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Approved Training Manual’sLesson Plans
AndCourseware
STAR MARIANAS AIR, INC.
Initial New Hire – Flight CrewPart II – General Emergency Training Section 1- Emergency Situation Training
Complete Class Roster Cell Phones OFF 5 Minutes Break 30 Minutes Class
Before We Start
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Training Situation
Current copy of the General Operations Manual Aircraft flight Manual Training fire extinguisher
Training Materials
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
1) Flight crewmembers duties and responsibilities
2) Company communications
3) Aircraft fires
4) First Aid Equipment
5) Illness, injury and basic first aid
6) Ground evacuation
7) Ditching
8) Previous aircraft accidents/incidents
9) Crewmember incapacitation
10) Hijacking and other unusual situations
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
1) Flight Crewmembers Duties and Responsibilities
Emergency assignments
Captains emergency authority
Reporting incidents and accidents
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
2) Company Communications
Ground Agency notification procedures
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
3) Aircraft Fires
Principles of combustion and classes of fires
Toxic fumes and chemical irritants
Use of appropriate hand held extinguishers
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
4) First Aid Equipment
Content of the first aid kit
Requirements for first aid kit integrity
Use of individual items
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
5) Illness, Injury and Basic First Aid
Principles of CPR
Ear and sinus blocks
Seeking medical assistance
Treatment of shock
Heart attack and pregnancy situations
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
6) Ground Evacuation
Aircraft configuration
Directing passenger flow
Blocked or jammed exit procedures
Fuel spills and other ground hazards
Handicapped persons
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
7) Ditching
Reading the swells and landing direction
Preparing passengers and aircraft
Use of lifevest
Ocean survival techniques
USCG AUXUSCG AUX
Operations Operations DepartmentDepartmentOperations Operations DepartmentDepartment
Ditching, Water Survival and Why You May Need A New ELT
Ditching, Water Survival and Why You May Need A New ELT
Robert T. Shafer,
Operations (Response) Department - Deputy Chief
U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary
Robert T. Shafer,
Operations (Response) Department - Deputy Chief
U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary
Skills you never want to use, but you’d better know just in case!
Skills you never want to use, but you’d better know just in case!
How to manage the risks of How to manage the risks of flying over waterflying over water
How to manage the risks of How to manage the risks of flying over waterflying over water
How to plan not to ditch, but how to stay alive if you do
How to plan not to ditch, but how to stay alive if you do
The Hazard – Cold water can kill
Things to do to prevent trouble – Risk Assessment and Management
What to do if things go very wrong – Ditching Technique
How to call for help - Signaling
How to stay alive until help comes – Water Survival
Stuff to use to help stay alive – Equipment (Including those new ELTs)
The Hazard – Cold water can kill
Things to do to prevent trouble – Risk Assessment and Management
What to do if things go very wrong – Ditching Technique
How to call for help - Signaling
How to stay alive until help comes – Water Survival
Stuff to use to help stay alive – Equipment (Including those new ELTs)
Some TermsSome Terms
Ditching: Forced landing of an aircraft on water. (Not crashing)
Survive: To remain alive.
SAR – Search and Rescue: Use of available resources to assist persons in distress.
Ditching: Forced landing of an aircraft on water. (Not crashing)
Survive: To remain alive.
SAR – Search and Rescue: Use of available resources to assist persons in distress.
Risk Management Terms
Risk – Chance of injury or loss
Mishap – Unplanned event causing loss
Hazard – Real or potential danger
Severity – Potential Consequences
Probability – Likelihood of Mishap
Exposure – Amount of time, # people
Risk Assessment – Evaluation of Risk for Specific Hazards
Risk Management 101
Avoid Unnecessary Risk
Accept Necessary Risk When Benefits Outweigh Costs
Reduce Unavoidable Risk by Reducing
Exposure Probability Severity
The Hazard Surface water
temperatures in the Great Lakes range from highs in late August around 65°F to 70°F
To a low in late December through late March of about 32°, or. . .
ice water.
Surface water temperatures in the Great Lakes range from highs in late August around 65°F to 70°F
To a low in late December through late March of about 32°, or. . .
ice water.
The Hazard It’s not just the
Great Lakes!
Long term average Sea Surface Temperatures on much of both the East and West coast are less than 50° F.
It’s not just the Great Lakes!
Long term average Sea Surface Temperatures on much of both the East and West coast are less than 50° F.
Consequences of the HazardConsequences of the Hazard
Cold Water is a Big, Big Deal!
Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause sudden death. And if it doesn’t,
Cold water removes heat, and with it life, from your body.
Your life expectancy depends on the temperature of the water.
You have to stop heat loss to the cold water or you will die.
Cold Water is a Big, Big Deal!
Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause sudden death. And if it doesn’t,
Cold water removes heat, and with it life, from your body.
Your life expectancy depends on the temperature of the water.
You have to stop heat loss to the cold water or you will die.
Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause:
Sudden immersion in extremely cold water can cause:
Pain
Uncontrollable gasp (Torso Reflex) may cause aspiration of water & drowning.
Hyperventilation
Changes in BP, heart rate, cardiac arrest & death.
May be cause of many unexplained sudden disappearances.
Alcohol causes this to be exaggerated.
Pain
Uncontrollable gasp (Torso Reflex) may cause aspiration of water & drowning.
Hyperventilation
Changes in BP, heart rate, cardiac arrest & death.
May be cause of many unexplained sudden disappearances.
Alcohol causes this to be exaggerated.
Greater Exposure = Greater Risk
Due to extreme cold, lack of muscle coordination begins within 10-15 minutes, making self rescue difficult.
Water conducts heat 25 times faster than air of the same temperature.
Average time until death under good conditions Average time until death under good conditions
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours
50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours
40 degree water - survival time 2 hours
32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours
50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours
40 degree water - survival time 2 hours
32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
Reduce Probability & ExposureReduce Probability & Exposure
Is it really necessary to fly over water?
Sometimes a short detour will avoid or minimize long over water flights, while adding little time to the overall flight.
Fly as high as possible to extend communication range, and to lengthen gliding time and range.
Avoid flight over water if not necessary, or if you are not equipped.
Is it really necessary to fly over water?
Sometimes a short detour will avoid or minimize long over water flights, while adding little time to the overall flight.
Fly as high as possible to extend communication range, and to lengthen gliding time and range.
Avoid flight over water if not necessary, or if you are not equipped.
Reduce Probability & ExposureReduce Probability & Exposure
Make Sure Aircraft is in Good Condition
(Sounds obvious, but apparently it isn’t.)
Make Sure Fuel is Sufficient
(Again, sounds obvious, doesn’t it? Then why are so many ditching fuel related?)
File an Flight Plan - VFR or IFR
Use Lake / Island Reporting Service, or
Use Flight Following
Make Sure Aircraft is in Good Condition
(Sounds obvious, but apparently it isn’t.)
Make Sure Fuel is Sufficient
(Again, sounds obvious, doesn’t it? Then why are so many ditching fuel related?)
File an Flight Plan - VFR or IFR
Use Lake / Island Reporting Service, or
Use Flight Following
Reduce ProbabilityReduce Probability
Most sudden engine stoppages are fuel related. Check the fuel carefully for sufficient quantity; then check it
again. Make sure all tanks needed are feeding correctly before going
over water.
Most sudden engine stoppages are fuel related. Check the fuel carefully for sufficient quantity; then check it
again. Make sure all tanks needed are feeding correctly before going
over water.
Lake / Island Reporting ServiceLake / Island Reporting Service
Flight Service holds your radio “guard” while you are over water.
You check in by radio every 10 min.
If they do not hear from you for 15 min, and they can’t raise you, they assume you’re in trouble, and alert SAR facilities.
It’s easy, it greatly increases your odds, and the price is right!
Flight Service holds your radio “guard” while you are over water.
You check in by radio every 10 min.
If they do not hear from you for 15 min, and they can’t raise you, they assume you’re in trouble, and alert SAR facilities.
It’s easy, it greatly increases your odds, and the price is right!
Reduce SeverityReduce Severity
Be Equipped w/ Life Jackets (PFDs) & Raft / Exposure Suits
Wear PFDs over Water
Have a Plan
Practice your Plan
Be Equipped w/ Life Jackets (PFDs) & Raft / Exposure Suits
Wear PFDs over Water
Have a Plan
Practice your Plan
Reduce SeverityReduce Severity
Yes, wear the PFDs when flying over water.
They are very difficult to put on in the plane, while you are preparing to ditch.
They do no good way in the back of the plane with the tow bar, spare oil can, expired charts, tie down ropes and $100 hamburger wrappers.
Yes, wear the PFDs when flying over water.
They are very difficult to put on in the plane, while you are preparing to ditch.
They do no good way in the back of the plane with the tow bar, spare oil can, expired charts, tie down ropes and $100 hamburger wrappers.
Be Prepared!Be Prepared!
Most Ditching occur in critical phases of flight – Take Off, Landing or Hover.
92% have less than 1 minute warning.
28% have less than 15 seconds warning.
Most Ditching occur in critical phases of flight – Take Off, Landing or Hover.
92% have less than 1 minute warning.
28% have less than 15 seconds warning.
“Preventative SAR”“Preventative SAR”
Always have Positional Awareness when over water.
If you don’t know where you are, who does?
If you don’t know where you are, how can you tell them to come get you?
Always have Positional Awareness when over water.
If you don’t know where you are, who does?
If you don’t know where you are, how can you tell them to come get you?
RecognitionRecognition
Don't be in Denial (It's not just a river in Egypt)
At 500 ft you have about 30 seconds before impact
Fly the Airplane - Best Glide Speed
Make Radio Call - MAYDAY - Position - POB (Persons on Board) - Intentions
Activate ELT - Transponder to 7700
Aim for any vessels you see.
Don't be in Denial (It's not just a river in Egypt)
At 500 ft you have about 30 seconds before impact
Fly the Airplane - Best Glide Speed
Make Radio Call - MAYDAY - Position - POB (Persons on Board) - Intentions
Activate ELT - Transponder to 7700
Aim for any vessels you see.
Initial ActionsInitial Actions
Secure Loose Items
Get Raft Ready
Secure Door or Canopy Open
Stow Headsets & Loose Items
Remove & Stow Eyeglasses
Tighten Restraining Gear
Broadcast MAYDAY
FLY THE PLANE!
Secure Loose Items
Get Raft Ready
Secure Door or Canopy Open
Stow Headsets & Loose Items
Remove & Stow Eyeglasses
Tighten Restraining Gear
Broadcast MAYDAY
FLY THE PLANE!
DitchingDitching
Determine the direction of the Swells and of the Wind.
Fuel Off unless power is still available.
If power is still available, use it to insure control and a margin above stall.
In retracts, leave gear up.
Tighten PFD's and restraints
Have Passengers assume Brace Positions
Reduce Sink Rate
DO NOT STALL!
Determine the direction of the Swells and of the Wind.
Fuel Off unless power is still available.
If power is still available, use it to insure control and a margin above stall.
In retracts, leave gear up.
Tighten PFD's and restraints
Have Passengers assume Brace Positions
Reduce Sink Rate
DO NOT STALL!
Fly the aircraft, remain under controlFly the aircraft, remain under control
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Keep feet outside of seat crush zone.
Feet forward of seat and flat on floor.
Keep feet outside of seat crush zone.
Feet forward of seat and flat on floor.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Cross arms.
Slip thumbs under shoulder harness straps.
Grip straps firmly.
Cross arms.
Slip thumbs under shoulder harness straps.
Grip straps firmly.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Tuck head into the V formed by your crossed arms.
This will help prevent your neck from rotating forward and hyper extending.
Tuck head into the V formed by your crossed arms.
This will help prevent your neck from rotating forward and hyper extending.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Seat belts should be low on the hips and as tight as possible.
Shoulder restraints should be tightened as much as possible.
Seat should be aft as far as possible.
Seat belts should be low on the hips and as tight as possible.
Shoulder restraints should be tightened as much as possible.
Seat should be aft as far as possible.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
For single strap shoulder restraint systems,
Grasp the single strap as shown earlier.
For single strap shoulder restraint systems,
Grasp the single strap as shown earlier.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Then grasp your shoulder with the other hand.
Again, this forms a V in which you nest your head.
Then grasp your shoulder with the other hand.
Again, this forms a V in which you nest your head.
Brace PositionsBrace Positions
Then tuck your head into the V formed by your arms,
Grip the shoulder strap and your unrestrained shoulder very tightly.
Then tuck your head into the V formed by your arms,
Grip the shoulder strap and your unrestrained shoulder very tightly.
DitchingDitching
If no power is available, a greater than normal approach speed should be used down to the flare. This speed margin will allow the glide to be broken early and more gradually, thereby giving the pilot time and distance to feel for the surface -- decreasing the possibility of stalling high or flying into the water.
- - - Aircraft Emergency Procedures Over Water, USCG CG-306
If no power is available, a greater than normal approach speed should be used down to the flare. This speed margin will allow the glide to be broken early and more gradually, thereby giving the pilot time and distance to feel for the surface -- decreasing the possibility of stalling high or flying into the water.
- - - Aircraft Emergency Procedures Over Water, USCG CG-306
DitchingDitching
Calm Water - Land into wind
Low wind speed - Land parallel to swells, on top of swell if possible
High Wind speed - Land into wind on back side of swells
Avoid the face of a swell!
Calm Water - Land into wind
Low wind speed - Land parallel to swells, on top of swell if possible
High Wind speed - Land into wind on back side of swells
Avoid the face of a swell!
DitchingWind speed less than 15 knots – Land parallel to the swells
Wind speed greater than 30 knots – Land into the wind
Thumbs Outside of YokeThumbs Outside of Yoke
To prevent them from being broken if the yoke is forced back by the impact.
To prevent them from being broken if the yoke is forced back by the impact.
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Touchdown!Touchdown!
Brace for Impact w/ thumbs outside of yoke.
Touchdown at the lowest speed possible, but don’t lose control.
Use soft field landing technique.
Use any power still available.
Plane may or may not be upright. You have about a 50/50 chance of being upright or inverted.
It may be dark. You may be underwater.
Keep your shoes on! Don’t panic!
Brace for Impact w/ thumbs outside of yoke.
Touchdown at the lowest speed possible, but don’t lose control.
Use soft field landing technique.
Use any power still available.
Plane may or may not be upright. You have about a 50/50 chance of being upright or inverted.
It may be dark. You may be underwater.
Keep your shoes on! Don’t panic!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
EgressEgress
Establish and Hold Reference Point
Keep your feet on the deck to maintain orientation.
Remember – what was on your right when you were upright is still on your right when you are inverted.
Do not release restraints ‘till motion stops!
Don’t let go with both hands at the same time!
Establish and Hold Reference Point
Keep your feet on the deck to maintain orientation.
Remember – what was on your right when you were upright is still on your right when you are inverted.
Do not release restraints ‘till motion stops!
Don’t let go with both hands at the same time!
EgressEgress
Open Doors - Windows
Wait for Motion to Stop
Take Deep Breaths before being submerged.
Count 3 - 4 seconds - release harness
Use Hand over Hand method to Egress- always have one hand in contact w/ the aircraft to remain oriented.
Keep your feet on the deck to remain oriented.
DO NOT INFLATE PFDs until clear of aircraft!
Open Doors - Windows
Wait for Motion to Stop
Take Deep Breaths before being submerged.
Count 3 - 4 seconds - release harness
Use Hand over Hand method to Egress- always have one hand in contact w/ the aircraft to remain oriented.
Keep your feet on the deck to remain oriented.
DO NOT INFLATE PFDs until clear of aircraft!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Egress – Get out already!Egress – Get out already!
Breath out - bubbles go to surface
Get Clear of Aircraft
Do NOT Inflate PFD or Raft until clear of aircraft
Secure raft to yourself, not to airplane. Tie individual rafts together
You may have less than a minute before aircraft is submerged
Breath out - bubbles go to surface
Get Clear of Aircraft
Do NOT Inflate PFD or Raft until clear of aircraft
Secure raft to yourself, not to airplane. Tie individual rafts together
You may have less than a minute before aircraft is submerged
Egress – Get out already!Egress – Get out already!
A Seat Belt Cutter may be a useful tool to have readily available.
They are inexpensive, and could save your life if your restraints do not release.
A Seat Belt Cutter may be a useful tool to have readily available.
They are inexpensive, and could save your life if your restraints do not release.To find sources, search the
Web using “Seat Belt Cutter” in your favorite search engine.
To find sources, search the Web using “Seat Belt Cutter” in your favorite search engine.
SurvivalSurvival
Get Away from Aircraft
Inflate PFD
Do a Head Count
Deploy Raft - Get In
Inventory Gear - Assess Situation
Get Away from Aircraft
Inflate PFD
Do a Head Count
Deploy Raft - Get In
Inventory Gear - Assess Situation
Most Important Stuff!Most Important Stuff!
Remain afloat – Life Jacket / PFD
Get out of the Water - Raft or Immersion Suit
Get help – Signaling Gear, PLB
Remain afloat – Life Jacket / PFD
Get out of the Water - Raft or Immersion Suit
Get help – Signaling Gear, PLB
Rescue!Rescue!
This pilot kept his cool and was rescued!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home “In flight Emergencies -------”
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Lifesaving Systems Inc. (LSI)
This is the one the Coast Guard uses.
Rugged, designed for constant wear.
Storage pouches included for survival gear.
Nice hat not included.
Lifesaving Systems Inc. (LSI)
This is the one the Coast Guard uses.
Rugged, designed for constant wear.
Storage pouches included for survival gear.
Nice hat not included.
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
“Suspender” type – manufactured by several makers, including:
SoSpenders
Mustang
Light Weight & Comfortable.
Relatively inexpensive.
“Suspender” type – manufactured by several makers, including:
SoSpenders
Mustang
Light Weight & Comfortable.
Relatively inexpensive.
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Life Jackets / PFDs – Personal Flotation Devices
Switlik Constant Wear Vest
Similar to LSI vest
Includes pouches
Switlik Constant Wear Vest
Similar to LSI vest
Includes pouches
Life Jackets / PFDsLife Jackets / PFDs
EAM - Eastern Aero Marine manufactures several inflatable vests including “Airline style” and quick donning pouch vests.EAM - Eastern Aero Marine manufactures several inflatable vests including “Airline style” and quick donning pouch vests.
Cold Water is a Big Hazard!Cold Water is a Big Hazard!
Now that you’ve survived the ditching, and have gotten out of the aircraft and are afloat, you still have a big problem.
You have to get out of the water, or stop the heat loss, or you will die.
The clock is running . . .
Your remaining lifespan depends on the temperature of the water and how you can stop your heat loss.
Now that you’ve survived the ditching, and have gotten out of the aircraft and are afloat, you still have a big problem.
You have to get out of the water, or stop the heat loss, or you will die.
The clock is running . . .
Your remaining lifespan depends on the temperature of the water and how you can stop your heat loss.
When Immersed in Cold Water:When Immersed in Cold Water:
Hypothermia can begin within 10-15 minutes.
Hypothermia can cause death, or contribute to drowning.
Unconsciousness occurs when core temp. is 89.6 degrees. (Normal 98.6)
Death likely when core cools below 86 degrees.
Hypothermia can begin within 10-15 minutes.
Hypothermia can cause death, or contribute to drowning.
Unconsciousness occurs when core temp. is 89.6 degrees. (Normal 98.6)
Death likely when core cools below 86 degrees.
Under good conditions (life jacket, light clothing, staying still) --
Under good conditions (life jacket, light clothing, staying still) --
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours
50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours
40 degree water - survival time 2 hours
32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours
50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours
40 degree water - survival time 2 hours
32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
Survival Factors in Cold Water Survival Factors in Cold Water
Will to Live - Most important in all survival situations.
Flotation - Personal Flotation Device (PFD) essential.
Heat Retention - Clothing / Raft / Survival Gear
Will to Live - Most important in all survival situations.
Flotation - Personal Flotation Device (PFD) essential.
Heat Retention - Clothing / Raft / Survival Gear
"STAY" Rules for Cold Water Survival "STAY" Rules for Cold Water Survival
Stay Afloat
Stay Dry
Stay Still
Stay Warm
Stay with Aircraft / Boat
Stay Afloat
Stay Dry
Stay Still
Stay Warm
Stay with Aircraft / Boat
Stay AfloatStay Afloat
Must breathe to prevent drowning Must control panic to breathe. Panic decreases ability to float.
Lifejacket / PFD Non-swimmers need assistance of PFD. Provides advantage recovering from cold shock and
allows better breath control.
Without PFD Flotation is possible even with heavy clothes. Trapped air in clothing assists flotation. Hold onto floating debris.
Must breathe to prevent drowning Must control panic to breathe. Panic decreases ability to float.
Lifejacket / PFD Non-swimmers need assistance of PFD. Provides advantage recovering from cold shock and
allows better breath control.
Without PFD Flotation is possible even with heavy clothes. Trapped air in clothing assists flotation. Hold onto floating debris.
Stay DryStay Dry
Get out of water ASAP.
If that’s impossible, get main heat loss areas out of water (hang on to floating object).
Get head dry and out of water.
Head in water increases heat loss by 80% over head out of water.
A dry suit is best protection, but not as good as being out of the water.
Get out of water ASAP.
If that’s impossible, get main heat loss areas out of water (hang on to floating object).
Get head dry and out of water.
Head in water increases heat loss by 80% over head out of water.
A dry suit is best protection, but not as good as being out of the water.
Stay StillStay Still
Movement increases circulation and heat exchange in extremities.
Staying still decreases heat loss by 30% over swimming or treading.
It is difficult to float motionless with out Lifejacket / PFD
Movement increases circulation and heat exchange in extremities.
Staying still decreases heat loss by 30% over swimming or treading.
It is difficult to float motionless with out Lifejacket / PFD
Stay WarmStay Warm
Main Heat Loss Areas
• Head & Neck
• Groin
• Sides of Chest
Protect main heat loss areas
Wear coat & hat
If getting out of water is impossible, assume HELP, HUDDLE, Human Carpet or Human Chain positions.
These positions double survival time over swimming or treading.
These positions are impossible without a PFD.
Stay Warm Stay Warm
H.E.L.P.Heat Escape Lessening Posture
Impossible without a PFD
H.E.L.P.Heat Escape Lessening Posture
Impossible without a PFD
HUDDLEA “group hug” to conserve
heat
Impossible without a PFD
HUDDLEA “group hug” to conserve
heat
Impossible without a PFD
STAY WARMSTAY WARM
Human Chain
Human Chain
Human CarpetHuman Carpet
Stay with Aircraft / BoatStay with Aircraft / Boat
May be possible to get out of water.
Better chance of being spotted - larger target.
Success in swimming to shore depends on many variables. Swimming increases heat loss.
In 50 degree water, average person wearing PFD and light clothing can cover a distance of only .85 mile before being incapacitated by hypothermia.
May be possible to get out of water.
Better chance of being spotted - larger target.
Success in swimming to shore depends on many variables. Swimming increases heat loss.
In 50 degree water, average person wearing PFD and light clothing can cover a distance of only .85 mile before being incapacitated by hypothermia.
Life RaftsLife Rafts
Patten Group
1 Man LRU-18/U Raft
This is the “One Man Yacht” used by the Coast Guard
Also available with protective covers
Patten Group
1 Man LRU-18/U Raft
This is the “One Man Yacht” used by the Coast Guard
Also available with protective covers
Life RaftsLife Rafts
The Patten Group one person raft is also available in a wearable package. This insures that the raft goes out of the plane when you do.
The Patten Group one person raft is also available in a wearable package. This insures that the raft goes out of the plane when you do.
Life RaftsLife Rafts
Winslow Life Raft
Manufactures a wide variety of excellent quality rafts, suitable for boats, aircraft, off shore, etc.
Winslow Life Raft
Manufactures a wide variety of excellent quality rafts, suitable for boats, aircraft, off shore, etc.
ADC
Aviation Dry Suit Coverall
Worn with special undergarments, ADCs are expensive, require training and maintenance. But for pilots who spend a lot of time over water, they may be lifesavers.
Aviation Dry Suit Coverall
Worn with special undergarments, ADCs are expensive, require training and maintenance. But for pilots who spend a lot of time over water, they may be lifesavers.
So now you’re floating around in your little boat. Now what?
So now you’re floating around in your little boat. Now what?
Assess your situation – what shape are you in – breathing, injured, warm, dry?
Do you have an ELT, or PLB?
Are there any vessels or aircraft nearby?
How can you attract attention?
Assess your situation – what shape are you in – breathing, injured, warm, dry?
Do you have an ELT, or PLB?
Are there any vessels or aircraft nearby?
How can you attract attention?
How long is it going to take to be rescued?How long is it going to take to be rescued?
That depends a great deal on your prior planning!
Does anyone know that you’re in trouble? Did you file a Flight Plan?
Did you send a MAYDAY?
Were you in communication w/ ATC, an AFSS, or anyone else?
Did your ELT automatically activate or did you manually activate your ELT, or PLB?
If no one knows you’re there, get comfy. It’ll be a while!
That depends a great deal on your prior planning!
Does anyone know that you’re in trouble? Did you file a Flight Plan?
Did you send a MAYDAY?
Were you in communication w/ ATC, an AFSS, or anyone else?
Did your ELT automatically activate or did you manually activate your ELT, or PLB?
If no one knows you’re there, get comfy. It’ll be a while!
How long. . . ?How long. . . ?
If in contact w/ ATC, rescue services will be notified immediately.
Accurate position info greatly expedites recovery.
A 406 MHz ELT or PLB gives immediate notification, accurate location.
If in contact w/ ATC, rescue services will be notified immediately.
Accurate position info greatly expedites recovery.
A 406 MHz ELT or PLB gives immediate notification, accurate location.
What about Flight Plans?
Search process begins 30 minutes after flight plans expire, if not cancelled,
BUT:
The initial search is by radio & phone, to see if you have landed along your route.
When a Flight Plan Expires…When a Flight Plan Expires…
At ETA +30 min an INREQ -Information Request - is sent by FSS or ARTCC to begin a PRECOM - phone calls to enroute airports and quick ramp checks.
ALNOT - ALERT NOTICE - sent 1 hour after an INREQ. EXCOM begins – All ATC Facilities are notified. Search area is up to 50 miles either side of route.
1 hour after ALNOT, (if not before) Rescue Coordination Center is notified, then SAR services. Search area is expanded to maximum range of aircraft.
At ETA +30 min an INREQ -Information Request - is sent by FSS or ARTCC to begin a PRECOM - phone calls to enroute airports and quick ramp checks.
ALNOT - ALERT NOTICE - sent 1 hour after an INREQ. EXCOM begins – All ATC Facilities are notified. Search area is up to 50 miles either side of route.
1 hour after ALNOT, (if not before) Rescue Coordination Center is notified, then SAR services. Search area is expanded to maximum range of aircraft.
SAR Response Time LineSAR Response Time Line
ETA + 30 Minutes INRQ 30 min
ALNOT + 1 hour 1+30 min
RCC notified + 1 hour ~2+30 min
SAR forces are activated ~3+00 min
THESE TIMES ARE ONLY IF YOU FILE A FLIGHT PLAN!
See why we don’t want to depend on THAT?
ETA + 30 Minutes INRQ 30 min
ALNOT + 1 hour 1+30 min
RCC notified + 1 hour ~2+30 min
SAR forces are activated ~3+00 min
THESE TIMES ARE ONLY IF YOU FILE A FLIGHT PLAN!
See why we don’t want to depend on THAT?
How long. . . ?How long. . . ?
The less info SAR units have about your location, the larger the Search Area.
The larger the Search Area, the longer the search until you are located.
The more accurately you communicate position information, the more accurate your flight plan is regarding time and route, and if your 406 MHz ELT registration information is complete and current, the better your chances for a speedy recovery.
The less info SAR units have about your location, the larger the Search Area.
The larger the Search Area, the longer the search until you are located.
The more accurately you communicate position information, the more accurate your flight plan is regarding time and route, and if your 406 MHz ELT registration information is complete and current, the better your chances for a speedy recovery.
How long. . . ?How long. . . ?
ELT searches initially require location processing by Satellites.
121.5 MHz beacons can take one hour or more to alert (due to satellite positions).
These are subject to a high false alarm rate (97%), so confirmation is required before SAR forces are deployed.
406 MHz emergency beacons are vastly superior to 121.5 MHz units, and result in a much faster, more accurate response.
ELT searches initially require location processing by Satellites.
121.5 MHz beacons can take one hour or more to alert (due to satellite positions).
These are subject to a high false alarm rate (97%), so confirmation is required before SAR forces are deployed.
406 MHz emergency beacons are vastly superior to 121.5 MHz units, and result in a much faster, more accurate response.
Why You May Need A New ELT
“The International Cospas-Sarsat Program will terminate satellite processing of distress signals from 121.5 and 243 MHz emergency beacons on February 1, 2009.
After this date, mariners, aviators and other persons will have to switch to emergency beacons operating at 406 MHz in order to be detected by satellites.”
- - - USCG Office of Search and Rescue
What’s the difference in . . . Coverage?
406 MHz406 MHz
Global coverage with Geostationary satellites and MEOSATS
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
Ground station dependent
Ground stations have about 1800 mile radius
Only 1/3 of the globe covered
Waiting time increases closer to Equator (can be > 2 hrs)
No immediate alerting capability unless satellite directly over distressed vessel.
What’s the difference in . . . False Alarms?
406 MHz406 MHz
All alerts from beacons
1 in 10 alerts are actual distress
Beacon registration allows rapid verification
80% of false alerts are resolved by phone w/o launching SAR responders
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
1 in 8 alerts from beacons
Non-beacon interferers have included ATM machines, pizza ovens, and stadium scoreboards!
Less than 2 in 1000 alerts are actual distress
Analog signal only: no digital ID code to let SARSAT system know signal is from a beacon
No way to verify alerts
What’s the difference in . . . Alerting?
406 MHz406 MHz
SAR assets launch on first alert.
Average 2.5 hrs saved in maritime, 6 hrs in inland.
Assets on scene earlier
Vessel/aircraft ID, POC with alerts allows rapid corroboration or stand-down.
Near instantaneous detection
5.0 Watt output
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
High false alarm rate makes first-alert launch unfeasible.
Absent independent distress corroboration, RCCs must wait for additional alert info.
Alerts are anonymous.
No instantaneous detection.
0.1 Watt output
Let’s see what that looks like.
406 MHz406 MHz
1-3 nm accuracy
100 yard accuracy with GPS-equipped beacon
Non-GPS initial search area about 12.5 sq nm
GPS-equipped beacons reduce search area to a negligible area
Search area reduced 97% vs 121.5 beacons
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
12-16 nm accuracy
450 sq nm initial search area on average
What’s the difference in . . . Position Information?
121.5 Beacon – 450 Sq Mi Search Area
21.2 NM
21.2 NM
406 Beacon w/o GPS 12.5 Sq MI Search Area
3.5 NM
3.5 NM
406 Beacon w/ GPS100 Yard Accuracy
406 Beacon w/ GPS100 Yard Accuracy
100 YD
100 YD
What’s the difference in Cost?
406 MHz406 MHz
Starting at $1000GPS units $1500
121.5 MHz121.5 MHz
Starting at $500
Ask yourself . . . Ask yourself . . .
• What’s your life worth? What’s your family’s life worth?• If you ever really need it, won’t it be worth whatever it cost to have it work?
Other voices . . .
“It is important to note that after 2009, existing 121.5-MHz ELTs, although still legal from the FAA's perspective, will provide extremely limited assistance if an aircraft crashes, especially in a remote location.” - - - AOPA Regulatory Brief- - - AOPA Regulatory Brief
Other voices . . .
“134 extra lives and millions of dollars in SAR resources could be saved per year if aircraft switched to 406 MHz ELTs.”
- - - NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center- - - NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center
Other voices . . .
“Due to the obvious advantages of 406 MHz beacons and the significant disadvantages of the older 121.5 MHz beacons, . . . all pilots are highly encouraged to consider making the switch to 406!”
- - - US Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue - - - US Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue
So how long. . . ?So how long. . . ?
Unless your MAYDAY call was heard . . .
Unless you have a 406 MHz ELT . . .
. . . it will likely be several hours before anyone starts looking for you.
Then, SAR units have to plan a search and be deployed.
And then, you still have to be found!
You may have drifted with the wind or waves, enlarging the search area.
Care to look at those cold water survival times again?
Unless your MAYDAY call was heard . . .
Unless you have a 406 MHz ELT . . .
. . . it will likely be several hours before anyone starts looking for you.
Then, SAR units have to plan a search and be deployed.
And then, you still have to be found!
You may have drifted with the wind or waves, enlarging the search area.
Care to look at those cold water survival times again?
Remember, this is under good conditions!Remember, this is under good conditions!
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours
50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours
40 degree water - survival time 2 hours
32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
This is why getting out of cold water is a big, big deal!
60 degree water - survival time 7 hours
50 degree water - survival time 2.5 hours
40 degree water - survival time 2 hours
32 degree water - survival time 1.5 hours
This is why getting out of cold water is a big, big deal!
What are my chances of surviving any of this?What are my chances of surviving any of this?
Very good, IF you are prepared.
A ditching is an intentional water touchdown under control, not an uncontrolled crash.
Of the 179 ditchings reviewed, only 22, or 12 percent, resulted in fatalities.
The overall general aviation ditching survival rate is 88 percent.
Very good, IF you are prepared.
A ditching is an intentional water touchdown under control, not an uncontrolled crash.
Of the 179 ditchings reviewed, only 22, or 12 percent, resulted in fatalities.
The overall general aviation ditching survival rate is 88 percent.
From Ditching Myths Torpedoed! By Paul Bertorelli, Aviation Safety1999 Belvoir Publications Published on Equipped To Survive™ From Ditching Myths Torpedoed! By Paul Bertorelli, Aviation Safety1999 Belvoir Publications Published on Equipped To Survive™
Now, we go to work!
Signaling DevicesSignaling Devices
Mirror
Flares
Whistle
ELT (or PLB can be carried as extra equipment)
Dye - SeeRescue Device
Chemical Light Sticks
Strobe
Cell Phone or Aviation Handheld Radio if in waterproof bag
Mirror
Flares
Whistle
ELT (or PLB can be carried as extra equipment)
Dye - SeeRescue Device
Chemical Light Sticks
Strobe
Cell Phone or Aviation Handheld Radio if in waterproof bag
Where is the person ?
Where’s the person?Where’s the person?
Signaling Gear
Be Seen to Be RescuedSignaling Gear
Be Seen to Be Rescued
SeeRescue® Streamer
Replaces dye markers
Doesn’t disperse in strong winds or currents
Very conspicuous from the air
SeeRescue® Streamer
Replaces dye markers
Doesn’t disperse in strong winds or currents
Very conspicuous from the air
Signaling Gear - ELTSignaling Gear - ELTEmergency Locator Transmitter
Most U.S. civil aircraft are required to carry ELTs by congressional mandate.
406 MHz ELTs are required to be registered. This registration is free and can be done on line at http://www.beaconregistration.noaa.gov/
ELTs should only be tested according to the manufacturers instructions.
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Most U.S. civil aircraft are required to carry ELTs by congressional mandate.
406 MHz ELTs are required to be registered. This registration is free and can be done on line at http://www.beaconregistration.noaa.gov/
ELTs should only be tested according to the manufacturers instructions.
Signaling Gear - PLBSignaling Gear - PLB
Personal Locator Beacon
Optional distress alerting satellite beacon.
--Like a “personal” ELT except that it must be manually activated. --PLBs operate on 406 MHz. --Some include GPS. --About the size of a cell phone.
If you don’t get a new ELT, at least get one of these!
Personal Locator Beacon
Optional distress alerting satellite beacon.
--Like a “personal” ELT except that it must be manually activated. --PLBs operate on 406 MHz. --Some include GPS. --About the size of a cell phone.
If you don’t get a new ELT, at least get one of these!
Signaling GearSignaling Gear
Signal Mirror and Whistle
– Two very basic, very inexpensive and very effective signaling devices, which could save your life.
Signal Mirror and Whistle
– Two very basic, very inexpensive and very effective signaling devices, which could save your life.
Signaling GearSignaling Gear
Strobe lights
– Inexpensive and essential for recovery at night.
Strobe lights
– Inexpensive and essential for recovery at night.
Survival Gear PouchSurvival Gear Pouch
A pouch like this can be used to carry essential signaling and survival gear, when attached to PFDs without built in equipment pouches.
A pouch like this can be used to carry essential signaling and survival gear, when attached to PFDs without built in equipment pouches.
Have a plan!Have a plan!
Actors and athletes practice over and over to get their actions correct.
Isn’t survival more important than a show or a game?
Plan, and practice the plan.
Don’t let an emergency be the first time you practice survival skills.
You practice flying. Practice surviving.
Actors and athletes practice over and over to get their actions correct.
Isn’t survival more important than a show or a game?
Plan, and practice the plan.
Don’t let an emergency be the first time you practice survival skills.
You practice flying. Practice surviving.
Practice your PlanPractice your Plan
Make Ditching / Egress procedures part of every pre-flight briefing.
Include:
• Emergency calls
• Ditching procedures
• Brace Positions
• Removal of restraints
• Egress procedures
• Survival equipment
Make Ditching / Egress procedures part of every pre-flight briefing.
Include:
• Emergency calls
• Ditching procedures
• Brace Positions
• Removal of restraints
• Egress procedures
• Survival equipment
Pilot / Crew Egress Exercise Pilot / Crew Egress Exercise
Make radio calls
Secure ‘stuff’ in the cockpit
Tighten restraints
Don’t inflate PFD yet
Who opens doors
Door opening procedure
How to jam doors open
How to move the seats
What is the alternate egress path
Brace positions
Make radio calls
Secure ‘stuff’ in the cockpit
Tighten restraints
Don’t inflate PFD yet
Who opens doors
Door opening procedure
How to jam doors open
How to move the seats
What is the alternate egress path
Brace positions
Who takes out the raft / signaling gear
Bring hats, coats, wear shoes
Order of egress
What to do after egress
How to inflate PFD / Raft
Where to meet
Who does head count
Tie rafts together
Who takes out the raft / signaling gear
Bring hats, coats, wear shoes
Order of egress
What to do after egress
How to inflate PFD / Raft
Where to meet
Who does head count
Tie rafts together
Practice your PlanPractice your Plan
While practicing egress, check position of flaps vs. doors. In some high wing planes lowered flaps block the doors.
Add to survival equipment –
• Orange stocking (watch) cap- keeps head warm, increases visibility.
• Large Industrial Strength Trash Bags – can provide thermal protection if worn in water.
Practice estimating swells and wind speed by observing the water surface.
Practice Soft Field Landings.
While practicing egress, check position of flaps vs. doors. In some high wing planes lowered flaps block the doors.
Add to survival equipment –
• Orange stocking (watch) cap- keeps head warm, increases visibility.
• Large Industrial Strength Trash Bags – can provide thermal protection if worn in water.
Practice estimating swells and wind speed by observing the water surface.
Practice Soft Field Landings.
Plan to avoid mishaps!Plan to avoid mishaps!
Safety isn’t an event, it’s an attitude!
Avoid long flights over water if you aren’t properly equipped.
Check your aircraft, check your survival equipment, check your planning, check yourself.
Check your fuel quality, fuel quantity, and know how to use all of the fuel you carry.
Check the weather, then check the fuel again. One more time, check the fuel.
Safety isn’t an event, it’s an attitude!
Avoid long flights over water if you aren’t properly equipped.
Check your aircraft, check your survival equipment, check your planning, check yourself.
Check your fuel quality, fuel quantity, and know how to use all of the fuel you carry.
Check the weather, then check the fuel again. One more time, check the fuel.
Plan your Flight, Fly your Plan!Plan your Flight, Fly your Plan!
No one plans to have a mishap.
But lots of mishaps occur from lack of proper planning.
The best way to avoid using Water Survival skills is to plan to avoid a mishap.
But plan to use those skills in the event of an un-planned event.
Even the best of plans can go awry.
Plan on it happening to you!
See a pattern here?
No one plans to have a mishap.
But lots of mishaps occur from lack of proper planning.
The best way to avoid using Water Survival skills is to plan to avoid a mishap.
But plan to use those skills in the event of an un-planned event.
Even the best of plans can go awry.
Plan on it happening to you!
See a pattern here?
Let’s not meet by accident!Let’s not meet by accident!
Questions?Questions?
Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
8) Previous Aircraft Accidents/Incidents
NTSB accident report reviews
Human factors/considerations
NASA reporting system
Ditching
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
9) Crewmember Incapacitation
Company procedures
Reporting requirements (NTSB)
Interference with crewmembers
General Emergency Training:
Section 1 - Emergency Situation Training
10) Hijacking and Other Unusual Situations
Hijack procedures
Bomb threat procedures
Security coordinator responsibilities
In flight intercept signals and procedures
Oral Quiz only (no examination required)
Examination
Student Fill-out Student Feedback Form Sign Training Record (if applicable)
Instructor Sign Class Roster Fill-out Instructor Feedback Form Sign Training Record (if applicable)
Completion of Paperwork
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