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Applications of Duckweed: Bioproducts
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Jay J. Cheng (成家杨)
Biological & Agricultural Engineering
North Carolina State University
School of Environment and Energy
Peking University
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Background
• Two big challenges:
Resource over-consumption
Environmental contamination
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Advantages of duckweed:
Duckweed Water
hyacinth Microalgae
Growth rate High High Very High
Nutrient
uptake rate High Medium High
Climate
Conditions Wide variety Tropical Warm
Water surface
coverage Complete Partial No
Harvest Easy Not easy Very difficult
Compositions High proteins
or high starch High fiber
High proteins
or high oil
Goal
To develop a duckweed-based system for wastewater treatment (remove and utilize the nutrients from the wastewater) and the generation of biofuel and value-added products
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Concept of Systems Approach
High-Starch Duckweed
Cleaner Water
Nutrient-rich Wastewater
Duckweed Pond
Saccharification Fermentation
Fuel Ethanol
Bioreactor
Animal Feed
High-Protein Duckweed
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Summary of Fundamental Studies
Nutrient removal in duckweed system: N: 1.3 - 2.3 g/m2/d; P: 0.2 – 0.5 g/m2/d
Duckweed growth gate: 15 – 30 g (dry)/m2/d or 54.75 tons/hectare/year
Protein content in dry Duckweed: 30-40%
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
High-Protein Duckweed
for
Animal Feed
High-Protein Duckweed
Duckweed Grown on Wastewater:
Proteins: 30-40% (dry weight) Starch: 15-18% (dry weight) Others: Vitamins, Fiber, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Minerals
Animal, poultry, and fish feed:
Sheep Goat Chicken Pigs Tilapia Carp
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fishchannel.com/images/fish-news/tilapia-malaria-500px.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-news/2007-august/070816-tilapia-malaria.aspx&h=419&w=500&sz=29&tbnid=6bz8GESfl9bH7M:&tbnh=109&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=tilapia&hl=en&usg=__IQ6Xqp9rjXtBQnqhYujvyjXU5bA=&ei=DxeMSuijOpKEMvqdsZMO&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=7&ct=imagehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pond.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/Cyprinidae/common_carp.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pond.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/Cyprinidae/common_carp.html&h=428&w=1000&sz=336&tbnid=y22h05Dn8hQJTM:&tbnh=64&tbnw=149&prev=/images?q=carp&hl=en&usg=__h2K3nibNusj9U2mMUM-jVNoyRto=&ei=ARiMSoeLF4nWNYKgnM0P&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=5&ct=imagehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.whitmorefarm.com/images/jason.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.whitmorefarm.com/faintinggoats.html&h=972&w=1296&sz=135&tbnid=_V3Ol8ajaCmcQM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=goats&hl=en&usg=__0HzkxrwL77UDO4Y2u5MwTJF_PSc=&ei=KhiMSrWNCoHCNsD85JMO&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=imagehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gan.ca/images/hooks/pigs.bmp&imgrefurl=http://www.gan.ca/animals/pigs.en.html&h=269&w=300&sz=237&tbnid=6dTf2w6dVftsaM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=pigs&hl=en&usg=__ZaSaoq7q2JPiZQ1Er0KUOg6Mc1g=&ei=SBiMSuDeLZWIMfyrhZQO&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=imagehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/chicken.jpg&imgrefurl=http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2008/02/the_origin_of_the_chicken.php&h=675&w=450&sz=42&tbnid=SMtz1NR7mrN01M:&tbnh=138&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=chicken&usg=__u2WfhD_wJBVwPwvlSw8VFlqWaZA=&ei=pRiMSqujMYnaNvrWtbsP&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=5&ct=image
Trial of duckweed as animal feed with goat as a model
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Poore et al., 2004
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.whitmorefarm.com/images/jason.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.whitmorefarm.com/faintinggoats.html&h=972&w=1296&sz=135&tbnid=_V3Ol8ajaCmcQM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=goats&hl=en&usg=__0HzkxrwL77UDO4Y2u5MwTJF_PSc=&ei=KhiMSrWNCoHCNsD85JMO&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Amino Acids Duckweeda FAOb Corn Rice Lysine 4.0c 4.2 2.3 3.2 Isoleucine 3.6 4.2 6.2 5.2 Leucine 6.7 4.8 15.0 8.2 Methionine 0.9 2.2 3.1 3.4 Phenylalanine 4.2 2.8 5.1 5.0 Threonine 3.13 2.8 3.7 3.8 Valine 4.4 4.2 5.3 6.2 Tryptophan 1.38 1.4 0.6 1.3
a Mean of the four species. b UN Food and Agricultural Organization reference. c g/100g Protein
Amino Acids in Duckweed
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Rusoff et al. 1980; Reid, 2004
Tryptophan 1.38 1.4 Cystine 1.04 Methionine 1.58 2.2 Aspartic Acid 10.68 Threonine 3.80 2.8 Serine 3.56 Glutamic Acid 9.07 Proline 3.80 Glycine 4.40 Alanine 5.54 Valine 4.60 4.2 Isoleucine 3.49 4.2 Leucine 6.22 4.8 Tyrosine 2.72 Phenyalanine 4.33 2.8 Lysine 4.20 4.2 Histadine 1.34 Arginine 4.87
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Duckweed on Swine Wastewater, g/100g Protein
FAO g/100g Protein
Reid, 2004
Once dried, duckweed has a compositional profile similar to that of soybean meal.
Duckweed behaves in much the same way as soybean meal.
Trial of duckweed as animal feed
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Reid, 2004
Trial of duckweed as poultry feed with chicken layer as a model
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Anderson et al. 2010
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/chicken.jpg&imgrefurl=http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2008/02/the_origin_of_the_chicken.php&h=675&w=450&sz=42&tbnid=SMtz1NR7mrN01M:&tbnh=138&tbnw=92&prev=/images?q=chicken&usg=__u2WfhD_wJBVwPwvlSw8VFlqWaZA=&ei=pRiMSqujMYnaNvrWtbsP&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=5&ct=image
Diet Hen-Day
Production
Eggs per
Hen
Feed per
Bird/Day
(%) (12 wk ) (g)
Control 69.5 59 145
Duckweed 71.1 60 135
Effects of Duckweed on a laying hens egg production
Anderson et al. 2010
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Diet Shell Vitelline Membrane
Strength Elasticity Strength Elasticity
(g) (mm) (g) (mm)
Control 3031 0.44 1.73 4.95
Duckweed 3170 0.48 1.72 4.99
Effect of duckweed diet on the shell and vitelline membrane
breaking strength and elasticity
Anderson et al. 2010
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Diet Egg
Weight Yolk
Color
Shell
Albumen
Yolk
Protein2
(g) (%) (% ) (%) (%)
Control 64.0 7 7.97 63.44 28.75 47.96
Duckweed 64.5 11 8.08 63.11 28.77 48.55
Effect of duckweed diet on the shell egg weight and
component percentages
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Anderson et al. 2010
Source Total Fat
Omega 3 Cholesterol Vitamin A
Beta
Carotene Vitamin
E
(%) (%) (mg/100 g) (IU/100 g) (IU/100 g) (IU/100 g)
Diet
Control 9.99 0.09 371 631.7
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
High-Starch Duckweed
for
Biofuel
Major Composition of Duckweed
Grown on Animal Wastewater:
Proteins: 30-40% Starch: 15-18% Others: Fiber, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Minerals
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
In a nutrient limiting environment:
Proteins: Down Starch: Up
Duckweed Potato Slice
1 mm
45.8% starch (dry base)
High-Starch Duckweed
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Pilot Duckweed Project NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Saccharification
1 g Dry Duckweed
509 mg Reducing Sugars
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Saccharification/Fermentation
1 g Dry Duckweed
258 mg Ethanol
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Summary
Nutrient removal in duckweed system: N: 1.3 - 2.3 g/m2/d; P: 0.2 – 0.5 g/m2/d
Duckweed growth gate: 15 – 30 g (dry)/m2/d or 54.75 tons/hectare/year(NC)
Starch content in dry Duckweed: ~46% Average annual starch production: 28 tons/hec/yr(NC) Corn starch yield: ~5.0 tons/hec/yr Ethanol yield: 258 mg/g dry duckweed Easy for saccharification No need for additional nutrients in Fermentation
Protein content in dry Duckweed: 30-40%
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Duckweed-based
Nutraceutical
Products
Future Duckweed Bioproducts
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Duckweed-based
Pharmaceutical
Products
Future Duckweed Bioproducts