10/9/17  

1  

Part I

�  Theory of Mercantilism drove colonization

�  According to the theory of Mercantilism, a nation could increase its wealth and power in two ways: �  By obtaining as much gold

and silver as possible �  By establishing a favorable

balance of trade (sell more goods than it bought)

�  The ultimate goal was to become self-sufficient

�  The key to this process was the establishment of colonies �  Colonies provided access to

raw materials that could not be found in the home country

�  Colonies provided markets to sell finished products

� By the mid-1600s the American colonies exported to England large amounts of raw materials and staples (lumber, furs, fish, and tobacco)

�  Colonists bought finished English goods (furniture, utensils, books, and china)

� However, not all colonial exports ended up on English docks

�  Lumber, tobacco, and other raw materials also were shipped to Spain, France, and Holland

�  In 1651, England’s Parliament moved to tighten control of colonial trade by passing a series of measures known as the Navigation Acts �  No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods

were shipped in either colonial or English ships �  All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least

three-quarters English or colonial �  The colonies could export certain products, including tobacco

and sugar – and later rice, molasses, and furs – only to England

�  Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port

�  By restricting trade the acts benefited both England and the colonies �  Led to a boom in the colonial shipbuilding industry �  Led to increase in jobs for English dockworkers �  Led to increased revenue for the English treasury from

import taxes

Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies

10/9/17  

2  

New York

New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony

" Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

" 1664 à English soldiers arrived §  Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.

§  Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot

" Renamed “New York” §  England gained strategic harbor between her northern &

southern colonies (trade)

§  England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

§  Launching pad for military operations against the French

Duke of York’s Original Charter

New York and Rights

" Respect religious toleration " Reduction of rights

§  Ended the practice of allowing women to conduct business in their own name and restricted the inheritance of property

§  More restrictive attitude towards blacks; expelled many from skilled jobs

Hudson River Aristocrats in Colonial New York

   

" Awarding of Land Grants §  Favorites of Duke and

Appointed Governors §  160,000 acres to Robert

Livingston and 90,000 to Frederick Philipse

§  By 1700 2 million acres were owned by 5 families

§  Frequent marriages among these wealthy families led to considerable political influence

" Reduction of rights §  Ended the practice of allowing

women to conduct business in their own name and restricted the inheritance of property

§  More restrictive attitude towards blacks; expelled many from skilled jobs

10/9/17  

3  

New York and Indians

" Sir Edmund Andros, governor, formed an alliance with the Iroquois nations à Covenant Chain (1670s) §  Cleared New York of rival tribes and assisted British in

attacks on the French and their Indian allies

§  Recognized Iroquois claim over native tribes stretching to the Ohio River Valley

Charter of Liberties " 1683 à Duke calls for an elected assembly " Draft the Charter of Liberties and Privileges

§  Elections be held every 3 years §  Male property owners and freeman could vote

§  Reaffirmed trial by jury and the security of property

§  Religious toleration for all Protestants

The Carolinas

The West Indies à Way Station to Mainland America

" 1663 à The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Proprietors] §  Colony north of Florida

§  Barrier to Spanish Expansion

§  They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

§  Proprietors hope to make money by renting and selling land

The West Indies à Way Station to Mainland America

" 1670 à a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina. §  Were squeezed out by sugar barons.

§  Brought a few black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them.

10/9/17  

4  

Colonizing the Carolinas " Carolina developed close economic ties to the West

Indies. §  Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West

Indies.

§  They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some to New England].

" 1707 à Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA. §  PA promised better relations with whites.

§  Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could leave à bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.

" 1715 à Yamasee and Creek rebel à uprising crushed most enslaved others flee to Spanish Florida §  .

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina " 1669 à Proprietors proposed a feudal society with

hereditary nobility, serfs, and slaves

" Elected assembly and religious toleration

" Generous headright system §  150 acres for each family member and 100 acres to male

servants who completed their terms of servitude

" Slavery, not feudalism, made Carolina a hierarchical society

Port of Charles Town, SC

" Founded 1680

" Became the busiest port in the South.

" City with aristocratic feel.

" Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.

" Early economy centered on cattle trade with local Indians

" Discovery of rice (primary export) §  Spurred the growth of the Carolinas

§  Made planters the wealthiest elite in English North America

§  Epicenter of mainland slavery

§  Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves

§  These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria

" By 1710 à black slaves were a majority in Carolina

The Economy

American Long Grain Rice

" Eliza Lucas develops Indigo à 1740 " Indigo used to dye textiles

Rice & Indigo Exports from SC & GA: 1698-1775

10/9/17  

5  

Conflict With Spanish Florida

" Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.

" Anglo-Spanish Wars §  The Spanish conducted border raids on Carolina.

§  Either inciting local Native Americans to attack or attacking themselves.

" By 1700 à Carolina was too strong to be wiped out by the Spanish!

The Emergence of North Carolina " Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA

§  VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members

§  Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina Ø  Poor farmers with little need for slaves

Ø  Religious dissenters

" Distinctive traits of North Carolinians §  Irreligious & hospitable to pirates

§  Strong spirit of resistance to authority

The Carolinas Split " South Carolina more prosperous thanks to

fertile farmland and a good harbor

" Tensions develop between wealth planters in the south and small farmers in the north

" 1712 à NC officially separated from SC

" Carolina split into two colonies (1729)

Pennsylvania

The Quakers " Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense

religious practices

" Quakers believed that people had an “inner light” that could guide them to salvation

" They offended religious & secular leaders in England §  Refused to pay taxes to support the Church

of England

§  They met without paid clergy

§  Believed all were children of Godà refused to treat the upper classes with deference. Ø  Keep hats on.

Ø  Addressed them as commoners à ”thees”/“thous.”

Ø Wouldn’t take oaths.

Ø  Pacifists.

" Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executed for their beliefs

"

10/9/17  

6  

" Aristocratic Englishman.

" 1660 – attracted to the Quaker faith

" Embraced Quakerism after military service

" 1681 à he received a grant from king to establish a colony §  This settled a debt the king owed his father

§  Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”]

§  Refuge from religious persecution

§  Colonists and Indians could coexist in harmony

William Penn " He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers à his

pamphlets were pretty honest §  Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants

Penn & Native Americans " Bought [didn’t simply take] land from

Indians

" Quakers went among the Indians unarmed

" BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA §  Treated native peoples poorly

§  This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

Government of Pennsylvania

" Representative assembly elected by landowner " No tax-supported church

" Freedom of worship guaranteed to all

" Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English government

" Death penalty only for treason & murder §  Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

Pennsylvanian Society " Attracted many different people

§  Religious misfits from other colonies

§  Many different ethnic groups

" No provision for military defense

" No restrictions on immigration

" No slavery!!

" “Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] à against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, swearing, drunkenness, adultery, etc.

A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

Urban Population Growth 1650 - 1775

10/9/17  

7  

New Jersey

New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor " 1664 à aristocratic

proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York.

" Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ. §  1674 à West NJ sold to

Quakers.

§  East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers.

" 1702 à E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

West Jersey Concessions (1677) " Elected assembly with broad suffrage

" Religious liberty

" Divided proprietors investment into 100 shares §  To encourage a society of small farmers

Part II

�  Incessant  Demand  for  Labor    �  Advantages    

�  Could  not  claim  protections  of  English  Law  �  Terms  never  expired    �  Escape  difficult  (skin  color,  not  on  native  land)  �  Immune  to  disease    �  Used  to  hard  labor  (Africa  and  the  West  Indies)  

10/9/17  

8  

�  Slaves  cost  more    �  High  death  rates    �  4,500  slaves  in  the  Chesapeake  colonies  (1680)  

�  Barred  blacks  from  serving  in  the  militia  (Virginia  –  1620s)  

�  Poll  tax  levied  on  black  women  (1643)  �  Free  backs  could  sue,  testify  in  court,  some  bought  land,  and  purchase  slaves  or  servants    

�  Offspring  of  a  slave  and  a  white  determined  by  mother’s  race  (Virginia  -­‐1662)  

�  Religious  conversion  did  release  a  slave  from  bondage  (Virginia  –  1667)  

"   Late 1600s à large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area. §  Little access to land or women for marriage.

" 1670 à The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!

Frustrated Freemen "   Led 1,000 Virginians in a

rebellion against Governor Berkeley §  Rebels resented

Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. Ø  Berkeley monopolized

the fur trade with the Indians in the area.

Ø  Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon

Governor William Berkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

"   Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.

"   Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.

"   They burned the capital. §  Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.

" Bacon suddenly died of fever.

" Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s Rebellion

10/9/17  

9  

Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line”

"   It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. §  Socio-economic class differences/clashes between

rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history.

" Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel à BLACK SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Rebellion

Part III

"  Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.

" Metacom [King Philip to white settlers] §  Massasoit’s son united

Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.

§  Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676)

" The war ended in failure for the Indians §  Native American resistance eventually ended due to food

shortages, disease, heavy casualties, and military aid from some Indian tribes

§  Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered

§  His son and wife sold into slavery

§  Never a serious threat in New England again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676)

10/9/17  

10  

�  A number of colonists who resented the Navigation Acts continued to smuggle or trade illegally

�  In 1684, after failing to persuade Massachusetts to obey English laws, King Charles II, revoked its charter

�  In 1685, King James II, placed the northern colonies under a single ruler in Boston

�  By 1688, all the land from southern Maine to New Jersey was united into one colony, the Dominion of New England

�  James choose Sir Edmund Andros, to rule the colony

�  Andros from an aristocratic family soon managed to make thousands of enemies �  Questioned the lawfulness

of the Puritans religion �  Made it clear he would

enforce the Navigation Acts and prosecute smugglers

�  Restricted local assemblies and levied taxes without input from local leaders

�  Unlike Charles, James flaunted his Catholic faith

�  He further angered his subjects by suspending laws at whim and appointing Catholics to high office

�  Many English Protestants feared James would restore the Roman Catholic Church

�  In 1688, Parliament invited James’s Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband William III of Orange to become the rulers of England

�  When William and Mary landed with their army James fled to France

�  This bloodless overthrow is known as the Glorious Revolution

10/9/17  

11  

�  Upon hearing about the Glorious Revolution colonists staged their own rebellion

�  They arrested Andros and his advisors

�  Parliament restored the original status of the northern colonies

�  Crown issued a new Massachusetts’s charter with the following changes (1691): �  Called for the king to appoint

the governor �  Voting based on property

ownership not church membership

�  Required more religious toleration and more non-Puritan representation in the colonial assembly

�  Maryland’s Protestant Association overthrows government of Lord Baltimore (1689)

�  William revokes Maryland’s charter

�  Established a new Protestant-dominated government

�  Catholics could not vote or hold office

�  Proprietorship restored after Baltimore's family converts to Anglicanism (1715)

�     

�  Led by Captain Jacob Leisler, an armed mob seized Fort James

�  Lesiler becomes the leader of the new government ; his brief reign was highly contentious �  Supported by the Dutch working class and others

who resented James II’s Catholic monarchy, and especially by those who championed representational government

�  Resented by men of power and wealth �  Leisler's rule was short-lived. A new governor was

dispatched by William III (1691) �  Leisler was convicted of treason and hung, and then

beheaded (1691)

q The  Salem  Witch  Trials  took  place  in  Salem,  Massachusetts  from  March  to  September  1693,  was  one  of  the  most  notorious  episodes  in  

early  American  history  q Based  on  the  accusations  of  two  young  girls,  Elizabeth  Parris  and  

Abigail  Williams    q Under  British  law  and  Puritan  society  those  who  were  accused  of  

consorting  with  the  devil  were  considered  felons,  having  committed  a  crime  against  their  government.  The  punishment  was  hanging  

q 19  hung,  1  pressed,  55  confessed  as  witches  and  150  awaited  trial  q Shows  the  strictness  of  Puritan  society  

q Shows  how  a  rumor  can  cause  hysteria  even  to  illogical  thinking  q Later,  many  people  involved  admitted  the  trials  &  executions  had  been  

mistake  

Causes q disapproval  of  Reverend  Parris  

q land  disputes  between  families  

q Indian  taught  witchcraft  to  girls  

q Girls  caught  dancing,  began  to  throw  fits  and  accuse  people  of  bewitching    (To  put  under  one's  power  by  magic  or  cast  a  spell  

over)  them  to  not  get  in  trouble    A Documentary

10/9/17  

12  

�  A.  The  accused  were  not  allowed  to  testify  on  their  own  behalf.    

�  B.  The  courts  frequently  allowed  spectral  evidence  (claims  of  what  was  occurring  in  the  spiritual  world).  

�  C.  The  courts  always  tried  to  find  a  natural  answer  before  they  turned  to  the  spiritual  or  supernatural  world.  

�  D.  The  court  trials  were  held  in  private  and  conducted  by  a  secret  tribunal    

�  E.  The  accused  was  never  faced  by  his  or  her  accusers.  

Part IV

�  Remarkable Growth �  High birth rate �  Continuing immigration

�  Population �  265,000 (1700) �  2.3 million (1770)      

10/9/17  

13  

�  90 percent of white population of English origin (1700)

�  African and non English arrivals skyrocketed �  English emigration declined

�  Economy improves in England �  Government concerned about labor drain

�  40 percent of immigrants were indentured servants

�  Professionals and skilled craftsmen – teachers, ministers, weavers, carpenters    

�  80,000 migrants from the England, mostly convicts (50,000) sent to work in the tobacco fields

�  145,000 migrants from Scotland and Ulster (northern Ireland), mostly Presbyterians, included poor farmers, merchants, teachers, and professionals

�  110,000  newcomers  �  Largest  group  of  migrants  from  Europe  

�  Motivation    �  Escaping  religious  

persecution    �  Persistent  agricultural  

crisis    �  Difficulty  in  acquiring  

land  �  “Redemptioners”  (families  of  indentured  servants)  

�  Settled  in  rural  New  York,  western  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Southern  backcountry  

We find there Lutherans, Reformed, Catholics, Quakers, Menonists, or Anabaptists, Herrnhuters, or Moravian Brethren, Pietists, Seventh Day Baptists, Dunkers, Presbrytarians…Jews, Mohammedans, Pagans.“ - A Pennsylvania Visitor (1750)

�  British America not a “melting pot”

�  Ethnic groups worshiped in homogenous communities

�  Most churches Congregational (New England) or Anglican (1700)

�  Anglican churches expanded, number of dissenting congregations also multiplied

10/9/17  

14  

�  The New England colonists were largely Puritans, who led very strict lives

�  The Middle colonists were a mixture of religions, including Quakers (led by William Penn), Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others

�  The Southern colonists had a mixture of religions as well, including Baptists and Anglicans

Religious  diversity  by  

1775  

�  Outside of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island no modern separation of church and state �  Levied taxes to pay

the salaries of ministers

�  Barred Catholics and Jews from voting or holding office

�  Indians integrated into British imperial system � Warriors � Accustomed to European products

� Alcohol causes social chaos � Differing viewpoints

� Traders – profits � British officials – allies against Spanish and

French �  Famers and Planters – an obstruction to

their desire for land

 

�  Lenni Lenape Indians agree to cede a tract of land equivalent to the distance a man could walk in 36 hours

�  Governor James Logan hired a team of swift runners who marked area greater than the Indians expected

“that the white people had abused them taken their lands from them, and therefore they had no reason to think that they were now concerned for their happiness” – Susquehanna Indians

10/9/17  

15  

�  Distinct economic and social orders

�  New England and The Backcountry �  Small farms tilled by family

labor �  Geared toward production

for local consumption �  Middle Colonies (Older Portions)

�  Growing grain for both their own use and for sale abroad

�  Enlisted family members, paid laborers, tenants, and some slaves

�  The growth of New York lagged behind that of neighboring colonies

�  Pennsylvania became know as the “the best poor man’s country”

�  Great Britain surpasses the Dutch as the leading producer of inexpensive consumer and manufactured goods

�  American shops proliferate �  Newspapers filed with advertisements for British

goods

�  Colonies overwhelmingly agricultural

�  9/10 of the colonists resided in rural areas and made their living farming

�  Initially cities served as gathering places for agricultural goods and for imported items to be distributed to the countryside

�  Expansion of trade encouraged the development of port cities

�  Philadelphia “the capital of the New World” with 30,000 people (1770) �  Financial, commercial, and

cultural center of British America

   

�  Furniture makers, jewelers, silversmiths, weavers, blacksmiths, coopers, and construction workers

�  Owned their own tools �  Labored in a small workshop �  Assisted by family, journeymen, and

apprentices �  Artisans far greater degree of

economic freedom than those dependent on others for their livelihood

�  Myer Myers (1723-1795) a Jewish silversmith �  Became a prominent New York

artisan �  Produced jewelry, candlesticks,

coffeepots, tableware and other items for the elite and religious ornaments for churches and synagogues

 

�  Create a mental map illustrating the Atlantic Trade between the colonies, the West Indies, and Europe

�  Draw a free handed map that covers British America , the West Indies, and Europe

�  Use the map to take notes as a graphic organizer. THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PART! (If you are writing about rum then you notes should be over the West Indies, OR have a line drawn from the dialog box to the area)

�  Map what is moving �  Use lines, symbols, words, color to develop your map –

MAKE A KEY

Due Tuesday September 28, 2010 upload to Archie

Part V

10/9/17  

16  

�  Not  as  powerful  or  wealthy  as  elite  in  England  

�  Dominated  politics  and  society    �  The  “cousinocracy”  governed  in  

Virginia    �  Gentry  controlled  the  vestries  �  County  courts    

�  New  England  and  Middle  Colonies    �  Expanding  trade  –  upper  class  of  

merchants    �  Chesapeake  and  Lower  South    

�  Slave  plantations  owners  producing  staple  crops    

�  Colonial  Proprietors    �  Wealth  acquired  through  

inheritance  �  Anglicization    �  Richest  10  percent  controlled  ½  

wealth  (1750)  

�  Richest  group  in  the  mainland  colonies  �  Summered  in  Newport,  RI    �  Charlestown  richest  city  in  British  North  America  �   Social  life    

�  Theaters,  literary  societies,  and  social  events  �  Important  furniture,  fine  wines,  silk  clothing,  and  other    

items    �  Wealth    

�  Charlestown  District  per  capita  wealth  2300  pounds  (1774)  �  4X  Greater  than  tobacco  areas  of  Virginia  ,  8X  greater  than  

Philadelphia  or  Boston  �  Wealth  concentrated  richest  10  percent  owned  ½  of  wealth,  

poorest  quarter  less  than  2  percent    

�  Access  to  land  diminished  due  to  population  growth    �  The  number  of  tenants  and  wage  laborers  increases  in  the  middle  colonies    

�  Propertyless    wage  earners  �  Boston  1/3  (1771)  �  Augusta  County,  VA  2/3  of  white  men  owned  no  property    (1760s)    

�  Better  classes  viewed  the  poor  as  lazy,  shiftless,  and  responsible  for  their  own  plight  

�  American  Husbandry  reported  “little  freeholders  who  own  their  own  property”  in  northern  colonies  and  non  plantation  areas  of  the  South  made  up  the  majority  of  British  America    

�  2/3  of  free  male  population  were  farmers  who  owned  land  

10/9/17  

17  

�  Household  economy  �  Family  the  center  of  

economic  life    �  Men,  women,  and  children  

contributed  to  the  family  livelihood  

�  Women  �  Good  wives  and  mothers  �  Cooking  cleaning,  sewing,  

making  butter,  and  assisting  with  agricultural  chores  

�  “Women’s  work  is  never  done”  

�  “I  am  dirty  and  distressed,  and  almost  wearied  to  death…is  fourty  years  since  I  left  my  father’s  house  and  come  here,  and  here  have  I  seen  little  else  but  hard  labor  and  sorrow  –  Mary  Cooper  (1769)