nin 90 ca t hk 20.T khii mi qun l, cc t chc VitNam t ngbclmquenvilnhvcny.Cccngccaqunlcht lngnhlngn ngcashinhpvkhngt ht hiut rongqunlngi.phbinkin t hcvknngt huclnhvcny,nhiut chct inhnhcckhaot o,t vn t nm 1996 n nay.Ktqu p dng t hnh cng m hnh h t hng qun l nh I SO9001: 2000,I SO14001: 2004,SA8000: 2001,OHSAS18001: 2007,I SO 22000: 2005,Gii t hng Chtlng VitNam, l minh chng cho v t r ca mn hc. Dot nhcht sot xt t heonhk05nm/ l nnncct i uchunt hng xuynt hayi . t hi t l pni dunggingdymnhcnyi hi ccgingvi n cnt i pcnvchuynt i ccni dungmi nht nngi hc. Cct iuchunminhI SO9000: 2005, I SO22000: 2005, I SOI EC17021: 2006, OHSAS18001: 2007, Dt hoI SO9001: 2008, . yl i ut rnt rkhi ngi ot rnht ngqut kht n t i l u( t nht l 03nm) . Davot hct i nt rn, ngi sonxinmnphpgnlc nhngnidungct linht giit hiumnhc.Cct iliunycngmongmun ngihcct hcpnht t hngxuynt hngquaht hngint ernet nhmt ora phng php hc t p suti . Ngoira, t iliucnhngdnccloischgiokhoangihct ham khovmrngkint hclnknng.Trongphmvigingdybcihckhng t hcngmt lct cnhiumct iunht hamvngcamingi.Ccbnt m t hynguncmhngt rongsut qut rnht t mt ivmnhcny. t ngcng nnglct hct ,ngihcct ht ipt ckhmpht hmquachngt rnhcaohc vqunt rcht lnghoccckhaot ovnghipv. Rt mongqicgiln cc bn sinh vin sn lng b qua nhng t hiu sthin ang t n t i t rong t i liu ny. Ti li uchnht hnht rnnnt ngki nt hccanhi ungunt hamkho nnkhngsdngnhmvomcchki nhdoanh. Trongt r nghpxyranhng sai st khi t rchngunt hamkho, xi nqycquanvcnhnr ngl ngl ngt h. Mi phnnhscngi sonkpt hi rt ki nhnghi mt rongt hi i t hngt i n hi n nay. kin ng gp xi n chuyn n ngison t heo a ch: Trngihc M Tp. HCM i n t hoi :08. 9300948,0903831122 Emai l:dungoupmu@yahoo. com. vn 2005 nn ay :Thnh vi n Hing chng nhn ca T chc BV Vi tNam ( Member of BV Vi et nam Cert i fi cat i on Council )2001 :Chuyn gi anh gi SA 8000 ( Audi t or of SA 8000 SA8000/ I N/ 05/ 01/ 03 do I RCA cp)2000 :Chuyn gi anh gi EMS ( I SO 14000)( Audi t or of EMS -I SO 14000 EN/ 00/ VN/ 302 do I RCA cp)2000 : Chuyngi anhgi Gii t hngcht lngVi t NamdoTngCcTC- LCL Vi tNam cp.1996 :Trng on chuyn gi a nh gi QMS ( I SO 9000)( Lead Audi t or of QMS -I SO 9000 Audi t or A 015397 do I RCA cp) 3 Mc l c Tr an g 1Thng t i nv gi ng vi n 2Thng t i nt n g qutv mn hc 2. 1Tn mn hc 2. 2Mc t i u v yu cu ivimn hc 2. 3S n v hc t rnh 2. 4Phn b lch hc 2. 5Cc kin t hc cn hc t r c 2. 6Hnh t hc ging dy chnh mn hc 2. 7Gi o t rnh,t ili u 2. 7. 1Tili u chnh dng dy 2. 7. 2Tili u t ham kho dng b sung v m rng ki n t hc2. 8Cc cng c h t r mn hc 3Nidu ng mnhc 3. 1Chng 1:Cc nidung cn quan t miviQun t r chtl ng t rong bicnh hi n nay 3. 2Chng 2:Ti u chun v t i u chun ha t rong bicnh hinhp 3. 3Chng 3:Chtl ng v qun t r chtl ng 3. 4Chng 4:H t hng qun l chtl ng t heo B t i u chun I SO 9000: 2000 3. 5Chng 5:H t hng qun l mit rng I SO 14000:2004 3. 6Chng 6:H t hng t rch nhi m x hiSA 8000: 2001 v H t hng an t on sc khe ngh nghi p OHSAS 18001: 2007 3. 7Chng 7:I SO 22000: 2005 H t hng qun l an t on t hc phm 3. 8Chng 8:Nhm chtl ng ( QCC)3. 9Chng 9:Ki m sotchtl ng bng t hng k v 6 si gma 3. 10Chng 10:5S v Kai zen 3. 11Chng 11:Qun l chtl ng ng b ( TQM)v Gi it hng chtl ng Vi tNam 3. 12Chng 12:Bit p 3. 12. 1Bit p v xc nh cc yu t nh hng cht lng mtsn phm hoc h thng qun l 3. 12. 2Bit p v t r ng s v mc chtl ng 3. 12. 3Bit p v phi u ki m t ra v bi u Paret o 3. 12. 4Bit p v bi u ctv ch s qu t rnh3. 12. 5Bit p v bi u kim sot3. 12. 6Bit p v bi u t ng quan hay phn t n 3. 12. 7Bit p v bi u nhn qu 3. 12. 8Bit p v lu 4n h gi k tqu mn hc 4 1. Thng t i nv gi n g vi n : Hc hm,hc v -Tn h: TS.HONG MNH DNG a ch c quan:Khoa K t hutv Cng ngh -Trngihc M Tp. HCMi n t hoi :08. 9300948 ( Offi ce) ,0903831122 Emai l:dungoupmu@yahoo. com. vn Chuy n mnv Qun t r chtl ng:2005 nn ay :Thnh vi n Hing chng nhn ca T chc BV Vi tNam ( Member of BV Vi et nam Cert i fi cat i on Council )2001 :Chuyn gi anh gi SA 8000 ( Audi t or of SA 8000 SA8000/ I N/ 05/ 01/ 03 do I RCA cp)2000 :Chuyn gi anh gi EMS ( I SO 14000)( Audi t or of EMS -I SO 14000 EN/ 00/ VN/ 302 do I RCA cp)2000 : Chuyngi anhgi Gii t hngcht lngVi t NamdoTngCcTC- LCL Vi tNam cp.1996 :Trng on chuyn gi a nh gi QMS ( I SO 9000)( Lead Audi t or of QMS -I SO 9000 Audi t or A 015397 do I RCA cp) 2. Thng t i nt n g qutv mnhc 2.1 Tn mn hc:QUN TR CHT LNG 2.2 Mc t i uv y u cuiv imnhc Quan tr chat lng (QTCL) la mot chc nang cua quan ly chung khi ieu hanh mot to chc. Tm hieu va nghien cu ve QTCL gop phan mang lai nhng thanh tu tren cac lnh vc nang suat chat lng- hieu qua oi vi tat ca cac to chc. Trong xu the hoi nhap, hoat ong QTCL cang co y ngha ln lao khi hng en s phat trien ben vng trc nhng thay oi nhanh chong cua cuo c cach mang khoa hoc ky thuat.Noidungchuyeucuamonhocnhamcungcapkienthc,kynangcungnh nhngkinhnghiemtrongcongtacQTCLquan ly.Thongquastiepthumon hoc,ngihoccokhanangvandungvaocongviechangngay;acbietkhi am nhan cng v la nha quan tr tat ca cac cap. QTCL cung cap mot t duy khoahocveieuhanhchatlng,mot"ngonngchung"khilanhao,mot phng phap cai tien lien tuc va co hieu qua hng en ap ng nhu cau, mong i cua khach hang (noi bo lan ben ngoai). QTCL la mot mo n hoc luon phai ca p nhat kie n thc v s soat xe t theo chu ky05 na m/la n. Do va y, ngi ho c ca n na m nh ng nguye n tac c ban tren phng cha m D bat bie n, ng va n bie n. Ho c phng phap giu p chu ng ta v ng vang khi co sthay oi o i vi mo n ho c na y. QTCL la mo n ho c khatru tng nhng rat cuthe khi ng i ho c chu kho nghie n nga m.Ho cQTCLpha ihieutngca u,tngch ,khongne no cqualoava chu quan vekie n th c a thu nhan c. Ngi ho c set phat hien ra mot logic chat che tren mot ne n tang phong phu cu a QTCL khi athau hieu mo n ho c. 5 Mon hoc yeu cau ngi hoc lien he cac noi dung ly thuyet a hoc nham so sanh vi thc trang a va ang xay ra. Qua o t uc ket tha nh ky nang khi ra quyet nh va giai quyet van e ve chat lng. e tong ket thanh ly luan oi hoi ngi hoc can oc nhieusachgiaokhoa,tailieukhoahoc,internet,tiepcancactochc,Dova y, ngi hoc can tm hieu cac s kien, co oc phan tch tong hp, dien dch quy nap, t duy he thong va mot phng phap giai quyet van e khoa hoc. Tiep can kien thc, kynang, kinh nghiem ve QTCL la mot qua trnhlau dai. DoQTCLlamotyeucaukhongthethieuoivitatcacactochcoihoi ngi co nang lc ve QTCL. Qua o de dang tm kiem c mot viec lam phu hpcungnhnhhnglaudaichochuyenmon.Ngihoccothethamd bosungnhieukhoahocnganhancungnhdaihantrongquatrnhthoan thien ban than.Yeucaumonhoccanhngenkynanghoctaphieuqua.ola20%hieu quaatctnhngieuocc,30%hieuquaatctnhngieu nghe c, 40% hieu qua at c t nhng ieu thay c, 50% hieu qua at c t nhng ieu noi c, 60% hieu qua at c t nhng ieu lam c, 90% hieu qua at c t nhng ieu nghe thay noi va lam c. 2.3. S n v hc t r nh:03 45 t i tl t huyt 2.4. Phn b l ch hc Buit h 1 Giit hiu mn hc,lch hc t ng bui .Phn 10 nhmt huytt rnh v k hoch nhn t ili u.Lt h uyt :Gi n g v i ndi n gi n g Chng 1Bit p 1:Xc nh cc yu t nh hng cht lng mtsn phm hoc h thng qun l ( Chia nhm lm vic t i lp). Buit h 2Lt h uyt :Gi n g v i ndi n gi n g Chng 2Bit p 2:Bit p v t rng s v mc chtl ng Buit h 3Lt h uyt :Gi n g v i ndi n gi n g Chng 3Bit p:Bit p v t r ng s v mc chtl ng.Buit h 4Lt h uyt :Si n h v i nt huytt r nhChng 4 , 5 ( 02nh m)Bit p:Phiu ki m t ra v Bi u Paret o Buit h 5Lt h uyt :Si n h v i nt huytt r nhChng 6 ( 02 nhm)Lm biki m t ra gi a kha Buit h 6Lt h uyt :Si n h v i nt huytt r nhChng 7 ( 01 nhm)Bit p:Bi u kim sotBuit h 7Lt h uyt :Si n h v i nt huytt r nhChng 8 ,9 ( 0 2 n hm)Bit p:Bi u ct ,ch s qu t rnh v l u Buit h 8Lt h uyt :Si n h v i nt huytt r nhChng 1 0, 11( 0 2 n hm)Bit p:Bi u nhn qu Buit h 9Gi ng v i n :nt p mn h c Bit p:Bi u t ng quan v t huytt rnh s dng phn mm Mi ni t ab ( 01 nhm) 6 2.5 Cc k i n t hc cnhc t r c: Mn QTCLc hc vo nm t h 3 t huc chng t rnh C nhn QTKD. 2.6 Hnht hc gi ng dychnhmnhc: Di n gi ng,t huytt rnh t ho l un,l m bit p nhm,bit p c nhn t il p,dch t ili u,kho stt hc t l m bo co,. 2.7 Gi o t r nh,t il i u 2.7.1 Til i u ch n h dng dy : cng chit i tmn hc do Ging vi n son. 2.7.2 Til i u t h am k ho dn g b sun g v m r ng k i n t hc : C s t i u chun ha, Trung t m o t o t huc Tng cc TC-L-CL,2000, H Ni. Qun l cht l n g( Nhnghi u bi t cbn) ,Trung t m o t o t huc Tng cc TC- L- CL, 2000, H Ni .I SO 9000 & TQM, PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Ton, NXB i hc quc gia TP.HCM, 2001. Phngngak huy t t t t r ongsn x u t bngcccngct hn gk , Bi Nguyn Hng,Nxb Thng k,2000.Bov mi t r ngv pht t r i n bnvn gVi t Nam, BanKhoagi oTW v ihc quc gi a H Ni ,Nxb chnh t r quc gi a,H Ni ,2003.Hngdn t hchn hn hmcht l ng, PGS. TSNguynQuangTon, NXB t h gi i ,H Ni ,1994. Qun l cht l n gngb, JohnS. Oakl and, NXBThngkvi hcKi nh t quc dn,H Ni ,1994.Qunl chtl n g t ondi n,BiNguyn Hng,Nxb Tr , 1997 p dng GMP vHACCP cho cc c schbi n t hc phm, Trung t m k thut TC- L-CL 3, 2003. 12 B quytt hnh cng ca Cng t y Microsoft , Quang Thi, NXB Thng k, 1999. Qun l cht l ngt r ongt chc, ngMinhTrang( 1997) , NxbGi odc,Tp. HCM.Kt hu t k i mt r ach t l ngsnphm, Trungt mTi uchunol ng Chtl ng Khu vc 3 ( 1988) ,Tp ch Khoa hc v Phtt rin,Tp. HCM.Si x si gma f ormanager s, Greg Brue, 2002. Qual it y Cont r ol , Dale H. Besterfield (1994), Prentice Hall International Editions, USA.St at i st i cal met hodsf or qu al i t y i mpr ovement , Hi t oshi Kume( 1989) , The Associ at i on for overseas t echni calschol arshi p ( AOTS) ,Japan.Ti u chun I SO 90 00: 2 000, I SO 9001 :2000 ,I SO 900 4: 2 000 Ti u chun I SO 19 011 : 2002 h ayTCVN I SO 1 9011 : 200 3 Ti uchunI SO1400 0: 20 04, Bnt mdch( TingVit )I SO14001: 2004ca Cng t y t vn qun l I MCC Ti u chun SA 8000 :2 001 Ti u chun OHSAS 1 80 01: 2 007 Phn mm Mi ni t ab Cc websi t e nh sau:ht t p: / / w w w .t cvn.gov.vn ht t p: / / w w w .vpc.or g.vn ht t p: / / w w w .quacer t .gov.vn ht t p: / / w w w .i so.or g 7 ht t p: / / w w w .vi et namf ood.com.vnht t p: / / w w w .t bt v n.or g ht t p: / / w w w .codex al i ment ar i us. net ht t p: / / www. Vi et Management Group ht t p: / / w w w . vi et management . com ht t p: / / n l d.com.vn ht t p: / / www. dant ri . com. vn ht t p: / / w w w : dosmol i sa.gov.v nht t p: / / w w w .t h an hn i en.com. vnht t p: / / w w w .t u oi t r e.com.vnht t p: / / www. mekongcapit al . comht t p: / / v i et sci ences.or g ht t p: / / v i .w i k i pedi a. or g ht t p: / / w w w .sggp. or g.vn 2.8 Cc cng c h t r mnhc: Lapt op,mul t i medi a proj ect or,bng,vi tdu v gi y A0. 3. Nidu ng mnhc Chng 1:Cc nidung cn quan t m iviQun t r chtl ng t r ong bicnh hi n nay Mc t i uca chng S phtt rin ca khoa hc - k t hutt tyu ko t heo s t hay i v phng t hc qun l. Nghin cu v qun t r cht lng cn nm btnhng quanim ni btt rong t hi k mi hoch nh chin l c t hch nghi .pngnhucucakhchhngkhngnt hunnhmvomt snphm c t h. Nh qun l cn c t duy mit i p cnvixu t h qun l ca t hii . Tngcnghi ubi t vkhoahcqunl sgpphngi at nghi ulcv hi u qu khii u hnh mtt chc. Yucu l m v i c ca si n h v i n Si nh vi n n l p nghe gi it hiu cc nidung c bn do chng hc ra.Thng xuyn t ra cu t rn mng i nt ernet cp nhtkin t hc.Tham gia cc hi t ho, hi ngh khoa hc v qun l;nghin cu cc t p ch qun lkinhtcngnhbivitt rnccbongycat rungnglnaphng, 12Bquyt t hnhcngcaCngt yMi crosoft , QuangThi , NXBThng k,1999;Th gi iphng,Thomas Fri edman Nguyn Quang A dch,2005. T t r licc cu hic tra phn cu hica chng.Trongt r nghpcnnhngt nt i xi nccbnmnhdnnurat rongbuihc hoc l i n h t rc t ip vigi o vi n c hng dn.Thigi an l m vi c ca si nh vi n tnhtl 15 t it . 1. Qu nl t r it hc ( QLTT) 8 1.1Tr i t hcmi t r on gbi cnh t on cu ha( Ngun: ng L Nguyn V,Bo Thanh Ni n s 61 ( 3722)ngy 02/ 03/ 2006,t r. 1 v t r. 17)Trongxut ht oncuhaangdi nrangycngmnhmvt cngvo mi lnhvct rongcucsngnhhi nnay. t rnhkhi t nht r ngkmpht t ri n vnguyct t hui hi phi ct ri t hcmi t rongqunl ngi . Theo,ki nhdoanhkhngnt hunl t raoi hnghavdchvgi acct chc, gi a ccqucgi a. Tri li , nt rt hnhcucchi nt ondi ngi vngt chki nht v khng nh v t h quc gi a t rn t rng quc t . Ba quani m v t rit hc michiphit rong qun l ng ibao gm: Hct hu y t bi n gi i mm:Bi n gi i gi a cc quc gi a khngn t hun ch l ranhqui nhbi t lin, bi nmcnbi ngi i cahngha. Cccng qucsdngl t huyt nybnht r ngbi ngi i vt mnhhngca mnhbngcchmrngt ht rnghngha- dchvranckhc. i viccncangpht t ri ncnt hcvt rcamnht rnt hngt rngcnh t ranh khc li tv phic t m nhn t h gi it rc bicnh hi n nay.Quani mphnt chchui gi t r vdngchy gi t r gi at ngt on cu: Chuiphnt chgit rgm03phnkhclnghincu&pht t rin- s hu t r t u;sn xut ;xy dng t hng hiu v t hng mi. Trong ;hai phn khc uvcuit oranhiugit rgiat nghnc.ylccphnkhcm cccng quc ang nm gi.H t b phnkhc lm nhiu nhng khng t o ragit rgiat ngchoccncangpht t rin. Thct chot hy, ccqucgia cngnghiphngushunhngt hnghiu,t ponbnlvnmgi huht ccpht minhsngchcat hgii.T,dngchygit rgiat ng chct hchymt chiut ccqucgianghongiu; chkhngcdng ngcli.Ccqucgiachmvangpht t rinnukhngbit chnmct iu sng cn vo hai phn khc t rn s t o ra nguy c t thu l t tyu. Quan i mv qu y n l cmm: y l nhng nh hng mnh m ca bn scvnhacamt t ncct ruynt i quahngha- dchvn ccqucgi akhc. Quani mhct huyt nyt hi nvl i cht i nht hn. N khchont onvi quynl ccngvquns. CcncChuangcl i t hnhi uhni vi ccncphngt y. Nhngt cngcaquynl c mmcct ht hngquaphi mhot hnh- t ruynt ranhcaNht Bn,phi mt ruynt ruynhnhnhi ut pcaHnquc, vt hut TrungHoa, . . .Ngynay, sct ri dymnhmcaquynl cmmChuangl mrung chuyn nn vn ha ichng ca cng quc s mtt h gi il M.Bt ut nhngnm80, t hgi i bit nspht t ri ncat oncuha.Nhi ucuhi vnghi vncra. Trnt hct , t oncuhakhngl mt ngs bt cni giaccqucgi a. Ngcli , schnhl chnyngycngnhi . 20 nmt rl i y, chnhl cht hunhpt rnt hgi i nhnchungcchi uhnggi m xung. Nhngkhuvcnghoi binmt dndn. Nhi unghi ncuchng mi nhmr ngt oncuhakhuynkhchspht t ri n, t ovi cl mvt ngt hu nhp.Trong khi Pnud ( Programme des Nat i ons Uni es)l iktl un r ng chnh t on cuha l mt ng schnhl chvbt cnbngny. i ul hont onkhng ngbi l nhnl oi bi t t i , t rongnhngnm80v90, sbt cnbng gi mxungmt cchngk. Ccncpht t ri nt ngnhanht ct ngt r ng,y l ingho i . Phnl oi sbt cnbng: Trc htphi phn bits bt cn bng gia cc qucgiavsbt cnbnggiaccphncpt rongxhi,cncgil 9 int ranat ional. Bt cnbnggiaccphncpt rongxhibinirt adngt rong mikhuvckhcnhaut rnt hgii.Tnm1980, sbt cnbngnygim xungt rong20t rntngs29nc,baogmnhngncpht t rinmOCDE xphngvonm1999.Ngclisbt cnbngnyngycnglnt ronghuhtccncXHCNnhCnghaLienbangNgacvTrungQuc.Nguynnhnldo vic t ng qu nhanh mc sng ca mtphn dn s.V d:mc lng t rung bnh mtnmca8t riudnt hnhphThngHingynayl5000laM,t rongkhi vng ngoi xung quanh ch khong 1000 la M.25 nm t rc y,ngi laong cct hnhphcaTrungQucchkimc200n300laM,hnmct hu nhpcanginngdnmt cht . mt qucgianhTrungQuc, spht t rin khng nguliukhng ngngcnhin. Cct rungt mkinhtcht pt rung mts vng nhtnh t o nn nhng mc t hu nhp khc nhau.Tcngcat on cu ha: Dndnspht t ri nl anr ngral mchoki nh t t hgi i cnbnghn. Gii Nobel vki nht caRobert LucasvSi monKuznet s chngmi nhki nht camt nchocmt vngbt kpnnki nht chungcng nhanhnhkhi nbnht r . Nunhschnhl cht hunhpt ngl nt ronggi ai onu, t i pt heot ct ngt r ngcaqucgi acngt ngt heo, bi l t l ngho igim dn t heo qu t rnh ny.Nh ki nh t hc Surj i tBhall a v Xavi er Sal a IMart i ncmt cngt rnhnghi ncusuhnkhngnhvai t rcat oncu ha.TheoSurj i t Bhall a Thi kt oncuhapht t ri nl t hi khongki m gi mbt sbt cni vnghoi t rnt ont hgi i . Chst nghpGi ni ( mtt rongnhngchscdngnnhi unht , ngi aongt rongkhongt 0, gi t rcnbngt uyt i , chon1, gi t r bt cnbngt uyt i ) baogmchnh l chcaccnct 0. 516vonm1980chon0. 487vonm2000. Hai t cgi t mracrngchsGi ni phnnhst int ri ncachnhl chgiaccc nhn. Chsnyngycnggi mxungkt nm1980. Trongkhi , nt ng l n khng ngng t u t hk 19.V mtnguyn t c nichung, ssuy gi m ny l doccncangpht t ri nt heokpnnki nht chungcat hgi i . Ccncny gmTrungQuc, n, Thi Lan, i Loan, Mal aysi a, Sri Lanka, HngKng,Si ngapore, Chili , t pt rungcons2. 6t ngi t ngngmt nadnst h gi i . Sphnphi t hunhpt rnt hgi i crt nhi ut hayi t heochi uhng t chcct 30nmt rl i y. Vonm1970, sngi nghoicaccnc chm phtt ri n t o t hnh mtnhm t hnh phn gm cc mc t hu nhp gi ng nhau. Ngyhmnay, nhmnybaogmcngdncaccnct hbavmt snc pht t ri n. Thnhphncanhmrt adng. Nbaogmt t ccct ngi ot ngi Chu( chi m60%t ngs) , chonngi Hi Gi ovcngi Cc.Chngt acngct ht hy, ut hk19, t lnghoi t ngl nnhngt saukhi t oncuhapht t ri nl i t hayi ngcl ai. Tuyrngchmt phnbaccnc ang phtt ri n c t l nghoigi m xung;xong con s mtphn ba ny chnh l 80%dnscaccnct hba. CcncChugi mt l nghoi xung khong6%t rongnm2000. Ngcli , t l nyt ngl nt hnh50%t iccnc ChuPhi . Bncnh, nhnhnmnht rongnghi ncucanhki nht hc ngi Mot gi iNobel GaryBecker, chnhlchvbt cnbngt hunhpt hgii gi mxungcngl nht ui t ht rungbnhkodi t hmkt 40nmt r l i y.Tuit h t rung bnh ca cc nc t huc t h gi it h ba t ng l n r r tngang bng t i cc nc phtt rin. Toncuhagi mbt sbt cnbngnhngk hngx aht cdu vt canghoi : Tuy nhin, mt iung t ic vnphi t ha nhnrngt l ngi ngho t rn t h gii vn t n t i, nhtl Chu Phi, ni b chin t ranh t n ph t hm khc vnglichnhschkinhtkhngt hang.Nhngnuchngt alyt gica1 USDca nm1985raso snh, nhiu nghin cu cho t hyrngt nh t rng ngho i 10 ccit hinrt nhiu.Trcht ,sngicmcchit iudi1USD/ ngy t hp nhiuhnsovidonbanucaNgnhngThgii.Lcuconsdonl 1.2tngi.Cuicngt rnt hct t hconsnydaongt rongkhongt 350t riu n730t riungi.Tsnginghot rongccncchmpht t rinkhnght ng lnkt 20nmt rliy.Khngnhngt hncngimimt namcddns t ng nhanh mc hn 34%.Nghin cu ca hai nh kinh t hc t huc Ngn hang Th gii cng chng minh rng cc quc gia m ca nn kinh t ca h t rong khong nhng nm1980v2000lnhngqucgiacnnkinht ccit hinirt nhiu.Trong cinhnv m, t oncuhaemn nhiumt t hun li hn l nhngmtbtli.N t cngnviciuchnhsbt cnbnggiaccqucgia,mramt t nglai hont ont isngchoccqucgia,nht liviccnct huct hgi i t hba. ( Ngun:BiKi m Li n, Vi et Management ) . 1.2 Tr it hc v qun l t r it h cBt ct chcnocng cnct rithc.Trithc nmt ronguca nhn vin.Tr it hcct hhi nquaknng,vnhocacct hnhvi n,t r ongccdl i u hot ng,ccchnhschhayquyt r nht cnghip,...Rtnhiut chc"khngh bitmnh c nhng g" t rong khi hang qun l c mtngun t i sn v hnh rtgi t r - l tri t hc. Ngy nay, trit hc nghi m nhi n t r t hnh mtt isn quan t r ng ivicc t chc.Khit inguyn t hi n nhi n cn ki t ,gi nhn cng khng cn r mt .Tl gi at i snhuhnhvt i snvhnht rongknguyncngnghi pl 75- 25 naychuyn t hnh 25- 75 t rongk nguyn t rit hc.Cc t hc o gi t r ca mtt chccngt hayi t heohngemlil icht homnnhi uit ngli nquan khcnhaunhcng, nhnvi n, nhnc, nhcungcp, i t cvcngng.Tuynhi n, t hut ng t ri t hc dbnhmlnt rongqunl t ri t hc. Hinnay, t hngt i n v dli u t hngcnhngvi t ri t hc . Trit hcchnh t hnht t rnoconngi.Ngit asdngt rit hct duy.Trongcct chc,t ri t hct hnggnlinviht hngt iliu,cccngvichngngy,ccqut rnhhotngv ccchun mckim t ra nh gi,...Cc t hng t in v khch hngc kthp vinhngt hngt int ht rng,it hcnht ranhvcckinhnghimaranhng chnhscht hchhpvt ht rng,gic,Tt cst rt hnht rit hccat chc. Kint hc,kinhnghim,knngcat ngcnhnhcct t rngihc,t h t rng, cc t chc m h t ri qua,...cng t r t hnh t ri t hc ca t chc m hang ng gp. 1.3 Qu nl t r it hcThut ng t ri t hc xut hi nt t hi Pl at on, Ari st ot e. Ncnghincu nhiu bicc hc gi hininh MachealPol anyi( 1958,1967) ,Dani ellBell( 1973) , Al vi nToffl er( 1970, 1980) , Pet erDrucker( 1993) vI kuj i roNonaka( 1991, 1995) .Cc hc gi ny a ra khini m t rit hc l ngun vn hay t isnt r t u ca cc t chc. Cckhi ni mdli u, t hngt i n, t ri t hcvst hngt hi cat chccng c hnh t hnh,phtt ri n bicc hc gi t rn. Tuynhin, khinim qunlt rit hc lnut inccpnt u nhngnm80.MelissieC.Rumizen,t cgicun Thecomplet eI diot sguidet o knowledgemanagement , chorngTS. Karl- ErikSveiby( Thyin) lngiut in a ra khi nim t ri t hc t chc vo nm 1979 nhng khng c n nhn. Mtbo co gn y caChnh ph Hoa KchorngTS.Karl M. Wiig ( Vin nghin cu t ri t hc - KRI ) lngiut inarakhinimvqunlt rit hct rongmt bipht biu t i T chc lao ng quc t ca Lin Hp Quc ( I LO)vo nm 1986.n unhngnm90,qun lt ri t hc t hcskhai t hng nhmt cngc mi t rongqunl.ThomasA.St ewart lngiut invit vqunlt rit hcvibivit 11 Brainpower t rntpchFort unevonm1991.Tipt heolcmt chuicuc tranhlungiacct rngphikhcnhauvqunlt rit hc.Hngt rmt rangwebv qun l t ri thc ra i. n nay cc quan nim khc nhau v vn ny vn t n t i. Hin nay ang tn ti rtnhiu cch tip cn v khi nim Qun l t r it hcnh: Qun l t rit hc l mtqu t rnh t hu nhn,t chc, chi a s v s dng t hng t i n t rong mtt chc . Qunl t ri t hct hccht l bnangcnht ranhdat rnt ri t hccai ng nhn vi n,btk bn ang hotng t rong l nh vc ki nh doanh no. Hiphi qunl t ri t hcNht Bn( JKMA) nhngha: Qunl t ri t hcl kim sot ,cu t rc ch t h ng v hiu qu mtc ch cho php s dng ng ngi vongcngvi cvngt hi i m, chi asvsdngt hngt i nmt cch t hngsut , hngt i mct i ucat chc. Cht hngcnghal t ngbc chn l c,t m hi u,phn t ch,chi a s v s dng t hng t i n t o ra gi t r .Lot us( mt t rongnhngcngt ycaI BM) nhngha: Qunl t ri t hcl mtngl ct hcysdngt hngt invknngnghnghi pmt cchch t hngnhmnngcaot nhhi uqu, nngl c, ssngt o, i mi vkhnng phn hinhanh chng ca t chc. Tnhngquani mnut rn, t act hxem Qunl t r i t hcl qut r nh ki nt o,chi as,k hai t hc,sdngvpht t r i nngunt i snt r i t hct r ong t chcvbi nnhngt i snvhnht hnhnhnggi t r k i nht hayvtchtcho t chc . 1.4 Ldo phiqun l t r it h cTrongsut 60nmqua, ki nht t hgii cnhngbcchuynrrt t nnt ngsnxut t hunt usanght hngsnxut davoknngvt ri t hc. M, cht rongvng40nm, sngi l aongt hunt ugi mgn mt na( 34% l clngl aongvonm1980sovi 57%vonm1940) . Ccnhut cng nghi ngvcccngt ycnngl cqunl t t vkhnngt hchnghi nhanhchng vi nhngt hayi cat ht rngt hayvchcht r ngngi t rt i sncah. Ngy nay,t ng l aiv gi t r ca mtt chcph t huc vokh nng phtt ri n cc snphm/ dchvmi , kpt hi bt nhpvinhngnhuculunt hayi . Cngvi ccht i pcnt ruynt hngnhTQMhayt i ccuqut rnh, cct chcgi y xemQLTTnhmt yut gi vngl i t hcnht ranhbngt homnkhch hng.Tm l i ,c 4 l do dn n s xuthi n ca qun l t rit hc: Cnht ranhngycnggaygt ihimit chcphilintcimisn phm v ci t in hotng da t rn ngun t ri thc ca mi ngi. Nhucuhchi t rongmt t chcl unt nt i nhngt hi l ngbib ki nhnghi mvki nt hcli gimirt nhi udophi cht r ngvocc t cnghi phngngy. Dovy, cct chccnki nt ovsdngt rit hc mtcch t hng mi nh nht khng b t thu. Ccht ht rngt oranhiukhnng l achnchongil aong. Nhu cut hayinilmviccangilaongct rnhvknngcaol nguycsuygimngunt rit hccat chc.Khirai,hkhngchlm gim nng sutm cn mang t heo nhng t ri t hc ca t chc. aphncccngt yt hnhcngdonmbt nhanh, kpt hi , vxl chnhxcccngunt hngt i n( t ht rng, khchhng, snphm, ) .Hot ngbi ncct hngt i nt hnht ri t hcl li t hcnht ranhm khng phinh qun l no cng l m c. 12 1.5 Li chca qun l t r it h c Qun l t rit hc em linhng l ich nh sau: Tng nng sut .Thc y hotng imi . Cit hin hiu qu qun l .Nng cao s t ho mn ca khch hng. Thu htv khait hc nhn t i .Khuyn khch hc hiv chi a s ki nh nghi m. 1.6 Qu nl t r it hc hng ns ph tt r i n bn vng Vi t hp nin t rc y, phtt rin bn vng ( PTBV)t hng c hiu vi bo v mi t rng. Ngy nay, PTBV l mtkhi nim bao gm cc mi quan h t ng hp v c nidungt ondinhnnhmt hcyxhipht t rincngnht hamnnhucu chot ont ht hnhvinsngt rongcngng.PTBVlngghpgiiquyt mt cch cnivhihaccnhucuvkinht ,xhivmit rngivimt qucgia. PTBVhmchasdngt i nguynt hi nnhi n, i uki nmi t rngt hamn nhucucat hhhi nt i nhngkhngl mt nhi l i chi vi cct hht ng l ai . Ngoi racnt oiuki nchocht l ngcucsngngycngt t hn. Ngy nay, PTBVl mt l achnct nhchi nl ci vi mi qucgi at rnt hgi i . Tm l i ,PTBVl t h nhvngvk i nh t ,dn ch,cngbngv t i nbx h i l n bn v ng v mit r ng si n h t hi . Cc ch t iu v phtt ri n bn vng bao gm: oBn v ngvk i n ht cnct ct ngt r ngGDPhpl vnnh, GDP/ ungi caovt hngxuynt ng. Hnt hna, ccuGDPc vait r t hc y s phtt ri n ph hp vit ng hon cnh c t h. oBnvng v x hibao gm:Cht i uvpht t ri nconngi ( HDI ) gm03yut cbnt ui t h,kin t hc hi u bitv ngun t ichnh c mc sng t hch hp.Cht i ubnhngvt hunhpphnnhchnhl chvt hunhp gi acct ngl pnhndn. Quaychngmi nhmcphnha gi unghot rongmt qucgi a. Ccdli unyt hhi nquat t rng t hunhpcat ngl pngi gi uvnghot rongt ngt hunhpquc dn; t t rngngi gi uvnghochi mgi caci t onxhi ; ch t i uvnghoi , t ht nghi pvvi cl m; cccht i uvbnhng gi inh t l t ham gi a ca ph n t rong b my qun l ,Cht i uvgi odc&ot onht l ngibi t cht rongt ui ;t l hcsi nhccbchct rongt ui ; t lsi nhvi n/ 10. 000dn;t l chingn sch cho GDT t rong t ng chiNSNN hay t ng GDP, Cht i uvyt nht l ssi nhbcht / t ngt rssi nh, t ngsc khebmsi nhsn; t l gi mHI V/ AI DS, st rt , . ; t ui t ht rung bnh; t ngsbcs, gingbnh/ 1000dn; t l hdnchng dchvuyt xhi cbn; t l hdncsdngncsch; t l t remdi 12t ui ct i mchngphngdchbnh, t l chingn sch cho y t t rong t ng chiNSNN hay t ng GDP, Cccht i uvvnhanhsl ngboch, usch, nphm,t hngt i ncpht hnhcho1000dn; sl ngmyt hut hanh, t hu hnh/ 1000dn; smyi nt hoi / 1000dn; sl ngt hvin, cu l c b/ 10. 000 dn;s lng nh ht ,r p chi u phi m/ 10. 000 dn,. 13 Cccht iuvxhicncccht iuvt rt t ant onxhi; nnh chnht r; anninhqucgia; giat ngcat iphm; xungt giacc t chc, ng phi, t n gio, dn tc, ch ngha khng b honh hnh, . oBnvngvmi t r ng: Mi t rng sng bao gm cc iu kin vtl, ha hc,sinhhc,xhivnhhngt rct ipnssngcamunloit rn hnh tinh xanh ny. Mi t rng sng ca con ngi c chc nng c bn l: Khng gi an si nh t n v phtt ri n ca con ngi .Ni cungcpt i nguyn, nngl ngvcci uki nsi nhsngcng nh phtt ri n sn xutca con ngi .Ni changpht hi ,t i chvxl cht t hi caconngi t ora t rong si nh hotv sn xut . Bnvngvkhnggiansngcaconngicnmboslngvchtlngnht rongschvkhngkh,nc,t ,khnggianvlhasinh hc,cnhquan,.Quaqut rnhsdngkhngcphplmgims lng v chtlng ca cc yu t di gii hn cho php t heo t iu chun quc gia v quc t . Bn vng v t i nguyn t hin nhin cn m bo: ivicc l oit inguyn t it oc:ch khai t hc vs dng t rong gi ihn nhng t inguyn.Chngc khiphc liv s lng v chtl ng do t nhi n hoc bng phng php nhn t o.i vi nhngl oi t i nguynkhngt i t occhchophpkhai t hcvsdngt hnhocbngsl ngdot hi nnhi nt orahoc bng phng php nhn t o t hay t h.Vi chcnngl ni changvxl pht hi cnqunt ri t l ng ph t hit o ra t rong si nh hotv sn xutca con ngiphinh hn kh nng t is dng,t ich v phn hy ca t nhi n. ( Tr ch ngun:Tr n Vn Lc, Tp ch ca Ban T t ng Vn ha TW, s 4/ 2004, t r .53- 57)Pht t ri nbnvngvi mct i ut i t hngnhmkhngngngnngcao cht l ngcacucsng. Mt t rongnhngcht i uphnnhcht l ngcucsng ct hcncvo Bocopht t ri nconngi ( HDR) doChngt rnhpht t ri n Li n hi p quc ( UNDP)cng b hng nm .Nm2006, Bocochobit gi t rchspht t ri nconngi caVit nam t 0, 709i mvngt h109/ 177nccxphng. Chspht t ri ncon ngi caVit Namli nt ct ngt ronggnhait hpni nkt nm1990: t 0, 618 i m nm 1990n 0, 661i m nm 1995,l n 0, 696i m nm 2000 v 0, 709i m nm2004. yl mt bct i ndi sovi HDI canm1990. Vi t Namnmt rong nhmnccchspht t ri nconngi t rungbnh, cngnhmvi Trungqucv Nga. Dnubngxphngnm2006l NaUy, I cel and, c, I rel and, Thyi n, Boconhnxt : Vi t Namvnl mt nckhnghonhngxphngHDI cao hn rtnhi u nc khc ;t rong :T l bitch ngi ln ca Vitnam t90,3%. T l ny rtcao nu xtt rong mit ngquanvit hunhphinnay.DnchngHDI caVit namt hphn Algeria ( 0,728)t rong khi t hu nhp bnh qun u ngi t nh t heo sc mua t ng ng ca Algeria l 6.603 USD cao gp i so vi VitNam l 2.745 USD. Trong khi , t l bitch ngi ln t i Algeria ch t69,9%. 14 Vchsomcnghot nghp( HPI ) caVi t Namxpt h33/ 102nc angpht t ri n. Chsnycxemxt davosphnt rmngi sng khngqu40t ui ( Vit naml 9, 4%) , t l mchngi t rngt hnh cangi Vit Naml 9, 7%, nhngngi khngckhnngt i pcnvi ncschVi t Naml 15%vt rembt hiucnl 28%. Nhvy, t ng hp cc ch s ny,Vi tNam nm t rong s 1/ 3 cc nc l m t thn cc nc ang phtt ri n khc.Vchspht t ri nli nquannbnhnggi i ( GDI ) caVi t Namxp hng80/ 177qucgi a. Tuynhi n, nuxt vt ngquangi aGDI vHDI ,Vi t Namxpt h11/ 132nc. i unychot hyt uychsHDI cnt hp nhng hml ng bnhnggi i caVit Nammccao, cbi t t rong lnh vc t uit h,t l nam n nhp hc cc cp,t l bi tch.Tuynhin,cct chcLinhipqucchranhiut hcht hclncaVit nam t rong m bochtlngv bnh ng t rongt ipcn ngun nc.Hn2/ 3dn sVit Namvnbnhimnhngcnbnhlinquannnckhngschv t nht rngkmvsinh.ct nhgn5t riut remVit Namhinkhngc t ip cn nc sch v 13 t riu t r em khng c t ip cn v sinh ph hp. BocoHDRchochngt achi t mdngsuyngmvkpt hi nhc nh chng t a r ng t ng t rng ki nh t khng phil ci ch cuicng m l phng t i nt cmct i upht t ri nchot t cmi ngi . Giy, khi Vit Nam angphnut ngcnghi nhpquct , t ngt r ngvt hnhvng, i uhtscquant r ngl ccnhl nhovngi dnVi t Namkhngr i xamct i u ny - JohnHendra, Tr ngi di nUNDPt i Vi t Nam. ( Ngun: CmH, BoTuit r ngy 11/ 11/ 2006,t rang 16) . Nm2007, HDI caVi t Namct hvt qua0, 750vxphng105. Chs t hu nhp cn t hp xp 123,ch s t uit h xp 56 v ch s hc vn xp t h 101 nn vn ng t rn hng chc nc c ch s t hu nhp cao hn. 2. Qu nl qu anh k h chh ng ( QLQHKH)Khi cnht ranhdavout t rangt hi t b, sdngdychuyncngngh hi ni khngcnl l i t hri ngcacct chc. Mt yut t oli t hcnht ranh khng t h t hay t h c - chnh l miquan h l u divikhch hng.2.1. Qu nl quan h k hchh n gQunl quanhkhchhngl mt gi i phpmi . Nhiut chcchorng ch l mt ccht hhi ncacccngcmarket ingmhvangt hchi n. Ni nhvycngkhngsaibi l t khi conngi bt ucst raoi cngcngha l hnht hnhmi quanhgi angi bnvngi mua. Cct chccng t ngqungcot rncct mpano, t rnboch, t ruynhnh, t chchi nghkhch hng, hai bncchi gpg, gi aot i p. cngchi ul quanhkhch hng. Tuynhi n, nuqunl quanhkhchhngchdngl i vncha.Cngvi spht t ri ncannki nht , nhngi hi ngycngcaocat ht rng,ccht hcvnght hut qunl cngcnnhngt hayi t hchng. Chnhvvy,qunl quanhkhchhngkhngnt hunchl nhngchngt rnhmarket i ng nh l ,nhng buigpg khch hng minmc t chcvil n. Qun l qu anhk h chhngl mt chi nl ck i nhdoanhhngv ot mk i m,chnl a vduy t r qu an hv i n hngk hchhngcgi t r n ht . l sk t hp ca c ba yut con ngi ,qu t r nh,cn g ngh. 15 QLQHKH l mtchin lc quan t rng t rong k nguyn t ri t hc. Mc t iu ca QLQHKH lt iahogit rcakhchhngt hngquaxydng,pht t rin,duyt rmt t chc nh hng v t ho mnvo h. Nhi ut chcVi t Namnhnt hcct mquan t rngcaqunl quanhkhchhng, nhngmi chdngl iut gii php cngnghnt hun. Trongkhi , mi cngnghhudngnmycngkhng emli nhngbi nit chccnuconngi khngckhnngngdngmtcchhi uqu. Conngi l yut cncquant mvut t hongt rong chi nl cqunl quanhkhchhng. Vnct l i l nhnggi t r, nhngt t ng, t hcccnnt ngvnhot chcgi pbinnhngt ng, mct i u ca t chc t hnh nhng hnhng c t h. 2.2.Lich k h ip dng QLQHKH:Nngcaonhnt hcvt mquant r ngvvai t rcami t hnhvi nkhixy dng miquan h l u divikhch hng.Nm bt c phng php v xy dng cc tiu ch phn loi khch hng.Xydngccchi nl ct hchhpvi t ngl oi i t ngkhchhng nhm duy t r c hiu qu miquan h vicc khch hng t tnht . Todngl i t hcnht ranhvt t r i dat rnmi quanhbnvngvicc khch hng t rung t hnh.Nngcaohnhnhcat chcvi khchhngvccbni t ct hng qua xy dng vn ho nh hng vo h.3. Qu nl ngunn hn l c 3.1. n h n gha qu nl ngun nh nl c Li t hcnht ranhxut hinkhi khchhngcmt hycli vt hoi mi hn khi dngsnphm/ dchvcat chc. Thngt hng, c3ngunlct onnsc mnhcamt t chc. l t i ml ct i chnh, cngnghvconngi . Trongba ngunl c, t iml cmi t hcnht ranhkhbt chccchnhl CON NGI . Vi nngl cvsgpsckhmuani bngt i nhayt hayt hbng cng ngh. Qunl n gunn hn l c l phn g t hc t h c ynh nvi nl m vi c mtcchhi uqu v h il ng v icng vi c ca mnh . 3.2 Cc hotng ch nh k hiqunl n gunnhn l c Phn t ch c cu nhn s,ngh nghi p.Hoch nh chin l c phtt ri n nhn l c t on di n.Tuyn m,t uyn chn,khuyn khch v nh hng ngun nhn l c.Xc nh nhu cu,chnh sch v t in hnho t o nhn l c.Xy dng c ch lng t hng khuyn khch ngun nhn l c. Gp phn duy t r quan h t tgi a cc c nhn t rong t chc.m bo an t on,sc khe ngh nghi p v phc l ix hicho nhn vi n. 3.3Nh qunl cpt r unggi an l mt bphnnh n squan t r ngt r ong qun l ngu n nh nl c Trongmit rngkinhdoanhhini,nhqunlkhngchnt hunlcp t rn chuyn gim stcc hotng ca nhn vin di quyn. H phi lm vic t rc t ip 16 viccnhnvinnhngihngdnvchranhngphngt hclmvichiuqu. iu cng c ngha l t rch nhim ca ngi lnh o s nng n hn. Nhng t hayi ny btngun t m hnh cng t y t heo hnh t hpangc iu chnh li, cc bc t hang camhnhkhngcn t o nnt amgic nhnnh t rc.Cc nhqun l cpcaomong iskhcbitt ccumi t rongkhinhng nhnvincpdicngihicch nghnnat rongcngviccamnh.Chnhvvy,scngt hngliukhngt h t rnhkhikhibnqunlcchot ngt icngt yt mcgiat rln.Scpcng t ng khi bn phi chu nhng p lc khng ngng v cc mtkinh t, cng ngh v x hi.

Ccnhlnhocpcaot hnghngnccvnvmt rongkhi nhn vi nchcht r ngvocccngvi ct cnghi pct h. Vt h, nhqunl cpt rung gi anngvai t rct yunhmci t hi ncsht ngvt hi t l pccmi quanh t rongt chc. Scmnhl nnht l mbot hngt i nt hngsut , t oragi t rch khng r ivo t h gi ng coca v t r t rung gi an. Ngynay, nhqunl cpt runggi ankhngcht hit l pnhngmi quanh nphngvi l nhocpcaohnmnhhaychvi nhnvi ncpdi . Bncn t ndngl i t hvt rt runggi ancamnht rt hnhngi ht rvxypcc mi quanh. l ngi ckhnngl ngnghevht r nhngquani mca ngi khc, gi pmi ngi t ipt huki nlnnhaut mraquani mchung.Txydngnhnggi i phpcl i choccbn. Qunl ngunnhnl cbtngun t kin t hc,k nng v s chn t hnh l cha kha ca t hnh cng. 4. o l ng s t h o mnca k hch h ng St homncakhchhngt hngquakhnngt huht cngnhlunt ng cng cng c mi quan h vi h.iu ny khng n gin v khng ch gi gn t rong ccchsvst homncakhchhng.Ccnhqunlcnnt hngt invchtlngdokhchhngphnnh.Nhngt hngt innydnnt ngcngkhnng cnh t ranh cng nh li nhun cho t chc.4.1. Ldo cno l ng s t ho mn ca k hchh n g Lchspht t rincahot ngolngst homncakhchhngbt u t t hpnin60.Nhngngit hchnholngst homncakhchhngs dngnhngkint hcvknngsnct rongccnghincut ht rngaracc chng t rnh u t in. Cc k t hut bao gm nghin cu v hnh vi, ng dng, phn khct ht rng,t hnghimsnphm,nghincuhnhnhcat pon,nghincu v v t h, t h nghim kinh doanh bng m phng,...ng u t rong danh sch cc n vit inphonglcctponlnnhMarriot t ,AmericanExpress,AmericanAirlines, AT&T/ Bell Syst ems, tp on GTE, Xerox, I BM, PG&E v Boeing. Ngy nay, chng t a khng cn phin l c nhi u t huytphc cc nh qun l vnghacacht lng. Tpt rungvocht l ngl kt qut t yut rongqu t rnh cnh t ranh gay gtt rn t on cu v gi t r o c ivikhch hng.Cc nh qunl ngynayt hanhnkhnngcnht ranhcamt t chccxcnh bi cht l ngbnngoi vcht l ngni b. Bocoskhngynuchnu 75%skhchhngiut rachobi t hvcngt homn . chl d li ukhng mang l inhi u gi t r .S t ho mn ca khchhng cckhikh nng t hu htv gi ckhchhngcngnhl unt ngcngcngcmi quanh. i uny khng n gi n v gign t rong cc ch s v s t ho mn ca khch hng. 4.2. Nhn g k h k hngp phik h io l ng s t ho mnca k h ch h n g 17 Trn t hc t ,cc t chc t hng gp phinhng t r ngisau: Khng phn bi tr rng cc phn hica khch hng.Ktqu sailch nhi u.Ktqu t hay ingu nhi n gi a cc gi aion o lng ( khngn nh) .Khng c kh nng xcnh nhng yu t c bn quytnh s t ho mn.Thi u qu nhi u d li u. Ktl un v b ( v d:nhn vi n cn phit icihn, . . . ) .Lun gi ivn khng l ogi c v sait hc t . tt huytphc.Khng dngn ktqu nghi n cu.4.3. Mc t i uo l n g s t ho mnca k h chh ng Bi t c mcnh gi khch quan,mang t nhnh l ng ca khch hng v chtl ng chung ca t chc.Bi tchc mong mun, hnh vica khch hng khit i p nhn vchtl ng do t chc cung cp.Xcnhnhngt nhnngcasnphmvdchvcnhhngnhi unhtn chtl ng c cung cp.Xc nh thin ch ca khch hng khi tip nhn nhng tnh nng c th ca sn phm. D bo nhng ci tin quan t rng nhm tchtlng ngy cng cao. xutcch t hccng c nhngi m mnh nhm t hu htv gi c nhi u khch hng t rung t hnh.Cc nh qun l v nhn vin ca t chc bit lng nghe, chn lc kin ca khch hng.Bi tc xu t h khch hng t i p nhn/ nh gi chtl ng ca t chc.So snh chtl ng cng vic ca cc b phn t rong t chc.So snh hi u qu chtl ng ca t chc vicc it h t rc t ip.So snh hiu qu chtlng ca t chc vi cc phng php t hc hnh ttnhtt rong lnh vc ( c t ha nhn t rong ngnh, cho ngnh,...) . Xc nh nhng mong i v yu cu nh gi i vi mi sn phm/ dch v. Xc nh nhng skhng ph hp v xuthnhng khc phc.D on c nhng thay i tch cc ln tiu cc trong kin ca khch hng. 5. o l ng nng sut

Hu htcc nh kinh t nhtt r ngun gc ca kh nng cnh t ranh u nm t rong st ngt rngnngsut.Haynicchkhc,mtt chcmunclit hcnht ranhcn t p t rung cc ngun lc nhm nng cao nng sut . Mc tiu ca t ng nng sut l nng cao chtlngcucsngcaconngi.Vnt rungt mcanngsutlmbomt x hi t t p hn t hng qua ci thin iu kin lao ng v cuc sng ca nhn dn. 5.1 Khini m nn g su t

nh ngha nng sutt heo ng bn chtc hiu mtcch htsc n gin. N l miquan h ( t s)gi a u r a vu vo c s dng hnh t hnh u r a. Theo nh ngha ny, nguyn t c c bn ca nng sutl t hc hin phng t hc t iahouravgimt hiuhouvo.Thut nguvo,uracdingii khcnhaut heost hayicamit rngkinht - xhi.ivicct chc,ura ct nhbngt nggit rsnxut -kinhdoanh,git rgiat nghockhilnghng hot nhbngnvhinvt .cpvm,ngit at hngsdngt nggit rsn phmqucni( GDP)lurat nhnngsut .uvot rongkhinimnyc 18 t nht heoccyut t hamgiasnxut uranhlaong,nguynvt liu,vn, thitb my mc, nng lng, k nng qun l. Trongnnki nht t ht r ng, nngsut gncht vi cchot ngki nht . Ci t innngsut chophpt ngt r ngki nht , nngcaomcsngchoxhi .i vi cct chc, nngsut l mchokhnngcnht ranhct ngl nt hng quasdngngunl chi uquhn. Ci t innngsut cncnghai vi mi cnhnt rongxhi vi cchhiut oranhiucaci , t hu nhpcaovcht l ng cuc sng c cit hi n t thn. Nngsut cnchiulmt kiut duy, lunhngt it hiquencit in v vn dng nhngcch t hc bin t duy t hnh cc hnh ngc t h. Theo cch t ipcnny, nngsut lkhngngngcit invnt ist t p.Ngyhm nay phi t thn ngy hm qua v ngy mai s t thn ngy hm nay.iu ny t hc hincnhvonlccnhnvt pt hkhngngngnngcaokint hc,k nng, k lut , cc hot ng phthuy t inh t hn sng t o cng nh phng php lm vic,gim t hiu ch ph, giao hng ng hn,t h phn v mc sng cao hn. Cn hi u nng sutt heo cch t ip cn miv c bn nh sau: Nhn mnh vo gi m l ng ph t rong mihnh t hc. Nng sutl l m vi c t hng mi nh hn ch khng phivtv hn.Ngun nhn l cvkhnng t duy ca con ngi ng vait r quan t r ngtc nng sutcao hn.Hnh ng l ktqu ca qu t rnh t duy. Tng nng sutng ngha vis imiv ci t i n li n t c. Nngsut cxeml bi uhi ncahi uquvhi ul ckhi sdngcc ngun l c tc mc t i u. Nng sutt heo cch t i p cn mil iivibo v mit rng.

Bn cnh s dng u vo mtcch hiu qu, nng sutcn biu hin t hng qua cht lngvt nhhuchcaura.Nngsut nhhngt heokt quura.Vt h phixemxt snphmvdchvt rongmiquanhcht chvinhucuvmongi cat ht rng.Vvy,nngsut vcht lngkhngloit rnhaumngcli,nng sut-chtlng gn lin vi nhau, h t r ln nhau. Nng sutkhng ch l vn kinh t mcn lvnx hivis xuthinkhinim nng sutx hi ,nngsut xanh t clnngsut caonhngkhngclmtngnguycgynhimmit rng,lng phvhuhoit inguynt hinnhin,...lnguyncanhnloimunccuc sngt t pcvvt cht ,t inht hnvmit rngt rongspht t rinbnvng.Tm li, nng sutc xem xtqua cc kha cnh nh: St i nt ngchcchn: Hmnayl mvi ct t hnhmquavngymai s t thn ngy hm nay .Ktqu ca s kthp mtcch hi u qu gi a con ngiv cng ngh.Lm ng ngay t u ( Do ri ghtt he fi rstt i me)Ktqu ca hotng qun l t p t rung vo con ngi .S c gng li n t c p dng cc cng ngh v phng php mi .S thch ng khng ngng i vi nhng thay i ca iu kin kinh t, x hi. Nng sutl s dng mtcch t tnhtcc ngun l c hi n c.

5.2 ngha ca o l ng nng sut

Nngsut cnghaquant rngnhgi spht t ri nhaysuyt hoi ca mtt chc hay mtnn ki nh t .o l ng nng sutcn t hi tv: 19 o l ng nng sutcung cp c s d li u lp mc t i u v kim sot .Gi p bc l nhng khu vc c vn .nhgi hi uqucccngvi cvhot ngki nht . Sosnhhi uqu ca t chc vicc it h cnh t ranh v t i u chun.Cungcpchi hchi vl i kost hamgi acami ngi . Gi phuy ng ngun nhn l c t hng qua chi a s cc t hnh qu v nng sut .

Cng t hc t nh:

vao au ra ausuat ang = N

ural i nquannhnghocsnxut rahocnhngdchvc cung cp. u ra c bi u hin didng n v hi n vtnh s lng t m t hp,m3g, st n, . . . . hocbi uhi ndi dnggit r bngt i n. t hngnht khi t nht ononngsut t hngsdnggi t rbngt i nt nhura( Vdnh t ng gi t r sn l ng,t ngu ra,gi t r gi a t ng) . u vo l cc ngun lcc sdngt orahnghovdchv.Ccyut uvogmlaong,vn, nguyn vtliu, nng lng,... Thng t hng u vov laong c t nh bng s lng lao ng hoc s gi cng lao ng. Trong khi u vo v vn, nguyn vtliu, nng lng c t nh t heo gi t r bng t in.

5.3 H t hng cc ch t i unng sut

Nngsut t heoccht i pcnmi khnggi i hnt ronghot ngsnxutmcnbaogmcnhnghot ngxhi. Phi cskt hphahagi a nngsut vt ngl i chxhi . Tngnngsut l vat ngsl ngvat ng cht l ngsnphm; ngt hi phi mbohnchgynhi mmi t rng cngnhkhngl mcnki t ngunt i nguyn. Vvy, olngnngsut l yu t quan t r ng t rong phtt ri n ki nh t -x hi . Cc ch t i unh gi nng sutbao gm mth t hng cc t s.S dng cc t snypht hucvomcchphnt ch, nhgi vkhnngt hut hpcc dli ucnt hi t . Mccht nht oncccht i unhmphnt cht hct rngcat chc, sosnhvi cct chckhchocsosnhvi cct i uchunnhmt ra mc t i u vi u chnh nhng khu vc c vn.Ccch t i u nng sut cchi a t hnh 3 cp:cp quc gi a,cp ngnh,cp t chc. 5.3.1Cccht i un ht n h: l cccht i uquant rngnhgi mt t chc. yl xemxtnnhhngchi nl c, phngt hcqunl vvn ho t chc.Nhng yu t ny l m c s cho s phtt ri n bn vng.Cc yu t xem xtbao gm: Yu t l nh o:xem xtn mc ch,mc t i u v chi n l c.Yu t qun l:c cu t chc, h t hng qun l, chnh sch i vi lao ng. Yu t phtt ri n sn phm,cng ngh.Yu t sn phm,chi n l c t h t rng.Yu t t ichnh:chnh sch t ichnh,cc ch t i u t ichnh.Ccyut khcnhccmi quanhhpt c, l i ndoanh, l i nkt , cc miquan h gi a ngi qun l v ngil ao ng. 20 5.3.2 Cc ch t i u n h l ng: ao TongJauoa TongJaurcbung Nangsuat =Jauoao Motycutoaurabopban Nangsuat =oao cutoJau Motnbomyaurao nbomycut Nangsuat = Ccbct i nhnholngnhgi nngsut cccht i unhl ngt i cc t chc gm 10 bc nh sau: Bc 1:Xc nh cc ch t i u o lng nng sutgm 04 nhm: Nhmcht i u n ngsut l aong:phn nh kh nng sn xutsn phm haydchvmcchi ph l aongt hpnht . Yut l aongl uncxem xt t rongmi quanhvi ccyut khcnhnnhnvsosnhc.Nhm ch t i u nng sutl ao ng gm 03 ch t iu sau: Gi t rgi at ng( GTGTAddedVal ue) l mrat mt nvchi phl ao ng =GTGT/ Chiph l ao ng ( LC Labor Cost ) .Nngsut l aongt nht heogi t r gi at ng= GTGT/ Sl aongl m vic ( LT-Labor Tot al ) .Nngsut l aongt nht heogi t rsnxut ( GTSX) = GTSX/ Sl ao ng l m vi c ( LT) . Nhmcht i unngsut v n : phnnhmchi uqut rongsdng vn.Ktqucho t hy ckhi u t mt ng vn sem l ibao nhi u gi t r. i unykhngpht hucvoqunl qut rnhsnxut mi hi cc nht chcphi l unt mt i ut t ht rng, khai t hcsnphmchiu qunht . chngi ng, chngt acnt nht onvhi uqusdng t hit b, vn, cngnghcphnnhquacccht i ugi t r. Nhmcht i u nng sutl ao ng gm 03 ch t i u sau: GTGT l m ra t mtn v t isn c nh =GTGT/ Tisn c nh.GTGTl mrat mt nvkhuhaoTSC= GTGT/ Chi phkhukhao TSC.Nng sutvn c nh t nh t heo gi t r sn xut=GTSX/ TSC Nhm cht i uphnnht nhcnht r anhv k hn ngsi nhl i :Nhm ch t i u ny gm 2 dng ch t i u chnh: Hi uququt r n h: nh gi hi u qu s dng ngun l c sn c ca t chc nh: laong,nhxng,mymcvvnt oragit rgiatng.Chtiuny ph thuc vo kim sot cc qu t rnh sn xut v cung cp dch v nh phn cng lao ng hp l, b t r sn xut ph hp, kim sot cht ch cc qu t rnh m bo chtlng,gimlngph,pht huyhiuqusdngmymc,t hit b,tit kim nguynnhinliu.Khnngsi nhl i : phnnhkhnngt oralinhunca t chc. Nhm ch t i u nng sutl ao ng gm 07 ch t i u sau: 21 GTGT l m ra t mtn v chiph l ao ng =GTGT/ CPL.Chiph l ao ng l m ra mtn v GTSX =CPL/ GTSX.Chiph l ao ng cho mtl ao ng =CPL/ S lng l ao ng.T phn chi ph lao ng trong tng u vo = (CPL/ Tng u vo)100%. T phn l inhun t rong GTSX =( Linhun t hc hi n/ GTSX) 100%.Li nhun lm ra t mt n v vn c nh =Li nhun thc hin/ Vn c nh. Li nhun lm ra t mt n v chi ph = Li nhun thc hin/ Tng u vo. Nhmcht i unngsut t nghp: Phnnhnngsut t ngt hcat chc. Ncungcpnhnnht ngt hvsdngchi uquccyut u vot oramt l nggi t ruracao. Nhmcht i unngsut laong gm 05 ch t i u sau: Nng sutchung =GTSX/ Tng chiph Hiuququt rnh= GTGT/ Tngchi phGi t r nguynvt li uv dch v mua vo.Cng vn =TSC/ S lng l ao ng.Hm lng GTGT =GTGT/ GTSX Nng sutcc nhn t t ng hp =u ra/ Lao ng +Vn Bc 2:Xc nh d liu cn t hu t hp Bc 3:Phn cng t hu t hp d liu Bc 4:Lp bng t nh cc ch t iu nng sutBc 5:Tin hnh t hu t hp d liu Bc 6:So snh, phn t ch v nh gi cc ch t iu nng sut . Bc 7:Hoch nh cit i n Bc 8:Thu t hp d liu v nh gi hiu qu hotng ci t in Bc 9:Lp bo co tng t h v hotng o lng nng sutBc 10:Ph duytt hc hin - Trin khai t hc hin hnh nm t bc 5 n bc 9. (Ngun:Cch o lng nng sutt i doanh nghip, Nhm chuyn vi N TC, Bo Saigon Gii phng, Th t 20.02.2008, t r.7) 6. Ro cnk t hutt r ong t hng miqu c t Nhmt t t yukhchquan, khi cchngrot huquancccncgi m sdngt heoxuhngt dohot hngmi , cchngrophi t huquant rong t hng miquc t ngy cng c gi a t ng p dng bo h sn xutt rong nc.Trongcchngrophi t huquan, ht hngrocnkt hut cxeml mt t rong nhngnhmbi nphphuhi unht ngnchnhngnhpkhu, cbi t l hng xutkhu ca cc nc ang phtt ri n.Cc ro cn k t hutt rong t hng mi quct rt adngvcpdngrt khcnhaut ut hucvoi uki nct h ca t ng nc.Cc ro cn ny c t h c chi a l m cc l oihnh sau:

6.1 Cc t i u chun,quynhk t hut , ant onv si n h dcht Cquanchcnngt raccyuculi nquanchyunkch t hc, hnhdng, t hi t k, di vccchcnngcasnphm. Theo,cct i uchuni vi snphmcui cng, ccphngphpsnxut vch bi n, cct ht cxt nghi m, gi mnh, chngnhnvchpnhn,nhng quynhvccphngphpt hngk, t ht cchnmuvccphng phpnhgi r i rol i nquan, ccyucuvant ont hcphm, cp 22 dng. Mcchcacct i uchunvquynhnyl nhmbovant on,vsi nh, bovsckho, i sngng, t hcvt , bovmi t rng, Cc t i uchunt hngdcpdngt rongt hngmi l HACCPi vi t husn vt ht ; SPSi vi ccsnphmcngungcadngsi nhhc, ( Tham kho websi t e:www. t bt vn. org v www. vi et management . com) 6.2. Cc t i u chunch bi n v sn x utt heo quynhmit r ng: yl cct i uchunquynhsnphmcnphicsnxut , s dng, vt bnht hno?Nhngqut rnhnycl mt nhi nmi t rnghaykhng?Cct i uchunnycpdngchogi ai onsnxutvi mcchnhmhnchcht t hi gynhimvl ngpht i nguyn khng t it o.p dng nhng t i u chun nynh hngn chiph sn xut ,l m t ng gi t hnh v t c ng n sc cnh t ranh ca sn phm. 6.3. Cc y u cuv n hnmc Bi nphpnycquynhcht chbnght hngvnbnphp l ut , t heoccsnphmphi cghi rt nsnphm, danhmct hnh phn, t rngl ng, ngysnxut , t hi hnsdng, t hi hnboqun, xutx, ncsnxut , ni bn, msmvch, hngdnsdng, boqun, Qut rnhxincpnhnmccngnhngkt hnghi ukodi hng t hngvr t t nkm, nht l M. yl mt rocnt hngmi cs dng rtph bi n t rn t h gi i ,c bitt icc nc cng nghi p phtt ri n. 6.4. Cc y u cuv ng gibao b Gmnhngquynhlinquannnguynvt li udngl mbaob, nhng quynh v t isi nh,x l v t hu gomsau qu t rnh s dng,Nhng t i uchunvquynhli nquannnhngct nht nhi ncasnphm vnguynvt l i udngl mbaobi hi nggi phi phhpvi t i si nh hoct i sdng. Ccyucuvnggi baobcngnhhngnchi ph snxut vsccnht ranhcasnphmdoskhcnhauvt i uchunv quynhcami nc, cngnhchi phsnxut baob, ccnguynvt li u dng l m bao b v kh nng t ich minc l khc nhau. 6.5. Ph mit r ng Phmit rngt hngcpdngnhm3mct iuchnh: t hulicc chi ph phi s dng cho mi t rng, t hay i cch ng x ca c nhn v t p t h ivicchot ngclinquannmit rngvt huccquchocchotng bo v mi t rng. Cc loi ph mi t rng t hng gp gm c: Phsnphm: pdngchoccsnphmgynhi m, cchacc hocht chi hoccmt st hnhphncut hnhcasnphm gy kh khn ivit hil oisau s dng.Phkht hi: pdngi vi cccht gynhi mt hot vokhng kh,nc v thoc gy t ing n.Phhnhchnh: pdngkt hpvi ccquynht rangt r i ccchiph dch v ca chnh ph bo v mit rng.Phmi t rngct hct hut nhsnxut hocngi t i udng hoc c nh sn xutv ngit i u dng. 23 6.6. Nh nsi nht h i Snphmcdnnhnsinht hi nhmmccht hngbocho ngi t i udngbi t l snphmccoi lt t hnvmt mi t rng.Cct i uchunvdnnhnsi nht hi cxydngt rncsphnt chchu ksngcasnphm, t gi ai ont i nsnxut , snxut , phnphi , t i u t h, t hi l oi sausdng. Quanhgi mcnhhngi vi mi t rngcasnphmccgi ai onkhcnhaut rongt onbchuksng can. Snphmcdnnhnsi nht hi , t hngcgi l snphm xanh . Chngckhnngcnht ranhcaohnsovi snphmcngchng l oi nhngkhngdnnhnsinht hi dongi t i udngt hngt hchvan t mkhi sdngcc snphmxanh hn. Vd, t rnt ht rngM, ccl oi t husncdnnhnsi nht hi t hngcgi bncaohn, t nht 20%, c khigp 2- 3 l n t hu sn t hng t hng cng l oi . 7.Tn hhn hpt r ocn k t hut caccncn hpk h u i vi h ng nng sn 7.1. Cc t i u chun,quyn h k t hutv an t onv si nh yslmt t rongnhngrocncpht huyt cdngnhiunhtt ronggiaionspt i,cbit livihngt husnt ccncangphtt rin.pngnhngihikht khe,ikhiqungcaccncpht t rin m t rnh khoa hc k t hut cng nghi t rc hng t hp k i vi cc nc angphtt ri n lcmt vnht scnangii, ihimt sut lu di.TheoGS.TSVThanhThu,90%t hngvgpkhkhnkhiat husn vo cc nc nhp khu c lin quan n tiu chun k t hut . 7.1.a. Quynhca M Theo B Lut Lin bang M 21 CFR, ch c cc t chc nc ngoi no thc hin chng trnh HACCP c hiu qu mi c xut khu thu sn vo th trng M. y l mt h thng qun l cht lng mang tnh phng nga nhm m bo an ton thc phm v cht lng thc phm thng qua phn tch nhng minguyvthchinccbinphpkimsotticcimkimsottihn. HACCP nhn mnh tnh nht thit phi kim sot dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut mboanton,vsinhchosnphmthayvkimsotsnphmcui cng.cphpahngthusnvoM,tchcphigikhoch, chng trnh HACCP cho Cc Thc phm v Dc phm Hoa K (FDA). FDA xem xt k hoch, chng trnh HACCP, khi cn th kim tra. Nu FDA kt lun l t yu cu s cp php cho t chc . FDA kim tra tng l hng nhp khu. Nu pht hin c l hng khng m bo an ton, v sinh thc phm hoc c cc vi phm khc, l hng s b FDA t chi nhp khu, b gi tr v nc hoc tiu hu tichvichiphdotchcchu.ngthi,tntchcsbalnmng Internet ch Cnh bo nhanh (Detention). 5 l hng tip theo ca t chc ny s b t ng gi cng nhp kim tra theo ch t ng. Ch sau khi c 5 l hng u m bo an ton, v sinh v t chc lm n ngh, FDA mi xotntchcrakhidanhschCnhbonhanh.Nuncxutkhu thusnsangMkcBnghinh(MOU)viFDA,cquancthm quyn cao nht v kim sot v sinh an ton thc phm ca nc xut khu t chnhcctchccathusnvoMmkhngcntrnhkhoch, chng trnh HACCP. Tuy nhin, FDA ch mi k MOU cho mt hng nhuyn th 2 mnh vi Canada, Hn Quc v vinc Nam M. 24 7.1.b.Quynhca NhtBn Hinnay, ki mt rahngt husnnhpkhuct hchi n t heoLut Vsi nht hcphm. Ngoi t rchi cxut xt Trung Quc, CHDCNDTriuTi nvi Loan, hngxut khukhngcnc gi ychngnhnmbovsi nhant ont hcphmcacssn xut , nhnghphi vchcnpngcct i uchuncaLut V si nht hcphm. Hngt husnnhpkhuvoNht Bnphi t hng bochoBYt vPhcl i xhi . Khi nhnct hngbo, cc t hanht ravi ncaBscmt t i cngkimt rasnphm. Quytnh xem c cn t hi tki m t ra chuyn hng nhp khu haykhng ph t hucvosnhgi ccyut sau: t ngvi phmt rchay cha, lchsnhpkhucamt mt hngct h, li ucsvi phmccquanhi quanboco, t hngt invl nhvcvsi nh cahnghohayt hngt i ndoncxut khucpcykhng.Cc nidung s c ki m t ra gm c: Nhn hng Ki m t ra cm quan:mu sc, t isng,mi,v,Ki m t ra t p chtKi m t ra nm mc Ki m t ra cont ai ner,bao b, Nunht rongqut rnhki mt ra, l hngcxeml t yu cu, gi ychngnhnscchuynncquanqunl nhpkhu vsauct hngquan. Nunhl hngbkt l unl khngtyu cu t h s b gi li git r v nc hoc t i u hu. 7.1.c. Quyn h ca EU Theoccchuyngi at husn, EUcht hngt i uchunk t hut vant onvsi nht hcphmvol oi nghi mngt nht t h gi i .Hng t hu sn ca cc nc ang phtt ri n a vo EU phit un t h t heo cc quy nh sauy: Quy n hvv si n h: ccncmunahngt husnvo EUphi nmt rongdanhschccnccxut khuvoEU.Tngl hngphi kmt heogi ychngnhnpngccyu cu ca EU do c quan chc nng ca nc xutkhu cp.Quynhvcht l ngvant ont hcphm:t heo cc quy ch91/ 492/ EECv91/ 493/ EEC,ccsnphmphipngcc t iuchunct hvvsinhgmt i,sch,mcnhimvi sinht ia( baogmccvisinhvt gybnhvccvisinhvtch t h) , d lng ho cht(kim loi nng, khng sinh v t huc t r su) , chtc, c t sinh hc bin v k sinh t rng.Quy nh v gi mst : Quyt nh94/ 356/ EECyucunh snxut chngt husnxut khusangEUphi t chc gi mst hot ngsnxut vchbi ncamnhphhpvi HACCP. Ti uchunHACCPl i uki nquant r ngcat chc xutkhu t hu sn vo EU. Nuhngnhpkhut husnbmt nct hnhvi nEUphthi ncvnvcht l ngl pt csbal nHt hngcnhbo 25 nhanhvt hcphm( RASFF) chot t cccnct hnhvi nbi t . Vi c cmvhnchnhpkhut husnvoEUct hchi nkhng t l nnht rnghpcmnhpkhuccan, Bangl adeshv Madagascarnm1997, bt buckimt rat onbhngt husn Trung Quc nm 2001, 7.1.d.Quynhca mts t h t r ng k hc Nhnchung, cct ht r ngkhcnhTrungQuc, HngKng,HnQuc, Thi Lan, ht hngcct i uchunkt hut , ant onv si nhkhngnghi mngt nhNht , EUvM, nhngccncny vni hi giychngnhncht l ngsnphmcacquanc t hmquyncancxut khuhocncnhpkhu. Tuynhi n,khngsmt hmuncct ht rngnycngsnngcaoyucuv k t hut ,an t on v si nh t heo xu hng ca t h gi i . 7.2. Cc t i u chunch bi n v sn x utt heo quynhmit r ng Ml ncpdngccrocnnyr t t rit . Sovi cct i uchun kt hut , ant onvsi nh, cct i uchunchbi nvsnxut t heoquynh mi t rngkhngphbi nbngnhnghi usut cnt rcaohn, khnng pngcaccncangpht t ri nl rt hnch. AndyUrso, chuyngi a ki nht Anhnhnnh nhngi hi vmi t rngcaMkhi ncc ncpht t ri ncnt r t aykhngkp, ni chi nccncmi phtt rin . Mnphngpdngcct i uchuncamnhhnchnhp khuchi vt mbngcchcmnhpkhuchi t nhngncmM chorngphngphpnhbt cahl mnhhngxuncheov cm nhp khu t m t nhng nc s dng l iqutc hicho ra bin. 7.3. Cc y u cuv n hnmc: Ccncnhpkhuuquynhsnphmt hcphmni chungv t hysnni ri ngkhi nhpkhuphi cghi nhnyt heodanhmc do c quan chc nng a ra. Phi cnhndnphabnngoi , ni dnhnt hynht t rncct hng cha hoc bao b.Nidung t rn nhn bao gm:t n sn phm,xutx,nisn xut ,t n vachnhsnxut , ngysnxut , hnsdng, snphms dngct hnsnghaykhng, phngphpboqun, khi l ng,m s m vch.FDA cn a ra yu cu phighir t hnh phn,gi t r di nh dng. Mt hnhthcrocnmit rongbinphpnylaracccmonvghit n snphm.Canada,Chile vPerutngkinEUra WTOvEUchchophp sdng t n gi s Saint Jacque cho mtloi s ca Php. Thng 5/ 2002, Tng thng M k ban hnh o lutan ninh t rang t ri v u t nng t hn, gi t tl o lut H.R. 2646,t rongciukhon10806quynhchcgingcdat rnctnkhoa hc l I ct aluridae nui t rng nc M mi c dng ch catfish ghi nhn mc, cncc loic da t rnkhckhngc ghichcatfisht rn nhn mc, bao b.Cc t chc xutkhu c da trn vo t h t rng M s phi chu thit hi ng k do sn phm s phi thay i thng hiu v bao b. Cc t chc phi in li t on b bao b, t chc qung co, tip th, rt t n km. 26 7.4. Cc y u cuv ng gibao b Hinnay, t ht rngccncpht t ri nquynht ngi cht v t ngngvi nhauvbaobsnphm. Ct hkhi qut mt si mng l u nh sau: Cht li ubaobnggi gi i hnt rongmt scht chophp, ct h t isi nh v t is dng. Nu t chc xutkhukhngpngc,t chcnhpkhuphi nggi l i , haophnggi l i khi nt chc nhp khu khng mun mua hng t ngixutkhu c na.Bao b nha phim bo khngnh hngn chtl ng sn phm, vict i pxcgi asnphmvcht nhacabaobkhnggyrabtcphnngvnguyhi no. EUbanhnhmt danhschccl oi baobnhacphpsdng, t ronghnmt nal oi vt li u l m bao b cc nc ang phtt ri n khng sn xutc.Ccsnphmnghpphi pngccyucuvki ml oi . Khay ba phim bo khib nung nng khng b cong,ng mu. 7.5. Nh nsi nht h i GnyM, EUvNht Bnchot hanht ralidnnhnsinht hi i viccsnphmt husnnhpkhuvat hmmt st iuchunkt hut , ant onvsinh,bovmit rng,vonhngyucusnphmct h dnnhnsinht hi.Spt i,sdngcngcnhnsinht hikt hpvicct iu chunkt hut vmit rngsrt phbin,nht lt rongccncpht t rin do xu hng yu t hch sn phm c dn nhn si nh t hit ng l n rtnhanh. 7.6. Nhn g t r ngiiv ih ng t hu sn x utk hu ca Vi tNam Ngy 4/ 3/ 1999, EU ban hnh quytnh s 508/ 1999 quy nh 10 ho chtkhng c php c trong sn phm thc phm c ngun gc ng vt , gm c: Ari st ol ochi a spp v cc ch phm Chl orampheni colChl oroform Chl orpromazi ne Col chi ci ne Dapsone Di met ri dazol e Met roni dazol e Cc ni t rofuran,bao gm c furazol i done- Roni dazol e. Ngy19/ 9/ 2001, EUraquyt nhs699/ EUvt ngcngki mt ra dl ngkhngsi nht rongt mnhpkhut TrungQuc, I ndonesi avVi tNam. Thng1/ 2002, EUquynhchchophpnhpkhul hngt husn nocdl ngkhngsi nhchl orampheni col t 0, 3ppb( phnt ) t rxung.Thng3/ 2002, EUchnht hct hngbopht hi nrahngt husnVit Nam xut khusangt ht rngnychocht nit rofuran. Doquyt nhp dngccbi nphpki mt ranghi mngt c2cht i ul dl ngkhng si nhchl orampheni col vhocht ni t rofurani vi 100%ccl hngxutkhut Vi t Nam. Tnhncui t hng7/ 2002c66l hngt husncc l oi caVi t Nambpht hinnhi mcckhngsi nhvhocht t rn. Quy nhmi caEUrrnganggynhngkhkhnl nchoxut khut hu 27 sncaVi t Nam. Trcy, EUcngnhnphngphpvt hi t bki m t radl ngchl orampheni col caVi t Namcngnhchpnhnhngt hu snxut khucaVi t NamvoEUphi chml ngchl orampheni col di1, 5ppb. Ccphngki mnghi mt i ccchi nhnhcaTrungt mki mt ra cht l ngvvsi nht husn( Nafi qacen) hi nt i chmi phnt chc cht chl orampheni col mct hpnht l 1, 5ppb. Ri ngni t rofuranchac phng t h nghi m no Vi tNam c kh nng phn t chc.Hi n nay,cng t c qun l s dng cc chtkhng si nh,hocht nc t acn r t yu km.Huht nngdnnui t r ngvnhbt t husncngnhcci l t hu gomnguynl i uchachngdnvsdngkhngsi nhvhocht .Cct chct hchi nchanghi mchnhcct iuchunant onvsi nht hc phmcangnh. i ukhi nchokhi gpcct i uchunkht khe, t hu snVi t Namkhpngc. Khi cl hngbpht hi ncdl ng khngsi nhvhocht caohnmcquynh, t hi t hi ut i ni vi t chcxut khul mt t rngt i nhngdol hngkhngbncna.Nghi mt rnghn, EUt hngbost cht huvt i uhunhngl hng t hayvt rvchochhngnht rcy, chhngphi t rchi phl ukho vt i uhu( khong7. 100USD/ cont ai ner) . Thi t hi suxahn, l sstgi muyt ni vi khchhng, dot nt chcbal nmngcnhbo nhanhchot onchuu. Nhi ut chcsaukhi hngxut khubpht hin cdl ngkhngsi nhcaohnquynhbi t cchuungngthng. Tr ct nhhnht rn, mt st chct rongnct raengi khi xutkhut husnsangEU, dot t rngt husnxut khuvoEUt ipt c gi m. Lnhocamt cngt yxut khut husnngl nhl gi i vic cngt ycaanhngngxut khut mvot ht rngchuunhsau: Li nhunkhi xut hngvoEUchkhong1- 2%, nhngri rockhi l nn 100% .Phn ng t rn rrng khng phing cchv khngch EU,cc nc khc nh M,Nht , Canada, cng ang y mnh kim t ra cc t iu chun k t hut ,ant onvsinhdcht .NgaycTrungQucvHngKng,t ht rng t hngcnhnnhnlddinht t rongnhmt ht rngchlccat hu snVit Namcngangnngcaonhngt iuchunivihngt hcphm.Mcmsnphmct ravcbasacaVit Namghinhncat fisht heoiu khon10806caolut H. R.2646cngnhhngkhngnhnnct a.Vivt rlncxut khucdat rnlnnht voM, Vit Namlncchu nhhngnngnnht t binphpny.Xt vmt nghc,cat fishVitNamvcat fishMulcat fish. Thng10/ 2001,t heonghcaFDAvi ThngvVit Namt iM, BThusnVit Namt chclymuvgi mu c cho Phng t h nghim ca FDA t i Washingt on. Trn c s mu cc cungcp, FDAcngnhnt nct ravcbasavncuicat fish.Ct h,cbasacmang1t rong5t nt hngmilbasa,bocourt i,bocourt ifish, basa cat fish, bocourt i cat fish v t n khoa hc l Pangasius bocourt i, c t ra c mang1t rong3t nt hngmilswai,st ripedcat fish, sut chicat fishvt n khoahclPagasiushypopht halmus.nhhngcabinphpnyt ht s khngnh.Cct chcxut khucanct aphingklinhnhiu( chi phkhong450USD) cngnht hayit onbbaob,nhnmc,rt t n km.Tchct ipt h,giit hiulisnphmcnggpphnlmt nggi t hnh sn phm. Hn na, t heo cc chuyn gia ca VASEP,t hay i t n gi ca snphmt ht rngMsnhhngnlnghnghoct iut hv ngi t iu dng cha quen vi t n sn phm mi. 8. Nn g cao chtl n g cuc sng l mc t i u phn u l i n t c ca hotng qunt r chtl ng iv it tc cc quc gi a t r nt h gi i 28 Chtlngcuc sng lmt phm t rkhrngv ccpvo nhngnm ucat hpnincuivot hk20.Cnphnbit rcht lngsngvcht lng cuc sng vo t hi k hin nay.Cht l ngsng lvn l t hucvo t ng honcnh, iu kincat ng c nhn.Mingiucquynlachnchomnhmt t hisngringmangnhiu sct hikhcnhau.Vslachncchsngkhcnhaut ngcnhnnnchngt a khng nn xem l chun mc. Cht l ngcucsng l vn mang t nh khch quan v chu s chi phi ca cngng.Chnglt hucvosiuhnhvdoccnhqunlxhichut rch nhim.Nngcaocht lngcucsnglt rchnhimcabmyqunlnhnc t rc cuc sng ca t p t h cng ng ang sinh sng t i . Tm nhu cu cn bn ca conngi,ngoiviclmt hucphmt rkinht,cnlin,mc,,ili,hchnh, gii t r, t r bnh b chi phi bi sinh hotx hi.Cht lngsngvcht lngcucsngcmiquanhgnbmt t hit vi nhau.Chnggpphnt ngt rngkinht vht rnhaucngpht t rin.Hinnay, t hunhpnngt hn( 2,4t riung/ nm/ ngi) t hphnt h( 3.120.000 ng/ ngi/ nm) .iukinpht t rinccvngminkhngngunhBSCL cung cp lng t hc cho c nc nhng 20% dn s vn t huc din ngho ( nm 2005) . WHOarakhinim Qualit yoflife gm100cuhit rcnghimomc t hamnt rnsuyut cht lnglt hcht ,nung,nghngi,ili,t huc men, t inh t hn (t m l v t m linh) , cc quan h x hi v mi t rng sng ( an t on, an ninh,kinht,vnha,t hinnhin,) .Tuynhinkhngphiccqucgiaung t hunvccht nht ondoWHOnura.Tibuit amdoDoanhnhnSaigoncui t unt chcvocuit hng11/ 2007 nucht lngsnggpphnquant rngcho chtlng cuc sng ca mi ngi. Theo ng Hunh Bu Sn, nng cao chtlng cucsngcnmanglichonginghochicixcngbngvbnhng hn. Khi x hi c chtlng cuc sng t thn s t o iu kin nng cao chtlng sngcamicnhn.Nghincuvcht lngcucsnglmct iulintchng n ca mn qun t r chtlng. t ngbcnngcaocht lngcucsng,Vit Namcnhinhpvit ing nichungcat hgii.TiHinght hngnht hinninkcaLinhipqucnm 2000, 189 quc gia t hnh vin nhtt r t hng qua Tuyn b t hin nin k v cam kttc Tm mc t iu phtt rin t hin nin k ( MDG)vo nm 2015. y l s ng t hun chat ngccaccnhlnhot rnt hgiivnhngt hcht hcquant rngt on cu t rong t h k 21 cng nh cam ktchung v vic gii quytnhng t hch t hc ny. MDG 1 :Xa b t n h t r n g ngh o cng cc v t hi u i Gim mtna t l ngidn c mc sng dimtUSD mingy. Gim mtna t l ngidn b t hiu i . MDG 2 :tph cp gi o dc t i uhc m bo cho t tc t r em t raiv t r em gihc htt i u hc. MDG 3 :Tn g cng bnhng gi iv n n g cao nn g l c, v t h cho ph n 29 Xo b chnh lch v gii cp t i u hc v t rung hc t tnhtvo nm 2005 v t tc cc cp hc vo nm 2015. MDG 4 :Gi m t l t vong t r em Gim 2/ 3 t l t vong t r em di5 t uit rong gi aion 1990 2015.MDG 5 :Nng cao sc k h e b m Gim 3/ 4 t l t vong b m t rong gi aion 1990 2015.MDG 6 :Phng chn g HI V/ AI DS,str tv cc bn h k h c Ngn chn v btu y l is l y l an ca HI V/ AI DS vo nm 2015Ngn chn v btu y l it l mc bnh strtv cc bnh nguy hi m khc vo nm 2015. MDG 7 :m bo bn v ng v mit r n g a cc nguyn t c phtt ri n bn vng vo cc chnh sch v chng t rnh quc gi a;y l it nh t rng t htt hotv t inguyn mit rng. Gim mtna t l ngidn khngc t i p cn t hng xuyn vinc si nh hothp v si nh vo nm 2015. Cit hin ng k cuc sng ca tnht100 t ri u ngisng cc khu dn c ngho vo nm 2020. MDG 8 :Thi tl p miquan h it c t oncuv mc ch ph tt r i n Tip t c t hi tl p mth t hng t hng miv t ichnh t hng t hong,da vo cc l utl ,c t h d bo v khng phn bi tix,t rong c cam ktt hc hi n qun t r t t ,phtt ri n v xo igim ngho - c phm viquc gi a v quc t . pngnhucucbi t caccnckmpht t ri nnht , t rongc vicmbokhnngt i pcni vi ccmt hngxut khucaht rnc smi nt huvphi hnngch; t ngcnggimnchoccncnghonnn nhiu; xocckhonnsongphngchnht hc; vt ngcnght r phtt rin chnh t hc cho cc nc cam ktxo igim ngho. p ng nhu cu c bitca cc nc ang phtt ri n nm su t rong l c a v cc quc o nh ang phtt ri n. Giiquytmtcch t on di n cc vn n nn ca cc nc ang phtt rin t hng qua cc bi n php quc gi a v quc t nhm m bo qun l n bn vng v l u di . 30 Trongi uki nvt hi gi anvni dungcamnhc, chng1chnul n nhng vn quan t r ng c l i n quann hot ng qun t r chtl ng.Cc bn c t ht mhi uvcpnht t rnmngi nt ernet nhmbsungnhngchi t it khngt h t rnh by htt rong t iliu cng nh khit rnh by t ilp hc. D. Phncu hint p 1. Trit hc t rong t chc c cc bn nhn bi tqua nhng lnh vc c t h g? 2. Ail ngigp phn quan t r ng t rong qun l t rit hc t imtt chc ? 3. Nh qun l cn l m g phthuy t rit hc t rong mtt chc ? 4. Quan h gi a t nh nhn vn v qun l t rit hc ra sao t rong qun l ? 5. V sao cn xem t rng qun l quan h khch hng t rong mtt chc ? 6. Chobi t skhcnhaugi aqunl quanhkhchhngvi cchot ng market i ng t imtt chc ?7. Bn ngh g v khinim khch hng nibv khch hng t rung t hnh? 8. V sao ninng sutphign li n vichtl ng t rong mtt chc ? 9. Bn cho bi tVi tNam khigi a nhp WTO phingng khngc h t r cc t chc ln sn phm nng nghi p cc l nh vc g ?10.Vi tNam c php vtqua cc ro cn k t hut nhng hotng no ? Chng 2:Ti u chun v t i u chun ha t r ong bicnh hinhp Mc t i uca chng: Hngngy, chngt at i pxct hngxuynvi hngl ot cct i uchun. Tuy nhi n khng phiaicng nhn t hc c vn ny mtcch r rng. Trongnhngnmgny, cct chcVi t Namangt ri nkhai pdngcc h t hng qun l t i n t i n vocc l nh vc c l in quan.D vy, cng tngi cmnhnct hccht cahot ngt i uchunhaangdi nrat ng ngy,t ng gi t rong micng vic. Cngt ct i uchunhacngl mt yucucncphbi nt rongcc t rng ihc t heo khuyn co ca cc t chc chnh ph.cbit,trongbicnhhinhptoncu,tiuchunvtiuchunhanhmt cng c hu hiu nhm nng cao hiu qu sn xut - iu hnh i vi mt t chc. Dovy, mt si nhvi nt rongt rngi hccnnmvngccyucut it hiuvni dungcachnghcscpn. Hnht rangnycungcpki nt hc v phng php l m vi c hi u qu v ph hp vit hng l quc t . Yucu l m v i c ca si n h v i n: Sinh vin n lp nghe ging vin gii thiu cc ni dung c bn do chng hc ra. n th vin thuc cc c quan TC-L-CL t ham kho cc t i liu c lin quan v tm ccctpchvit vkt qu p dng tiuchunvhot ng tiuchunha t i Vit NamnhThvinTrungtmTC-L-CLkhuvc3(49Past eur,Qun1, Tp.HCM),ThvinChiCcTC-L-CLt iccTnht iVnphngSKhoahcv Cngngh,ccBntinKhoahcvCngnghxutbnnhk,schCstiu chun ha do Trung tm o to thuc Tng cc TC-L-CL phthnh nm 2000 t i H Ni, LutTiu chun v Quy chun k thut c hiu lc t ngy 01/ 01/ 2007. T t r licc cu hic tra phn cu hica chng.Trongt r nghpcnnhngt nt i xi nccbnmnhdnnurat rongbuihc hoc l i n h t rc t ip vigi o vi n c hng dn.Thigi an l m vi c ca si nh vi n tnhtl 15 t it . 31 Tiu chun xut hin rt sm trong lch s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Tuy nhin, tiu chun tr thnh chun mc mang tnh thng l v ph bin nh gi mt sn phm - dch v khixuthinkinhthngha.cbitlqutrnhhptcthngmi,utvtrangoi phm vi mt quc gia. T gia th k 20, tiu chun cng c khng nh vai tr c s khoa hc trc bi cnh ton cu ha. Tiu chun va m rng i tng khng ch sn phm - dch v m cn l qu trnh, mi trng, cc i tng khc trong hot ng kinh t - x hi), phong ph v ni dung (khng ch l nhng c tnh k thut thng thng m cn phi p ng yu cu v an ton, an ninh quc gia, v sinh, sc khe con ngi, quyn v li ch hp php ca cc bn c lin quan, bo v ng vt, thc vt, mi trng v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin,...). Chng l cn c khoa hc cc bn lin quan tha thun v x l nhng bt ng trong quan h thng mi v hp tc u t. Ngoi ra, chng cn l c s quan trng nht x l cc ro cn k thut (TBT) khi thc thi cc hip nh quc t, c bit trong khun kh quy tc ng x ca T chc Thng mi th gii m Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc th 150 vo ngy 07 thng11nm2006.TrncsNghnhs123/ CPcaChnhphbanhnhnm1963,hot ng tiu chun ha Vit Nam i vo hot ng c t chc vi c quan chc nng l Vin o lng v Tiu chun (trc thuc y ban Khoa hc Nh nc nay l B Khoa hc v Cng ngh). T nm 1963n1986 c hn7000 tiu chun nh nc (TCVN) v hng nghn tiu chun ngnh (TCN), tiu chun a phng (TCV), tiu chun c s (TC) c ban hnh. Do c im ca nn kinh t lc , cc TCN, TCV l bt buc p dng v mt t l ng k cc TCVN cng bt buc p dng. Tuy c nhiu nhc im v hn ch (cng nhc, g b, khng thch hp vi mt s i tng) nhng h thng tiu chun cc cp gp phn quan trng phc v cho qun l nh nc v kinh t-x hi v qun l sn xut kinh doanh ca cc n v c s. c bit l phc vlpkhochsnxut,nhgi,thunhnsnphmhnghacungngchonhucuca chin trng v cho i sng ca nhn dn. T sau nm 1986 n nay, t nc ang bc vo k nguynhi nhp vi khu vc v th gii;hot ng tiu chun ha c bc chuyn bin c bn:xy dng tiu chun theo thng l quc t;hu ht cc tiu chun khng bt buc p dng nhng l c s quan trng (do tnh khoa hc ca n) cho nhiu la chn t sn xut - kinh doanh ti tha thun v hp tc trong thng mi, u t. Tiu chun phi st hp vi thc t nhng l thc t ca s sng to, vn ln. Do , tiu chun phi c xy dng trn c s cc t i n b vkhoahc- cngngh, phi mbonngcaocht l ngvsccnht ranhca sn phm,dch v.Quchi t hngqua, cngbLut Ti uchunvQuychunkt hut c hi ul ct ngy01/ 01/ 2007. Cngvi duyt r, pht t ri nkhixydngcct i u chun( gmTi uchunqucgi a- TCVNvTi uchuncs- TCCS) , st i nhnh xydng, cngbccQuychunkt hut ( gmQuychunkt hut qucgi a-QCVNvQuychunkt hut aphng- QCP) . Cnl umi quanhgi at i u chun v quy chun k t hut : Ti u ch unl quynhvct nhkt hut vyucuqunl dngl m chunphnl oi , nhgi snphm, hngho, dchv, qut rnh, mi t r ngv cci t ngkhct ronghot ngki nht - xhi nhmnngcaocht l ngv hi u qu ca cc it ng ny.Tiu chun do mtt chc cng b di dng vn bn t nguyn p dng. Hot ng t rong l nh vc t iu chun l vi c xydng,cng b v p dng t i u chun,nh gi s ph hp vit i u chun. Quy chu nk t h ut l quynhvmcgi ihncact nhkt hut v yucuqunl msnphm, hngho, dchv, qut rnh, mi t r ngvccit ngkhct ronghot ngki nht - xhi phi t unt hbomant on, v si nh,sc kho con ngi ;bo v ng vt ,t hc vt ,mit rng;bo v lich v an ninh quc gi a,quyn l i ca ngit i u dng v cc yu cu t hi tyu khc. 32 Quychunkt hut docquannhncct hmquynbanhnhdi dng vnbnbt bucpdng. Hot ngt ronglnhvcquychunkt hut l vi c xydng, banhnhvpdngquychunkt hut , nhgi sphhpvi quy chun k t hutTiuchunkhngbt bucpdngnhngnlcskhoahcphict un th t rong xy dng v cng b cc quy chun k t hut . Tiu chun quc gia ( TCVN)do B t rng B Khoa hc v Cng ngh xtduyt , cng b t rn c s cc d t ho do cc ngnh hay cc t chc, c nhn ngh. Tiu chun c s ( TCCS)do Th t rng cc n v c s xtduyt , cng b v ng k vi c quan qun l nh nc. Quy chun k t hutquc gia (QCVN)doccBt rnghayTht rngcccquanngangBxt duyt ,cngbsau khi c B Khoa hc v Cng ngh t hm xt . Quy chun k t huta phng (QCP)do Cht chUBNDTnh,Thnhpht rct hucTrungngxt duyt ,cngbsaukhic B ch qun, ngnh tng ng t hm xt . Vnl nt rachohot ngt i uchunhani chungvchoxydng,cngbccTi uchunkt hut nht l ccTCVNni ri ngl : Lmt hno t rongmt t hi gi anngn( t i nm2010- 2015) ccmt ht hngt i uchun qucgi a( TCVN) chocci t ngqunl ( snphm- hngha- dchv, qu t rnh,mit rng. . . )c nidung quynh t ng t hch viyu cu phtt ri n ki nh t -x hiv l c s t i n hnh ccm phn,t ha t hun song phng v a phng vt hngmi , hpt cut vcchot ngkhccl i nquan. Trongkhi phi xemxt , hybhocbsung, nngcphngnghnccTCVNbanhnhkhng cnt hchhp, phi t inhnhnghi ncu, xydng, cngbhngnghnccTCVN mi. yl khi l ngcngvicl n, phct p, phi t inhnhkhnt rngnhng vnphi mbocht l ngcabnt hnt ngt i uchun( khngt hsaochp nguynsi ccTi uchunQuct mt cchmymc) . Cngvi cnyi hi su t l ncvchovhuyngccngunl ccnt hi t ( nht l huyngi ng chuyngi achuynngnh, ngunt li ut hamkho, ki nhph) , sphihpcht ch gi accBqunl Ngnhvi BKhoahcvCngngh, sl mvi crt chuyn nghi p ca cc Ban K t hut .( Ngun:Vn Tnh, www. t cvn. gov. vn)1. Cc k hini m c bn 1.1. Ti uchun Cnhi unhnghat hayi t heot hi gi an, phnnhquani mkhc nhauvt i uchun. Hint i , Tchct i uchunhoquct ( I SO) ara nh ngha c nhi u quc gi a,t chc cng nhn l : Ti u ch un l t i l i u ct h i t l pbngcch t hot h un vdomtc quanph duy tnhm cun g cp nhn g quyt c,hng dnhoc c t nh chocchot ngh ock t qu hot n gsdngch ungv l pi l pl i n hmt cmct r t t t i u t r ongmt k hung cnhn htnh. 1.2. Ti uchun h o V bn cht t iu chun ho l hot ng bao gm xydngvpdng t i u chun. nh ngha y ca I SO v t iu chun ho nh sau: Ti u chu n h ol mt hot ngt h i t l pcci uk honsdng chungvl pi l pl i i vi n hngv nt hct hoct i mnnhm tc mc t r tt t iu t r ong mtk hu ng cnh nh tnh. 33 2. Mc ch ca t i uchun ho Tot hun l i chot r aoi t hngt i n( t hng hi u) :Phc v mc ch ny l nhngt i uchunvnhngha, cct hut ng, quynhcckhi u, du hi udngchung. Vdkhiut onhc, nguynt hohc, khi u t ng t rng cc b phn,chit itt rn bn v,k hiu vtli u, ngi nho,t hngnht hot ot hunl iphncng, hpt csnxut ,t ngnngsutl aong, t hunt inkhi sdng, sacha: Phcvmcch nyl cct i uchunvccchi t i t nguynvt li ui nhnhnhbul ng, ai c, vt , i nht n, t hpnhhnh( I , U, L, T) , ngc, hpi t c, bnh rng,ait ruyn ( curoa) ,cc kch t hc l p rp:bng n uin,my nh -ng knh, btsng ca phi m nh, mbov si nh, an t onchongi sdng: Phcvmcchnyl cct i uchunvmi t rungnc, khngkh, t i ngn, cct i uchunv si nh t hc phm,an t on sn phm,t hi tb ( bn l ,bp i n,my gi t ,t hang my, dngcbohl aong: knh, gng, ng, mt nphngc) . Cct i u chun l oiny t hng l btbuc t heo cc vn bn php l utt ng ng.Thcy t hn gmi t oncu: Hi nhpt i uchungiaccncxutkhuvnhpkhut oi uki nt hunl i chot hngmi t oncu( t raoi hng ho sn phm,t rao it hng t i n) . Trong nn kinh t k hoch ho, tiu chun ho c nhng mc ch chnh nh sau:Thc y p dng k t hutmi ,nng cao nng sutl ao ng x hi .n nh v nng cao chtl ng sn phm,cng t rnh. Gp phn hon t hi n t chc qun l nn ki nh t quc dn.S dng hp l t inguyn t i tkim nguyn vtli u.m bo an t on l ao ng,sc kho con ngi .Phc v t tnhu cu quc phng.Pht t ri nhpt cquct vkhoahckt hut , ymnhxut khu,hng dn nhp khu. t rnhkhuynhhngsai l mt rongt i uchunhocnnurmt sntkhng phil mc ch, l : Khng l m cho mit h gi ng htnhau mtcch khng cn t hi t .Khng a ra khun mu mi ngi p dng my mc m khng cn suy xt. Khnght hpcht l ngt i mct mt hngchvmccht i u chun c p dng r ng ri .Khngral nhhaycngbc. Ti uchunl mt t i li uct hsdng t rong hp ng hay t rong vn bn php l ut .3. it ng ca t i uchu n ho Tn ca tiu chun phn nh i t ng ca tiu chun. Ni dung mttiu chun quy nh v mti t ng hoc mt vi kha cnh ca mti t ng.

Ccchcat i uchun l sn phm ( vi n gch,bu l ng,bnh r ng,ngng) , nguynvt li u( t han, st t hp, xi mng, ct , si , ) , my mc t hi tb ( ng c t ,ng c i n,my bm,my nn kh) .Mtqu t r nh nh phng php xcnh nhi tlng ca t han, Khngphi l sn phmnhnvolng, khi uccnguynt ho hc,k hi u t on hc,du hi u ch ng, 34 4. Cc ngu y nt c ca t i u chun hohot ngt i uchunhoct i nhnhmt cchhi uqucnt unt h 07 nguyn t c nh sau:Nguynt c1: ngi nho: Tiuchunhot rcht lnginho,c nghalloit rnhngsquadngkhngcnt hit .Trongsnxut lloi b cc kiu loi, kch c, ch gi li nhng g c li cho t rc mtv t ng lai. Nguy n t c2 : Thot hun: Ti u chun ho l mthotng i hi phi c st hamgi a, hpt cbnhngcaccbncli nquan. Ni chung, khi t i n hnh cng t c t i u chun ho phic mts dung ho quyn l ica cc bn. Nguynt c3: pdng: Tiu chun ho gm hai mng l xy dng v p dng t iuchun.Vvyphilmchocct iuchuncpdng.Cnhvy,t iu chunhomiemlihiuqu.Bt cmt cquan,t chct iuchunho no nu ch ch n ban hnh s khng em li hiu qu mong mun. Nguy n t c4: Quy t nh, t hngnht : Xydngvpdngt i uchun khngphilcnocngl mt gii phpuvit . Trongnhi ut rnghpcc t i uchunxut phtt ccyucut hct nnkhngt hchi csnhtt rt uyt i . Lc, gi i phpcat i uchunl araccquyt nh t hng nhtt hc hi n. Nguy nt c5: i mi : Ti uchunhol mt gi i phpt i ut rongmtkhung cnh nhtnh.Cho nn,cc t i u chun phil un c sotxtl icho phhpvi st hayi . Trongt hct , t i uchunphi cnghi ncuv sotxtt heo nh k hay nu t hy cn t hi t . Nguy n t c6 : ngb: Trongkhi xydngt i uchuncnxemxt s ng b gi a cc l oit iu chun,cccp t i u chun,ccit ng t i u chun cl i nquan. Ngoi raphi chnsngbcakhuxydngvp dng t i u chun. Nguy n t c7 : Phpl : Ti uchunbanhnhl pdng. Tuynhi n,phng phpa t i u chun vo t hc t c khc nhau.

cc cp b,cng t y:Ti u chun c ban hnh l btbuc p dng. cpqucgi a: Qui nht i uchunl bt buchaykhuynkhchph t huc nhi u yu t .cpquct vkhuvc: Ti uchun l khuynkhchpdng. Nt r t hnhphpl khi ccbnt hot hunvi nhauhoccchpnhn t hnh t i u chun btbuc cp quc gi a hay cc cp khc. 5. Qu t r n h x ydng t i u chun t hchi nnguynt c t hat hun cat i uchunho, ngi t axydng t i u chun t heo Phng php ban k t hut .Ban k t hutt p hp cc bn quan t m nmct i uchunsont ho. Ni dung xydngt i uchunt t ccccp,cc ngnh,cc l nh vcchuyn mnu t heo nhng bc gi ng nhau,ch khc nhau nhng chit itc t h.5.1. Ban k t h ut 35 5.1.1. Ban k t h ut : Ban k t hutl mtt chc gm nhng ngi idi n choccbnquant mni t ngt i uchunhaymt nhmt i uchunv mt snphmhaymt lnhvcchuynmnnht nhsont hot i u chunchosnphmhaylnhvcchuynmn. Bndi Bankt hut l cc t iu ban v nhm cng t c.5.1.2. Th nh phnbank t h ut gmccbnquant m nit ngt iu chun. i vi t iu chun ca sn phm t hng c cc nhm quan t m sau y:Nh sn xutsn phm.Ngit i u t h hay t i u dng sn phm.Cc t chc nghi n cu khoa hc.Cc c quan ca chnh ph.Mi Bankt hut t hngct 9n20t hnhvi n. Trongbank t hut cmt uvi nt hkl ngi cacquant i uchunho. Bank t hut cat chcI SOt phpi dinccqucgi aquant mnmc t i uchun, mi nl ht hchi nynghavt hnhvi nbankt hut ( i hp, gpkin, bi uquyt y) . TchcI SOt hnhl pkhong220 bankt hut , t rongcgn200bananghot ng. Mi t chct i u chunhoqucgi akhongvi chcnvi t rmbankt hut vhngt r m t i hngngncnbbnngoi cquant i uchunhot hamgi avohotng xy dng t i u chun.5.1.3. Nh i mv caban k t hut l xydngt i uchun. Ngoi ra, cn mts nhi m v khc.Sotxt( sa i ,t hay t h)t i u chun. ngh k hoch xy dng,sotxtt i u chun.Gp cho cc d t ho t iu chun ca cc ban k t hutkhc c lin quan. Tham gi a hotng ca cc ban k t hutcp t rn hoc cp di .5.2. Qu t r nhx ydng t i uch un Qu t rnh xy dng mt t iuchun t khi bt unktt hc t hng l 5 nm hochn( vit iuchunI SO),t 3n5nm( vit iuchunqucgia),t 1n2 nm i vi TCVN. Qu t rnh xy dng t iu chun gm nhng bc ch yu sau y:5.2.1.n ghmct i uchun: Mi t p t h hay c nhn t rong t chc tiu chuncquynnghmcxydngt iuchun.Trongt chcI SO,mi qucgiat hnhvinucquynnghmcxydngt iuchunI SO. Trongcngt y,mibphn( market ing,t hit k,cungng,qunlcht lng, dch v sau khi bn, )u c quyn ngh xy dng t i u chun cng t y. 5.2.2.Phduyt k hochx y dngt i uchun: Vkhngngunl c t hchi nnhi unghmct i uchunnnt chccnquynht h t cphduyt ct hchi nt rongkhongt hi gi annht nh. Nhngcnc phduyt l t nhcpbch, ngha, mcquant m, khnngt hc hi n,cc ngun l c, 36 5.2.3. thut xem xt, sa cha, nht tr thng Son t h odt h onghl s t hout i nct i uchun. Dt honydocnhnhayt chcngh mct i uchunsont hovt rnhBankt hut . Numcxydngc phduyt khi chacdt hongh, bankt hut phi chnhramtnhm l m vi c son t ho t hay.5.2.4.Lpdt hobank t hut : Dt honghsaukhi ccct hnh vi n ban k qua t r t hnh d t ho ban k t hut .5.2.5.Gi dt hobank t hut i l y k i nr ngr i : Dt hobank t hut cgilykinrngri. Thngt hngcmt t hngbot rn phng t in t hng t in i chng mi ngi quan t m nhn c d t ho ban k t hut . Ngi t a cng n nh t hi gian mi ngi gp v ban k t hut . 5.2.6. Lpdt h ocu i cng: Cc ki nng gpc ban k t hutxem xt , khi cnct hmi ngi gpnt rnhbyvcngt holun. D t hot i uchuncsachasaukhi xemxt t t ccckinnggpl d t ho cuicng.5.2.7.Phduyt vpht hnht i uchun: Dt hocuicngvihsxy dngt iuchun( ccdt hot rc,cckinnggp,binbncccuchp, cc t i liu t ham kho,) c chuyn ln b phn c thm quyn ph duyt . 6. Cp,l oi ,h n h t hc hi ul c ca t i uchu n 6.1. Cp t i uchun Khi ni v"cpt i uchun", ngi t achnginnghn"c"cat chccngbt i uchun( cngt y, qucgi ahayquct ) vmcphmvi t hamgi angocat pt hxydngt i uchun. Tut heoquym, phm vi , t chccngb( banhnh) t i uchunmngi t achi at i uchunt hnh ra cc cp sau y:Cpquct do cc t chc t i u chun c phm vihotng t on cu cng b nh I SO,I EC,CAC,I TU,. . .Cpk huvc do cc t chc t iu chun ho khu vc cng b nhEN (t iu chun Chu u), ENELEC (t iu chun in Chu u),... Cpqucgi adocct chct i uchunqucgi acngbnhDI N ( c) ,ANSI( M) ,BSI( Anh) ,TCVN ( Vi tNam) .Cpngnhhayhidocctchctiuchunngnhhayhi(linktnhiu cng ty) cng b nh ngnh ch to t, hi th nghim vt liu,... Cpcngt y domt cngt ycngbnht i uchunhngPhili pt i u chun cng t y Si emen, . . .Cp t i u chun khng niv t nh "cao t hp" ca "chtl ng" cng nh khngphnnhmcpdngrngri . Mt t i uchuncangnhhayhi ct hcpdngrngri t inhi uqucgia, khuvc, t hmchpdng rngri t rnt ont hgi i . Trongkhi , mt t i uchunqucgi ackhi ch p dng t rong mtvit chc hay c nhn no.6.2. Phn l oit i u ch un 37 6.2.1.Ph nl oit i uchun t heo it n g Ti u chu n cbn l nhngt i uchunsdngchungchonhi u ngnh, nhi ulnhvc. Vdnhnvolng, hngsvt l , k hi u t on hc,cc t i u chun v s u t i n,cch t rnh by t i u chun.Ti uchunv snphmhngh o l cc t i u chun v ccvtt h huhnh. Vdnhnguynvt l i u: t han, st , t hp, cct hi t i t , cm chit it :bu l ng,t r c,ng c,cc my mc t hitb: t ,my ko, Ti u ch un v ccqu t r nhl t i uchunquynhccyucum mt qut rnhsnxut t hnghi mhaydchvphi t homn. Vd nh cc phng php l y mu,phn t ch, 6.2.2.Ph nl oit h eo mc ch Cct i uchunnhmmccht hngh i unht hut ngnh ngha,du hi u,k hi u quy c, . . . Cct i u chun nhmgi mbt sadngvi l nsn phm nh cc t i u chun v kch t hc,cc milp ghp, . . . Cct i uchun n hmmcch ch t l n gnhquynhccch t i u chtl ng m mtsn phm hay nguyn vtli u phitc.Cct i uchunnhmbovant onvsi nh nh quy nh ring v cc ch tiu an t on hay v sinh m sn phm phi t. y l nhng ch tiu ti t hiu m sn phm phi tho mn nhm bo v ngi tiu dng. 6.2.3.Ph nl oit h eo vait r php l ca t i u ch un Ti uchun bt bucl t i uchunmcnhnhayt chccl i n quan buc phit hc hin. Ti u ch un t ngu ynl t i uchuncsn, cnhnhayt chc t hc hi n khit hy c lich.Huht cct i uchunkhi cngbl t nguyn. Cccquanca chnhph, t chcki nht - xhi , . . . banhnhccvnbnphpl utt rong c "t ham chi u" cc t i u chun,khiy n t r t hnh btbuc. 6.3 Hi ul c ca t i uchu nXt vt nhcht phpl, ngi t achi at i uchunral m2l oi : t i uchun bt buc( mandat oryst andard) vt i uchunt nguyn( vol unt oryst andard) .i khi ngi t acnggi l "hnht hchi ulc"cat i uchunhaygi bng t nkhcl "chnht hc"v"khuynkhch". Hnht hchiul ccamt t i u chun ch ra p dng btbuc hay t nguyn. ccnccngnghi ppht t ri nhunht onbt i uchun( 100%) l t nguyn. nct at r cy, cngnhccncXHCNkhc, huht t i u chun( t rn90%) l bt buc. Thcrai uycngchl "hnht hc". N khngphnnht hccht capdngt i uchun. ccnccngnghi p,t chct i uchunhoqucgi at hngkhngphi l mt cquancaChnh ph. Vvy, ht hngcngbt i uchunt nguyn. Nucccquanca Chnhpht hycnt hit phi quynhbt buc, hat i uchunvo nidung ca mtvn bn php l ut .Trong t hc t , mtt l kh l n cc t i u chun t r t hnh "btbuc"t heo cch ny. 38 ccncangpht t ri n, cbi t l ccncqunl ki nht khoch ho, t chct i uchunhoqucgi at hngl mt cquanChnh ph( t hm cht i uchundomt bt rngkbanhnh) nnhcquynquynht tct i uchunl bt buc. Trongt hct , i uct hchi nckhngl i l mtvn khc. Vnguyntc,huht cct iuchuncamt cngt ylt iuchunbt buc. Tiu chun ngnh (hi)quc gia, khu vc hay quc t u l t nguyn.6.4. Ch p nh nt i u chun quc t t hnht i u chunquc gi a Ti uchunqucgi acxydngt nhi ungunt i li ukhcnhau. l kt qucaccchngt rnhnghi ncut i uchunt cccngt y, ccngnhv cc t i u chun quc t . 6.4.1. L do chp nhn t iu chun quc t ( TCQT)t hnh t i u chun quc gi a L dok i n ht : Ti uchunquct cnghi ncu, xydngvp dngnhiunc. Nckimnghi mt rongt hct nnkhixy dng TCQT chng t a cn t ham kho t i tkim t higi an v ki nh ph. L dohi n hp: t oi uki nt i pt huki nhnghi m, t raoi kin t hc, t raoi hngho; cct chcki nht , xhi , khoahct hng yucuccqucgi at hnhvi n"hohp" t i uchunqucgi at rnc s cc t i u chun quc t .6.4.2.Ldo k hn g dch " nguy n si "cc t i u ch un quc t Bn t hn TCQT ikhicng c nhng sail inh.Cchdi nt khcnhauvnvolnghaykhi uchci , hnh v, . . .cn phich gi it hm.Cn la chn, nu t iu chun quc t a ra nhiu phng n, gii php. Mt squynhcaTCQTkhngt hsdngct rongi uki n t rangt hi t b, nguynvt l i ucaqucgi a. Vvycnt hayi cc quy nh cho t hch hp.6.4.3. Nguyn t c khi chp nhn t iu chun quc t t hnh t iu chun quc gia Cct chcquct khuynkhchccqucgi achpnhncct i u chun quc t ,ng t hibo m cc nguyn t c sau: Chsacha,t hayicciukhoncat iuchunquct khit ht cn t hit , t rnh lm xo t rn cc iu khon ch v l do hnh thc t rnh by. Cnsdngmt phngphpt rnhbygi pphnbi t cngay nhng i u no b t hay ihay t hm vo.Numt t i uchunqucgi at ngngvi mt t i uchunquct nn ch r s hi u ca t i u chun quc t t ng ng.7. p dn g t i uch un 7.1. Kh ini m 39 Trcyngi t acquani mt ngi kht khevhot ngp dngt i uchun: " pdngt i uch unl t i nh n hccbi nph pk i nht ,k t h u t ,phpl t hch i n ccy ucuquy n ht r on gt i u chun" . Mt t i uchun" cpdng"khi not rnt ht rngkhngcn t n t inhng sn phm khc vit i u chun. Trongnnki nht t ht rng, khi ni mpdngt i uchunchi u t ngi r ngri li nhhot hn: " pdngt i u ch unl sdn gt i u chun t r ongcn gvi ch n gngy n hgi ngdy , hct p, snx ut -k i nhdoanh , qun l h nhch n h,..." . C haicch p dng t i u chun: pdngt r ct i pl sdngt rongcngvi chngngyt hngqua mt t i uchunhaymt t i li ukhc. Huht cct i uchuncngt y l pdngt r ct i p, mt scct i uchunqucgi acngcp dng t rc t ip nh n v o lng,k hi u t on, . . .pdnggi n t i pl sdngt hngquamt t i uchunhaymt t i liukhcnht iuchunquct cchpnhnt hnht iuchunquc giahayt iuchuncngt y,t iuchunqucgiac"t hamchi u"t rong cc vn bn php l utnh l utmit rng,l utl ao ng, . . . V phn ln cc t iu chun t huc loi t nguyn. Cho nn, mtt iu chun dcnidungtt cmingit nt hnhcngkhngt hcpdngy 100%. Thc t khng bao gi c t on b hng ho t heo ng t iu chun. 7.2. Phm v ip dng t i uchun Sdngt i uchunt r onghct p,gi ngdy,t r aoi t hngt i n:Cct iuchunnhnghacckhinim,t hut ng,cckhiuvit t thoc hnh v,...c s dng t rc tip t rong cc ti liu ging dy, cc cng t rnh nghin cu, cc tiu chun khc v n mang li s thng hiu chung. Sdngt i uch unt r ongqun l hnh chn h,k i nh t , x h i :t hunt i n, nginvddng"cpnht ", t hngsdng phngphp"t hamchi u"t i uchun. Ccl ut vvnbndi lutt hng"t hamchi u"ncct i uchunnhlut mi t rng, l ut v si nh sc kho,l utl ao ng, . . .Sdngt i u chun t r ongsn x ut , k i n h doan h, t hngmi :Cct i uchunt hngcsdngt rongt hi t k, t hnghi m, nh gi kt qu, t ronghpngmuabnnguynvt li u, snphm, my mct hi t b. mt nguynvt l i u, ct nhcasnphm, my mct hi t bngi t achcnt rchdnt nvsl i ucat i uchun t hay cho hng chc t rang m t hnh v.7.3. Lichmang l ido s dng t i u chun 7.3.1.Thunt i n , ngi nk h i x ydn gccv n bnphpl u t :Cct i uchuncsont hocnt hhint nht i nt i nvkh t hi . Ccvnbnphpl ut dat rnt i uchunsct nh"t hct "ngt hi l i nnh, ngi n, ddng" cpnht "khi cnt hi t ( ch cn sotxtl it i u chun,khng cn t hay ivn bn php l ut ) . 7.3.2Tngnngsu t ,gi mgi t hnhk hi t hi t k ,snx u t : S dng nguyn vt liu, chi tit, cm chi tit theo tiu chun lm cho: 40 Gim khilng t hi tk.Gim chng l oinguyn vtl i u,c sn t rn t h t rng.Gi t hnh h,gim chiph d t r,kho t ng.Tng nng sut .Gim chiph bo hnh,sa cha sn phm. 7.3.3Thunt i n,t i t k i m,ant onchongi t i udng: Ccsn phmt iuchunct nht on,cnnhciln,t ngt hchvi nhau. Thng t hng, chng c sn xuthng lott rn t h t rng.7.4. Ldo t i uchunk hng c s dng Khng bi tc t i u chun.Khng t n t hnh nidung ca t i u chun.Cho rng s dng t i u chun l khng c l i .Khng c kh nng p dng t i u chun.Ngit hay it hiquen c.7.5. Cc yu t nhhng np dng t i u ch un 7.5.1 Xydng t i u chun a.Chnmcx y dngt i uch un: mc xy dng t i u chun phixutphtt nhucu t hc t .Yucuxydngt i uchunct h xut pht t phaccnhsnxut , ngi t i udnghaycccquan caChnhph. Numcxydngt i uchunchxut pht t muncamt vi cnhn, t i uchunskhngcpdngsaukhi banhnh. Khi t hi t l pnxydngcnchrt i uchunc pdngvi vnbnphpquynochngnhnphhphayt nguyn p dng t rong cc hp ng mua bn.b.Tn hk h t hi cat i uch un: Ccquynht rongt i uchunphi t hct , ct nhkht hi. Vdnhphhpvi i uki ncngngh,nguynvt l i u, yucucakhchhng. Nut i uchunkhngphn nhnguynvngcakhchhng, nskhngcccnhsnxutp dng. c.Xy dn gt i u ch un t heonguy n t ct hot h un: Xydng t i uchunpht hucvoccbncl i nquan: nhsnxut , ngit i ut h, . . . Ti uchuncnphnnhquani mcah. Vvycn phixydngt i uchunt heophngphpBankt hut . Ti uchun cncgi i l ykinrngri , kcnhngngi khngphi l t hnh vi n Ban k t hut . 7.5.2 Phbi nt i uchun: Ti uchunchcpdngkhimi ngi bitnst nt i can. Cnsdngmi hnht hccngbr ngridanh mccct i uchunhinhnh. Hot ngnyct hchi nngaykhimi t hnhl pBankt hut , chnmcxydngt i uchunnkhi t i uchun c ban hnh. 7.5.3Sht r caChnhph: SgipcaChnhpht ot hunli pdngt iuchun.Ckhnhiut iuchunlphlccacclut : lut v sinhsckho,lut laong,lut bovmit rng, lut cht lnghng ho, .. .CccquancaChnhphlpraccbphngimst t hihnhcc lut ny. Sphihpgiacccquangimst t hihnhlut vicquant iu 41 chunlmchot iuchuncpdngt t hn. Trongmt st rnghp, cc cquancaChnhphlnhnght iut hmt lnghngholn( t rangb chobi,t rnghchaynht r, dngt rongcccngt rnht rngim,nh myin,ngdyt ruynt iin, ...) .Nucccquannysdngt iu chunqucgiat ronghpngt iut hsnphmst oramt pl clni vi hot ngpdngt i uchun. ht rccxnghipvavnhpdng t iuchun,Chnhphchovayvnhaypdngxut t huuinhmkhuyn khch h i mi cng ngh. 8. Vait r ca c qu ant i u chun quc gi a t r ong p dng t i uch un C quan tiu chun quc gia l c quan chuyn trch v tiu chun ho trong nc. Tiu chun c p dng ph thuc vo chnh c quan ny. Mt s hot ng nn lm l:8.1. ymnht uy nt r uyn ph bi nt i u chun nngis dng. 8.2. Thc y p dng t hng qua chng nhn sn phm ph hp t i u chun Chng nhn hp chun v cho php s dng du tiu chun trn sn phm l cch t t nht thcy pdng tiu chun. Du hp chun gip ngi tiu dng nhn bit sn phm ph hp tiu chun v hng dn tiu th sn phm hp chun. lm c vic ny, h thng chng nhn phi tun th mt s nguyn t c: Mcchtl ng sn phm quynh t rong t i u chun phil mc t ng icao. Nu mc cht lng sn phm thp dn n ngi tiu th khng tn nhimsnphmcchngnhn.Snphmcchngnhnkhngtiu th c khin nh sn xutcng khng mun xi n chng nhn.Tht cnhgi vt hanht rasauchngnhnphi mboccsn phmmangdul unlunphhpt i uchun. Numccht l ng t rongt i uchunt ngi caonhngcht l ngsnphmc chngnhnkhngt hcst cyucudnnmt uyt ndu hpchun. i unycngl mmt uyt ncquanchngnhn, ng t hikhng t o t hun l i cho hotng p dng t i u chun. 8.3.ot occt hy gi o,agi ot r n ht i uch unhov occ t r ng ihc v dyngh Cnphi t ochohcsinh, si nhvi nct hi quensdngt i uchun ngayt khi cnngi t rnghnht r ng. Munvy, phi ot occ t hygi ovbi nsonccgi ot rnhvt i uchunhogingdy t rongcct rngi hcvdyngh. Lcquanchuynt rchvt i u chunho, cquant i uchunqucgi acndnht hi gi an, kinhph vnhnl cchovit gi ot rnh, ot occt hygi ot rngi hc v dy ngh.C quant iuchun quc giachut rchnhimxy dngv pht hnh t iu chun quc gia,ng t hi c vai t r quan t rng a cc t iu chun vo p dng. Hiu qu p dng t iu chun t rong t hc t khngnh vai t r ca c quan t i u chun t rong xy dng v phtt ri n nn ki nh t quc dn.9.T chc t i u chunho qu c gi a v quc t 9.1.T chc t i uchu n ho quc gi a ( TCH) 42 Xt vlchsccnccngnghip,t chcTCHcngt ylrai smnht .Donhucuphihphot ng,cccngt yt rongtnglnhvcmi gomnhaulivlpracct chct iuchunholincngt ytclTCHcp hinghnghip.Sauvphihphot ngTCHcpqucgia,ct hl t hit lpnhngt iuchunpdngt rongnhiungnh,nhiulnhvct rong phm vi quc gia. Ngi t a mi lp ra t chc t iu chun ho quc gia. 9.1.1. Nhi m v ch yu ca cc t chc t i u chun ho quc gi a l : Son t ho,phthnh t i u chun quc gi a.i uho, phi hphot ngTCHcpqucgi at rnhkhng t rng l p,khng ikhng v l ich chung.idi n cho quc gi a v lnh vc TCH,t ham gi a cc hot ng TCH khu vc v quc t . Ngoira cn nhi u nhi m v khc ( c t h l m hoc khng l m) : Chngnhnsnphmphhpt i uchun, ht hngqunl chtl ng ph hp t i u chun hay cng nhn phng t h nghi m.Cung cp dch v hi u chun,kim nh dng c t hitb o lng.Thnghi m, phnt ch, xcnh, ki mt racht l ngnguynvtli u,sn phm,hng ho,t hi tb.Thng t i n, o t o v TCH. TchcTCHqucgiact hnhlpsmnht Anh( 1901)t rcchin t ranht hgiiln2.Saunm1945,ccncangpht t rincngt hnh lp cc t chc TCH quc gia. Mi nc c nhiu t chc TCH ngnh, hi,... Cc t chcTCHqucgiamnhnht ( xydng,cngbnhiut iuchun,kinh ph hotng ln, lnh vc hotng rng ri) l: c ( DI N) , Php( AFNOR) ,Anh ( BSI ) ,Nht( JI SC) ,M ( ANSl ) ,Nga ( GOST) . 9.1.2.a v ph p l ca t chc t i uchu nho quc gi a TchcTCHqucgi act hl mt t chccachnhphhocphi chnhph. TchcTCHqucgi accncpht t ri nt hngl t chc phi chnhph. Cct chcchnhphccp100%ki nhphhot ng hoct hn. Cct chcphi chnhphct hccpki nhpht heo nhng hp ng do chnh ph gi ao. 9.2. C qu an t i u ch unho Vi tn am 9.2.1 . C quan t i uchun ho quc gi a CquanTCHqucgiaVit Namct hnhlpnm1962. lVinolngvTiuchun( t hucUbanKhoahcNhnc) .Nm 1971,VinTiuchunct hnhlpt rncst chVinolngv Tiuchunralmhai: VinolngvVinTiuchun.Sau,Vin Tiuchunit nt hnhCcTiuchun( vnt hucUbanKhoahc Nhnc) .Nm1979,CcTiuchunst nhpvi3cquankhc( Cc Kimt racht lngsnphmvhngho,CcolngvVinnh chun) t hnhCcTiuchun- olng- Cht lngnhnc.Nm 1984,Ccnyit nt hnhTngccTiuchun- olng- Chtlng.NgoicquanTCHqucgia,nhiuBcnt hnhlpbphn TCH t huc cc v k t hut . 43 9.2.2.Ti u chun quc gi a Tiu chun qucgia VitNam gi l t iuchunVit Nam ( khiu TCVN) ,doBKhoahcvCngnghbanhnh.NhngTCVNut in ban hnh nm 1962. Cho n nay khong 7000 TCVN c ban hnh. Hint nt it rn5000TCVNangcnhiulc.Hinnay,minmc khong150TCVNcbanhnh.Thigianxydng1TCVNtkhibtut ikt t hct 1n2nm.Trcnm1990,t onbTCVNlbtbucpdng.Saunm1990,t heoPhplnhCht lnghngho,ch cccTCVNvmit rng, vsi nhvant onl bt buc. CcTCVN khc l t nguyn. 9.3. Cc t chc t i uchun ho quc t Tchct iuchun hoquct l t chcmmi quc giat rn t oncu c t h t hamgia.T chcTCHquct hot ngt rongnhiu lnh vc( vdnh I SO),cngct hchhot ngt rongmt lnhvc( vdCACt ronglnhvc t hcphm) .Nhngt chcTCHquct cnhiut hnhvinqucgianht l I SO, I EC, I TU, CAC,Ngoi ra cn c nhiu t chc TCH quc t khc na. 9.3.1.TchcTCHquct ( l nt er n at i onal Or gani zat i onf orSt andar di zat i on- I SO) : I SOct hnhl pnm1947vi 25t hnh vi nut i n. Ti nt hncaI SOl Li nonquct cchi t i u chunqucgi a( lnt ernat i onal Federat i onoft heNat i onal St andardi zi ng Associ at i ons- I SA) . Mct i ucaI SOl t hcypht t ri nt i uchun ho v cc hot ng l in quan nhm t o t hun l it rong t raoihng hovdchvt rnt ont hgi i , pht t ri nhpt ct rongl nhvct r t u, khoahc, cngnghvki nht . Kt quhot ngkt hut ca I SOl cct i uchunquct I SO. I SOsont hot i uchunt hng quat rn200bankt hut v700t i ubankt hut . Sl ngt i u chunI SObanhnhl t rn10ngn, baot rmhuht mi lnh vc, t rl nhvci nvi nt . Ngoi t i uchunquct , I SOcn cngbnhi uki nnghkt hut ( TR) , hngdn, cht h( guide,guideli ne) vst aypht t ri n( Devel opment Manual ) , . . . Sl ng t hnhvi nqucgi acaI SOl 118, baogm85t hnhvi nchnh t hc, 24t hnhvi nt hngt nv9t hnhvi nngk. Vi t Naml t hnh vi n I SO t nm 1977. 9.3.2.Ubani n quct ( l nt er n at i onal El ect r ot echn i calCommi t t ee- I EC) : I ECcthnh lpvo nm1906.McchcaI EC l thc y s hp t c quc t v TCH t rong lnh vc in, in t v cc vn lin quan. 9.3.3. U ban TCH t hc phm ( Codex Ali ment ar ius Commission - CAC) : CACdot chcNnglngt hgi i FAOvt chcyt t hgi i WHO t hnhl pnm1962. Mct i uhot ngcaCACl t hcyTCH t rongl nhvct hcphmt rnt ont hgi i nhmki msot cht ch qu t rnh nuit r