AP MACROECONOMICS Inflation. Measuring the Cost of Living Inflation ( π ) occurs when the economy’s overall price level is rising. Inflation Rate

AP MACROECONOMICS

Inflation

Measuring the Cost of Living Inflation (π)

occurs when the economy’s overall price level is rising.

Inflation Rate (π%) the percentage change in the price level

from one time period to another.

THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX The consumer price index (CPI) is a

measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the CPI each month.

It is used to monitor changes in the cost of living over time.

THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX When the CPI rises, the typical family

has to spend more dollars to maintain the same standard of living.

How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated

Fix the Basket: Determine what prices are most important to the typical consumer. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) identifies a market basket of

goods and services the typical consumer buys. What goods and services does the CPI cover? The CPI represents all goods and services purchased for consumption by the

reference population (U or W) BLS has classified all expenditure items into more than 200 categories, arranged into eight major groups. Major groups and examples of categories in each are as follows: FOOD AND BEVERAGES (breakfast cereal, milk, coffee, chicken, wine, full service meals, snacks) HOUSING (rent of primary residence, owners' equivalent rent, fuel oil, bedroom furniture) APPAREL (men's shirts and sweaters, women's dresses, jewelry) TRANSPORTATION (new vehicles, airline fares, gasoline, motor vehicle insurance) MEDICAL CARE (prescription drugs and medical supplies, physicians' services, eyeglasses and eye care,

hospital services) RECREATION (televisions, toys, pets and pet products, sports equipment, admissions); EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION (college tuition, postage, telephone services, computer software and

accessories); OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES (tobacco and smoking products, haircuts and other personal services,

funeral expenses).

The BLS conducts monthly consumer surveys to set the weights for the prices of those goods and services.


Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time.


Compute the Basket’s Cost: Use the data on prices to calculate the cost of the basket of goods and services at different times.


Choose a Base Year and Compute the Index: Designate one year as the base year,

making it the benchmark against which other years are compared.

Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.


Compute the inflation rate: (π%)

The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period.


The Inflation Rate (π%) The inflation rate is calculated as follows:

In fla tio n R ate in Y ear 2 =C P I in Y ea r 2 - C P I in Y ea r 1

C P I in Y ea r 1 1 0 0

Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: An Example

Copyright©2004 South-Western










Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation Rate: Another Example Base Year is 2002. Basket of goods in 2002 costs $1,200. The same basket in 2004 costs $1,236. CPI = ($1,236/$1,200) 100 = 103. Prices increased 3 percent between 2002 and

2004.

The GDP Deflator versus the Consumer Price Index

The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:

G D P d efla to r =N o m in a l G D P

R eal G D P 1 0 0


Economists and policymakers monitor both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index to gauge how quickly prices are rising.

There are two important differences between the indexes that can cause them to diverge.


The GDP deflator reflects the prices of all goods and services produced domestically, whereas...

…the consumer price index reflects the prices of all goods and services bought by consumers.


The consumer price index compares the price of a fixed basket of goods and services to the price of the basket in the base year (only occasionally does the BLS change the basket)...

…whereas the GDP deflator compares the price of currently produced goods and services to the price of the same goods and services in the base year.

Two Measures of Inflation

1965

Percentper Year

15

CPI

GDP deflator

10

5

01970 1975 1980 1985 1990 20001995


CORRECTING ECONOMIC VARIABLES FOR THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION Price indexes are used to correct for the

effects of inflation when comparing dollar figures from different times.

Dollar Figures from Different Times

Do the following to convert (inflate) Babe Ruth’s wages in 1931 to dollars in 2001:

S ala ry S a la ryP rice lev e l in 2 0 0 1

P rice lev e l in 1 9 3 12 0 0 1 1 9 3 1

$ 8 0 ,.

$ 9 3 1,

0 0 01 7 7

1 5 2

5 7 9

The Most Popular Movies of All Times, Inflation Adjusted


Indexation

When some dollar amount is automatically corrected for inflation by law or contract, the amount is said to be indexed for inflation.

Real (r%) and Nominal Interest (i%) Rates

The nominal interest (i%) rate is the interest rate usually reported and not corrected for inflation (π%). It is the interest rate that a bank pays.

The real interest rate (r%) is the nominal interest rate that is corrected for the effects of inflation (π%).

Real (r%) and Nominal Interest (i%) Rates

You borrowed $1,000 for one year. Nominal interest rate was 15%. During the year inflation was 10%.Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate –

Inflation

r% = i% - π%r% = 15% - 10%

r% = 5%

Real and Nominal Interest Rates

1965

Interest Rates(percentper year)

15

Real interest rate

10

5

0

–51970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Nominal interest rate


Inflation

Unanticipated Inflation Because not everyone is hurt by inflation,

economists have to look at real income The people hurt by unanticipated inflation are

those whose incomes don’t keep up with rising prices Professionals do well because they can adjust prices Business owners can also adjust prices Workers in unions do well because they receie COLA

increase Those hardest hit are those on fixed incomes and savers Banks also are hurt because they are paid back with

money that is worth less

Adjusting for inflation

Many contracts have COLA clauses, but they may not keep up

Banks try to protect themselves by working the ROI into the cost of the loan

Economists are also concerned about the future, so they look at how fast the ROI will double Rule of 70

70/ROI=@ number of years prices will double

Types of Inflation

Demand-pull Spending increases faster that production

“too much spending chasing too few good”

Cost-push or supply-side inflation Prices rise because of a rise in per unit

production costs (wages from unions; supply shocks)

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AP MACROECONOMICS Inflation. Measuring the Cost of Living Inflation ( π ) occurs when the economy’s overall price level is rising. Inflation Rate