8/3/2019 Appendic C

1/6

A p p e n d i x CC o s m i c R a y E x p e r i m e n t s o fP a s t a n d P r e s e n tC.1 C o s m i c R a y G r o u n d L e v e l F a c i l i t i e sC . 1 . 1 C o m m e n t s t o T a b l e sIn th e fol lowing we presen t som e l i s ts of d i f ferent types of gro un d b asedcosmic r ay exp er ime nt s o f the pas t and p resen t .

In Tab le C.1 we presen t an extensive l i s t of a i r show er ar rays. Th e al t i -t u d es o f t h e a r r ay s a r e li s ted t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e co r r e sp o n d i n g a t m o sp h e r i cd ep t h s . T h e l a t t e r a r e in m o s t c a se s t h e v e r ti c a l a t m o sp h e r i c d ep t h s , h o w -ever, som et imes au th or s ma y spec i fy a d i ff e ren t va lue in d i ff e ren t pub l i ca t ionsfo r the same a r r ay . The r eason fo r these d i sc repanc ies i s tha t in some casesau thor s cons ider the s l an t dep th fo r the average near ver t i ca l shower , e .g . ,,,~ 15 ~ as com pa red to the de pth for per fect ly v er t ical showers th at are theexcep t ion .

I n T ab le s C .2 w e l is t m a j o r g a m m a r ay a ir Ch e ren k o v d e t ec to r s . M an yare nar row-beam de tec to r s , some a re s t e reo type ins t a l l a t ions , some t e l e -scope a r r ays , and some a re hybr id type de tec to r s . A r ecen t l i s t and de ta i l eddescr ip t ion o f nar ro w-b eam Cherenko v expe r imen t s is g iven by Bh a t (1997).

In Tab le C.3 we l i s t emuls ion chamber exper iment s and the i r loca t ions .In Tab le C.4 we l i s t some ba l loon spec t rometer exper iment s , t he year s o f

the f l igh t s , t he loca t ions and a l t i tudes f rom where the l aunches took p lace ,t h e r an g e o f a l t i tu d es w h e r e t h e d a t a w e re t ak en an d t h e p a r t ic l e s t h a t w e reunder inves t iga t ion ( the l i s t i s incomple te ) .

1055

8/3/2019 Appendic C

2/6

1056C . 1 . 2

APPENDIX C. COSMIC RA Y EX PERIMENTS

E A S A r r a y S i t e s o f P a s t a n d P r e s e n tTable C .1" L is t o f EAS Array S i tes o f Pa s t and Presen t .

Name, Place, Country(nearest major city)AGASA, see AkenoAgassiz, (Boston) USA(I)Akeno, (Kofu), JapanANI/Aragatz, (Erevan), Armenia (2)Auger, (Malargue), Arge ntina (2)Bagn~res de Bigorre, FranceBaksan, Kabardian-Balkarian Rep., RussiaBuckland Park, (Adelide), SA, AustraliaCASA-BLANCA, (Dugway), Utah, USACASA-MIA, (Dugway), Utah, USAChacaltaya, (La Paz), BoliviaCornell, (Ithaca), NY, USA(I)Cygnu s, (L os Alamos), NM , USADugway, UT, USAD urham , Eng land (I)EAS -TOP, Gran Sasso, I ta lyEAS -1000, (Alma Ata), K aza kh stan (2)Echo Lake, Colorado, US A (1)E1 Alto, (La Paz), Bolivia(I)Ev ans, M t., C olorado, U SA (I)Fly's Eye 1, (Dugway), Utah, USAFly's Eye 2, (Dugway), Utah, USAGA SP, (Cherenkov) S out h Po le (3)GRAND, (South Bend), Indiana, USAGREX, Haverah Park, (Leeds), EnglandGulmarg, (Srinagar), Kashmir, India(l)Ha verah Park , (Leeds), Eng land (I)HEGRA, La Palma, Canary Is landsHomestake, South Dakota, USA (surface)Issik-Ku l Lake, (Alma A ta), K aza khs tan (2)JANZOS, New ZealandKASCADE, Karlsruhe, GermanyKiel, G erm any (1)

Altitudea.s.1.m183900

325014694561700s.1.143514355230260

22201450

602005500

326042004300158514352834200

2122743

212220048816001640110

s.1.

AtmosphericDepthg / c m 2

1020930695800965820103387087053099880086502582097071563061586087068 81018

1018740

101880097884584010221033

8/3/2019 Appendic C

3/6

C .1. C O S M I C R A Y G R O U N D L E V E L F A C I LI T IE S 1057Tab le C .1" L i s t o f EA S A rray S i t e s o f Pas t a nd P resen t (con t inued ) .Name, Place, Country(nearest major ci ty)

Kobe, JapanKGF, Kolar Gold Fie lds , (Karnataka) , Ind iaLiang W ang, Mt. , Y un-Nan, China (2)Lodz , Po landMILARGO, (Los Alamos), N.M., U.S.A.Moscow, RussiaMusala Mountain, Bulgaria(I)NASCA, see AkenoNorikura , Mt . , (Matsumoto) , JapanOhya, (Nikko), JapanOotacamund, (Mysor), IndiaPamir, Tadzhikistan (new Stat ion)Pic du Midi, Py renees, France (i)P la teau Rosa , I ta lySamarkand , Uzbekis tanSPASE, South Pole (Antarct ica)SPIC A, see AkenoSU GA R, (Narrabr i ), Aust ra l ia (i)Sulphur Mountain, Alberta, Canada(I)Sydney, Austral iaTibet , Yangbaj ing, (Lhasa), CMnaTien Shah , (Alma Ata) , KazakhstanTokyo, IN S, Ja pan (i)Tun ka V alley, near Baikal Lake, R ussiaUMC a r ray , see CASA/MIA/F ly ' s EyeVerri~res (Par is), Franc e (1)Volcano R anch, (Albuquerque), N.M., USA (i)Yakutsk, Siberia , Russia

Alt i tudem

8.1.920

2700230

2630192

29252770

1492200438028553500

7502834

26 02285

3O43703340

5968O100

1768105

AtmosphericD e p t hg / c m 21033

920745

1000747

1020713750

10208OO596729675958688 (3)

9988OO

1016606690

1020948

1020834

1020

(1) Shut-dow n. (2) U nder cons truction or par tial opera tion. (3) N on- stan dar dal t i tude- pressure relat ion appl ies (see Chapter 7 , Sect ion 7.4).N o te : Some of the atmosp heric depths l is ted above do not correspond exact ly tothe vertical air column at the specified alti tude, but to the effective air column ofan incident t rajectory subtending a mean zeni th angle of about 10 ~ to 15 ~ Th iszenith ang ular cu t is frequen tly used to select a reasonable nu m ber of quasi verticalevents for analysis.

8/3/2019 Appendic C

4/6

1058C . 1 . 3

APPENDIX C. COSMIC RAY EXPERIMENTS

A i r C h e r e n k o v A r r a y / T e l e s c o p e S i te s

Table C .2" L is t o f TeV G am m a R ay Air Ch erenkov Array / Te lescope S i tes (~).Name, Place, Country(nearest major city)Akeno, Kofu, JapanASGAT, Targasonne, FranceBIGR AT, Woomera, South Austral iaCangaroo, Woomera, South AustraliaCAT, Thdmis, FranceCrimean AP Obs., N auchny, UkrainaDICE , D ugway, UT, USAGASP 1, South PoleGRAPES, Ootacamund, IndiaHaleakala, Maui, H awaii, USA (2)HEGRA, La Palma, Canary Is landsMark-6, near Narrabri, AustraliaMount Cedar, Utah, USAPACT, Pachmarhi , IndiaNooigedacht, Potchefstrom, S. A.Shalon Alatoo, near Tien Shan, KazakhstanTACTIC 1, 2, Mt Abu, IndiaTh6mistocle, Targasonne, FranceWhipple Obs., Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, USA

Altitudem

9OO16501601601650210014353300220032972200

25016001075142933381300/170016502380

AtmosphericD ep thg / cm 2930840100010008428OO87O6958OO6958OO99884792088O671875/833840730

(D Some systems have thresholds as low as 0.1 TeV. (2) Shut-down.

R e f e r e n c e sBhat , Chaman, L. : PICRC, 8 , p . 211 (1997). .

8/3/2019 Appendic C

5/6

C .2 . B A L L O O N E X P E R I M E N T S

C . 1 . 4 E m u l s i o n C h a m b e r S i t e sT a b l e C . 3: L i s t o f M a j o r E m u l s i o n C h a m b e r S i t e s.

1059

N a m e , P l a c e , C o u n t r y(n ea re s t m a j o r c i t y )

C h a ca l t ay a , B A S J E , (La P az ) , B o l i vi a (1)F u j i , M t . , J ap anK a n b a l a , M t . , T i b e t , C h i n aP a m i r M o u n t a i n s , T ad z h i k i s t an (O l d S t a t i o n ) (2)P a m i r M o u n t a i n s , T a d z h i k i s t a n ( N e w S t a t i o n )

A l t i t u d em

52303776545038604380

A t m o s p h e r i cD e p t hg / c m 2

540650520625596

(1) coup led wi th ded ica ted coun ter a r ray . (2 ) shu t -down.

C .2 B a l l o o n E x p e r i m e n t sTable C.4: L ist of Some Balloon Exp eriments

Exper iment

B E S S 1B E S S 1B E S S 1B E S S IM A S S IM A S S II M A X I

C A P R I C E IC A P R I C E IC A P R I C E 1

H E A T IH E A T 1L E A P 1P B A R 1B E T SB E T SB E T S

Flight Launch Location AltitudeYear Name I m a.s .1 . [g /cm 2]1993-9 5 Lynn Lake 360 4 - 51 9 9 5 Tsuk uba s.1. 10201997-9 9 Lynn Lake 360 4 - 51 9 9 8 Tsukuba s.1. 102019 89 P rince Albert 600 910- 51991 Ft . Sum ner 1270 88 6- 5.81992 Lyn n Lake 360 96 0- 51994 Lyn n Lake 360 1000- 3.91997 Ft. Sum ner 1270 88 6- 3.91998 Ft. Sumner 1270 88 6- 51994 Ft . Sum ner 1270 85 0- 5.71995 Lyn n Lake 360 96 0- 4.819 87 Prince Albert 600 4 .719 87 Prince Albert 600 (36 km)

1 9 9 5 Sanriku s.1. (38 km)1 9 9 7 Sanriku s.1. (35- 36 km)1 9 9 8 Sanriku s.1. (34- 35 km)

ParticlesInvestigatedp , ~ , H e , H ep+

p + , p , ~ , H e , H ep t~ ~, e p p, p, e He#u# p, ~, ep+,~

/~ e e

/~ e pP, P

e

spectrometer experiments .

8/3/2019 Appendic C

6/6

1 0 6 0 A P P E N D I X C. C O SM I C R A Y E X P E R I M E N T SC .3 U n d e r g r o u n d , U n d e r w a t e r , U n d e r I c e

E x p e r i m e n t s

T a b l e C.5 " U n d e r g r o u n d , U n d e r w a t e r a n d U n d e r Ic e M u o n a n d N e u t r i n oD e t e c t o r s o f P a s t a n d P r e s e n t .

De tec to rAMANDAArtyomowskAntares(2, s)BaikalBaksanB O R E X I N O (u)CW I (4)DU MAN D (4)Fr~ jus (4)G A L L E XH olbo rn (4)Homes takeH PW (4)Ika rus (2)IM B (4)KamiokandeKGF(4)K G F (4)KGF(4)L SDLV DM A C R ONE STO R(2, 3)N U S E XS A G ESN OS O U D A N I ISupe r -KamiokandeRAMAND

LocationSouth PoleUkra inaMedi te r raneanLake BaikalCaucasus (Rus)Gran Sasso (I)South AfricaHawaii

TechniqueCherenkov in ice

Liquid scint i l latorWater CherenkovWater CherenkovLiquid scint i l lator

Boron react ionLiquid scint i l latorWater Cherenkov

Dep th [hg/cm u]1800 (1)6002350 (1)

1300 (1)850

310088904500 (1)

FranceG r a n SassoEnglandS.D. (USA)Utah (USA)Grail Sasso (I)Cleveland (US)J a p a nKarna t aka ( Ind)Karnataka ( Ind)Karna t aka ( Ind)Mont Blanc (I)Gran Sasso (I)Gran Sasso (I)Pylos (GR)Mont Blanc (I)Baksan, RussiaSudbury(Canada )S.D. (USA)J a p a nAntarc t ica

Geiger & flash tubesGall ium solut ion

Plast ic scint i llatorsScintillatorsWater Cherenkov

Liquid ArgonWater CherenkovWater CherenkovScintillatorsWater Cherenkov

Scint. + flash tub esLiquid scint i l latorLiq. scint., str. tubes

Liq. scint., str. tubesWater CherenkovSt reamer tubes /F eLiquid Gall iumD 20Dri f t tubes/concre teWater Cherenkov

Radio detect ion

4000 m.w.e.3100

71.6 4- 1.24200 m.w.e.1700 m.w.e.

31001570

2700 m.w.e.73 01590

,~7400 m.w.e.5200310031003800 (1)50004715 m.w.e.

~-6300 m.w .e.2100

(1) bottom module; (2) under construction; (3) prototype; (4) shut-down.