ARCHITECTURE HISTORY 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 20151 تشرين الأول

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

/ /١٤٤٤ ٠٩ ٢٩ 12:06 م ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD 1

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg



Gothic architecture style extend and interact with Romanesque architecture with no clear line separated the styles and is considered a mixture of both Romanesque and Greek features

It is flourished in Europe from the mid-12th century to the end of the 15th century. It is characterized by the vertical lines of tall pillars and spires, greater height in interior spaces, the pointed arch, rib vaulting, and the flying buttress.

Gothic architecture originated in Normandy in the 12th century. It was essentially the style of the Catholic countries of Europe, including Hungary and Poland, and attained its highest excellence in France and England.

It developed forms on a regional basis of great complexity and beauty, and was used for non-religious buildings as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries.

The style was common in Western Europe until the 16th century when classic architecture was revived.


The " Gothic " term employed by Sir Christopher Wren in the 17 century as reproach for this style of Goth or Germs people, which had departed from the Classic lines which he was instrumental in re-establishing. This term is now given to the Mediaeval architecture of the13, 14, and 15 centuries in Europe

The 13 century Gothic was slowly evolved from Romanesque and is mainly distinguished by the general use of the Assyria pointed arch in conjunction with buttresses and lofty pinnacles, as symbolic of the religious aspirations

Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and private dwellings.





Romanesque architects had substitute elasticity and equilibrium for the inert خمول stability practiced by the Romans, and Gothic architects further extended the application of these static laws, by employing small stones laid in shallow courses with thick mortar joints, so as to secure the greatest amount of elasticity compatible with stability.

The Gothic masons utilized stone to its utmost capacity, and in the later periods reveled in miraclesمعجزات of construction and marvels مهاراتof craftsmanship

They heaped upكدس stone in towers that, rising above the lofty roofs of naves and transepts, tapered تتناقصupwards in slender spires embroidered with lace-like tracery.




The stability of a Gothic cathedral depends upon the proper adjustment of thrust and counterthrust. The collected pressures of the nave vaulting and outer roof, which are downward owing to their weight and oblique owing to the arched form of the vault, are counteracted by arches carried above the aisle roofs to press against the nave wall, and these arches are supported by an outer line of massive buttresses weighted by pinnacles

in Roman buildings, the wall system consists of solid walls enclosing the building and supporting a continuous vault, but in a Gothic building the wall system consists of pieces of wall, or buttresses, at right angles to the building, to take the collected pressures of the ribbed vault. This structural is known as a " flying buttress." The entire structure consists of a skeleton of piers, buttresses, arches, and ribbed vaulting, all held in equilibrium by the combination of oblique and vertical forces neutralizing each other







The Greek temple is reposeful in the repetition of its columns and the horizontal entablatures, whereas the Gothic cathedral is a complex, restless structure composed of many vertical features,

Gothic architecture features were not left to artistic work, but were set to structural utility, as exemplified in the ribs of vaults which are sinewsعصب to support the vaulting panels.

Gothic building characterized as strong expressive model, which stemmed internal and external forms from requirements and construction needs

the use of ribbed vaults enabled the Gothic constructor to build high-rise cathedrals and churches

The vaults loaded on internal huge piers and thrust with external buttresses and the size depend on the quantity of natural lighting required and available, which was significant in the Nordic countries where there is no sun and relatively small in the southern regions where there are natural lighting


the forms were founded primarily on structural necessity, others were the expression of artistic invention like the spire fulfilled no structural requirement, but it served as a symbol directed to heaven.

Gothic architects had not either the monumental marble of the Greeks or the massive blocks of stone of the Romans, for the stone had to be split into smaller pieces for easy transport ; thus they erect large buildings with small stones, whereas the Greeks had erected small buildings with large blocks of marble

Gothic art was more developed compared to Romanesque primary carving where gothic carvers have advanced ideals and made statues of men, senate, kings and princes, saints and women's statues represent angels and saints



The walls were required to enclose and not to support the structure, so consisted of glazed windows

The vaulting ribs, collected at intervals, were supported on capitals shaped to fit them, and shafts, when continued to the ground, modified the form of the nave piers of which they formed a part.

Pointed arch was introduced to overcome the differences in height between semicircular arches over spans of varying width.












brilliant translucent windowed walls of a Gothic cathedral rival the beauty of the painted hieroglyphics of Egyptian temples, the sculptured slabs of Assyrian palaces, the paintings and sculpture of Greek temples, the frescoes of Roman thermal, and the mosaics of Byzantine and Romanesque churches




Windows in the Chapter House at York Minster show the equilateral arch with typical circular motifs in the tracery







تكوين في المؤثرة القوطيةعمارة الالعواملInfluence Factors Gothic Architecture

1. Historical2. Geographical3. Geological4. Climatic

5. Religious6. Social

Natural Factors

Civil Factors

Historical Factors

There were six factors that influence the construction of architecture styles which are:


The Western Europe peoples who was under the dominion and civilization of Rome, had formed into separate nations, with a consequent new territorial distribution of the map of Europe. The Latin races of France, Italy, and Spain developed into independent kingdoms ; Germany was the centre of the Holy Roman Empire ; England, under her Norman kings, possessed large settlements in France and was thus linked up with Western Europe ; but Russia, Sweden, and Norway were little affected by this movement.

Geographical





Geological

The Geological conditions vary so much in Europe which contribute a definite influence in differentiating the style according to countries ; thus the white and colored marbles of Italy, the coarse-grained stone of France and England, the brick of northern Germany and of Lombardy are all factors in determining the character of the architecture of these countries. .


Rocks of stones


Sand Soil


Sand Soil


A cement building


Mud bricks


Fired bricks


Marble


Climate

The Climatic conditions vary from north to south and east to west, have in all ages and countries had considerable influence in deciding the style of the architecture in any given district. Thus in the slanting rays of the northern sun the most effective shadows are cast by vertical features, such as the buttresses and pinnacles which surround northern Gothic churches.

The southern sun moves higher in the sky and thus the deepest shadows are cast from horizontal cornices, and these are therefore frequently retained in Italian Gothic.

Although this did not wholly determine the difference in treatment, it is observe that the highest development of Gothic architecture was achieved in northern latitudes. Climate, more especially affected the use of arcades and the size of door and window openings ; while heavy snow-falls necessitated steep Gothic roofs in the north.


HistoricalThe principal historical events which influenced the architecture of the different countries were the loss of the English possessions in France, the gradual subjugationخضوع of the various provinces of France under one king, the disintegration of Germany into a number of independent states, the contests النزاعbetween the Moors شمال and Christians in Spain, and the Latin conquest of افريقياConstantinople in A.D. 1203, which transferred the commerce of the East to the cities of Italy.


Religious

The immense power of the popes in the thirteenth century can be judged from the way they made and unmade emperors and kings and disposed of their dominionsسلطان .

The clergyالكهنة , by reason of their learning, were prominent not only in spiritual but also in temporal affairs, and thus attracted wealth and power to the church.

many of the abbots االديرة were princes االساقفةand bishopرؤساءof the Empire, and the Archbishops االساقفة ,of CologneرئيسTreves, and Mayence were among the Electors of the Holy Roman Empire.

The periodical pilgrimages to shrines of local saints and of holy relics, and the various forms of an increasingly ornate ritual, influenced the plans of cathedrals.

The extension of the sanctuary to provide for the increase in the numbers of the clergy, chapels dedicated to special saints, processional ambulatories, chantry الترتيلchapels for massالقداس for the dead, all in turn modified and extended the original plan in the different countries.


SocialThe rapid growth of towns and the development of commercial

activity, and increase of wealth, inspired competence between neighboring cities which was expressed in the erection of buildings both municipal and ecclesiastical.

The countries of Europe developed along different lines according to the genius of the people.

In Germany towns united for mutual defense. France and England were under the feudal system, which retarded

municipal activity but gave opportunity for domesticاعاقarchitecture.

Italy was divided into republics and dukedomsامارات , in which smaller cities were subject to the more powerful, and here they developed with greater freedom owing to disputes between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire and to the comparative freedom of Italy from the feudal system.



The style came to be characterized by the following: 1. Gothic building characterize with the lofty roofs and the

increased number and areas of the windows 2. Use of the flying buttresses and the combined piers with

small columns attached or separated 3. Use of ribbed vaults for the roofs which require wide walls

to load the vaults pressures 4. using pointed vaults to cover the cylindrical areas 5. Using flying buttresses to ensure the equilibrium of the

building with section tempering up to resist the thrust of the vaults

6. Build the vaults with ribs and webs and necessary buttresses

7. Façade treatments ensuring the building unity8. increase the building spans and heights9. Gothic masons utilized stone to its utmost capacity 10.Pillars with capitals stretched to the constructional ribs of

the vault


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Reims_Kathedrale.jpg


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/BatalhaFacade1.jpg










11.carving and status surrounding the openings and Ornamentation are in the form of stylistically simple and little the came to be more complex like weaving rendered animal , plants, and humans forms

12.Rose window become the main character of the Gothic buildings

13.Openings are with pointed arches covered with stained glass with lead







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ARCHITECTURE HISTORY 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 2015 1 تشرين الأول 20151 تشرين الأول