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8/14/2019 Apresentao Captulo 11 - The limits of capital
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Urbanizao, Poltica e Cidadania
The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
Instituto de Geocincias
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Dezembro de 2012
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
Quadro geral do captulo
IThe use value of land
IILanded property
IIIThe forms of rent
IVThe contradictory role of ground rent andlanded property within the capitalist mode ofproduction
VDistribution relations and class strugglebetween landlord and capitalist
VIThe land market and fictious capital.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
The theory of rent
Rent, in the final analysis, is simply a payment made to
landlords for the right to use land and its appurtenances(the resources embedded within it, the buildings placedupon it and so on). The land, conceived of in this verybroad sense, evidently has both use value and exchangevalue. Can it also, then, have a value? If so, how can theexistence of that value be reconciled with theories ofvalue that rest on embodied labour time (such asRicardo's) or, in Marx's case, on socially necessary labourtime?(HARVEY, 1982, p. 330).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
The theory of rent
Valor no brota da terra.
A renda da terra se insere no circuito da
distribuio de mais-valia, embora possua
funes de co-ordenao na sua produo.
Um mundo de aparncias esconde a natureza
da renda da terra e dificulta respostas sobre sua
funo no sistema capitalista.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IThe use value of land
O que nos interessa so os valores de uso
relacionados ao modo capitalista de produo.
A terra pode ser alienada e transformada em
mercadoria.
Certos valores de uso da terra so reproduzveis
outros no (distino entre valores de uso naturais
e valores de uso fruto da ao humana).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IThe use value of land
a) The land as the basis of reproduction and extraction
A renda da terra no a remunerao de um meio de produono-produzido. Somente o capital controla a produo do valor.
Exemplo da queda dgua. A vantagem natural a base da gerao
de lucro extraordinrio e no sua fonte.
On these grounds, Marx disputes Ricardo's view that rent is a
payment for the 'original and indestructible powers of the soil',
because these powers are as much the product of history as they
are of nature.(HARVEY, 1982, p.337).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IThe use value of land
b) Space, place and location
Outra fonte de renda da terra a localizaao, uma vez que todasatividades humanas demandam espao e podem requerer
localizaes especficas.
Importncia para realizaao do valor no mercado.
In the final analysis, however, the use value of a particular
location can not be understood independently of the variegated
needs of a whole host of activities [](HARVEY, 1982, p.340).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IThe use value of land
c) Location, fertility and price production
Esses dois usos da terra podem ter pesos variados para diferentesatividades produtivas.
Marx, de uma maneira geral, abstrai a questo locacional e
trabalha somente com a fertilidade da terra postulando que o
preo de mercado o preo de produo na pior terra mais o lucro
normal.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IILanded property
Cada momento histrico tem uma forma de propriedade da terra
e a histria do capitalismo se confunde com a alterao dessas
relaes em prol da acumulao.
Thehallmark of landed property under capitalism, Marx argues,
is such a thorough dissolution of 'the connection between
landownership and the land' that the landlord, in return for astraight monetary payment, confers all rights to the land as both
instrument and condition of production upon capital. (HARVEY,
1982, p.343).
Tendncia: tratar a terra puramente enquanto ativo financeiro.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IIIThe forms of rent
a) Monopoly rent
Toda renda se baseia em um certo tipo de monoplio daterra, mas a renda monopolstica surge em condies no-
competitivas.
A terra enquanto obra de arte
A terra enquanto artigo raro
A renda absoluta possui base em certo tipo de renda
monopolstica.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IIIThe forms of rent
b) Absolute rent
Fruto de um obstculo aliengena produo (posse daterra) coloca ao capitalista e livre circulao do capital.
Fruto de um poder circunstancial que os proprietrios de
terra tem de manter uma baixa participao do capital naproduo agrcola.
Depende da realizao do preo de mercado e, portanto,
tende a ser reduzida.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IIIThe forms of rent
b) Differencial rent
DR-1 is easy to interpret given such simplifying assumptions.It reflects the material conditions that make fertility
differentials permanent features to production. Landed
property, which appropriates the DR-I, assumes a neutral
position with respect to the determination of market value
and cantherefore be exonerated from all blame for lagging
accumulation or any other social ills.(HARVEY, 1982, p. 354).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IIIThe forms of rent
b) Differencial rent
A renda diferencial 2 (RD-2) pode ser facilmente apreendidaatravs de um ceteris paribus, mas o importante a relao
entre RD-1 e RD-2.
RD-2 possui um carter transitrio, se confunde com e alteraa dinmica da RD-1 atravs do nvel normal de aplicao de
capital. Elas no necessariamente se somam (impossibilidade
de separao) e assumem um carter no-neutro em relao
ao valor de mercado.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The contradictory role of ground rent
Landed property has nothing to do with the actual process of
production. Its role is confined to transferring a portion of the
produced surplus value from the pockets of capital to its own.
However, the landlord plays a role in the capitalist process. of
production not merely through the pre sure he exerts upon
capital, nor merely because large landed property is a prerequisite
and condition of capitalist production since it is a prerequisite and
condition of the expropriation of the labourer from the means of
production, but particularly because he appears as the
personification of one of the most essential conditions of
production. (Capital, vol. 3, p. 821) (HARVEY, 1982, p.359).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The contradictory role of ground rent
a) The separation of the labourer from the land as means of
production
Thebarrier that landed property places between labour and the
land is socially necessary to the perpetuation of capitalism. But in
creating landed property as a barrier to labour, capital also creates
barriers to itself. In making the reproduction of wage labourpossible, the appropriation of rent also becomes possible.
(HARVEY, 1982, p.359-360).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The contradictory role of ground rent
b) Landownership and the principle of private property
Thepreservation, and even the enhancement, of private propertyin land therefore performs an ideological and legitimizing function
for all forms of private property; hence, some would argue, the
importance of conferring privileges of home ownership
(possession of a means of consumption) upon the working class.From this standpoint, we can regard rent as a side-payment
allowed to landowners in order to preserve the sanctity and
inviolability of private property in general.(HARVEY, 1982, p. 360).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The contradictory role of ground rent
c) Landed property and capital flow
Apesar das formas como a renda monopolstica e a renda absolutaconstituirem entraves aos fluxos de capital a renda da terra pode
ter efeitos positivos (disciplinadores) sobre a acumulao
capitalista de modo a co-orientar decises espaciais da produo,
de investimento e ajuda a manter o ambiente de competio eacumulao. As dificuldades surgem porque os donos de terra
podem extrapolar seu campo de ao (RD-1 e RD-2) e inserir
conflitos no campo distributivo.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV Distribution relation and class struggle
O padro de distribuio da mais-valia global fruto de uma luta
de classe, na qual os proprietrios de terra se inserem em sua
busca por rendas.
Diferentes oposies de classe geram diferentes nveis de
explorao, de renda e de exerccio de poder (conflitos com
componeses vs. conflitos em contratos).
A utilizao das renda tambm constitui um ponto de anlise
importante.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV Distribution relation and class struggle
The landed interest lost its autonomous and independent role
and was necessarily transformed into a faction of capital itself. []
the share of rent in total surplus value produced is less and less
the product of overt class conflict between two quasi-independent
social classes and more and more internalized within the logic that
fixes the circulation of interest-bearing capital among the various
forms of fictitious capital that arise within the capitalist mode of
production. Which brings us more directly to how and why
interest-bearing capital comes to circulate through land itself.
(HARVEY, 1982, p. 366)
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The land market and fictious capital
Ground-rent, capitalized as the interest on some imaginary
capital, constitutes the 'value' of the land. What is bought and sold
is not the land, but title to the ground-rent yielded by it. The
money laid out is equivalent to an interest-bearing investment.
The buyer acquires a claim upon anticipated future revenues, a
claim upon the future fruits of labour. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 367).
The basic forces regulating the price of land and its
appurtenances are the rate of interest and anticipated future
rental revenues. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 367).
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The land market and fictious capital
By actively pursuing the appropriation of values, landholders can
force production on the land into new configurations and even
push surplus value production on a scale and with an intensity that
might not otherwise occur. In so doing, of course, they condemn
future labour to ever-increasing levels of exploitation in the name
of the land itself. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 368).
Os proprietrios de terra sinalizam rendas futuras e orientam a
produo do espao para os fins da acumulao, pois dependem
de sua realizao para auferir renda.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The land market and fictious capital
By actively pursuing the appropriation of values, landholders can
force production on the land into new configurations and even
push surplus value production on a scale and with an intensity that
might not otherwise occur. In so doing, of course, they condemn
future labour to ever-increasing levels of exploitation in the name
of the land itself. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 368).
Os proprietrios de terra sinalizam rendas futuras e orientam a
produo do espao para os fins da acumulao, pois dependem
de sua realizao para auferir renda.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The land market and fictious capital
Por outro lado, as aes individuais de um proprietrio de terra
afetam no somente todo o mercado de terras como tambmcompromete a fora de trabalho futura.
Como evitar um frisson espectulativo e suas consequncias
destrutivas?
Monoplio e propriedade estatal poderiam ser solues, mas
possuem suas prprias contradies.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The land market and fictious capital
Capitalism cannot do without land price and land markets as
basic co-ordinating devices in the allocation of land to uses. It can
merely strive to constrain their operation so as to make them less
incoherent and less vulnerable to speculative disorders. Two
implications then derive from this general conclusion. (HARVEY,
1982, p. 371).
1. Terra dever ser um ativo financeiro e aberta a circulao de
capital, deve cumprir seu papel de capital fictcio.
2. O mercado de terras afeta tanto a produo como a fora de
trabalho.
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The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey
Chapter 11The theory of rent
IV The land market and fictious capital
Thefact that it sometimes forces too hard or in erroneous
directions simply establishes that the land market
necessarily internalizes all the fundamental underlying
contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. It thereby
imposes those contradictions upon the very physical
landscape of capitalism itself. Yet it is, at the same time, a vitalco-ordinating device in the struggle to organize the use of
land in ways that contribute to the production of surplus
value and the structuring of capitalist social formations in
general (HARVEY 1982 p 372)